Land use Planning
Rahimeh Rostami; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Maedeh Bakuoyi
Abstract
IntroductionDrying up of Urmia Lake has great influence on the surrounding environment. The salinity of the soil on the edge of the lake, the increase of salt particles and the reduction of the usual agriculture in this area are among the effects of this drought. With proper planning and extensive studies, ...
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IntroductionDrying up of Urmia Lake has great influence on the surrounding environment. The salinity of the soil on the edge of the lake, the increase of salt particles and the reduction of the usual agriculture in this area are among the effects of this drought. With proper planning and extensive studies, it is possible to turn the created deficiencies into opportunities and take maximum advantage of them. One of the parameters that can be checked using satellite data is soil salinity. Soil salinity is the accumulation of dissolved salts in the form of electrical conductivity, and it can be measured. In this study, the changes in land use and vegetation from 2000 to 2016 have been investigated using Landsat 5 and 8 images. The analysis of the images has been done using object-oriented methods, and the soil salinity has been calculated using salinity indices and during the studied years. Soil salinity index as well as other indices such as plant indices has been used in the classification and examination of changes. Land use changes were obtained by object-oriented method in Ecognation software and calculations related to the amount of changes is done using Arc map and Idrisi software. The study was carried out on 4 periods of 2000, 2006, 2010 and 2016. The images related to each year are first classified into 9 classes of water, salt marsh, new salt, pastures and weak pastures, city, agriculture, barren land and garden by object-oriented method. After classification, the amount of changes during these years has been obtained.Data and methodsMost of the study area is located in pass 168 and row 34, and only parts of the lake in the northwestern part of the study area are outside this image, so to get the desired result, we have to mosaic the images of passes 168 and 169 with rows 33 and 34. Processing is divided into three stages: pre-processing, processing and post-processing.Segmentation is the first step in processing images in object-oriented methods. Segmentation is the integration of objects from small to large based on the parameters of color, shape, density, smoothness and scale. In this study for processing have used from ecognation Software. The method used to classify images is the thresholding method. In order to improve the classification method, salinity indices and vegetation indices have used in this study.ConclusionThe amount of water in the lake has decreased drastically between 2000 and 2016, and it has decreased from 54.39% range to 29.26%. By examining the changes, it can be seen that other land uses have been reduced, and salt marshes have been added. The comparison of land uses from 2000 to 2016 shows that the amount of salt marshes has increased from 12.37% in 2000 to 13.84% in 2006, 24.7% in 2010 and 33.25% in 2016. Studies show that the intensity of changes in the amount of water and salinity between the years 2006 to 2010 and 2010 to 2016 is much more intense than the period 2000 to 2006. It seems that before 2006, unprincipled exploitation of lake water and underground water was less than after 2006, or the environment had the ability to recover the amount of water harvested. As it can be seen from the map of 2000, the amount of new or wet salt around the lake is very small, which has increased with the decrease of the lake's water. The survey of gardens in the studied area shows that the area occupied by gardens has increased from 2000 to 2010, but the results of changes in use from 2010 to 2016 show that the area of gardens has almost halved (1099 pixels from the image in 2010 And 667 pixels in 2016) that one of the factors of this reduction can be soil salinity.Another thing that can be seen by studying the maps is the distribution of new salt in the areas far away from the lake, which at first was only attached to the water at the edge, but over time, when the amount of this type of salt increased, due to the occurrence of salt storms, it was spread to further areas. If measures are not taken to control this amount of salt and soil salinity that has occurred after that and will increase over time, we will witness more severe problems in the region.
Land use Planning
Rahimeh Rostami; Ali Mohammadkhorshidduost
Abstract
Introduction One of the physical factors in the development of Maragheh is the change of utilities and their conversion into residential use, which in turn have a direct impact on the process of physical development. The city of Maragheh is one of the most important cities in East Azerbaijan province, ...
