GIS&RS
Hadi Nayyeri; Kamal Khaleghpanah; Mohammadreza Karami; Khebat Ahmadi
Abstract
Earthquake is a serious threat for society development and its vulnerability is influenced by environmental variables. The damages of earthquakes are reduced by recognizing these variables and area zoning. The aim of this paper is the zoning of earthquake vulnerability of Sanadaj city based on effective ...
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Earthquake is a serious threat for society development and its vulnerability is influenced by environmental variables. The damages of earthquakes are reduced by recognizing these variables and area zoning. The aim of this paper is the zoning of earthquake vulnerability of Sanadaj city based on effective variables. For this purpose, the final map of region’s natural vulnerability zoning and skeletal indices and other effective social indices have been used. The variables were changed to layers of GIS and then, overlapping were performed using AHP and TOPSIS models. Finally, the vulnerability was classified in five groups from very low to very high. By comparing the results of these two models, it was revealed that these models had a similar vulnerability but they had a difference in which based on AHP model, the regions with very high vulnerability have little fragmentation in contrast with TOPSIS model. Therefore, according to AHP the most fragmentation was occurred in regions with low vulnerability. While, based on TOPSIS, the regions with average vulnerability have the most extension. According to Both models the most vulnerable areas were in the north of Sanandaj city.
Urban Planning
Rahmat Mohammadzadeh
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 279-302
Abstract
This paper surveys the compatibility of detached and apartment complexes pattern in Sahand new town. This cross-sectional research was done in 2009-2010 period. Type of sampling used in this research was simple random sampling, 124 people of residents were participated into this study. After collecting ...
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This paper surveys the compatibility of detached and apartment complexes pattern in Sahand new town. This cross-sectional research was done in 2009-2010 period. Type of sampling used in this research was simple random sampling, 124 people of residents were participated into this study. After collecting needed information, questionnaires were coded. All of gathered information for this study was analyzed by SPSS19.The results indicated that there is a difference between these variables-job (p=0.003), period of habitation (p=0.000), dimensions of accommodation (p=0.003) and satisfaction of residential flat- and precedence of detached and apartment complexes pattern (Mann-Whitney U=1406.5, p=0.024).The precedence difference between the quality of detached and apartment complexes pattern was meaningful statistically. Also the average precedence of apartment complexes was more than detached ones (15.804±87.516 to 604±90.216). Even though there wasn’t any statistical difference between precedence of first aim-physical and spatial organization-in both patterns, there was meaningful difference between precedence of second aim-Plant and Equipment-in both patterns and also difference between precedence of third aim-traffic and accessibility (p=0.049) (p=0.03). So, if the main objectives are real understanding of life and considering the dweller’s favorites and needs, the programmer should pay more attention to development pattern of common apartments. In addition, to develop detached complexes we should consider management, control, plant, equipment, traffic and access.
Climatology
Ataollah Nadiri; Keyvan Naderi; Asghar Asghari Moghaddam; Mohammad Hasan Habibi
Abstract
No permanent surface water resources in many parts of the country resulted in overdraft of limited underground water resources. Duzduzan plain is one of the UromiaLake sub basins. In this area, indiscriminate harvesting of groundwater resources has caused an average decline of 76 centimeters per year. ...
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No permanent surface water resources in many parts of the country resulted in overdraft of limited underground water resources. Duzduzan plain is one of the UromiaLake sub basins. In this area, indiscriminate harvesting of groundwater resources has caused an average decline of 76 centimeters per year. The purpose of this research is Groundwater level spatiotemporal predicting using Artificial intelligence models and Geostatistics model. To predict the groundwater level in the duzduzan plain, initially the piezometera in the plain were classified. The groundwater level in each piezometers category were introduced as output for each of AI models and input of these models include a evaporation and a precipitation and grounwater level of the considered piezometers with one time delay (t0-1), respectively. Ann's model and Sugeno fuzzy (SF) model applied to predict groundwater level. The resulted values of Groundwater level were evaluated by statistical measures, includes root mean square error and correlation coefficient. The obtained results showed ANNs model has better performance. Then the result of ANNs model, including two year monthly groundwater level prediction data in selected piezometers, were used as inputs of geostatistics model (Kriging and Co Kriging) for predating spatially ground water level in the study area. Obtained results showed Co Kriging model has better performance.
Urban Planning
Hasan Lashkari; Yousef Zarei; Mohammad Moradi
Abstract
To study the synoptic - thermodynamic characteristics of the cloud mechanism in Azerbaijan in 2009-2000 period using the average rainfall of 15 mm and inclusive precipitation, 13 days was chosen indicators. To evaluate the development of the synoptic systems, sea level pressure and high levels of 850 ...
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To study the synoptic - thermodynamic characteristics of the cloud mechanism in Azerbaijan in 2009-2000 period using the average rainfall of 15 mm and inclusive precipitation, 13 days was chosen indicators. To evaluate the development of the synoptic systems, sea level pressure and high levels of 850 and 500 HP respectively. 850 and 700 hPa specific humidity of the review process of cloud formation and water vapor transmission to the regional case study was used. To review upward movement that causes the formation of convective clouds to grow vertically or thickness, the vertical component of wind velocity in the coordinate system pressure at the level of 500 HP, were used. The stable and unstable atmospheric conditions were analyzed based on the graph skeu-t Tabriz. Synoptic results showed that the samples case study, the formation mechanism of the regional systems that have passed careful, depend on many factors. As a result of the deepening trough in the middle level of the high latitudes near the poles towards the south of the Mediterranean, the Red Sea along the meridian pressure inverted trough extends towards the south of the Mediterranean Sea. The northern part of the trough to trough height of the middle level, a Low pressure systems form when cold air and moisture from the middle latitudes of the Southern latitudes. Warm weather and cold fronts associated with this system is that, by moving his hand from the East Azerbaijan passes are causing precipitation in the region. Thermodynamic results showed that the thickness of the cloud and precipitation intensity and positive relationship is nonlinear. That the amount and intensity of precipitation than the thickness of the cloud, other factors are involved. The results of thermodynamic parameters showed that the convective rise in spring and autumn with warm and cold fronts are causing heavy rainfall in the region.
