Urban Planning
Marziyeh Esmaeelpour; manijeh lalehpour; Samaneh Mamaghani
Abstract
IntroductionNatural hazards, with various types and extent, as recurring and destructive phenomena, have always existed throughout the life of the planet and have always been a serious threat to humans since the creation of mankind (Rajabi et al., 2018: 184). Among the natural hazards, earthquake ...
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IntroductionNatural hazards, with various types and extent, as recurring and destructive phenomena, have always existed throughout the life of the planet and have always been a serious threat to humans since the creation of mankind (Rajabi et al., 2018: 184). Among the natural hazards, earthquake is one of the most horrible ones in the history of mankind, which belongs in the category of immediate dangers. This natural phenomenon can be characterized by their high destructive potential and the brutal killing in a short time (Taghipour, 2016: 195).There are many definitions of vulnerability in the literature. Vulnerability is defined as “a state combining physical, economic and environmental factors, which increases system sensibility to danger” by the United Nations/International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (Peng, 2012: 95). One of the most effective strategies to reduce social and economic losses resulted from earthquakes is to mitigate the vulnerability of society to seismic hazards based on an accurate and scientific risk assessment (Wei et al., 2017: 1289). It is not possible to accurately predict the earthquake, but the earthquake can be studied from the following two aspects, so the casualties caused by the earthquake decrease as much as possible. First, seismic vulnerability should be assessed before the earthquake, and the construction of disaster prevention and reduction system should be strengthened in the regions with relative high vulnerability of population. Second, according to the estimated casualties, the reasonable rescue measures would be deployed to carry out the effective rescue (Zhang et al., 2018: 2).Data and MethodIn the present study, the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz due to its proximity to Tabriz fault has been assessed. District 10 is one of the northern areas of the city and its texture is mainly marginal, which increases the vulnerability to earthquake. Various factors affect the vulnerability of an urban area to earthquake including height and age of the buildings, the quality of materials, population density and distance to active faults (Khamespanah et al., 2016: 58). In the present study, 12 factor were applied to investigate the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz metropolis: slope, distance to fault, to hazardous installations, to the hospitals and fire stations, population density, residential density, access to open urban public spaces, number of building floors, building quality, materials and urban grain.In order to present the vulnerability map of district 10, thematic layers of the studied criteria were prepared and transformed into fuzzy. Decreasing and increasing linear functions were used to fuzzification the thematic layers. The five fuzzy operators i.e. and, or, product, sum and gamma can be used for combining thematic maps. The operator used in this study to integrate a fuzzy subject layer is the gamma operator. Also, the vulnerability coefficient of district 10 to the average earthquake intensity was calculated. The range of numbers obtained from the vulnerability coefficient is between 0 and 1, indicating lack of damage and a building collapse, respectively. (Ahadnezhad Reveshti et al., 2010: 182).Results and DiscussionIn order to assess the seismic vulnerability, it is necessary to generate a seismic micro zonation map for the study area. To this end, 3 steps were performed as follows:Thematic layers affecting seismic vulnerability were prepared in the GIS environment and their spatial distribution in the district 10 of Tabriz was evaluated.In this step, thematic layers were transformed into fuzzy using fuzzy functions.Fuzzy thematic layers were combined using a fuzzy operator and a seismic vulnerability map was prepared for district 10 of Tabriz.The results of seismic zoning of region 10 of Tabriz using fuzzy logic can be summarized as follows: - About 4.5% of the study area is in a very high vulnerability and 12.6% of its area is in a high vulnerability class. Also, the total area of low and very low vulnerability zones is about 64.9%. Very low vulnerable areas correspond to the barren lands, green spaces and all open spaces of the district. In addition, in Eram neighborhoods in the north of the study area, residential and population density are much lower than others. Some of the southern neighborhoods of this region, such as Sheshgalan and Daveh Chi, are less vulnerable to earthquakes due to the lower population and residential density, proximity to the hospital, to green spaces and less distance to the fire station. . - Neighborhoods such as Khalilabad and Ghorbani in the central parts of district 10, are among the most vulnerable ones to earthquakes. Factors such as high population and residential density, lack of access to urban open spaces are the most important reasons for the high vulnerability of these areas. The central neighborhoods of district 10 are the most vulnerable to earthquake hazard. Due to the high population density in these areas, a large earthquake can lead to severe damage and loss of life in these areas. The results of damage analysis in district 10 of Tabriz, considering a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10, show that the northern and southern parts of region 10 are in class D0 against a possible earthquake and will be without damage. About 6.4% of urban spaces in the study area are in Class D3, which will suffer significant to severe damage. Finally, about 0.6% of urban spaces in the study area are in class D5. This class includes part of the central neighborhoods and indicates the very high vulnerability of these areas to an earthquake.ConclusionFindings show that vulnerability is higher in the central neighborhoods of district 10. Factors such as high residential and population density, old tissue, distance to hospitals and lack of access to public open spaces are the most important factors that cause very high seismic vulnerability in this part of the city. District 10 of Tabriz is located near the large north fault of Tabriz and in this regard, the whole area is vulnerable to earthquake. However, proximity to the fault alone cannot be a measure of the vulnerability of urban buildings and structures, but planning and physical factors in the city can aggravate or, conversely, reduce seismic vulnerability. The results of the seismic vulnerability coefficient of the study area to a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10 show that the buildings located in the central neighborhoods of district 10 have the highest seismic vulnerability. Due to the high population and residential density in these areas, during an earthquake there will undoubtedly be very high and catastrophic casualties and financial losses.
