Urban Planning
behzad malekpourasl; pariman boostani
Abstract
Introduction Urban areas as an important factor in enhancing energy consumption and CO2 emissions are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions which are occurring in most cities all over the globe. (Herring, 2012), (Zubelzu & Fernandez, 2016). Cities consume 67 to 76 percent of energy and ...
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Introduction Urban areas as an important factor in enhancing energy consumption and CO2 emissions are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions which are occurring in most cities all over the globe. (Herring, 2012), (Zubelzu & Fernandez, 2016). Cities consume 67 to 76 percent of energy and 71 to 76 percent of CO2, and this amount will increase significantly by 2050. (Van der Heijden, 2016), (Lehmann, 2014) 90 percent of urban population growth occurs in developing countries. Therefore, developing countries are more exposed to climate change. (Feliciano & Prosperi, 2011), (Colenbrander, 2015) Carbon footprint in cities depends specifically on factors such as living standards and income, socio-economic development, urban spatial structure and transportation systems, energy technology and local climate change factors. (Feliciano & Prosperi, 2011),(Huang and atel, 2016), ( Colenbrander, 2015)The collaborative process builds trust, new relationships, and interpersonal networks, and ultimately strengthens a higher degree of social, intellectual, and political capital among the actors who are being involved. The collaborative planning process creates new and more flexible institutions for the development of the low-carbon city (Agger & Löfgren, 2008). Considering the advantages of collaborative planning including promoting citizen participation, increasing transparency in the decision-making system and employing experts and specialists related to urban areas, this planning was considered by the researcher so that it could be used by the participation and cooperation of all stakeholders in the city in order to move toward integrated management.Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. According to the annual reports of air quality in Tehran(Tehran Air Quality Control Company (AQCC)), it has been declared unhealthy for more than one third of the year during the last two decades. (Shahbazi and at el, 2019) In this research, we use the requirements of cooperative planning in Tehran due to achieve a low carbon city. Related to the political, financial, environmental and social situations of Tehran metropolis and its potentials to achieve a low carbon city, this city has been selected as a research case. Due to its political aspect, Tehran is the capital of Iran and all political and planning activities are carried out in it. As a result of this fact, this city always examines urban plans in the higher levels of the city, and in fact it is ruled by a top-down planning system. As a result, it has always paid less attention to participatory issues. From an environmental point of view, air pollution in Tehran, which is measured with a particle size of less than ten microns, is almost four times that of Los Angeles. It should be noted that some of these pollutions were due to tougher sanctions in 2010 due to Iran's inability to import higher quality additives used to produce car cleaning fuel. (Tahbaz, 2016) Data and Method In this research, at the first stage, after analysing the quantitative indicators of the research and evaluating them, the research uncertainties will be identified. For this purpose, Micmac software is used to identify uncertainties; on the second stage, with the help of the uncertainty-impact matrix, the critical uncertainties of the research are introduced. These critical uncertainties should be used in the process of low-carbon Tehran development. In the continuation of the research process, variables for these critical uncertainties are defined and entered in the Scenario Wizard software to obtain possible scenarios. With the help of the scenarios which will be obtained from the software, the scenario writing process begins. In order to achieve a better portray in Tehran in the long run, the DPSIR model will also be used. Results and Discussion The phenomena of global warming and climate change, on a scale beyond the city of Tehran, is in fact a matter of concern on a global scale. paying attention to these changes and controlling global temperature requires long-term and sustainable planning. As a result, segment and short-term measures cannot reduce the adverse effects of climate change alone. Since addressing climate change is a global issue, it requires holistic attitudes and cooperation with other global cities. Therefore, Tehran was chosen as the capital of Iran for this