Geomorphology
Jamsheid Yarahmadi; Nasrein Hajihassani; Asgar farajnia; Ali Tajabadei pour
Abstract
Recent permanent trend of drought in East Azerbaijan province has caused of the reduction in available water resources, a sharp drop in the groundwater levels as well as drying of the Uremia Lake and finally increasing saline lands surrounding the Uremia Lake. Also, the orchards and farm lands which ...
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Recent permanent trend of drought in East Azerbaijan province has caused of the reduction in available water resources, a sharp drop in the groundwater levels as well as drying of the Uremia Lake and finally increasing saline lands surrounding the Uremia Lake. Also, the orchards and farm lands which strangely depended on groundwater have been indiscriminately and disproportionately developed related to the current climate condition. Therefore, modification of agricultural patterns is one of the best solutions for efficient water usage in agricultural section and is considered as the only practical solution in relation to the sustainable development of agriculture. This study was conducted in order to determine the suitability for growing pistachio orchards and replacing it with second and third degree gardens. Suitable areas were determined by modeling in ArcGIS software environment based on various affective climate parameters in various stages of plant growth. Results show that about 25 percent of the area is completely suitable, 27 percent is relatively suitable and 48.4 percent is completely unsuitable for pistachio plantation. Also, marginal areas of the Uremia Lake are quite suitable which indicates that the replacement of the orchards of pistachio with high water consuming orchards in the area is fully practical and feasible. The results could provide more reliable basis for agricultural decision-making and planning to provide a new model to replace the pistachio orchards with high water consuming orchards.
Urban Planning
Mahin Nastaran; Mahmoud Mohammadi; Enayatolah Mohaghegh nasab
Abstract
Urban population growth and increasing demand for housing and services in the cities of the country has forced the need for physical development of cities this development in recent decades has been more of external development, and the provision of services and housing has been following by adding to ...
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Urban population growth and increasing demand for housing and services in the cities of the country has forced the need for physical development of cities this development in recent decades has been more of external development, and the provision of services and housing has been following by adding to the city's area, that has caused to urban sprawl and deterioration of surroundings and neighboring gardens and agricultures. While that infill development and particularly redevelopment and utilization of land as effective approaches can be considered in reducing damage to the environment and realization of sustainable development of cities. In this regard the aim of this research is to develop a model to identify lands with redevelopment capability and use it to the city of Arak as an example. Therefore, this research tries to answer these questions that how to identify the lands with redevelopment capability? And what are these areas in Arak? For this purpose, an innovative algorithm to identify lands with destruction and redevelopment capability is designed, that urban parts are evaluated on the basis of 8 criteria, construction quality, age of Construction, small lot, permeability, land's price, sponsorship rate, ratio of migration and access to green space. This innovative algorithm has been implemented for example in the city of Arak. The results show that innovative algorithm has nice capability in combination with GIS software and can be used to identify the lands with destruction and redevelopment capability. Also using this algorithm in Arak city lead to identify 4187 pieces with redevelopment capability which has an area of 85.8 hectares and can be used to realization of infill development in Arak city.
Urban Planning
Mousa Kamanroudi Kojouri; Taher parizadi; Soraya Bagheri Palmi
Abstract
Introduction Land uses are divided into two "compatible" and "incompatible" types in terms of function and spatial effects. This division is done because each user has the most positive and synergistic relationship with other uses in urban development. Therefore, one of the objectives ...
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Introduction Land uses are divided into two "compatible" and "incompatible" types in terms of function and spatial effects. This division is done because each user has the most positive and synergistic relationship with other uses in urban development. Therefore, one of the objectives of land use planning is to locate appropriately and isolate compatible and incompatible land uses from each other (Jankowski, 1995). Incompatible uses in residential textures often include a variety of factories, barracks, slaughterhouses, and prisons (Afradi, 2013). Prisons in Iran are considered one of the administrative and police uses with a transurban scale and have incompatible uses (Supreme Council of Urbanism and Architecture of Iran, 2010). The creation or development of this land use is prohibited within the inner limits of cities (Ziari, 2002: 177). The Evin Prison, located in the Evin neighborhood in Tehran's District 1, has many positive and negative effects on its adjacent spaces. This study aimed to identify the effect of incompatible use of the Evin prison on spatial development (physical, social, and economic) of the Evin neighborhood. The main question of this article is what effect has the incompatible use of the prison on the spatial development of the Evin neighborhood? Data and Methods The Evin Neighborhood Development Plan information was collected from the comprehensive and detailed plan, the strategic document for the development of the neighborhood, and the municipality of District 1. Other data and information were collected by the questioning method. The statistical population of this study was 1158 families living in the Evin neighborhood, and the sample size was 288 families, which was calculated using Cochrane's formula. Six real estates with a history located in the Evin neighborhood were also interviewed purposefully about the impact of the prison on the price of lands and properties in this neighborhood. T-test and the correlation coefficient were used to process the data. The criteria and variables of this research are: A. Physical development (area, ratio, and per capita land use, occupancy level, density percentage, and the number of building floors). B. Social development (percentage of feeling safe and percentage of citizen participation in neighborhood affairs). C. Economic development (the amount of housing prices, the amount of housing rent, and the amount of private-public investment). Results and Discussion The role of the prison in physical development: By reducing the density and height of the building through urban development plans, the prison has imposed and institutionalized restrictions on the physical development of the Evin neighborhood (officially formal). This restriction was more in the adjacent and immediate contexts of the prison. According to the terms and conditions of the detailed plan (2012) and the map of the land use zones of the Evin neighborhood, the neighborhood is located in the residence (R), activity (S), Protection (G), and mixed (M) zones. The number of authorized building floors in the residential area is at least two and maximum of four stories with an occupancy level of 30-60%. The role of the prison in social development: 43.8% of 126 families in the first zone, 30.9% of 89 households in the second zone, and 25.3% of 73 households in the Evin neighborhood felt safe in this study. Accordingly, the law enforcement-security function of the prison has increased the sense of public safety in the Evin neighborhood, especially in its immediate area. On the other hand, urban development plans limit the density of buildings and reduce the transactional value of land and housing in the first zone of the Evin neighborhood, which negatively impact the motivation and demand for living and activity in this neighborhood and play a role in the migration of residents out of it. In addition to changing the proportion of indigenous and immigrant residents in the neighborhood, this trend has also reduced their participation in the Public Affairs Department (cooperation with the council). The role of the prison in economic development: Urban development plans play a role in reducing the transactional value of land and housing, especially in its immediate zone, by limiting land use and building density to ensure prison security. This trend has reduced the participation and investment of citizens and private investors in the neighborhood. Conclusion Through comprehensive and detailed plans, the prison influenced physical development (area, ratio, and per capita usage and density, the number of floors, and the level of building occupancy) and informally affected social development (sense of public safety and citizen participation in neighborhood affairs) and economic development (price and rent of land and housing and public investment of citizens and private sector) in the Evin neighborhood. To secure the prison, the density and number of floors and the height of the building in the Evin neighborhood in the vicinity of the prison are lower than the medium and farther zones. These restrictions play a role in reducing the trading value of the neighborhood's land and housing. These physical constraints and the consequences of the land and housing economy have had a negative impact on reducing motivation and demand for housing and activity as well as willingness to participate and invest by citizens and the private sector in the Evin neighborhood.
