Climatology
Mohammadreza Rafighi; Mehry Akbary; Mohammad Hassan Fakharnia; Mohammad Hassan Vahidnia
Abstract
IntroductionAlthough the air layer adjacent to the earth's surface - the boundary layer - is a small fraction of the entire atmosphere, the processes that take place on a small scale are very important to human life and activites. Among living organisms, plants and especially trees have undeniable effects ...
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IntroductionAlthough the air layer adjacent to the earth's surface - the boundary layer - is a small fraction of the entire atmosphere, the processes that take place on a small scale are very important to human life and activites. Among living organisms, plants and especially trees have undeniable effects on surface temperature and especially in urban environments have several balancing effects. This research was carried out using Landsat 8 satellite imagery and with Arc GIS software to compare the surface temperature of the earth in two areas with vegetation of coniferous trees (Chitgar Park) and broadleaf trees (Shahid Chamran Park). The values of Radiance, Reflectance, Brightness Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Proportion of Vegetation and Emissivity and then Land Surface Temperature were calculated and generated. A total of 1700 points were harvested from Chitgar Park and 800 points from Chamran Park. In SPSS software, Leven test (F) statistics was used to prove the homogeneity of variances of the samples and parametric tests (T with two independent samples) were used to prove the significant difference between the surface temperature of the earth in the mentioned areas. According to Leven test, the value was Sig = 0.409 (P_value), which confirms the homogeneity and equality of variance of the studied samples. Also, in the T test, the value was Sig = 0.000, which is less than 0.05, which means a significant difference. Therefore, the difference between the surface temperature data of the two parks was proved. Also, by comparing the graphs of LST values in the two groups, we found that Chitgar Park has a higher surface temperature than Chamran Park. In the current dilemma of the century, global warming, knowing these local realities and providing logical solutions to reduce surface temperature at the regional and regional scales as a whole can effectively solve the problem of global warming on a global scale.Data and Method The data used in this study is a Landsat 8 satellite imagery with the acronym: 8 (LC08_L1TP_165035_20190706) is LANDSAT.Retrieved July 6, 2019 from the USGS website.Production of component images for Shahid Chamran Parks in Karaj and Chitgar in Tehran: The surface temperature image was generated step by step using the Landsat 8 satellite image using the Raster Calculator command in the ArcMap software environment. First, relevant and effective indicators in calculating the surface temperature of the earth, Top of atmospheric radiance, reflectance, Brightness Temperature, normalized difference vegetation index, proportion of vegetation, emission coefficient (emissivity), calculation and their images are produced and then the land surface temperature, It was calculated and produced according to the following mathematical formulas.Step 1: Produce a spectral radius image from above the atmosphere To obtain the brightness temperature, the image must first be converted to radius. Therefore, the gray DN values of bands 10 and 11 of the Landsat 8 satellite TIRS sensor should be converted to high atmospheric radius separately with the help of the MTL file, which is an extension of the Landsat image (Tables 1, 2 and 3).Formula (1) :Calculate the radius of the upper atmosphere TOA (Lλ) = ML * Qcal + ALLλ = (Watts / (m2 * srad * μm)) The radius of the atmosphere in terms ofML = Multi-band radius_ 10 bandStep 2: Produce an image of the light temperature above the atmosphere After converting the DN values of bands 10 and 11 to high atmospheric radii, we converted these two corrected bands to Brightness Temperature.BT = (K2 / (ln (K1 / L) + 1)) - 273.15 Formula (2): Calculation of Brightness Temperature BT = Atmospheric Brightness Temperature (° C)Lλ = (Watts / (m2 * srad * μm)) Radius of the atmosphere in terms ofBT = (1321.0789 / Ln ((774.8853 / “% TOA%”) + 1)) - 273.15K1 = K1 Constant Band (No.), K2 = K2 Constant Band (No.)Step 3: Produce vegetation index image