study. Because according to global statistics, Tehran is the sixth most polluted city in the world, and this highlights the importance to address the issue of low-carbon cities.ConclusionBy institutional and organizational cooperation as well as the real participation of citizens, it is possible to move towards advancing Tehran's low-carbon goals. It is hoped that by using the principles of participation and strategies to achieve a low-carbon city, Tehran could play a small role in controlling climate change and in fact reducing urban pollutants.Finally, by implementing the strategies which are mentioned in the article, we can move towards a low-carbon Tehran. In this regard, urban institutions should participate and cooperate with each other and citizens should play an active role in urban decision-making. In general, the following suggestions are made in various financial, social, environmental and physical sectors:In the financial sector, the growth of start-ups and microeconomic sectors with the support of the government and private organizationsIn the social sector, creating spaces in urban parks in order to gather people and present their opinions on urban day topics.In the environmental sector, allocating municipal budgets for the construction of solar panels in public organizations and requiring urban industries to plant various green species around factories and urban workshopsIn the physical part, the supervision of Tehran Municipality on preventing dispersal and development of urban disorderIt is hoped that by using this research, a step could be taken towards a low-carbon Tehran.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
afshin montazer alghaem; Mehri Azani; ahmad khademolhoseiny; amir gandomkar
Abstract
IntroductionSocial resilience plays an important role in social sustainability and solidarity in the face of urban crises. In this regard, the present study tried to use a "descriptive-analytical" method through a questionnaire of 383 people to make a comparative analysis of the quality of social resilience ...
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IntroductionSocial resilience plays an important role in social sustainability and solidarity in the face of urban crises. In this regard, the present study tried to use a "descriptive-analytical" method through a questionnaire of 383 people to make a comparative analysis of the quality of social resilience components in the twenty-first and twenty-first districts of Tehran. Citizens' opinions were collected according to Cochran's formula by sampling and relative allocation based on population size. The results showed that the quality of realization and enjoyment of social resilience components in the three study areas was different based on multivariate analysis of variance 1, and the results showed that the public trust index in region one as one of the most prosperous areas of Tehran. And informal participation index in the twelfth region as one of the middle-class regions and the index of the sense of spatial belonging in the twentieth region as one of the low-income regions had more priority, but in analyzing the priority of resilience components in the three regions Fuzzy TOPSIS 2 model and in all three regions, the knowledge index with (zone one with 0.555 fuzzy weight) (zone twelve with 0.576 fuzzy weight) and (zone twenty with 0.6451 fuzzy weight) had the greatest impact, respectively. Has accepted. As a result, it was found that the strategy to promote social resilience in the metropolis of Tehran should be in line with increasing the level of awareness and citizenship skills in all three areas of Tehran. Increase citizens in intra-group and social organizations. Also, improving the sense of spatial belonging and social identity in low-income urban areas should be a priority, in order to achieve a homogeneous and sustainable social resilience in the metropolis of Tehran. Data and Method The present study has been carried out with applied purpose and descriptive-analytical methodology with the aim of comparative analysis of quality assessment of the realization of social resilience components in three areas 1, 12 and 20 of Tehran metropolis. To collect descriptive or theoretical information, content reading of basic scientific text documents (valid articles and books) was used and to collect analytical data, a survey method with a questionnaire was used. According to the main questions posed for the present study to answer and assess the differences in understanding and having social resilience indicators in selected areas of multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to answer how planning priorities to achieve the indicators Social resilience has been used in selected areas of Tehran metropolis Fuzzy TOPSIS model (FTOPSIS).Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the quality of realization and enjoyment of social resilience components in the three regions was different based on multivariate analysis of variance. The informal participation index in District 12 as one of the middle-class areas and the Index of Spatiality in District 20 as one of the lower areas had higher priority.In the analysis of the priority of resilience components in the three mentioned areas based on the fuzzy TOPSIS model and in all three areas of Tehran metropolis, it was found that the awareness index has received the most impact. Therefore, it is suggested that urban planners pay attention to the role of awareness in cultural development and increase citizenship literacy and associate cultural, media and educational institutions with urban development programs. Social skills, increasing awareness of risk reduction, and citizenship lifestyle issues enhanced the cultural development of cities, as well as the level of social resilience of all urban areas.ConclusionIn the present study, an attempt was made to study rich, relatively rich and low-income areas in the metropolis of Tehran by stratified sampling in terms of differences in having social resilience indicators and their priorities for realization in these areas. . Therefore, region1 was selected and studied as one of the prosperous regions, region 12 as one of the middle regions and region 20 as one of the socially inferior regions in Kalashahr, Tehran. The results showed that the quality of realization and enjoyment of social resilience components in the three regions was different based on multivariate analysis of variance. The informal participation index in District 12 as one of the middle-class areas and the Index of Spatiality in District 20 as one of the lower areas had higher priority, so it can be concluded that more urban culture development programs have the trust of low-income citizens. It has authority and the citizens of the middle and affluent classes in Tehran have less public trust in the goals of cultural and urban planning and their implementation by city and government managers. Also, the institutional trust of citizens in cultural and urban organizations and institutions is low. We see between cultural planning in the cities and strata of the middle and affluent class of Tehran, so attracting the trust of the middle and affluent classes of Tehran is one of the most important proposed strategies. And it is the duty of cultural creators and media managers to help city managers in increasing the public trust and institutional trust of the citizens of Tehran. Also, the level of citizen participation in urban development and management programs, especially in medium-sized urban areas such as District 12 is low, and the urban management system and structure of Tehran should be improved in favor of increasing formal and informal citizen participation and urban management models based on It is based on the participation of citizens, such as the model of urban governance in the metropolis of Tehran to be comprehensively developed and implemented. In the index of sense of spatial belonging, the feeling of satisfaction of the residents of region 1 is more than the 12th and 20th regions of Tehran, and the inhabitants of region 20 have less sense of spatial belonging, and this shows that Tehran And to create the citizenship relations of the residents between the middle, relatively rich and low-income classes of the city in a desirable way, and this causes a biological rift in the metropolis of Tehran, so paying attention to strengthening the sense of spatial belonging is also one of the strategies.However, in the analysis of the priority of resilience components in the three mentioned areas based on the fuzzy TOPSIS model and in all three areas of Tehran metropolis, it was found that the awareness index has received the most impact. Therefore, it is suggested that urban planners pay attention to the role of awareness in cultural development and increase citizenship literacy and associate cultural, media and educational institutions with urban development programs. Social skills, increasing awareness of risk reduction, and citizenship lifestyle issues enhanced the cultural development of cities, as well as the level of social resilience of all urban areas.Researchers and researchers in future studies can study the role and characteristics of resilience in achieving a sustainable urban ecosystem, especially in cities vulnerable to climate change. In the organizational dimension, media resilience and its relationship with cities can be a manifestation of future hypotheses for applied research.
Urban Planning
Fereshte Rezaee; JAMILE TAVAKOLINIA; Mozaffar Sarrafi
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. ...