Climatology
Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; maryam longbaf
Volume 22, Issue 65 , November 2018, , Pages 287-299
Abstract
The agriculture is the sector that uses most of fresh water resources. Since the water resources are always subjected to severe depletion, the agriculture sector requires using the water with high efficiency and more effective ways One of the procedures leading to improvement of water management productivity ...
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The agriculture is the sector that uses most of fresh water resources. Since the water resources are always subjected to severe depletion, the agriculture sector requires using the water with high efficiency and more effective ways One of the procedures leading to improvement of water management productivity and ultimately to increase of water efficiency is the accurate estimation of the evapo-transpiration or estimation of water use efficiency of the crops. The remote sensing by giving an estimation of the degree of evapotranspiration (with little use of ground data) has a high potential for modification of cultivation patterns and management of water resources This research aims to determine the actual evapo-transpiration (need of water) of maize, which is an indigenous plant in the northern Khuzestan province, using the image processing of Landsat 8 in four passes include: 13 Aug, 14 Sep, 16 Oct and 17 Nov 2013 and also using the required metrological data based on Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL). The results showed that the amounts of needed water estimated by SEBAL model for maize in the initial growth stage, development stage, middle stage and the end stage are 5.04, 8.23, 5.55, and 1.46 mm per day respectively. The values from remote sensing were compared for values assessed by FAO- Penman-Monteith and evaporation pan methods and it was observed that MAE and RMSE are 0.45 and 0.18 mm per day compared to FAO- Penman - Montieth method. In sum, the results indicated that the SEBAL model is able to give answers with high accuracy and in short time and can be used as a beneficial and efficient tool in organizing water resources and meeting the plant water needs.
Geomorphology
Hadi Nayyeri; Mohamad Salari
Volume 22, Issue 64 , September 2018, , Pages 289-310
Abstract
The study, according to the importance of tectonic – geomorphology studies, deals with the assessment and classification of active tectonic of watershed in Kurdistan province with a comparative – quantitative approach based on the parameters of drainage network. The study includes quantitative ...
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The study, according to the importance of tectonic – geomorphology studies, deals with the assessment and classification of active tectonic of watershed in Kurdistan province with a comparative – quantitative approach based on the parameters of drainage network. The study includes quantitative estimation of parameters associated with tectonic drainage network and the use of hierarchical cluster analysis.The research findings showed that the studied basins are classified, tectonically active, in two different clusters. Relative comparison between the clusters show that the basins located on the first cluster have more tectonic activity with more different slopes.In this regard, the second cluster basins have less tectonic activity, more homogeneous and forming faster-cluster threshold.According to the results, it seems that the situation of the first cluster basins, with the higher tectonic activity, are due to their spatial distribution and, consequently,their impressionable of different tectonic focus particularly active faults. Also, the situation of the second cluster basins is interpreted with respect to their more homogeneous spatial position corresponding to the central region of the study area and slower activity of Sanandaj – Sirjan zone.
Geomorphology
seid hedayat allah nuri; efat fathi; seid abolfazl masudian
Abstract
Abstract Qanat is one of the most complicated human invention techniques to extract underground water in arid and semi-arid areas which has been constructed for irrigating. In spite of the Zayandehrood River’s water, Qanat in Lenjan is still an important source of water for irrigating agricultural ...
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Abstract Qanat is one of the most complicated human invention techniques to extract underground water in arid and semi-arid areas which has been constructed for irrigating. In spite of the Zayandehrood River’s water, Qanat in Lenjan is still an important source of water for irrigating agricultural areas. The “descriptive-analytic” method has been used in this research, and all data have been collected from related libraries and institutes. In this research, the relation between the qanat water quantity and the agricultural area under cultivation has been studied in Lenjan. For doing so, the statistical data has been analyzed using SPSS and Excel by standardized score analysis method. Next, the linear regression of time series, hydrograph charts, and correlation methods have been applied for further data interpretation and analysis. It has been found that the rate of qanat discharge has been decreased in Lenjan compared to the previous time periods especially in drought years. This has caused to complete dryness of some of the qanat sources during 19991-2012. In addition, a direct relation has been found between the amount of qanat water drainage and the cultivated areas which have been shown by significant factor 0.001 and the correlation coefficient 0.69.
Seayed Abolfazl Masoudian; Fatemeh Jafari Shendi
Volume 18, Issue 50 , February 2015, , Pages 305-331
Abstract
In this study, heavy rainfall of northern low rainfall region has been analyzed using environmental to circulation approach. In order to analyze these types of rains, Asfezari rain data base is used. A base with daily ranfall includes 15992 days, from 1340.1.1 to 1383. 1437 daily precipitation maps of ...
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In this study, heavy rainfall of northern low rainfall region has been analyzed using environmental to circulation approach. In order to analyze these types of rains, Asfezari rain data base is used. A base with daily ranfall includes 15992 days, from 1340.1.1 to 1383. 1437 daily precipitation maps of northern low rainfall region were created using Kriging method. Mean daily precipitation data for this station has been used. Spatial resolution of these maps were 18 Km*18 Km. So 1406 pixels cover the northern low rainfall region and temporal and spatial behavior of precipitation could be represented by a 1406*362 matrix. We selected 100 days of the heavy rainfall from IRIMO data base. A cluster analysis was applied on this matrix and four different circulation patterns were actived. As a result, 100 occurrences of broad and heavy rainfall have been assimilated according to the sea level pressure, humidiy flux convergensy, stream function and front function exorbitance. Spatial configuration of these patterns showed that the main reason of these rainfalls had been the siberian and Black Sea unticyclones, troughs of Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
Climatology
Mahmoud Houshyar; Behrooz Sobhani; Seyed Asaad Hosseini
Abstract
With the seriousness of the climate change debate in the world, the study of parameters and elements of the climate has been widely considered. With changes in climate patterns and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, other components such as runoff and soil moisture, which are important ...