formula (3): normalized difference vegetation index image was generated usingNDVI = (Band 5 - Band 4) / (Band 5 + Band 4)Step 4: Produce a proportion of vegetation imageThe proportion of vegetation image was generated using normalized difference vegetation index.formulas (4):Calculate the proportion of vegetation PV = (NDVI - NDVImin / NDVImax- NDVImin) 2PV = Square (("NDVI" - 0.216901) / (0.632267 - 0.216901))Step 5: Produce the Emissivity image Emissivity image was generated using formula (5)ε = 0.004 * PV + 0.986 Formula (5): Calculate the Emissivity coefficientStep 6: Produce an image of the earth's surface temperature Land surface temperature image was generated using formula (6).Formula (6) :Calculate ground land surface temperatureLST = (BT / (1 + (0.00115 * BT / 1.4388) * Ln (e)))Results and Discussion Text Comparison of surface temperature phenomena (LST) According to Table (6), the highest land surface temperature with 44.42 ° C belongs to Chitgar Park, which is covered with coniferous trees, and the lowest in Shahid Chamran Park, in Karaj with 28.09 ° C with broadleaf trees. Has been. According to Tables (7) and (8), the lowest temperature of Chamran Park is 28.09 ° C and the highest is 36.51 ° C and the lowest temperature of Chitgar Park is 34.74 ° C and the highest is 44.42 ° C. . According to Figure (22), Chitgar Park with an average surface temperature of 38.92 ° C is warmer than Shahid Chamran Park with an average land surface temperature of 31.39 ° C. Figure (23) shows a red graphic showing the surface temperature of the ground in Chitgar Park with coniferous species (pine) and the blue diagram shows the surface temperature of Shahid Chamran Park in Karaj with broadleaf species. It is clear that the temperature is significantly higher in Chitgarh Park. The range of temperature fluctuations in Shahid Chamran Park is between 36.51 - 28.09 ° C and in Chitgar Park is between 42 / 44-74 / 34 which is exactly shown in the diagram. The fact that the red chart is higher than the blue chart explains this correctly. This is due to the lower density of trees in Chitgarh Park as well as the predominant tree species (needle-shaped) due to less shading and more input radiation. T test with two independent samples: This test, which is a parametric test, was used to prove a significant difference between the earth's surface temperature in areas with coniferous and deciduous trees. Leven test (F) was used to prove the homogeneity of sample variances and t-test with two independent samples was used to examine the homogeneity of the means of the two statistical populations, which resulted in the following results. As can be seen in Table (12), the value = 0.409 Sig, which is the same value as P_value, is greater than 0.05, ie the variance of the communities is homogeneous and equal. 0.05 is less, which means that the difference is significant. Due to religion, the difference between the land surface temperature data of Shahid Chamran and Chitgar parks is proved.ConclusionAccording to all the findings, Chitgar Park has a higher land surface temperature than Chamran Park, which is due to the lower density of trees and also the type of dominant tree species (needle-shaped). Coniferous species that take up less space than broadleaf species and have less shading. They also make it possible for the sun to collide with the ground due to the fact that the leaves of the adjacent trees do not meet, and this is an important factor in raising the surface temperature in the mentioned park. Species compatible with the climate of the study areas are broadleaf species because they have more leaves shading and care than coniferous species and ultimately cause more climate adjustment. The difference in temperature between the two parks confirms this fact. In the current dilemma of the century, global warming, knowing these local realities and providing logical solutions to reduce surface temperature at the regional and regional scales as a whole can effectively solve the problem of global warming on a global scale.
Geotourism
Masoomeh Mahdian Bahnamiry; M. Taghvaei
Abstract
Introduction Today, due to the historical processes, interests, education and needs of society, the fields of tourism have also changed. The fact is that many countries in their new tourism planning, creativity has become a strategy in the construction of places, so it is important knowing the importance ...
