Mohammad Zaheri; Mohsen Aghayari Hir; Kolsoom Zakeri Miab
Volume 19, Issue 51 , April 2015, , Pages 221-246
Abstract
Agriculture as a main economic activity of Azarshahr County is facing with fundamental problems (lack of proper marketing, high losses, low price of products and …). Most of these problems can be solved by creating agricultural products processing industries. Also, some of the region's economic ...
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Agriculture as a main economic activity of Azarshahr County is facing with fundamental problems (lack of proper marketing, high losses, low price of products and …). Most of these problems can be solved by creating agricultural products processing industries. Also, some of the region's economic and social problems such as lack of adequate employment, hidden unemployment and low income, can be improved by creating such industries. Agriculture in Azarshahr, according to the statistics of this county, annually produces over one million tons of agricultural products and overproduction in some agricultural and animal productions, such as horticultural and livestock products, which is indicative of necessary attention for establishment of agricultural processing and complementary industries in this county. This paper tries to determine Azarshahr County suitable processing and complementary industries and for this goal according to descriptive-analytical methodology; first we recognized the goals and then prioritized the industries using data gathered from experts and professionals in Agricultural Organization of East Azerbaijan Province and Azarshahr County and using combined Delphi and TOPSIS techniques. Results show that in Azarshahr County priory attention should be paid to processing industries related to livestock products because of higher overproduction and also rapid spoil ability of products, and thereby, industries related to horticultural products because of their important role in suitable using of regions agricultural products.
Geomorphology
negin aali; Masoumeh Rajabi; Mir asadolah Hejazi; Shahram Roustaie
Abstract
Introduction Natural parameters are the main and determining factors in the physical development of mountainous cities. One of the mountainous cities of Iran, which has physically developed due to these parameters, is the city of Marivan. Marivan is located in the west of Kurdistan province, near the ...
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Introduction Natural parameters are the main and determining factors in the physical development of mountainous cities. One of the mountainous cities of Iran, which has physically developed due to these parameters, is the city of Marivan. Marivan is located in the west of Kurdistan province, near the western borders of the country, at a distance of 16 km from Iraq, between 25 degrees and 21 minutes to 35 degrees and 48 minutes north latitude and 45 degrees and 58 minutes to 46 degrees and 45 minutes east longitude. According to the last population and housing census conducted in 2016, it has a population of 151188. The city is located at the starting point of the Marivan-Esfandeghe geological region and is located in the geological-morphological structure of the young Zagros. Therefore, identifying and evaluating the factors influencing the physical development of this city is really important. To do this, the characteristics of elevation, slope and direction of slope, fault, focal points of earthquake occurrence, main and secondary waterways have been used.With regard to its location in northwestern Iran after the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, the study city has experienced significant physical growth and development due to its unique and pristine vital and natural location, which led to the development of this city. Regardless of geological constraints. At present, the city has the potential to benefit from high potentials in the fields of natural and cultural tourism, including (Zarivar Natural Lake, Bashmakh Regional Area, and Border Market, Bilo Plain, Garan Dam, Oramanat and Bazaar for supplying foreign supplies and products. It has become one of the dynamic and active economic-tourism hubs in the west of the country and there is a growing growth and development in the city; therefore, it is inevitable to pay attention to geomorphological factors and determine optimal directions for the development of this city. Methodology According to the National Physical Plan of Region 5, the city is in a relatively high risk of earthquakes, and with respect to available and cited maps, there are 7 sub-faults in the northern part of Marivan and 2 main faults in the western part of the city. For this reason, the physical development of the city is subject to certain restrictions. Marivan is also in a relatively high risk of earthquakes in terms of location in relation to natural hazards.It is an applied research and the method of work is descriptive-analytical and also the fuzzy logic model has been used to evaluate and model suitable areas for development so that each layer is fuzzy according to fuzzy membership functions in GIS environment. And then multiplication and addition operations and different values of fuzzy gamma have been performed on these layers. After overlapping and multiplying the fuzzy layers, a zoning map of the appropriate development route of the city was prepared and divided into 5 classes including completely suitable, relatively appropriate, appropriate, inappropriate and completely inappropriate for the physical development of the city.In the study, library methods, documentary and field studies have been used to collect the desired information and data. To evaluate the optimal development of urban lands, slope indicators, slope direction, fault zoning, main and secondary waterways, erosion, earthquake-prone points in and around the area have been used. The fuzzy and hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used. Results and discussion In order to evaluate and weigh the information layers and to determine and score the impact factor of geomorphological indicators affecting urban development while extracting and reviewing the criteria examined in various valid researches and articles, scientific opinions and views of ten experts and specialists were counted and monitored. In order to determine the importance of each of the studied indicators on the location and physical development of Marivan city, the opinions and views of the experts were given based on the superiority of one factor over another and based on expert judgment, scores between 1 and 9 were given. The equivalence of expert scores based on fuzzy method was done by the authors of the article with the help of AHP & FUZZY software.Since 1996, due to the increasing growth and development of the city and the formation of informal settlements, the development of the city has taken place without considering geomorphological considerations, and this has caused the spatial-physical development of Marivan in the northern parts near the existing faults. The development of the city has taken place at relatively high risk. Conclusion Summarizing the research, it has been determined that the southern lands of this city have less proportion to the development of the city due to its proximity to Zarivar Lake and its location along the main and secondary waterways and its proximity to the earthquake centers. And to some extent, the East enjoys a higher level of development.