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With the seriousness of the climate change debate in the world, the study of parameters and elements of the climate has been widely considered. With changes in climate patterns and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, other components such as runoff and soil moisture, which are important for natural and human systems, will undergo metamorphosis. Therefore, long-term prediction of climatic variables has been considered by many scientific communities worldwide in order to know about their changes and considering the necessary measures to moderate the adverse effects of climate change. The phenomenon of climate change is of increasing importance due to its scientific and practical dimensions, since human systems dependent on climatic elements such as agriculture, industry and the like are designed and operated on the basis of the stability and stability of the climate. Accordingly, general circulation models (GCMs) have been developed. Although these models represent significant results on the atmospheric and continental spatial scales, they combine a large part of the complexity of the planet's system, but they are inherently unable to control the dynamics and forms with a fine grid Local scalability. Therefore, an assessment of the effect of climate change on a local scale requires an interim and spatial gap between large-scale climatic variables and meteorological variables with local scale, in which case the main approach is the same downscaling models. The SDSM model is one of the most widely used statistical microscopic instruments, which has many uses in meteorological, hydrological, geographic and environmental studies. Because in this method, large-scale daily circulation patterns are used on a stationary scale; and when used for the rapid and cost-effective estimation of climate change, and for randomized meteorological generators and modified functions, have given acceptable results. Given that global models have generally simulated climatic elements until the year 2100, it is possible to use global model data to simulate the desired variables such as precipitation and temperature on a station scale. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has used its latest assessment report (AR5) on new scenarios for the RCP as representatives of different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The new emission scenarios have four key paths RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5, which are named after their radiation in 2100, Future Perspective. The variation of the maximum temperatures of the synoptic station of Urmia during the period (2021-2050) of the CanESM2 global model has been used under three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Fatemeh Alinezhad Chamazkoti; saeideh Mirhagg
Volume 23, Issue 68 , September 2019, , Pages 307-323
Abstract
The growing number of scientific journals’ issues on one hand, and the widespread use and dependence of the scientific community on the other hand, have turned the quantitative and qualitative periodicals review into one of the most important issues in this type of resource evaluation. This research ...
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The growing number of scientific journals’ issues on one hand, and the widespread use and dependence of the scientific community on the other hand, have turned the quantitative and qualitative periodicals review into one of the most important issues in this type of resource evaluation. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the scientific products of the authors of Geograohy & Planning from 2015 to 2017. The results show that 186 articles have been published in this journal in these three years. Approximately, 55% of the articles were conducted by the universities’ faculty members through a team collaboration. The results show that the average of co-authorship-rate in these three years was 0.59, which indicates the level of collaboration between authors of this journal. A total of 97 papers were co-authored with the participation of fellow authors from a university and 69 articles from authors of different universities, indicating that this journal’s authors are more inclined to participate in inter-institute activities. Tabriz University, Tehran University and Tarbiat Modares University and Payame Noor University have the most cooperation in producing journal articles.
Urban Planning
Tayebeh Nikraftar; Hanieh Katebian; NIloofar Misaghi
Volume 23, Issue 67 , April 2019, , Pages 309-326
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of historical and individual nostalgia on the motive of travel and its effect on travel intention. The method of this research is descriptive survey. The research questionnaire was extracted after reviewing the literature and its validity was confirmed ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of historical and individual nostalgia on the motive of travel and its effect on travel intention. The method of this research is descriptive survey. The research questionnaire was extracted after reviewing the literature and its validity was confirmed by experts. Statistical population of the city was Tehran. Due to the indeterminacy of society, a preliminary study was conducted by distributing a questionnaire among 20 tourists. The sample size was calculated by estimating the sample variance at 95% confidence level (100 people). The distribution questionnaire Of these, 100 responded. The data were analyzed using PLS22 software. The results show that individual nostalgia has no effect on the motivations of traveling to Tehran, but the historical nostalgia affects this motivation. Also, the results showed that the motivation of the trip had a significant impact on the intention to travel Tehran hasn to travel Tehran has
Seyidhasan Motieei Langroodi; Mojtaba Ghadirye Masoum; Hafez Eskandari chopoglo; Ali Toorani; Hamideh Khosravimehr
Volume 19, Issue 51 , April 2015, , Pages 311-339
Abstract
Natural disasters are considered as part of the inescapable facts the control of whose occurrence is largely outside of human power. Therefore, natural disasters always have been important issues in biological communities and confronting with the disasters, and harmful effects have been the long-term ...
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Natural disasters are considered as part of the inescapable facts the control of whose occurrence is largely outside of human power. Therefore, natural disasters always have been important issues in biological communities and confronting with the disasters, and harmful effects have been the long-term goals of the communities. The flood phenomenon is considered as one of the unforeseen events and devastating in rural areas of the country. Management of natural disasters, especially floods, is a collection of actions that occurred before, during and after the occurrence of disasters to reduce more effects and damages.Today the approach of response to disasters as command-control structure, has been focused and technology-oriented and is displaced with a new approach called community-based management. It emphasizes on cultures, abilities, knowledge and capacity of existing local communities. In fact, without a comprehensive and systematic look, regarding all aspects of economic, social-institutional and environmental problems in large part is far from achieving. In this regard, the rural communities isn’t far this process and always has been subjected to flooding and its effects, and the other hand, rural area in this study (Zangmar River Basin) and livelihood and activities of residents are affected by flooding constantly and create many financial damages and losses of life for villagers. In this study, for data requirements, both library and field mode (questionnaires and observations) have been used. To cover the whole basin among villages (that were in three ranges of high, medium and lowvulnerability intotal of 63 villages), 21 villages were randomly selected. Then, by using the Cocoran formula taotal of 292 households were identified as samples. Also from 50 groups of officials among 5 organizations related to flood affairs in villages we selected samples and correlation test, we used one sample T test and variance analysis. The results of this research indicate that in all aspects of participation, both villagers and officials group believe in participation in the period before and after the flood disaster, and also there are largel similarities between approaches of two groups of officials and rural people into rate, type and period of participation in flood management in flood risk areas in the field of case study
Climatology
sakineh kadkhodaei; Saeed Jahanbakhsh asl,; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introuduction Snow reserves of mountain areas considered as one of the most important water resources of country which accurately recognition of quantity of these resources are essential due to the increasing value of freshwater and optimal utilization of resources. Sabalan mountain are one of the important ...