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Introduction Today, due to the historical processes, interests, education and needs of society, the fields of tourism have also changed. The fact is that many countries in their new tourism planning, creativity has become a strategy in the construction of places, so it is important knowing the importance of the fact that development based on creativity and creative tourism, various negative factors of tourism development Reduces, as the creative living industry has received a lot of attention in these countries. In the category of creative tourism, creative tourism development strategies must be sensitive to the issue of local capacities. Because the mental image of the residents of that place is important for understanding the goals and behavioral attitudes and supporting the development of tourism. Despite the growth of tourism in the world and the slow and slow growth of tourism in Iran, tourism in Golestan province has not yet reached its true position due to the existing potential and actual capabilities. Although Golestan province is considered as the "tourist bottleneck" of the east of the country based on its geographical location and is a gateway to incoming tourists from the eastern provinces of the country, but so far has only played a "crossing" role and has not benefited from such a geographical location in the "geopolitics of domestic tourism", in this regard, the present article explains and analyzes the spatial distribution of creative tourism pragmatists in tourism areas of the townships of Golestan province.Data and Method The aim of this study was development research in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and based on survey and field method. The method of collecting the required data was based on library, documentary and field survey methods by referring to the relevant organizations. 27 sub-indexes (in the form of 232 variables) were used to evaluate the spatial distribution of creative tourism operators and practitioners of creative tourism, which has four dimensions of creative environment, creative process, creative product and creative class. In order to compare the studied cities in terms of spatial distribution status of creative tourism operators, first the weight and importance of all dimensions and sub-indices were obtained through a critical model. Then, 14 sample townships were compared with each other and ranked using EDAS multi-criteria decision making method based on the status of creative tourism operators. Results and Discussion Despite some attention and positive results of the conceptual and operational development of creative tourism in the country, so far, due to the rich local capacities in all areas of music, food, local games, dance, singing and local rituals, there is still a great distance to the realization of creative tourism aspirations in the country, Meanwhile Golestan province is no exception to this rule due to its abundant talents and capabilities. The objective and tangible result of these facts can be easily seen in the product of this study;The result of evaluating the four dimensions of creative environment, creative process, creative industries (product) and creative class in the spatial distribution of creative tourism creative operators in Golestan province, where there are many potential capacities for the development of creative tourism, whose analytical output shows in the townships of the province, in terms of environment, out of 14 townships in the province, 7 townships are in a completely unfavorable situation. However Maraveh Tappeh township with the highest percentage of rural population (85.8%) has been identified as a natural habitat for car trees and rare medicinal plants.It is obvious that the study and planning of the development and consolidation of this one case (medicinal plants), itself will have a dramatic effect on economic development in the first step and the development of creative tourism in the region.The results of this study show that Gomishan township with two golf courses and an international wetland as well as the only township with marine handicraft production are among these townships.Certainly, in the production of these industries, what is important is the creativity of the individual to prepare and produce the most beautiful products with these objects and her imagination.In the creative process dimension, Azadshahr, Ramyan and Aliabad have been more successful than other townships by holding workshops, art and cultural training classes, and various festivals, and have been in a completely favorable position in terms of this dimension. n the creative class dimension, the situation is far more favorable than other dimensions of creative tourism practitioners, so that Turkmen, Kordkoy, Kalaleh and Minoodasht have a better situation in terms of creative class than other dimensions of creativity. This situation is partly due to the optimal use of industries and creative products in these areas, while other cities have not been able to take full advantage of the potential in the region. As it is evident in the findings, Gorgan township is in a very favorable situation in other cases except for one case (creative process). It is obvious that such a situation is due to the concentration of attention on the first city and the center of the province so that geographical inequality in the urban and service system of the province, disproportionate distribution of population, infrastructure facilities and activities and the tendency to polarization are among the management factors involved in these regional imbalances. ConclusionIn summary, the results of this study show that creative tourism operators in the townships of Golestan province are not in a good position. In explaining this issue, according to the objective studies conducted from the results of studies, observations and interviews, the spatial distribution of the dimensions of creative tourism operators in the five townships of Maraveh Tappeh, Gomishan, Galikesh, Kordkoy and BandarGaz, has completely unfavorable conditions, while six townships of Minoodasht, Azadshahr, Aq Qala, Turkmen, Kalaleh and Ramyan have relatively unfavorable conditions in terms of having the dimensions of creative tourism operators. However, only Aliabad and Gonbad townships are in a state of moderate desirability, and ultimately Gorgan is the capital of the province, which is in a very favorable situation in terms of having the dimensions of creative tourism operators. The results of this study show that this province, despite the potential capacities for the development of creative tourism, is still far from the ideals of this important issue in line with the existing conditions of developed societies, which is the main concern of this paper, recognition, attention, recommendation, planning and development of this important issue as one of the most important channels of sustainable economy in the world.
