All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Ramin Sadeghinezhad; Maryam Mohammadzadeh
Abstract
Introduction Geography is like a bridge between the past and the future, as a crossroads between the natural and social sciences. In recent years, geographers have become increasingly interested in literary texts as a means of exploring the concept of landscapes. The study of a landscape as a text places ...
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Introduction Geography is like a bridge between the past and the future, as a crossroads between the natural and social sciences. In recent years, geographers have become increasingly interested in literary texts as a means of exploring the concept of landscapes. The study of a landscape as a text places the interpretation of a landscape at the center of interdisciplinary studies and uses concepts such as objectification, representation, awareness and ideology, and the interrelationships between these concepts. Data and methods Dynamic and timeless interpretation of visible and invisible aspects as well as forgotten and overlooked aspects of a perspective can show changes and developments in social, political, intellectual, architectural, as well as choices, behaviors, and attitudes of a human group in different periods and its impact on the place, environment and geography. By case studying the ode "Ivan Madain", several dynamic and interpretable images of this cultural landscape are presented instead of a fixed and stereotypical image, and many facts from the interpretation of this cultural perspective are obtained. In the present study, the research method was documentary-analytical in terms of purpose and nature. Discussion and conclusion The components of the cultural landscape can be divided into two categories: the visible components and the invisible components. Some of the components of cultural landscapes leftover from this magnificent building of the Sassanid period can be seen and reported for Khaghani Shervani; such as the iron ring that existed inside the porch roof until 1812, and this ring was taken out of the roof by the local Bedouins, thinking that it was a precious metal. Invisible aspects of these cultural landscapes are linguistic species that can identify the geographical area of the language of the peoples who spoke it. Khaghani mentioned the name "Tigris" several times in this poem. Tigris is an ancient Persian word that was originallly "Tighreh" and due to linguistic changes, has become the modern form of the Tigris. Conclusion In describing Iwan-e Kasrā, Khaghani did not limit himself to cultural concepts. In addition to ecological interpretation, he has studied the elements of indigenous architecture, historical past, cultural entanglement, culture, and conditions of different eras. As a cultural geographer, he has pointed out both the visible aspects of this magnificent Sassanid building and the invisible aspects of this cultural landscape. Throughout his poems, he has presented a different way of looking at the world that is not limited to a tasteful, empirical, and emotional perspective. Thus, it can be argued that literature has more to do with providing an emotional counterpart to the objective knowledge of geography, and the cultural perspectives described in the literature, which have emerged from the combination of literature and geography, are the best place and possibility for thinking.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Reza Rezaei; Sohrab Moazzen
Abstract
The development of urbanization and cities sprawling growth have led to increasing problems and shortages in urban management in recent decades. One of the most emphasized approaches to improvement urban managements performance and solution to urban issues and problems is using Neighborhood Management ...
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The development of urbanization and cities sprawling growth have led to increasing problems and shortages in urban management in recent decades. One of the most emphasized approaches to improvement urban managements performance and solution to urban issues and problems is using Neighborhood Management plan or "citizens self- management" approach in urban management. In Tehran metropolis, with the contribution of urban management and interaction among other units and subdivisions, there has been conducted some appropriate projects to constitute and support the activities of neighborhood counseling units to use the capacity of participants and contribution of citizens and considering the priorities and local requirements one of which is the "neighborhood management" in this respect. The present article following this subject that, first of all, do neighborhood management have succeeded in achieving it’s goals? Secondly, how is Tehran urban management of region 1, 12 and 16 based on the indices of Good Urban Governance? Finally, is there any relation between performance of neighborhood management and capacity of achievement Good Urban Governance approach in urban management? The research methodology is descriptive, analytic and data are collected doing survey methods by questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The results show that neighborhood management have not succeeded in achieving it’s goals; urban management of study area is inappropriate situation based on the indices of Good Urban Governance; and finally there is a significant relation between performance of neighborhood management plan and a capacity to realization of Good Urban Governance in urban management in study area.
Climatology
Rasool Daneshfaraz
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 127-142
Abstract
This study performs a sensitivity analysis to evaluatethe meteorological parametersthat affect daily pan evaporation rate. To this end, five meteorological parameters namely, daily mean temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, solar radiation, wind speed and pressure for period of 1386 to 1390 ...
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This study performs a sensitivity analysis to evaluatethe meteorological parametersthat affect daily pan evaporation rate. To this end, five meteorological parameters namely, daily mean temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, solar radiation, wind speed and pressure for period of 1386 to 1390 were used at the Tabriz City, Iran. At first, the pan evaporation rate was estimated using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the best structure of the ANN was distinguished. Then, weight matrix of selected structure of the network along with the Garson algorithm were used for sensitivity analysis of the input parameters and determine relative importance of the input parameters. The results indicated that the daily mean temperature and relative humidityare the most effective variables. However, the sunshine hours, solar radiation, wind speed and pressure have less effect on the evaporation rate at the Tabriz station.
Climatology
MohammadHoseein Rezaei Moghaddam; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Mehdi Belvasi; Hoseein KheiriAstiyar; Sayad Asghari Saraskanroud
Volume 20, Issue 56 , August 2016, , Pages 127-148
Abstract
One of the most important procedures in the water sources studies is the estimation of the local distribution of precipitation in different time scales. The study of precipitation is a basic element in the water balance studies and is an important factor in the natural sources programs of each country. ...