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IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. Today, as a metropolitan city that is supposed to play an international role in the region and a national role in the country, Tehran is facing numerous problems and issues that stem from underdeveloped local communities and absence of good urban governance. Consequently, the present study seeks to address the role of NGOs as an institutional capacity in realizing and improving the governance process in line with increasing the participation of local communitiesMethodologyConducted with the purpose of examining the role of NGOs in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city, this research employed the survey method and field studies. Data collection was carried out via distributing questionnaires among the sample population. The hypotheses of the study were then tested using statistical softwares such as the SPSS. The questionnaire included 35 items, out of which 10 and 25 items were specified to measure variables of NGOs and good urban governance, respectively. In this regard, 5 items were considered for each component of good urban governance which included participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The scale of the study was validated by extracting the components of variables under measurement from the existing literature. Subsequently, they were localized using the comments of experts. Content validity and measurement scale were evaluated through qualitative reasoning. That is, the questionnaire used in this study had 3 content validities as the variables under measurement were derived from related research and constructs in questionnaires were correctly perceived by the sample population. To pretest the designed questionnaire, they were distributed among 10 experts and professors; next, following the correction and balancing of a few points, they were distributed among 30 individuals within the initial sample population; given the comments of this group, the relevancy of questions was ensured in relation to the sample population. Ultimately, the final questionnaire was designed and used for data collection.Results and DiscussionThe hypotheses were examined and the results are explained below:In the main hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that in order to realize good governance in cities as local environments, it is necessary to utilize capacities present in the constitution, century-long experiences of consultative localism (city association, Islamic council), and global experiences in the area of NGOs. Indeed, addressing the management of cities through a participatory approach requires an efficient framework which, according to the experiences of developed countries, is the good urban governance; an approach that is recommended by the UN as the global policy trustee in line with offering development. Accordingly, by increasing the social capital and accountability of local managers, emotional refining of the citizens, attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, and providing social solidarity in Tehran metropolitan city, NGOs have provided the means for realization of good urban governance.In the first secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “participation” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of participation in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. In affairs such as participation and delegation of authorities, urban management needs to mitigate legal ambiguities and increase localized educational and research centers. Subsequently, the government can play an effective role in this process by carrying out a set of sociocultural actions such as producing educational contents for schools and universities, instructing teachers, judges, government staff, and law enforcement personnel, teaching the principles and frameworks on the importance of utilizing the participation of NGOs through media and particularly the IRIB, reviewing the current rules and regulations in Iran, and modifying bureaucratic procedures. Governments can also increase the authorities of civil institutions such as the NGOs and mitigate urban management issues with the help of the local citizens as local governments, using the indices of good urban governance.In the second secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “reliability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of reliability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that NGOs currently do not occupy a suitable position in Iran; accordingly, any collective movement considered as voluntary activities are at a declining level throughout the society. Therefore, despite the considerable willingness of individuals to participate in such activities, factors such as low levels of trust and reliability in the society and absence of common positive values has resulted in these activities to remain as mere mental desires rather than practical, objective actions. In these circumstances, NGOs cannot be expected to be significantly effective on the area of reliability.In the third secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “transparency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of transparency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. There is an insignificant percentage of individuals within NGOs who believe in the effectiveness of these organizations on the transparency of the authorities; subsequently, an inconsiderable extent of willingness is shown to carry out activities in NGOs in line with establishing transparency among government authorities. It appears that in the current conditions, NGOs do not have a considerable effectiveness in realizing good urban governance due to issues that obstruct their activities along with the risks of engaging in political areas. As a result, to achieve success in increasing transparency, the entire government and non-government bodies and sectors including schools, universities, newspapers, the IRIB, and other mainstream media should work in harmony.In the fourth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “accountability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of accountability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. By attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, NGOs have managed to elevate the spirit of questioning among the members of the society; in addition, these elite individuals have managed to get their questions across to the government using modern communication tools including social networks. This has led to urban authorities to be held accountable, hence properly realizing this important aspect of good governance.In the fifth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “efficiency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of efficiency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Such lack of effectiveness can be attributed to a number of reasons including structural inadequacies in NGOs, weak social trust in these organizations, economic issues present in voluntary activities, and absence of professional functions in NGOs in shaping the civil society.ConclusionResults showed that in general, NGOs do play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city; however, despite their effective roles in actualizing components of participation and macro accountability, they do not seem to have an adequate role in realizing components such as reliability, transparency, and efficiency. Ultimately, it should be pointed out that the structure of urban management in Tehran at local levels requires enhancing the role of NGOs and participation of local communities and multilevel and multi-agent governance in line with efficient and effective urban management whilst reinforcing indices of good urban governance including participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Reinforcing good urban governance against a government-centered urban management approach requires a strong political will at the higher echelons of governance, particularly their belief in such pattern of administration.