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Introduction One of the physical factors in the development of Maragheh is the change of utilities and their conversion into residential use, which in turn have a direct impact on the process of physical development. The city of Maragheh is one of the most important cities in East Azerbaijan province, which has no exception to the rule of physical development. In this research, the characteristics of the city development process are examined physically. Statistics show the growing population in the city of Maragheh during the years 1966 to 2011. Understanding the factors affecting the physical expansion and development of cities helps understand urban growth and development trends. The study clarifies the factors that cause horizontal and physical growth of cities and, conversely, the repulsive factor of other parts of the city that are left behind by physical growth for any reason, and this explains the need for this research. The causes of urban growth are exactly the same as the origins of urban sprawl. In many cases, no distinction can be made between urban growth and urban sprawl however, it is important to have a clear understanding of the difference between urban sprawl and urban growth. The most imperative problems that have arisen from the uncontrolled growth of city due to physical development are the excessive use of land, the lack of sufficient urban facilities and equipment, the disconnection of the suburbs and thus adding to the urban problems. The purpose of this study is to study environmental and physical factors and their impact on the physical growth and development of Maragheh city and provide the best place for future development of the city. Data and Method In the present study, the criteria and sub-criteria and the relationships between them were first defined by the ANP method using Super Design software, and after obtaining the weight for each criterion and sub-criterion, the sub-criteria were first fuzzy and according to the weight of each of them the main criterion was obtained from the sum of these sub-criteria. Finally, the three main criteria of human, environmental and topographic parameters, considering their weight, have provided the main layer of the possibility of physical development of the city. Choosing a suitable method and approach for modeling a system depends entirely on the complexity of that system and complexity is inversely related to the amount of knowledge and understanding of our system. Fuzzy systems can be well used to model two main types of uncertainty in the phenomena. The first type is uncertainty due to the lack of knowledge and human tools in recognizing the complexities of a phenomenon. Results and Discussion Using the three main layers obtained for topographic, environmental and human criteria and according to the weight of each, the final location map of physical development of Maragheh city was obtained. The development map of Maragheh shows that the south-eastern parts are very unsuitable for physical development, while the north-eastern, north-western and south-western parts are suitable for development in terms of three environmental, human and topographic features. Environmental factors seem to have the greatest impact on the development and expansion of cities. According to our findings, and depicting the map of the city development over different years, the final map was obtained for the development of this city which is almost in line with the expansion of the city during the years 1996 to 2006 and 1976 to 1986. Conclusion With the arrival of the third wave of industrialization in Third World countries since the beginning of the twentieth century, production and income in cities, followed by increased demand for urban services and consequently urbanization has expanded. One of the effects of physical growth is related to the expansion of the outskirts of cities beyond the administrative boundaries of any city. Such urban development goes to areas outside the administrative boundaries and changes in land uses. The city of Maragheh has many limitations in terms of physical expansion due to the gardens around the city. In order to prevent the destruction of gardens and agricultural lands as well as physical expansion in line with natural and human criteria, extensive studies should be conducted. Information and data were applied in this study for the analysis of these parameters.The city of Maragheh needs to expand physically following the increase in population naturally and its increasing expansion goes on due to uncontrolled urban migration. In the present study, three main criteria of human, environmental and topography have been used. From the topographic criteria, the south-western parts are the most suitable places and the north-eastern parts of the city are the most unsuitable parts. In terms of environmental criteria, the western and south-western parts and to some extent parts of the north are suitable for development. Due to being a garden city, it is limited to gardens from the surroundings, which makes it difficult to expand from a human and environmental standards point of view. By combining three layers of environment, human and topography, the best place for the development of this city according to the final map was prepared for the optimal location of the future development the city based on ANP Fuzzy method by which it is more suitable in the west and north-west than in the south and south-west.Paying attention to horizontal expansion preserves the traditional texture of the city and single-storey buildings and prevents its vertical expansion. Although vertical expansion has advantages over horizontal spreading out, the current conditions of Maragheh city and its size, as well as its traditional texture and culture, make the need for horizontal expansion more tangible than vertical expansion.By using the right development model, both the traditional construction of the city can be preserved and the problems caused by sporadic development can be reduced, provided that the horizontal development goes in the direction that environmental and human conditions demand.