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Introuduction Snow reserves of mountain areas considered as one of the most important water resources of country which accurately recognition of quantity of these resources are essential due to the increasing value of freshwater and optimal utilization of resources. Sabalan mountain are one of the important basins of country that the water from melting snow which has fallen in winter, provide water for agriculture and surrounding areas drinking in spring and summer. In this study for simulations runoff from snowmelt in the Sahzab catchment, (of sub-basin in the southern part of Sabalan) from mod 10a2 product and changes in snow cover of 2010-2011, using SRM model(based on degree-day method), has conducted. Results suggest during the statistical period, the greatest and lowest amounts of snow coverage are for February and may, respectively. Methodology The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) as the most frequently used model in model in prognosticating and simulating runoff in mountainous basins using snow covered areas as an input, was employed in current study to simulate the runoff produced from snowmelt. The S factor (snow cover area) was extracted using 8 day images of MODIS sensor (combining bands number 6 and 4), NDSI index (with the necessary thresholds) ENVI and GIS software. In order to achieve the desired objectives, ground data such as temperature , rainfall and debit were also used. Results and discussion Evaluation of SRM model using correlation coefficient and volume subtracting indicator are 81 and 2/3 percent, respectively. R-value indicator acceptability depends on the quality of data and may not be acceptable even by having enough data of 85% value but in a catchment with inappropriate and low data, lower value also is acceptable. With respect to shortage of meteorological and terrestrial data in Sahzab catchment, the SRM results of this study showed acceptable simulations for runoff simulation that was caused by snow melting in sahzab catchment. Conclusion Using of hydrological models and satellite images combined with powerful ground-based data can be used as a tool for planning and management of water resources, particularly in the area where snow melting is one of the factors leading to runoff. If studies on snowcovered area, snowmelt and its effects are considered on small scale such as riverside tributaries extraction of snow cover maps for each of the catchment basins, careful planning can be done for each region which will be in line with sustainable development.
Volume 19, Issue 52 , June 2015, , Pages 323-336
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; azar puyanjam; fatemeh amanzadeh
Abstract
Introduction One of the emerging environmental hazards caused by the expansion of urbanization is the "thermal island" phenomenon, in which urban areas have a distinct climate compared to rural areas, and the city center has higher temperatures than its surrounding areas. This phenomenon occurs when ...
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Introduction One of the emerging environmental hazards caused by the expansion of urbanization is the "thermal island" phenomenon, in which urban areas have a distinct climate compared to rural areas, and the city center has higher temperatures than its surrounding areas. This phenomenon occurs when a large percentage of natural surface coverings are destroyed and replaced by buildings, roads and other installations. The thermal island phenomenon has been studied and recorded in various cities around the world for more than 150 years. And it generally appears as the surface of the earth shifts from natural to non-perishable. Surface temperature is considered one of the most important parameters in identifying a city's climate that directly controls the effect of the city's heat island. And more recently, many regional studies, such as global climate change, hydrological and agricultural processes, urban land use and land cover, and soil moisture assessment, have been identified as important factors. Traditionally, urban heat islands have traditionally been studied using meteorological station data, or vehicle surveys, but today to reduce the weakness of these methods and to study them more closely, Satellite and remote sensing data are used more frequently because of more spatial resolution than terrestrial weather data. Remote sensing images, because of their wide coverage, timeliness and ability to obtain information in the thermal range of the electromagnetic spectrum, are a useful source of heat mapping and estimation of Earth's radiant energy. Methodology Split-Window algorithm is one of the most important methods for estimating surface temperature which is better than other methods for calculating surface temperature. An important feature of this algorithm is the elimination of atmospheric effects. Since this algorithm does not require accurate information on atmospheric profiles during satellite acquisition, it is widely used in several sensors to retrieve Earth's surface propagation capability. The sensors used in this algorithm include the Multi Spectral Sensor and the TIRS Thermal Sensor. The following are the cases: Due to the lack of a database to measure the Earth's surface propagation capability with Landsat 8 satellite images, the C coefficients through various numerical simulations It was obtained from atmospheric and surface conditions.In this study, Landsat 8 images with 7/15/2015 Landsat 8 (OLI and TIRS) images and land use maps were used to analyze the thermal islands. After processing the images, a separate window algorithm was used to calculate the surface temperature and the maximum likelihood method was used to classify the images. Discrete Window Algorithm is a mathematical tool that uses ground information, thermal sensor brightness temperature (TIRS), ground emission capability (LSE) and fractional green vegetation factor (FVC) obtained from OLI and temperature multispectral band. Estimates the surface of the earth. Image analysis was performed in ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.5 software environments. Result and Discussion Surface temperature is one of the main factors in the study of cities. Because only two or three degrees differs from the air temperature of the lower layers of the urban atmosphere, which is the center of the surface energy balance, which determines the climate between buildings and affects the comfort of urban dwellers. In the present study, preliminary processes such as radiometric, atmospheric and geometric corrections were carried out and then high atmospheric radii were converted to surface radiation and then calculated by vegetation index, vegetation fraction index, radiation power and water vapor column, temperature. Ground level in the study area was obtained using a separate window algorithm. Conclusion The results of thermal extraction showed that maximum temperature was related to low density vegetation, residential, industrial, industrial, asphalt-concrete and brick-iron frameworks. Minimum temperatures are also visible in green, brick-wood and clay-wood. The results of this research for planners and experts at the regional level to obtain information on the status of land surface temperature and their relationship with land use can pave the way for management decisions to conserve natural and agricultural resources. It is suggested that due to the moderating role of vegetation, vacant land and the wilderness be changed to uses such as parks and landscapes, and in addressing other uses, the reasons for residential and industrial and workshop areas should be taken into account, and the surface temperatures of buildings most The city has its own surface area and has the highest amount of radiation reflection can be reduced by planting vegetation on the roofs of buildings known as green roofs. High resolution satellite images are also recommended for land use mapping.