Climatology
mehdi asadi; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 101-122
Abstract
Limited fossil energy source and increase of energy use is always pushed man to replace the energy source. In this case the winds have always had a special place in the new generation of energy sources. East Azarbaijan province because of the topographical and relativity situation is one of the best ...
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Limited fossil energy source and increase of energy use is always pushed man to replace the energy source. In this case the winds have always had a special place in the new generation of energy sources. East Azarbaijan province because of the topographical and relativity situation is one of the best places for building a wind farm. therefore this research have been done to find out the best places for building wind farms in East Azarbaijan province, to find this places different criteria and sub criteria have been used. Given the importance of information fusion, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were selected for weighting the layers and were implemented by the help of Expert choice software. For special analyses and overlapping of layers the Arc GIS program have been used and after the analysis of information, according to the capacity of building wind farms, province of East Azarbaijan have been divided to four parts, great, good, normal, weak. At last, final conclusions represent that Geographic Information System as a Supportive Decision making system can be practical both in preparing of data and designing the priorities and expert's ideas dealing with different factors and also help the designers to select the proper location to found the wind farms. In this research,15 regions have been determined, considering priority of, overlay, limitation of land and places, survey of priority area, climate condition and personal observation have been determined that in sequence this places are Tabriz, Sahand, Osko, Azarshahr, Bostanabad, Shabestar, Jolfa, Haris, Miyane, Bonab, Marageh, Sarab, Ahar, Charayomagh and Hashtrod.
Climatology
Kazemeh Rangzan; Nazanin Ghanbari; Mostafa Kabolizade Kabolizade; Poria Moradi Moradi
Volume 22, Issue 64 , September 2018, , Pages 127-103
Abstract
Emission reduction of carbon dioxide and its impact on global warming process is one of the most important results in the use of renewable energy sources. In urban areas, solar systems stationed on building roofs are the most appropriate utilization method of stable source of solar energy. Urban compactness ...
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Emission reduction of carbon dioxide and its impact on global warming process is one of the most important results in the use of renewable energy sources. In urban areas, solar systems stationed on building roofs are the most appropriate utilization method of stable source of solar energy. Urban compactness is a major urban form parameter that affects the accessibility of solar renewable energy in the built environment, so it is essential that the effects of urban compactness on buildings utilization of solar energy, be surveyed. The aim of this study is the evaluation of solar energy potential in urban areas and determination of the relation between urban compactness indicators and solar energy potential in the local scale. In this study, the annual solar radiation modeling for each of the building surfaces of the study area, over one year period, was performed using the Solar Analyst model. On the other hand, the relation between various compactness indicators including site coverage, plot ratio, volume-area ratio, Entropy, population density and building density with Annual solar radiation received by the study area was explored and using least squares regression model, the relationship between the solar radiation and urban compactness indicators was determined. Also potential of using two types of active solar systems including Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems (PV) and Solar Thermal Collectors (STC) was evaluated. According to the results, the annual solar irradiation increase from 507 (in compression areas) to 741 (in scattered areas) Kilowatt hours per square meter. Volume-area ratio shows the highest determination coefficient, R2 equal to 0/805 with annual solar radiation. Also in the study area, the building roofs potential for the development of PV systems much more than STC systems, influenced by the degree of urban compactness.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Saeed Jahanbakhsh Asl; Mehdi Asad; Elaheh Akbari
Volume 20, Issue 56 , August 2016, , Pages 55-72
Abstract
In this study, for potential survey construction of wind power plants in the provinces of Khorasan Razavi and Northern different criteria and sub-criteria have been considered. To become fuzzy criteria are based on expert opinions and investigation done researches, control point and fuzzy function for ...