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One of the most important procedures in the water sources studies is the estimation of the local distribution of precipitation in different time scales. The study of precipitation is a basic element in the water balance studies and is an important factor in the natural sources programs of each country. Also, because of the rain-evaluation stations deficiency and their discreteness, it is necessary to use a special model. Besides the interpolation of precipitation amounts of stations, this model should interpolate topography, moisture and the slope direction of precipitation. In this work, at first, some data were gathered, in one year. These data were connected with the precipitation and moisture of 9 synoptic stations and 31 rainevaluation stations. These stations were located in the Lorestan province. Second, using the least square method and with the help of Maple software, the relations between precipitation and moisture was extracted. Third, by using the Python programming language, these relations were linked into the GIS. Finally, by so doing, the digital precipitation modal was achieved. The results obtained from the digital precipitation model show that, the precipitation amounts are different from the measured data in the stations, from 0.02 to 11.6 mm. Also, to investigate the efficiency of the considered model, the data obtained from this model were compared with the precipitation data achieved from TRMM radar at 21 April 2010. The concluded result show that, the determination coefficients are 79 and 86% for the TRMM data and for the digital precipitation model, respectively
Geotourism
Iraj Teimouri; Hadi Hakimi
Abstract
For Iranian citizens traveling to turkey without visa is possible and the main reasons of Iranian citizens for traveling to Turkey are; resting, leisure time, enjoying various attractions like sea side, cultural, trading especially buying clothes and etc. The tourism industry is one of the main driving ...
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For Iranian citizens traveling to turkey without visa is possible and the main reasons of Iranian citizens for traveling to Turkey are; resting, leisure time, enjoying various attractions like sea side, cultural, trading especially buying clothes and etc. The tourism industry is one of the main driving forces of Turkish economy. The increase and decrease of traveler to turkey depends on various factors in both national and international levels. This article wants to forecast the amount of Iranian tourist which traveling to Turkey by using the Artificial Neural Network; (ANN). On the other hand, the present article attempts to attend to explore the importance of used variables in tourism demand to Turkey. The variables effects on Iranians’ tourism demand were extracted by exploring the literature review, and the present research just utilized 13 variables for forecasting the tourism demand. The results of the research showed that accessed estimates had less error in comparison with real data. According to present research, four important variables effect on tourism demand of Iranian citizens are the daily crude oil producing in Iran, inflation volume in Iran, gross domestic product in Turkey, gross domestic product for working people in Iran.
Urban Planning
roqayeh godarzvand chegini; asqar shokrgozar; maryam jafari mehrabadi
Abstract
In today's modern world where people get lost in the maze of wide streets and stairs and live hard in the layers of cold and soulless iron cities. In some cities there are areas of old structures that Walking in these areas brings peace and slowing down the passage of time. Objective of the study: Application ...
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In today's modern world where people get lost in the maze of wide streets and stairs and live hard in the layers of cold and soulless iron cities. In some cities there are areas of old structures that Walking in these areas brings peace and slowing down the passage of time. Objective of the study: Application of sustainable urban regeneration in the historical context of the Prophetic neighborhood of Qazvin Research The present study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and has practical aspects. In a quantitative way, the study of housing indicators in order to identify the current state of housing in the historical context. Qualitative method with in-depth interview technique. Formation of a 15-member panel of experts in order to apply sustainable urban regeneration in the historical context of Qazvin. Geographical area of the study: The study area includes the historical context of Qazvin, the neighborhood of the Prophet, the market area and the adjacent residential context. This neighborhood is limited to Imam Khomeini Street from the north, Peyghambriyeh Street from the east, Ansari from the south and Rumi from the west.In the stage of reviewing housing indicators in the historical context of Qazvin city, Peyghambrieh neighborhood can be analyzed: Housing in this context needs seismic improvement in order to strengthen, economic empowerment, identification through revitalization of historical housing species. The second stage, based on the application of sustainable urban regeneration, was summarized by the method of in-depth interviews with experts on the most important aspects of regeneration in the historical context of Qazvin, Peyghambriyeh neighborhood. Results: The main result of this research is the application of institutional mechanisms to move towards the application of integrated tissue management in the first step and then the establishment of sustainable urban regeneration in this context.
Climatology
Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Ali akbar Rasouli; Ali Slajegheh; Mojtaba Nassaji Zavareh
Abstract
One of the important arguments in variability and climate change assessment is the accuracy of climatic time series analysis. Therefore time series to be used should be homogeneous. Annual and seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures of 5 synoptic stations that contain long time series have been assessed ...
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One of the important arguments in variability and climate change assessment is the accuracy of climatic time series analysis. Therefore time series to be used should be homogeneous. Annual and seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures of 5 synoptic stations that contain long time series have been assessed in this study. For so doing, we utilized direct and indirect methods. We used metadata through indirect method and absolute and relative standard normal homogeneity test through direct routine. Results showed inhomogeneity which was identified by statistical methods corresponding to metadata. Relative standard normal homogeneity test is more suitable than absolute standard normal homogeneity test in this concern. Assessment of homogeneity between annual and seasonal minimum and maximum temperatures indicates that the parameter of minimum temperature has more inhomogeneity in the data. Comparison of homogeneity results between temperature of warm and cold season reveals that the temperature is more stable during relocation and other changes in cold season than in warm season. Relocation of many stations was not proved to be the cause of inhomogeneity in annual and seasonal maximum temperatures.
Urban Planning
Mir Sattar Sadr Mousavi; Rasul Yazdani Chaharborj*
Abstract
The rapid urban growth of recent decades in Iran has resulted in extensive changes in urban fringe land-use patterns.It has also had considerable environmental and socio-economic impacts on these areas.Assessing changes of the past land-use patterns and simulation of their future changes are of vital ...
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The rapid urban growth of recent decades in Iran has resulted in extensive changes in urban fringe land-use patterns.It has also had considerable environmental and socio-economic impacts on these areas.Assessing changes of the past land-use patterns and simulation of their future changes are of vital importance inpolicy making and planning processes. Combination of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) may producea suitable tool for gathering and analyzingdata regarding land use changes. This articleuses the CA-Markov model to assess and simulate changes in land use patterns in Miandoab city.In the first stage, by using the multi-temporal satellite imagery for the years 1984, 1997 and 2010, the urban and urban fringe cover/land-use maps was created and changes was evaluated. Results indicate thatin the period of 27 years, urban and urban fringe land area increased to 1013 hectares and farm land-use area decreased to 1114 hectares. Then, by using Markov model, matrix of transition area of land-uses for the period of 1984-2010was calculated. In the next stage, the suitability maps of land-uses by using of mulicriteria evaluation methods were created. Finally, for forecasting the future changes of land-uses until the 2025 year, we used the CA-Markov model. Simulation results, indicatethat thedecline trend in farm lands and the trend increase in urban lands will continue. Therefore, if the current trend of changes continues without a sustainable development policy, it will have to a serious downfall in environmental and socio– economic conditions.