Geotourism
farzad veisi; chnoor nikkhah
Volume 22, Issue 66 , January 2019, , Pages 329-348
Abstract
The purpose of this very research is to analyze the effects of tourism development on the sustainable livelihood and livelihood sustainability of the Uraman region. This research is a functional proposal and is a descriptive survey in terms of collecting data. The Statistical Population is all of Uraman ...
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The purpose of this very research is to analyze the effects of tourism development on the sustainable livelihood and livelihood sustainability of the Uraman region. This research is a functional proposal and is a descriptive survey in terms of collecting data. The Statistical Population is all of Uraman Takht residents which were settled there in 1395. Using the Cochran formula, 351 subjects were selected through the convenience sampling method. In the livelihood approach realm, sources are assorted into five groups; human, physical, financial, natural and social origins which are accessible to household members or they own them. According to the tourism importance in the rural area of Oraman and the effects it has on people's livelihoods, we aim analyze the effects of developing tourism on sustainable livelihood and subsistence stability in Oraman region. The purpose of this research is functional and is based on a survey-descriptive method to collect data. Using Cochran's sample size formula, 351 persons were selected in forms of convenience sampling. The data collection tool in this study is the researcher-made questionnaire. Which includes human, social, financial, natural, and physical dimensions of sustainable livelihoods which it's Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha by the value of (0.84).The results showed that the tourism has a significant effect on all livelihood origins such as human, social, physical, natural and financial. This study examines the impact of tourism on each dimension using the Friedman test and showed that the greatest impact of tourism on the five dimensions of sustainable livelihood has been on the financial, natural, social, physical and human dimensions, respectively. In general, it can be concluded that tourism has a significant impact on the livelihoods of the Uraman Takht community.
Geotourism
javad yousefi
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 329-346
Abstract
Tourism attractions are one of the most important elements of tourism planning and development in each region, so that the advancement of tourism and its dependent industries depends on attraction. Therefore, the study and evaluation of tourism attractions is essential for effective management of tourism ...
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Tourism attractions are one of the most important elements of tourism planning and development in each region, so that the advancement of tourism and its dependent industries depends on attraction. Therefore, the study and evaluation of tourism attractions is essential for effective management of tourism industry in each region. Due to the importance of the subject, some of the most important historical attractions in the city of Birjand were evaluated by the importance - performance matrix. The survey is an applied research in terms of its purpose and it is a descriptive-analytical type in terms of its nature and method. The data gathering tool was a five-dimensional questionnaire. Population of the research is Tourists that visiting Birjand, among which 106 tourists were studied. Based on the results of tourists' points of view, among the 13 historical resource studied in Birjand, the attractions of “Hosseinye Nawab”, “Araste House, Masoumiyeh Mansion” and “Rahim Abad Mansion” respectively ranked From 1 to 3, and for the sake of performance, the three attractions of the " Araste House", "Shaukatabad Mansion", and "Hosseinye Navab" have created the most satisfaction of the tourists. The results of the importance -performance analysis showed that attraction such as "Rahim Abad Mansion", "Old Post", "Shoktiyeh School" and "Masoumiyeh Mansion" due to its high importance and poor performance should be given priority in the planning of tourism development And trusted government agencies must prioritize strategic and operational priorities in budgeting and allocating resources for these attractions. But about the attractions such as “Akbarieh Mansion”, the “Sharif's House”, the “Charderakht Mosque”, the “Kolah Farangi Citadel”, the “Baharestan Citadel” and the “Castle of Birjand”, whose importance is low, the best strategy recommended for decision makers is informing and advertising tourism attractions to introduce them for tourists and other peoples.
Kalil Valizadekamran
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 353-382
Abstract
Abstract
evapotranspiration have the essential role in water balance, accurate estimates on many projects and scientific studies in the fields of hydrology, agriculture, industry, water engineering and other allied sciences, for efficient management of water resources and the design of hydraulic structures ...
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Abstract
evapotranspiration have the essential role in water balance, accurate estimates on many projects and scientific studies in the fields of hydrology, agriculture, industry, water engineering and other allied sciences, for efficient management of water resources and the design of hydraulic structures required. In recent years expanded use of satellite imagery in estimating real evapotranspiration, methods have been developed such that they can be SEBAL method mentioned. SEBAL model for estimating evapotranspiration in the study- the actual evapotranspiration in the study area (Meshginshahr region) was selected. This model has been implemented in many countries and it has achieved remarkable results. These models are generally designed for flat areas and the impact of altitude, slope and is ignored in the calculation. In this study, the involvement of these factors in the model, the new model called “Mountain SEBAL “has been introduced. Meshginshahr region in northwestern Iran with respect to an appropriate specification for the model selection and the calculation of the inputs to the model are: layer DEM, Slope, aspect, incoming sun, the sun angle Cosine, Radiance spectral reflectance, kind of surface, the incident radiation, the normalized vegetation index, surface radiation surface temperature, outgoing longwave radiation, incident longwave radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux to calculate the evapotranspiration actual moment have been studied in the region. By comparing the normalized surface temperature and vegetation index (NDVI) -0.969 correlation was observed between them. The comparison between evaporation-actual evapotranspiration calculated vegetation indices, indicating the applicability of these two factors together (correlation of 0.81), so that areas with high vegetation density, with areas of evapotranspiration and high real comply. On the other hand, compared to images of surface temperature and actual evapotranspiration inconsistency confirms them as areas of high surface temperatures and evapotranspiration are down.
Climatology
Ebrahim Mesgari; Taghi Tavousi; Peyman Mahmoudi
Abstract
Introduction Frost is one of the most important phenomena in climatology, which is caused by changes in temperature over time. The sudden occurrence of this phenomenon at the beginning and end of the cold period can be very dangerous for the agricultural sector. Therefore, the awareness of the frost ...