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In this study, for potential survey construction of wind power plants in the provinces of Khorasan Razavi and Northern different criteria and sub-criteria have been considered. To become fuzzy criteria are based on expert opinions and investigation done researches, control point and fuzzy function for each of the layers based on their membership gradation range of zero and one was determined in the IDRISI software. Then, according to the importance of integrating information, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for layers weighting was implemented by Expert choice software. Then, the software ArcGIS, was used to spatial analysis and overlapping layers, and after the analysis of information, Razavi Khorasan and North Khorasan province, in terms of capability the wind power plants building, divided into four levels: excellent, good, fair and poor. Finally, the results indicated that excellent are as for the construction of wind power plantsin the study area are locatedin thesoutheast ofthe study area at Torbatjam station with an area exceeding 222565.97 hectares (0.018 percent). In addition, good areas are located around the Taybad and Khaaf, Golmakan, Sarakhs, Roshtkhar, Bardaskan, Neyshaboor, Sabzevar, Bojnurd, Ferdows and Jajarm stations with an area exceeding 1817573.81 hectares (0.17 percent). One cans that renewable energy of wind without any pollution could be utilized by the construction of wind power plants in the replaces ultimately.
Hasan ali Faraji Sabokbar; Siroos Hasanpour; Arash Malkian; Haydeh Kiani Alrod
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 167-190
Abstract
The selection of suitable location for implementing of flood spreading project and artificial recharge of aquifers is an important step. To assess this purpose, the Geographic Information System (GIS) conceptual models and decision making systems were used. Regarding different mentioned criteria, it ...
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The selection of suitable location for implementing of flood spreading project and artificial recharge of aquifers is an important step. To assess this purpose, the Geographic Information System (GIS) conceptual models and decision making systems were used. Regarding different mentioned criteria, it is not possible to use GIS without appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique. The main aim for this research is to access the suitable location for flood spreading by using the most efficient criteria and classify them into several groups. Consequently, major factors such as slope, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, infiltration rate, cover and environmental impacts of the projects should be considered in the process of selecting appropriate site for artificial recharge through flood spreading. Also evaluating accuracy and application of conceptual models such as Logic Boolean, Multi classmaps, Binary Evidence, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been noticed. In this research, nine physical and environmental efficient variables essential for locating of flood spreading are used. The results indicate GIS-based data combination for ranking suitablelocation of flood spreading by itself, though it is not reliable enough. Also evaluating accuracy of models shows that accuracy of Binary Evidence model for identifying and ranking suitable location of flood spreading is more than that of Boolan model and the Multi class maps model can give better insights to create more realistic output scenarios The most important step in flood spreading process is to define optimal site. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an approach that is suitable for dealing with complex systems related to making a choice from among several alternatives and which provides a comparison of the considered options. In the present research relationship between GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Making analysis has been investigated in order to find optimal site for flood spreading. The research emphasized the capability of resultant map to be used in site selection for flood spreading.
Saeed Jahanbakhsh; Majid Zahedi; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 19-42
Abstract
In a wide variety of scientific climatology studies earth surface temperature, is important, Astronomy, meteorology hydrology, ecology, geology, medical science, design and optimization of transportation network and site selection of fire extinction and particularly cases required. In the calculation ...
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In a wide variety of scientific climatology studies earth surface temperature, is important, Astronomy, meteorology hydrology, ecology, geology, medical science, design and optimization of transportation network and site selection of fire extinction and particularly cases required. In the calculation of the actual evapotranspiration also we consider these.. Considering the earth's surface temperature monitoring in a limited number of meteorological stations to the distribution point and the need to place the surface temperature in a wide area and at the same time the surface temperature were estimated. To access the earth's surface temperature and classification SEBAL algorithm and decision tree were used. Using ETM + image dated 31 August 2000 and pre- process, files became ready for implementation. For processing of SEBAL method. the above mentioned software Envi4.5 and ArcGIS9.3 were used. This paper estimates the difference less than 5.57° C, temperature difference between a satisfactory level was estimated through remote sensing and statistics. Temperature measured from ground level 12 years (1993 - 2005) in Maragheh meteorological station was achieved. Temperature was estimated through remote sensing and studies applicable in earth sciences research and the environment.
Reza Valizade
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 179-202
Abstract
Earth surface temperature has been used in a wide variety of scientific studies including climatology, astronomy, meteorology, hydrology, ecology, geology, and medical sciences. The design and optimization of transportation network and site selection of conflagration and particularly in the calculation ...
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Earth surface temperature has been used in a wide variety of scientific studies including climatology, astronomy, meteorology, hydrology, ecology, geology, and medical sciences. The design and optimization of transportation network and site selection of conflagration and particularly in the calculation of the actual evapo-transpiration we require such data. Considering the earth's surface temperature monitoring in a limited number of meteorological stations to the distribution point we need to place and estimate the surface temperature in a wide area, and at the same time the surface temperature. To access the earth's surface temperature and classification the SEBAL and decision tree algorithm was used. Using ETM+ images dated 31 August 2000 and pre-process, files were ready for implementation of SEBAL method. Processing of the above mentioned software was through Envi4.5 and ArcGIS 9.3. This paper estimates the temperature differences if less than 5.57°C between a satisfactory level through remote sensing and statistics, while we estimated temperature measured from ground level for a period of 12 years (1993-2005) at Maragheh meteorological station. Results indicate that temperature estimates through remote sensing and such studies are applicable for earth science research and the environment.