Geomorphology
Rashid Saeidabadi
Abstract
The aim of current study are numerical simulation of the role of the Urmia Lake in climatic parameters in surrounding areas of the Lake. For analysis of climatic impacts of the Lake in Northwestern Iran the synoptic data in 5 station in the west and east of the lake were used. For simulation of the impacts ...
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The aim of current study are numerical simulation of the role of the Urmia Lake in climatic parameters in surrounding areas of the Lake. For analysis of climatic impacts of the Lake in Northwestern Iran the synoptic data in 5 station in the west and east of the lake were used. For simulation of the impacts of Urmia Lake in mean temperature and precipitation in surrounding areas the Regional Climate Model (RegCM4) and TAPM model and two time series years include 2003 and 2006 have been used. Then by using the models outputs and observed data performance, the models have been calibrated. For modeling the impacts of the Urmia Lake in climatic elements in surrounding areas, two scenarios were considered. First: Existence of the lake at it’s the maximum extent; two: Aquatic body of Urmia lake removed and substituted by an area having coverage of gravel and sand with a texture of loam and also desert. The results of this study indicate that the RegCM model has a good performance than TAPM in simulation of temperature and precipitation in the North West of Iran. By changing the Lake landuse, precipitation of the region will decrease which in spring is more than other seasons. Another impact of landuse change in northwest of Iran is change in mean temperature. This parameter in cold period of year will decrease and in warm period will increase.
Geomorphology
Masoumeh Rajabi; Shahram Roostaei; Mohsen Barzkar
Abstract
IntroductionThe concept of morphometry involves the measurement and numerical analysis of land surface, shape, dimensions and form of land. In relation to flooding, watershed morphometry includes quantitative indicators describing watershed physical characteristics that control the pattern and quantitative ...
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IntroductionThe concept of morphometry involves the measurement and numerical analysis of land surface, shape, dimensions and form of land. In relation to flooding, watershed morphometry includes quantitative indicators describing watershed physical characteristics that control the pattern and quantitative characteristics of floods such as amount, time of occurrence, delay time, and flow hydrograph. Unusual development of cities due to population growth and consequent land use change has caused disruption of hydrological balance and increased flooding of basins. The purpose of this study was to prioritize the sub-catchments of Zab River based on a novel combination of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation and zoning of flood potential under sub-catchments.Data and Methodto disregard for human and social sub-basins, which has a great impact on the hydrological processes of the catchment. Based on the validation results, the Shinabad and Sufian basins have the highest priority, and the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation have considered them the highest priority for managers' attention.The elongation ratio helps to understand the hydrological characteristics of the drainage basin and ranges from 1 for circular basins to 0 for extended basins and its high values indicate the shape of the basin circle, high peak discharge and high flood potential. Is. The values of tensile strength in all sub basins are more than 0.5 and indicate high potential for flooding. Straller (1964) considers the circle ratio a quantitative measure for visualizing the shape of the basin. High values of this parameter indicate circular shape, high to medium ruggedness and low permeability in the basin, which causes peak discharge in less time. The ratio of the circular ratios under the Lavin Tea Basins is 0.17, Copar 0.19, and Zab Small 0.27, indicating relatively low flooding potential in this parameter. The amount of this parameter is 0.35 under Shinabad basin and 0.31 under Sufian basin which indicates their higher flood potential in this parameter (Table 7). The branching ratio is an important parameter affecting peak runoff hydrograph discharge with high values indicating high instantaneous discharge and flood event. The mountainous and steep areas have a split ratio of 3 to 4. Branching ratio values indicate low flooding potential except for Shinabad basin which shows this ratio of 6.19 and this ratio indicates high flood potential Results and DiscussionSince hydrological units are based on morphometric parameters to prioritize flood mapping, firstly, using channel networks and elevation curves, topographic maps of 1: 50000 and digital elevation data are analyzed. The boundaries of the hydrological units became. Then, because the catchment morphological parameters have different effects on soil erosion processes and runoff formation, prioritization of the sub-basins was done in a new way based on the difference of morphological parameters and statistical correlation analysis between them. Morphometric parameters were calculated for all sub-basins in GIS software. Then, statistical correlation of morphometric parameters was performed based on the t-Kendall method using SPSS software. Based on the correlation matrix we can analyze the relationship between the parameters and define the relative weight for each parameter without All twelve variables including circular elongation ratio, branching ratio, flow frequency, drainage density, drainage texture, compaction index, shape factor, mean slope, roughness ratio, roughness, and roughness number for all sub-basins are calculated in Table 2. The Kendall correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between Validation results showed that the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation did not perform well in prioritizing all sub-basins, but this method was accurate in identifying the most priority sub-basins (most acute conditions). The reason for this may be due to the lower performance of morphometric analysis and the characterization of waterways in low-slope catchments. Also, the precise reason for not estimating the priority of some sub-basins is due.ConclusionThe selected twelve parameters are directly related to runoff and flood potential. Therefore, high values of parameters have a direct relationship with runoff and flood potential due to their greater impact on the selected twelve parameters. Indicator (Cv) values for each sub-basin are obtained from averaging of 12 indices and accordingly sub-basins of Shinabad and Sufis with high flood potential, sub-basin with small potential and sub-basin zab basin. Copar and Lavin Tea have physiographic and morphometric characteristics of the sub-catchments have a great influence on flooding and hydrological behavior, it is possible to study the status and potential of flooding below the catchments. In this research, in order to potential of flooding, firstly, Zab sub-basins were prioritized based on the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation. Based on this method, the results showed that the Shin abad and Sufi basins are the top priority for the implementation of management measures to ensure.