Yosof Ghavidelrahimy
Volume 16, Issue 42 , March 2013, , Pages 223-238
Abstract
The meteorological data indicate that secondary climatic features like hails, heavy showers, floods, and lightening are dominant climatic features in Tabriz during the thunderstorm occurrence. The above-mentioned climatic hazards are part of Tabriz climate characteristics and North West region. These ...
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The meteorological data indicate that secondary climatic features like hails, heavy showers, floods, and lightening are dominant climatic features in Tabriz during the thunderstorm occurrence. The above-mentioned climatic hazards are part of Tabriz climate characteristics and North West region. These hazards bring about a great deal of economic, social, and environmental damages, particularly for formers and animals farms.
The upper level atmospheric data available in the NationalCenter for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) have been used in this article for synoptic study of thunder rainstorm days of 24 and 25 April 2010 in Tabriz. The atmospheric conditions have been analyzed by calculations and the application of drawing methods for the thunder rainstorm occurrence period.
The results of the synoptic analysis showed that eddy and blocking have occurred at 500, 600 and 700 HP levels, along with severe convective instability at all levels of 1000 to 500 HP. Whereas positive and cyclonic vorticity in the atmospheric levels of 500, 600, 700 and 850 HP were affective factors in occurrence of thunder rainstorms during the days of 24 and 25 April 2010. Moisture advection maps showed that the moisture supply source of thunder rainstorms are on 1000 HP levels, while 925 and 850 HP levels of the Caspian Sea and on 700, 600 and 500 HP levels of the Mediterranean and Black seas have occurred during the days 24 and 25 April 2010 in Tabriz and North West of Iran.
Rural Planning
Aliakbar Anabestani; Lida Alizadeh
Volume 23, Issue 67 , April 2019, , Pages 223-243
Abstract
The realization of health requires a healthy environment and appropriate social, cultural, economic and environmental conditions, so that the understanding of the nature and dimensions of health and its determinants and effects on the one hand, and action to promote it in rural areas on the other hand ...
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The realization of health requires a healthy environment and appropriate social, cultural, economic and environmental conditions, so that the understanding of the nature and dimensions of health and its determinants and effects on the one hand, and action to promote it in rural areas on the other hand and in The ultimate relief from the cycle of poverty is undeniable, which can play an important role in the sustainability of rural areas and in improving the health of the villagers. For this purpose, a sample of 140 villagers who were referred to hospitals and health centers of Sabzevar city was selected randomly and available. 100 subjects completed the questionnaire. To identify the effective factors, 33 variables have been discussed in the form of four indicators of effective factors. Correlation method was used to analyze the data and for the internal consistency of Cronbach's alpha coefficients. The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between rural poverty and referral to the treatment centers of Sabzevar, with a correlation of 0.729 and a significant level (0.000), as well as the results of route analysis, between the variable referring to health centers and other indicators There is a meaningful relationship. The results of this analysis indicate that all of the variable parameters are referred to the hospital with a meaningful relationship.
Geomorphology
Somayeh Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi; Somayeh Asgari Varzideh; Mehdi Tazeh
Abstract
River morphology is the science of knowing the river system in terms of general shape, dimensions and characteristics of hydraulic geometry, the direction and longitudinal profile of the bed, as well as the mechanism of its changes. Morphological study is needed to understand the current conditions and ...