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Introduction Frost is one of the most important phenomena in climatology, which is caused by changes in temperature over time. The sudden occurrence of this phenomenon at the beginning and end of the cold period can be very dangerous for the agricultural sector. Therefore, the awareness of the frost time - occurrence has long been considered by researchers (Thom and Shaw, 1958; Rosenberg and Myers, 1962; Schmidlin, 1986; Watkins, 1991; Waylen, 1988). In order to manage the reduction of the effects of this destructive climate phenomenon on the agricultural sector and the exploitation of large regional environmental capabilities, it is necessary to notice seriously the detailed study of this phenomenon and its characteristics at the land level. And this will be costly and time-consuming. Therefore, with the purpose of preventing the last two factors and at the same time achieving managerial goals, it seems necessary to accurately zoning and recognizing homogeneity and non-homogeneity between different areas in a large area. Methodology In the first step, daily minimum temperature data were adjusted based on Julius day, and the averages of the five indicators including the day of the onset of frost, the day of the end of frost, the annual number of days of frost, the length of the frost season, and the length of the growing season were extracted. In the second step, the five indicators were modeled separately with three land-climate factors, namely altitude, longitude, and latitude of the stations, using multivariate regression models. To measure the accuracy of the obtained models, four basic assumptions were examined (). Using the regression models obtained for all parts of the province, the statistical indicators of the frosts were calculated and generalized to the points without stations. Finally, using the kiriging method, each of the five frost indicators of the province was zoned. Results and discussion The correlation coefficient of three variables, altitude, length, and latitude with different frost indices was obtained by simultaneously entering these three variables into the regression model. And four basic assumptions for measuring the accuracy of the obtained models were confirmed. The earliest occurrence of the first day of frost arises between September 21 and October 27, and in the mountains of northwestern Kurdistan, especially the Chehel Cheshmeh. The latest occurrence of the first day of frost also happens in the eastern lowlands of the province between October 17 and November 23. The earliest occurrence of the last day of frost arises between March 22 and 30 in the lowlands of southeastern and southwestern Kurdistan, and the latest happens between May 24 and June 1 in the high peaks of the west and northwest of the province, such as Chehel Cheshmeh Heights at an altitude of about 3173 meters, Ketresh Mountain with a height of 2592 meters, and Vazneh Mountain with a height of 2697 meters. The highest frequency of frost is in the mountains of the region with more than 196 days and the lowest frequency is in the eastern borders of the province with less than 72 days. The northwest mountains with 235 to 248 days and the eastern and southeastern regions of Kurdistan with 123 to 137 days, respectively, have the longest and shortest length of the frosted season. The longest growing season belongs to the eastern part of the province. The average growing season in this area is between 214 and 227 days. However, within this area, small sections that are lower in height have a longer growth period. On the other hand, the shortest growth period is in the western and northwestern mountains, averaging 116 to 129 days. Conclusion The results show that the three factors of altitude, latitude, and longitude can determine between 72 and 95% of the changes in different frost indicators. These three factors explain the 95, 90, 88, 80, and 72 percent changes in the length of the growth period, the occurrence of the first day of frost, the length of the frosted period, the frequency of frost, and the last day of frost, respectively. The Coefficient of determination is 95% for the first day of frost and 72% for the last day of frost. It seems that other factors besides the three mentioned factors play a role in changing the date of the last day of frost. Therefore, based on the studies of Noohi et al. in 2007, Noohi et al. 2009, and Alijani et al. in 2014, it can be inferred that the end frosts of the cold period can be more than the type of the advection frost. In other words, the synoptic factors can play a more important role in the occurrence of the last days of frost and its variability. But the spatial arrangement of different frost indices in Kurdistan province indicates a western to the eastern arrangement in the values of different frost indices. This means that with more movement from west to east, the number of frost days as well as the length of the frosted period decreases, and as a result, the growing season increases. In accordance with these changes, the occurrence of the first day and the last day of frost also arose with many delays between the eastern and western parts of the province. A comparison of the maps obtained from this algorithm showed that this method can provide more accurate details of the frost indicators compared to the zoning that used only stationary data (Mianabadi et al., 2009 and Ziaee et al. 2006).
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; Abolfazl Naeemi Peyvasti; Hasan Masoudi
Abstract
Introduction At present, the growth of the urban population of the world is faster than the world's largest, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. This fact has created many environmental and socio-economic problems on a large scale, especially in developing countries. Therefore, ...
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Introduction At present, the growth of the urban population of the world is faster than the world's largest, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. This fact has created many environmental and socio-economic problems on a large scale, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the high urbanization rate and the lack of urban infrastructure on the one hand, and the reduction of land with environmentally valuable land in the cities, on the other hand, reveals the need for a review of the process of change and the prediction of the expansion of cities in the coming years. Foresight science is an interdisciplinary knowledge that, in addition to analysing the trends of the past, has been able to discover, invent, and evaluate possible, probable and desirable future, and transformed the dispersed and inconsistent literature on planning for the future into scientifically codified with solid principles. In this regard, environmental futures research is a process of systematic and accountable effort to address the long-term future with the aim of identifying strategic research areas and the emergence of inclusive environmental technologies, which, while embracing the economic and social benefits of citizens, also minimize the potential for potential losses. Urban environment and provide favourable environmental scenarios, taking into account sustainable development patterns. This research has been designed with the aim of identifying the development indicators of the city of Sardrood including social, economic and environmental dimensions and defining the directions of the city development. During this process, the environmental consequences of its development will be explored with the future-oriented and futuristic approach in the event of its accession to the metropolis of Tabriz. Methods and material This research is based on the objective, applied and descriptive-analytical method. Initially, the required data and indices were prepared using library questionnaires and social, economic and environmental indicators. Then, in the MICMAC software designed for structural analysis, the impact of the indicators produced on each other and on the growth and development of the city was studied. Then, with the Scenario wizard software, the scenarios needed for key factors and driving force behind the development of the city were presented. Results and Discussion The initial variables affecting the future of the system were collected and analyzed using the Delphi technique, and finally, 59 variables were extracted in different dimensions. In order to analyze the effective variables, the structural analysis method was used using MICMAC software and the experts. The distribution of variables indicates that the system is unstable. The direct and indirect effects of variables on each other and on the future of the system were examined by experts and finally, 13 effective factors were obtained from a total of 59 primary factors. In this study, "the type of attitude in the annexation of the city of Sardrood to the metropolis of Tabriz" was identified as the most influential factor. In the final part of the study, a scenario was performed and for each of the key factors, the probable situations were identified. A total of 53 statuses were compiled and to examine the effect of each of the probable situations on other situations, the questionnaires were provided to the experts and entered into the scenario software for analysis of the results. Finally, there were three strong, more likely to occur scenarios, 9,999 poor scenarios, and 13 reasonable and believable scenarios by considering incredible scenarios, there are 169 statuses for them, of which only 24 are highly desirable and 44 are in a desirable process and the rest of the state is static, undesirable, or critical, which does not represent a desirable future for the future of the system. Conclusion This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the environmental consequences of the development of the city of Sardasht and its annexation to Tabriz's capital city. In the first step, by using the questionnaire tool, 59 factors were identified and evaluated by the experts on the future of the system in various dimensions and entered into the software to determine the key factors. Since the system software was identified as unstable, variables were classified into five general categories, which eventually identified 13 indicators out of 59 indicators as the main factors. In the following, 53 potential scenarios were designed for key factors that indicate the future of key factors. Then, to assess the impact and scenarios of these situations, they were compared through a questionnaire and their results were analyzed using the Wizard scenario software. The software provided 9,999 weak, 13 credible scenarios, and three strong scenarios. For credible scenarios, the status of the future of the ruling system is 169, of which 68 are favorable and 101 are unfavorable. Consequently, even in the case of favorable scenarios, the optimal future for the system is not expected.