Climatology
Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Fariba Esfandeyari; Seyed Asaad Hosseini; Parvaneh Dolatkhah
Volume 22, Issue 65 , November 2018, , Pages 141-162
Abstract
One of the new techniques in the field of predicting hydrological and geomorphologic processes is artificial neural network from the components of artificial intelligence which are trying to implement the amazing features of human brain in an artificial system and are powerful tools in the field of modeling ...
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One of the new techniques in the field of predicting hydrological and geomorphologic processes is artificial neural network from the components of artificial intelligence which are trying to implement the amazing features of human brain in an artificial system and are powerful tools in the field of modeling and predicting geomorphologic parameters and in this study have been used for the prediction of sediment in Aras basin. For this purpose was used information of discharge, sedimentation and prediction monthly on Borran hydrometric station located in the Basin of Darreh Roud that is from the main sub basin of Aras river in Moghan plain during the period of 34 years (water year of 53-54 to 86-87). So that the discharge and precipitation rate as inputs to the neural network and sediment was considered the output of network. For this purpose used the facilities and functions available in programming environment MATLAB / 2010 and SPSS / 21 software. Then models were evaluated through statistical parameters such as the determination coefficient, root mean square error, mean square error, mean absolute error, correlation coefficient and also mean percentage relative error. The results, in addition to confirming the capability of artificial neural network model, showed that, there is good correspondence between predicted values and observed data. So that the error mean of this model with the observed data is 0.9 and correlation coefficient is 0.99 which is significant at 0.01.The results of this study showed that the artificial neural. Network model has more accuracy in the estimation of sediment at the investigated basin. The results can be useful in planning and management of water and watersheds and natural resource management, especially in agriculture, industry, drinking and Forecast of Reservoir Sedimentation
Rural Planning
Mohammad Zaheri; Mousa Vaezi; akbar Esmaili; habil khorrami; tohid ahmadi
Volume 23, Issue 69 , December 2019, , Pages 143-173
Abstract
Considering the importance of drinking water in the rural areas, identifying and paying more attention to the factors concerning wasteful and improper consumption of water would be an appropriate approach to pinpoint the hazardous risks in this regard. This article, investigates the status of drinking ...
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Considering the importance of drinking water in the rural areas, identifying and paying more attention to the factors concerning wasteful and improper consumption of water would be an appropriate approach to pinpoint the hazardous risks in this regard. This article, investigates the status of drinking water in Tabriz villages and identifies the effective factors on water consumption and also determines the weight impact of each one. Finally it prioritizes the factors and provides strategies for optimal management of drinking water consumption in the villages of the county. The results obtained from the field treatment information with 1320 questionnaires filled by the consumers, 28 experts, 44 villages in addition with undergoing factor analysis and cluster analysis suggest that elements such as management, cultural, health, welfare, technological, legal, economical, psychological, and social factors . are among the most important ones behind the improper consumption of drinking water. According to the analysis model, after identifying the weaknesses, threats, strengths and opportunities, four strategies are recommended. These are 15 defensive strategies, 8 competitive strategies, 23 review strategies and 14 diversity strategies. Furthermore, the content an face validity of the research tool used for this research was reviewed and confirmed by professional the reliability of questionnaires was also confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha in the preliminary study with a sample size of 82 individuals and value of 0/71. The various internal and external weaknesses and threats, reasons and causes of wasteful consumption in the field of water consumption are far more than of its internal and external strengths and opportunities. This indicates the low threshold of vulnerability of this city in terms of regional development in the area of drinking water therefore it is necessary to exploit defensive and review strategies to address the issues of the weaknesses and threatening risks of the region
Yagoub Dinpazhooh; Faege Niazi; Hamed Mofid
Volume 19, Issue 51 , April 2015, , Pages 145-169
Abstract
The aim of this study is trend analysis of meteorological parameter including mean wind speed, min, max and mean air temperature, difference between the min and max temperature, pan evaporation, average relative humidity, sunshine hours, total precipitation, the number of days with precipitation more ...
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The aim of this study is trend analysis of meteorological parameter including mean wind speed, min, max and mean air temperature, difference between the min and max temperature, pan evaporation, average relative humidity, sunshine hours, total precipitation, the number of days with precipitation more than 1, 5 and 10 mm, the number of days with dust, number of the days with snow and the number of days with visibility less than 2Km, degree days based on 18 and 21 oC at Tabriz station during 1970-2005 in three time scales, monthly, seasonal and annually using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) method. Trend analysis was conducted using two methods, which are conventional MK (for series having insignificant autocorrelation coefficients) and modified MK (for other series) in three significant levels, 1%, 5% and 10%. Trend slopes were calculated using Sen’s estimator. Results showed that in annual time scale, pan evaporation, min, max and mean temperature and degree days based on 18 and 210C have significant increasing trends at 5% level but precipitation, number of the days with precipitation more than 1 and 5 mm and degree days based on 180C have decreasing trend (at 5% level). Other parameters did not show significant trend in annual time scale. Trend slope of annual precipitation was -2.28 mm/year and trend slopes of all three elements, average, max and min temperature were 0.06 0C/year. Observed trends in studying parameters indicate climate change in Tabriz.
Geomorphology
Shahram Roustaei; hasan Ahmadzadeh; mohammadreza nikju; maryam dehgani
Abstract
Abstract To reduce vulnerability of some villages to natural hazards, shifting their location is inevitable. The rural relocation and resettlement is a plan to determine the optimum establishment and activity site for the study of villages by studying the causes of displacement, evaluating social and ...
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Abstract To reduce vulnerability of some villages to natural hazards, shifting their location is inevitable. The rural relocation and resettlement is a plan to determine the optimum establishment and activity site for the study of villages by studying the causes of displacement, evaluating social and economic characteristics of villagers and environmental and physical assessment are of options for a new location. Googerd village due to its vulnerability to landslides was studied which several times was displaced and finally a place is specified for the displacement. If this site itself be vulnerable to natural hazards, it will cause the collapse of the physical, economic and social environment of villages. Vulnerability assessment in relation to natural hazards requires precision tools with applications in the spreadsheet spatial level. Therefore, in this study, in order to evaluate the rate of stability of the chosen site for displacement and relocation of Googerd village, at first the rate and range of displacement during the period from 2003 to 2010 were derived using 25 ASAR ENVISAT radar images and SBAS differential radar interferometry (D-InSAR) technique. The results showed that the stability of the selected sites does not have the favorable conditions and experience on average 12 cm line of sight (LOS) displacement. In order to conduct survey on the hillside of study area against mass movements and assessment of environmental stability and optimized understanding of them, displacement time series plots was drawn for six points around the selected site. These figures indicate that there is variable line of sight (LOS) rate of downward motion between 14-8 cm in all sides of selected site.
Rasool Rabbani Khorasgani; Hamidreza Varesi; Mohsen Akhavan Mahdavi
Volume 18, Issue 48 , June 2014, , Pages 149-176
Abstract
The aim of the present study is the analysis of the role and position of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) as one of the prominent factors in citizens’ participation in urban management of Esfahan. The applied methodology in this study is of application one based on the purpose of ...
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The aim of the present study is the analysis of the role and position of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) as one of the prominent factors in citizens’ participation in urban management of Esfahan. The applied methodology in this study is of application one based on the purpose of the study, and survey one based on the process of data collection. The population of the study includes the citizens aged 20-49 who are living in Esfahan, and the sample size includes 384 persons, for which the Cochran formula is chosen. The results of the study show that the citizens’ E-participation is very low. The effect of the benefits of electronization, economic trust and information literacy on E-participation is significant in Structural Equation Model. Afterall the coefficient of the effects of electronization benefits is both negative and low, and the coefficient of the other factors is positive and moderate. The information literacy of 57 percent has had the upmost effects on E-participation. All the general and partial indexes are at the level of acceptability; therefore, the collected data support the specified theoretical model in a great extent. Generally, with the consideration of 48-percent prediction of E-participation and 23-percent estimation of dependent variable variance used by the factors of the study, the role of ICT in citizens’ participation is suitable. But the position of ICT in citizens’ participation in urban management and the framework of E-participation do not show any suitable condition.
Climatology
Aliakbar Shamsipoor Shamsipoor; Seyfolah Kaki; Ayob Jafari; Seyd Maysam Jasemi
Volume 22, Issue 64 , September 2018, , Pages 149-167
Abstract
The aim of the research is recognizing mechanisms of the heavy rainfalls in the west and southwest of Iran using synoptic and thermodynamic method. For analysis of case study at April 2016, At first was obtained and calculated hourly rainfall data from 70 weather stations in the research area and 10 ...
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The aim of the research is recognizing mechanisms of the heavy rainfalls in the west and southwest of Iran using synoptic and thermodynamic method. For analysis of case study at April 2016, At first was obtained and calculated hourly rainfall data from 70 weather stations in the research area and 10 weather stations bordering the research area. Then rainfall amounts in stations were calculated and zoned using Arc/Map10. After that Ki, Li, TTi, Cape and SWEAT instability indexes was calculated for Kermanshah and Ahwaz weather stations. Finally, the synoptic maps were analyzed. According to instability indexes, mostly atmospheric instability has been moderate and favorable conditions could be observed for convection and thunder storm, lightening and snow fall. The analysis of the sea level synoptic maps have shown that a few days before the rainfall, the study area has been under the influence of the Siberian high, and simultaneously cyclones centers were formed above the Mediterranean Sea. Their eastern-ward movements created the condition for instability and rainfall in the area. Cold air downfall from high-pressure centers toward the backside of the Mediterranean trough and lower latitudes beside the dislocation of warm humid air to the fore side of the trough created the front and resulted in intensifying the rainy system that finally resulted in heavy rainfall in the area. The atmospheric physical and dynamic indexes show that during the rainfall, voracity positive values, jet stream wind and negative omega figures were in their maximum.
Jamshid Yarahmadi; Mohammadreza Nikjoo
Volume 16, Issue 39 , May 2012, , Pages 151-169
Abstract
The present work aims to assess the effects that landuse change has induced on the flood frequency regime. Study area covers upstream of Alavian Dam (250 km2) in the Sofi Chai basin. The torrential periods (in terms of flood event frequency and duration) has been carried out by comparing each daily discharge ...
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The present work aims to assess the effects that landuse change has induced on the flood frequency regime. Study area covers upstream of Alavian Dam (250 km2) in the Sofi Chai basin. The torrential periods (in terms of flood event frequency and duration) has been carried out by comparing each daily discharge with the base flood. Here, the base flood (flood with 2 years return period) was calculated from maximum annual discharge based on fitting various distribution models, and then the best fit model was chosen by considering RSS criteria. The results indicate that flood events and their duration tended to be abated on the last decade.
In this research, landuse/cover changes have been detected by interpretation of remotely sensed data based on object oriented method. The results indicated that the positive changes of crop patterns (overdeveloping of orchards as well as dry farming increasing) were occurred in the study basin.
HEC-HMS model was applied for simulation of rainfall-runoff process and assessment of the effects of landuse changes on the flood frequency. HEC-HMS simulated results based on corresponding CN derived from 2000 to 2005 satellite images show 36% abated of flood event respectively.
It should be noticed that the construction of a part of mechanical watershed management operations can reduce the flood events by reserving the surplus runoff.
Urban Planning
mohammad rahim rahnema
Volume 23, Issue 67 , April 2019, , Pages 151-172
Abstract
The study employs Monte Carlo method for simulation of renting residential units in Mashhad. A total number of 303 rental residential units in Mashhad, including both apartments and houses, were randomly selected from advertisements placed in Khorasan Newspapers during the months of July and August of ...