Urban Planning
abbas maroofnezhad; ebrahim amiri; vali kavoosighafi
Abstract
Introduction
Sport has always been an important part of the culture of any society that can have a significant impact on the individual and social levels. The increase in the population of cities and the change in the pattern of work and machine life has created one of the biggest problems. It has brought ...
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Introduction
Sport has always been an important part of the culture of any society that can have a significant impact on the individual and social levels. The increase in the population of cities and the change in the pattern of work and machine life has created one of the biggest problems. It has brought with itself the diseases of the present age, that is, inactivity and many problems such as physical, mental, educational, and so on problems. Therefore, proper status, rational distribution of sports spaces and the creation of sports places ensure the health of the community. The use of sports lands is one of the most important uses and is very important and it is very important to pay attention to it in urban space in urbanization processes with increasing demand of population for cities. Residential areas, land, commercial buildings, sports spaces and leisure times, roads and parking lots, and so on will replace vegetation, to the extent that today in terms of green space and open areas between urban networks and natural patterns, no vacant space is found. Undoubtedly, paying attention to sports and recreational spaces and urban services is the most important point. Sports spaces are places in which the fields of sports perform leisure times or participate in various competitions.
Data and Method
The purpose of the present research is to analyze the status of sports places and uses in Izeh. The research method is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and library, questionnaire, interview and observation methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is elite experts in the field of urban and sports in this city. The sample size has been considered 27 people and through personal estimation method. For data analysis, Williamson’s model and SPSS software and one sample test were used.
Results and Discussion
Urban land use planning, spatial organizing of human activities and performances should be defined based on the demands and needs of urban society. Attention to sports and recreational spaces is considered as one of the most important service uses in the city. Sport has regained its role as a part of the city's recreational performance along with other service spaces. Sports can make people enthusiastic to spend their money by bringing people together for a variety of sports events, from making sports public to holding sports competitions. By exercising and attending sports events, people need the proper sports infrastructures, environment, places and facilities. Per capita sports facilities vary in various countries from European to American countries. Therefore, in this research, the status of sports places and uses in Izeh has been evaluated and analyzed. The proposed criteria for analysis and evaluation of sports places in Izeh were selected and determined in 14 indicators.
Conclusion
Sports spaces are considered as one of the most important uses at the city level, which have allocated a significant level to itself. According to conducted studies, out of 15 neighborhoods in Izeh, four neighborhoods do not have sports space and 11 neighborhoods have sports space of 67,653 square meters. Also, from the analysis of 14 selected components using Williamson’s model, it was specified that the average of Williamson’s index for Izeh is 0.21, which indicates the shortage and inappropriate distribution of sports space and use in this city. Also, based on the results of one-sample t-test, the status of the number of sports places (hall/indoor) with -2.819, the status of holding sports competitions at the neighborhood level with -2.787, the appropriate distribution of sports uses at the city level with -2.767, the status of sports equipment at the parks and gardens levels of the city with -2.760 had the most severe dissatisfaction among experts, respectively, while the components of the status of donors’ welcoming to build sports places at the city level with -1.01, the status of financial cooperation between government and semi-government departments with the sports sector of the city with -1.023, the status of sports activities in the dimension of health at government and semi-government departments level of the city with -1.03, had less intensity in dissatisfaction in this regard.
Urban Planning
safar ghaedrahmati; Babak Azimi Neya
Abstract
Density with increased population and disregarding social, economic, spatial-physical and environmental effects caused some problems that attracted the attention of urban planners and managements in metropolises such as Tehran. This problem is attention by urban planner and urban management. The proper ...
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Density with increased population and disregarding social, economic, spatial-physical and environmental effects caused some problems that attracted the attention of urban planners and managements in metropolises such as Tehran. This problem is attention by urban planner and urban management. The proper framework of density (population density, high density, and land use density) at nine areas of 4 district of Tehran municipality seeks in this paper. And effect of density on earthquake vulnerability is study. This is an applied research; and research scrutiny methods are correlation, multivariate regression and fuzzy models. Data collected by documentary and survey methods. Research objectives include identifying density status (population, high, and land use) and discovering the relation between density level (population, high, and land use) and earthquake vulnerability and finally analyzing the effects of increased density (population, high, and land use) on earthquake vulnerability at municipality of Tehran (4 District). Research results show that it is necessary to consider three types of population, land use, and high densities in studying urban density. Moreover, fuzzy approach in urban density data normalization is one of the best approaches in urban vulnarability. In this regard, using fuzzy simple additive weighted method (FSAW) revealed that 7zone (density rank: 6.43), 8zone (density rank: 7.46), and 9zone (density rank: 8) at 4 district of Tehran obtained the lowest density rank; whereas, the highest mean density rank attributed to 6zone (density rank: 1.46) and 5zone (density rank: 2.48), respectively.