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The study employs Monte Carlo method for simulation of renting residential units in Mashhad. A total number of 303 rental residential units in Mashhad, including both apartments and houses, were randomly selected from advertisements placed in Khorasan Newspapers during the months of July and August of 2015. In order to simulate the monthly rent price, the rent index was calculated through combining the mortgage and the rent price. In the next step, the relation between the variables of the floor area and that of the number of bedrooms for each unit, in both apartments and houses, was calculated through multivariate regression using SPSS and was coded in XML. The initial model was called using simulation button in SPSS and was simulated using triangular and binominal algorithms. The findings revealed that the average simulated rental index was 19.20 million rials per month. Calculating the sensitivity of rental index to number of bedrooms we found that firstly, 97% of units have three bedrooms, and secondly as the number of bedrooms increases from one to three, for the rent price of less than 7 million rials, the percentage of units having one bedroom decreases from 10% to 0. Contrariwise, for units with the rent price of more than 20 million rials , the percentage of bedrooms increases from 37% to 48%. In the light of these findings, it becomes clear that planning to build rental residential units, overseeing the rent prices, and granting subsidies to rental residential units, for apartments with two bedrooms, present a felicitous policy for regulating residential units in Mashhad.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar rostaei; Shiva Alizadeh
Abstract
Introduction Spatial and regional inequalities are rooted in many issues, including; Implementing wrong policies by the center in the direction of zoning, Budget distribution and facilities, Improper administrative and political divisions and inconsistencies between different organizations to provide ...
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Introduction Spatial and regional inequalities are rooted in many issues, including; Implementing wrong policies by the center in the direction of zoning, Budget distribution and facilities, Improper administrative and political divisions and inconsistencies between different organizations to provide better services and perform assigned tasks, The concentration of population and facilities and immigration has increased in some places, which causes polarization and reduces facilities, Lack of optimal allocation of resources and credits and lack of proper regional policy in this field and finally these discrepancies and differences in different regions have eliminated sufficient integration and coherence for the evolution of development and it has highlighted the existing divisions and differences in all areas of development, and this trend has a definite and inevitable effect on the city, region and province. And it automatically transforms development policies, albeit correctly, and provides barriers to sustainable development. In this study, considering that in the province of West Azerbaijan, there is inequality and lack of optimal distribution of facilities and resources with the focus on facilities and services in the first dominant city, divergence and development gap between regions. It tries to collect various indicators and metrics in the fields of economics, social, physical, health-treatment and services to determine the extent to which the cities of West Azerbaijan province have convenience, facilities, etc. And with the help of common techniques for analyzing regional inequality to achieve balanced development, efforts are being made to determine which facilities and convenience are available in which cities, and in which cities these facilities and conveniences are scarce. The purpose of this article is to measure spatial justice in the distribution of public services among the cities of West Azerbaijan Province. To achieve the goal of the research, the main question is whether there is inequality between 17 cities of West Azerbaijan province in terms of spatial distribution of services? And we are trying to answer this question. Methodology: The research method used in this paper is based on descriptive-analytical method. Various documentary-library methods have been used to gather information. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, it extracted raw data from the statistical yearbook of 1392 and then converted the raw data into an index, which finally added 41 indicators to the SPSS software to explain the measurement of spatial justice. And after analyzing 41 indicators, 10 factors have finally emerged. Population, educational, cultural, health, religious, medical services, services (telephone, electricity), education (for exceptional children), health (laboratory), socio-cultural, social and welfare are divided into demographic factors. In this article, the statistical population are 17 cities of West Azerbaijan. To analyze the data using the factor analysis method used, in factor analysis, it is argued that whenever a number of variables are correlated with the subject under study, they are also correlated with each other. If the correlation between the variables is low, they do not appear to be contributing factors. Results and discussion: Educational agents for Boukan, Naqadeh and Urmia counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. And demographic factors for Urmia, Miandoab and Khoy counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Health-cultural factor that Poldasht, Makovarumieh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Religious factor for Chaypareh, Miandoab and Shahin Dej counties are ranked 1-3 respectively. The ratio of registered religious delegations and the reliance on operational factors are at a high level, ie they are at a high level of significance, which is why this factor has been named as a religious factor. Therapeutic services for Mako, Chaldoran, Salmas counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. The ratios of active medical institutions, general practitioners, and rehabilitation centers are at a high level. This means that they are at a high level of significance, which is why this factor has been named as a factor in medical services. Service agent for Sardasht, Takab, Chaypareh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Educational agent for exceptional students for Piranshahr, Chaipareh and Oshnoyeh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Laboratory agents for Shahin Dej, Khoy and Chaldoran counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. The socio-cultural factors of Urmia, Oshnavieh and Boukan counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively, and the social and welfare factors of Urmia, Chaypareh and Chaldoran counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Conclusion: The leveling results of the cities showed that the cities of West Azerbaijan province were in unbalanced conditions; And since this leveling has been done in relation to the population and the area, we find that there is a significant relationship between the population of the cities and the area and level of public services. According to these results, the cities of Urmia, Khoy, Naghadeh are ranked first to third, respectively, and the cities of Piranshahr, Takab, and Buchan are ranked the last, respectively.
Karim Hosseinzade Delir; MohammadHosein Khodabakhah Charkhaloo
Volume 18, Issue 50 , February 2015, , Pages 153-174
Abstract
Large earthquakes usually cause huge damages to human life. Street network vulnerability makes the rescue operation to encounter serious difficulties especially at the first 72 hours after the incident. Today, physical expansion and high density of great cities, due to no attention to hierarchical street ...
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Large earthquakes usually cause huge damages to human life. Street network vulnerability makes the rescue operation to encounter serious difficulties especially at the first 72 hours after the incident. Today, physical expansion and high density of great cities, due to no attention to hierarchical street network, narrow access roads, large distance from medical care centers and location at areas with high seismic risk, would lead to a perilous and unpredictable situation in case of the earthquake. Occurrence of earthquakes with large magnitude would destroy the functionality of street networks and cause large amount of casualties and major financial damages. In Tabriz city, the areas of first and fifth zones are equal to 3327 hectares. The area of first and fifth zones is over 2844 and 483 ha respectively. According to current estimates, the population of these zones is equal to over 458939 people. In this research using 12 indexes such as: land use, width of roads, height of buildings, street inclusion, population and construction density, buildings area, quality, materials and antiquity of building, access to medical centers, distance and proximity to major faults vulnerability degree of street networks in zones 1 and 5 of detailed plan of Tabriz against the earthquake is calculated through overlaying maps and data in combination with IHWP method and GIS. The article concludes that buildings alongside the streets with high population and building density, low building quality, far to rescue centers and high level of inclusion represent high rate of vulnerability, compared with other buildings. Also highways and streets with substantial width and low building and population density hold little values of vulnerability. By moving on from east to west of the zones, the vulnerability increases. This vulnerability of streets is in high level in the central zones. Therefore, the existing street networks in the center will be unable to perform their role at the case of occurrence of earthquake.
Geotourism
Mohammadtagi Rahnamayee; Esmaeil Aliakbari; Esmaeil Safaralizadeh
Abstract
Tourism as the largest social movement, associated with cultural, economic and spatial consequences. Therefore, making the more efficient of the tourism development and promoting its positive consequences, it needs to understanding and putting especial attention to the empowerment. The aim of this research ...
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Tourism as the largest social movement, associated with cultural, economic and spatial consequences. Therefore, making the more efficient of the tourism development and promoting its positive consequences, it needs to understanding and putting especial attention to the empowerment. The aim of this research is the study of effective factors on empowerment of the tourism development in West Azerbaijan Province. This study naturally is "descriptive - analytic" and objectively is “applicable" and is in line with answering to this question: Is the empowerment of “local communities (of participation dimension), human resource (the decision makers and planners), and competitiveness of tourism destinations" components effective in empowering of tourism development in the West Azerbaijan province? The statistical populations studied in this research are cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism experts in the West Azerbaijan province. Due to the expansion of research range and lack of detailed knowledge about the number of population studied, using cluster and randomized sampling method, totally, 100 subjects selected as sample. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods was used and to test of research hypothesis in the inferential statistic, the chi-square tests (chi-square) were used. The results showed that empowerment components of the local community, human resources (the decision makers and planners), and competitiveness of tourism destinations have significant relationship with the empowerment of tourism development and among them "empowerment of human resources (the decision makers and planners)" have the most impact on tourism development in West Azerbaijan province.
Abolfasl Ranjbar; Mohammad Saadi Mesgari
Volume 16, Issue 42 , March 2013, , Pages 155-171
Abstract
The population growth, industrial development, bio-climate changes and scarcity of land resources are the main reasons and causes of forest degradation in developing countries. To control and decrease forest degradation, the governments need to know where, when, how fast, and why (with what causes) such ...
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The population growth, industrial development, bio-climate changes and scarcity of land resources are the main reasons and causes of forest degradation in developing countries. To control and decrease forest degradation, the governments need to know where, when, how fast, and why (with what causes) such degradations happen. On the basis of such knowledge, a general and sustainable management of these resources will be possible.
The science and technologies of GIS and remote sensing could be a perfect tool for answering the above questions. Remote sensing can be the basis of fast and inexpensive data collection and the analytical capabilities of a GIS can be used for analyzing the types, location and rates of changes.
In this research, the Landsat TM and ETM+ images of years 1987 and 2001 are used for land use classification and analysis of changes at the forest area of Arasbaran in north-west of Iran. The classification is mainly aimed at the separation of forest from non-forest areas.
A few methods have been studied to calculate and show the occurred changes. These include methods that only describe the change areas (such as subtraction and division methods) and those that describe the area, amount and type of the changes (such as comparison after classification).
By classifying the forest and non-forest areas of years 1987 and 2001 and overlaying them, a map was extracted representing the stable forest area and deforested area. From the topographic data of the study area, some other raster maps were created showing elevation, slope, aspect and distance from population areas.
Information of these maps were entered into a statistical model (a logistic regression model) having the above-mentioned classified map as the dependent parameter and all other maps as the independent parameters. It was resulted that the parameters of distance from populated areas, elevation and aspect have a meaningful relation with the deforestation phenomenon. From such an analysis, the importance of each factor in the phenomenon was defined and the areas that are in higher risk of deforestation and need an urgent protection were defined.
GIS&RS
Leila Dehghani Firoozabadi; Alireza Ildoromi; Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari; sahar abedian
Abstract
IntroductionToday, tourism is considered as one of the most important activities in the world, and it has high potential in generating foreign currency incomes and creating jobs. According to the definition, ecotourism is a responsibly journey to natural areas that protect the environment and improve ...
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IntroductionToday, tourism is considered as one of the most important activities in the world, and it has high potential in generating foreign currency incomes and creating jobs. According to the definition, ecotourism is a responsibly journey to natural areas that protect the environment and improve the lives of local people. Despite having the necessary potential in tourism in Iran, it has not succeeded in attracting tourists. The first step towards achieving tourism development in the country is identifying, assessing, and introducing the existent potentials and capabilities to provide development opportunities with comprehensive knowledge and planning. Dorud is one of the unparalleled regions in Lorestan province due to the availability of sufficient water resources that can be a good place for water resource recreation. Unfortunately, despite these tourist attractions, there has not yet been an organized approach to land use planning that takes into account these natural talents of the region for water tourism. According to the mentioned issues, the present study intends to use a multi-criteria evaluation to identify and zonate suitable areas of water tourism, and its purpose is to properly plan the tourism with environmental considerations and prioritize these areas in the Dorud city.Materials and methodsDorud is situated in Lorestan Province. It is located between latitudes 33°16'-33°44'N and longitudes 48°47'-49°19'. In this study, by investigating the factors influencing the zoning of tourism-prone areas, Dorud region has been zoned based on multi-criteria evaluation model. Multi-criteria evaluation is a structured process for defining goals, formulating criteria, evaluating, and solving decision problems. In this study, the criteria was detemined based on the criteria of the ecotourism national document, the criteria of the ecological potential assessment, and the ecotourism criteria in the protected areas. After the preparation of the criteria maps, it is necessary to standardize the maps that have different ranges and scales. In this research, Fuzzy and Boolean methods were used to standard the scales. In order to fuzzy the criteria maps, the pixels are ranked based on the membership degree in the fuzzy range from 0 to 255, and high degree of membership indicate more desirability of pixels for tourism. In the Boolean method, zero values are inappropriate areas, and values of one indicate suitable areas for development. In order to weigh the criteria, the pairwise comparison method was used in the form of analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and then the maps were combined using the weighted linear combination method. Then, in order to prepare the final suitable map, it is necessary to extract the zones, which have 70% suitability and have more than 5 hectares. Finally, suitable zones for recreation prioritized by TOPSIS model.Result and discussionIn this research, the effective environmental criteria were considered as informational layers in water recreation zoning. Criteria were taken with two views: one for water recreation in lotic water resources, and the other on flowing water resources. The effective environmental criteria in water recreation zoning classified in 5 criterion groups involved physical, ecological, fundamental, safety, and social-economic and 27 sub criterion for water recreation in Lotic water resources, and 26 sub criterion for water recreation in lentic water resources. At this step, due to the difference in the type of tourism recreation in lotic and flowing water resources, two types of utility maps for the flowing water resources (waterfall and rivers) and the latic water recources (mineral fountain, dam, water reservoirs, sarab, lakes and wetlands) were prepared. Then, in order to zoning the area, the final raster layer was classified into four categories based on the suitability of the land. Thus, the first categort with high potential (the suitability of more than 150), the second category with the average potential (the suitability of 110 to 150), the third category with the weak potential (the suitability of 50 to 110), and the forth category without suitability (0 to 50) were considered. In the next step, the first category was considered as the best class for the water recreation, and extracted from the suitable map. Based on the performed classification, 8.47% of the area has high potential for recreation in flowing water resources, and 10.28% of the area has high potential for recreation in latic water resources. Finally, six suitable zones in each of the recreations were selected, and tourism zones were prioritized according to the TOPSIS method.ConclusionThe results of criteria weighting for latic water resources showed that distance from lake, wetland, sarab, dam and water reservoirs are the most important criteria in suitable recreation areas. In addition, the results of the combination of AHP and TOPSIS in water resources showed that the slope and depth with a weight of 0.182 and, 0.173, respectively are the most important indicators in this model, respectively. Consequently, results showed that Merok dam, Mahi hamyane Sarab and pond, Heshamatabad 2 pond zones respectively have highest preferences for water recreation in lotic water resources. In relation to the tourism recreation in flowing water resources, weighting criteria shows that distance from the river, slope and height are the most important. In addition, the results of the AHP and TOPSIS combination in flowing water resources show that the slope, water speed, and water volume with a weight of 0.191, 0.171, and 0.140 are three important indicators in this model, respectively. As a result, Sezar River, Gaharrood 1 and Gaharrood 2 have highest preferences for water recreation flowing water resources. The proposed zones in this research were determined based on ecological and socio-economic criteria that indicate the high capability of the zones for this type of recreation. Of course, in order to implement tourism goals, further studies are needed in areas such as determining the ecological capacity of the region, soil erodibility and so on.
Climatology
somyyeh Soltanei; Soheila Zareh; Mahdei Taze
Volume 23, Issue 68 , September 2019, , Pages 157-177
Abstract
Rainfall erosivity factor is the most important factor influencing soil erosion. Various indicators has been developed to quantify it. Selection the appropriate index due to ecological conditions is necessary. Therefore mapping rainfall erosivity and awareness its changes, plays an important role in ...
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Rainfall erosivity factor is the most important factor influencing soil erosion. Various indicators has been developed to quantify it. Selection the appropriate index due to ecological conditions is necessary. Therefore mapping rainfall erosivity and awareness its changes, plays an important role in soil conservation, erosion control and land management. The purpose of this study is the selection of the best geostatistic method for mapping the rainfall erosivity factor in Fars province. In first step Fournier factor was calculated for 42 stations in Fars province and its surrounding and was determined the best geostatistic method using IDW, GPI, LPI, RBF, Ordinary and Simple and was prepared zoning map for Fournier factor. The results showed that among the various geostatistic techniques, RBF method (Thine plate Spline) is the best method for mapping rainfall erosivity factor in Fars province. Also, Noorabad city in northwest of province with an average of 31.6 mm Fournier and Izadkhast city with 8.67 were determined as the highest and lowest of the erosivity index. Also, Fournier index has increased from the East to the West as 46% of the province has a low erosion and 3% of the province has been high erosion that have had the highest and lowest levels.
Mohammadhosein Razaeemoghadam; Adel Mohammadifar; Khalil Valizadeh
Volume 17, Issue 44 , September 2013, , Pages 161-178
Abstract
Most of water structures and land uses being rivers or in rivers banks are somehow influencing morphological changes in rivers. Therefore survey of this phenomenon is considered as the most important part of studies projects and land uses. In this study part of the AjiChayRiver has been studied between ...
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Most of water structures and land uses being rivers or in rivers banks are somehow influencing morphological changes in rivers. Therefore survey of this phenomenon is considered as the most important part of studies projects and land uses. In this study part of the AjiChayRiver has been studied between Khaje and Vanier with about 22 km length. The main aim of this study is indicating trend of morphological changes in the river, in 52-years period using the geometric parameters of the channel such as arc length, along the river valley and radius of the river circle tangent arc in the form of models the curvature coefficient and the central angle. For this purpose river path from satellite image IRS sensor Pan and aerial photos for years 1956-1995 and 1995-2008 in the ArcGIS environment in two intervals and two periods were digitized and calculated. Causes of changes using the topographic maps 1:50000 and geological 1:100000, hydrological data and field methods were investigated. Results show that 1) river on average in both periods and in both interval of their arch curvature is reduced. So that the central angle in the first interval of 137 to 100 degrees and the second interval of 160 to 148 degrees and curvature coefficient in the first range of 1/133 to 1/15 and the second period from 1/48 to 1/27 is reached. Also numbers of arcs in the years 2008 to year 1956 have increased making the year 2008 the first range number of arcs of 11 to 51 and the second interval of 19 to 86. No observed meander-like and horseshoe (oxbow) pattern on the river exists. Morphological changes of AjiChayRiver in the timeframe and location studied have been affected by natural factors such as loss of power of flow due to reduction of annual average water discharge and sediment, accumulation of sediment and erosion.