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River morphology is the science of knowing the river system in terms of general shape, dimensions and characteristics of hydraulic geometry, the direction and longitudinal profile of the bed, as well as the mechanism of its changes. Morphological study is needed to understand the current conditions and the potential for future river changes in the future, and perhaps it is only that it is possible to predict the natural behavior of the river in relation to natural changes or actions arising from the implementation of various river engineering projects. Most of the water structures such as dams, bridges and pumping stations are located in the margins of rivers that can be affected by changes in river morphology. Application of remote sensing images and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be effective to achieve a more accurate analysis. Today, land use change, vegetation cover and morphological changes of rivers in River Engineering Sciences are of great importance using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Yamani and Sharafi (2012) showed that morphological changes and erosion of the Herrud River from the upstream downstream has decreased. Also, the geological and lithological structures of the bed and river bank are the most important factors in the stability of the bed. Yousefi et al. (2013). In order to investigate the changes of some Meander parameters in the Karun River using Landsat satellite images, morphological parameters of 20 Meanders were determined in an interval of 128 km length of Karun River after the preparation of a land use map for each period. Rashidi et al. (2016) studied geomorphologic changes of the Karoon River bed and its causes from 1334 to 1391. The results indicate significant changes in river morphology including latitudes, meanders, and sedimentary islands due to the decrease in the discharge, the construction of multiple bridges along the path, geological factors and vegetation. The study of past research shows that the study of river morphology in other countries has also been of great importance. Clerici et al. (2015) examined the morphological changes of the Taro River in Italy over the last two centuries and showed that human beings have made the most of the changes for agricultural and industrial purposes, the construction of multiple bridges and casualization. According to the research, the main issue of this research is to investigate the changes in the Gamasiab River, which in recent years has threatened the communication paths, landscapes and, in summary, human structures along the river banks. Therefore, the objective is to study the variation of the morphology of the Gamasiab river from the point of view of the central radius and angle, and the number of archs during the 1990-2013 period, and the extent of the development of the piers.
Climatology
Mohammad Reza Azizzadeyya Varzegan; khadijeh javan
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 227-246
Abstract
One of the most important effects of climate change is increasing in extreme climate events. Change in the frequency or intensity of extreme events can have significant impacts on natural environments and human societies so their analysis is very important. The aim of this study is to identify the trend ...
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One of the most important effects of climate change is increasing in extreme climate events. Change in the frequency or intensity of extreme events can have significant impacts on natural environments and human societies so their analysis is very important. The aim of this study is to identify the trend of precipitation extremes in Lake Urmia basin and to investigate their relation with Teleconnection patterns. For this purpose, daily precipitation data of 7 synoptic stations in the basin during 1987-2014 was used. 11 extreme precipitation indices were extracted using the RClimDex and their trends were calculated by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Then the relationship between these indices with Teleconnection patterns was determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of time series analysis showed that all extreme precipitation indices in Lake Urmia basin have decreasing trend exept consecutive dry days (CDD). The spatial distribution of trend in extreme indices showed almost all indices have a significant trend at the 5% significance level in basin. There is no significant trend in consecutive dry days (CDD). The changes in extreme precipitation could be affected by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), East Pacific-North Pacific (EP-NP), Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO).
Volume 16, Issue 40 , September 2012, , Pages 229-237
Climatology
Bahlol Alijani; Hasan Farajzadeh
Volume 19, Issue 52 , June 2015, , Pages 229-256
Abstract
Natural environment is regulated according to the climatic conditions. Human communities are forced to adjust themselves to these conditions. Identifying the intensity, frequency and timing of climatic events can help solve the environmental problems and ease the coherent planning to mitigate these events ...
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Natural environment is regulated according to the climatic conditions. Human communities are forced to adjust themselves to these conditions. Identifying the intensity, frequency and timing of climatic events can help solve the environmental problems and ease the coherent planning to mitigate these events changing behavior. To achieve this objective in the Northwest of Iran, daily minimum and maximum temperature data from 13 stations were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran in the quality control format for the existing data period. Sixteen Extreme indices were extracted by RClimDex package and their changing behavior was checked by Mann – Kendall method. The results showed that the frequency of cold indices decreased but the frequency of extreme warm indices increased during the study period. According to the results of wavelet analysis all the extreme cold indices showed a significant periodic fluctuations of 2 to 4 years. Among the warm indices only the warmest days index (TXx) showed 2 to 4 years fluctuation and the number of tropical nights (TR20) exhibited 4 to 8 years of significant fluctuation.
Urban Planning
manijeh lalehpour; Marziyeh Esmaeelpour; elham shojaie
Volume 22, Issue 66 , January 2019, , Pages 230-249
Abstract
In order to achieve electronic city, a city should reach a suitable degree in electronic readiness. The aim of this study is consideration and examination of Tabriz metropolis in order to establishment of electronic city. Statistical population of the research is the citizens of four regions in Tabriz ...
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In order to achieve electronic city, a city should reach a suitable degree in electronic readiness. The aim of this study is consideration and examination of Tabriz metropolis in order to establishment of electronic city. Statistical population of the research is the citizens of four regions in Tabriz metropolis. These regions differ in geographic characteristics and include city's central business district (region 8), inner- city texture (region 3), informal textures (region 7) and urban planned textures (region 5). The aim is to recognize differences among these regions in electronic readiness components. To this end, according to these regions population, the sample size was determined 383 individuals using Cochran formula. Then, using quota sampling, depending on population of each region, the proportion of each region from sample size was determined. Using Cronbach's alpha, reliability of questionnaire was estimated at .76. The method of this research is descriptive- analytical and required data was collected using library and field studies (questionnaire). Based on CID model, the components of the research were classified into 5 groups. In order to analysis of data, one sample T test and Kruskal Wallis has been used. The results show that based on T test in all regions the mean is greater than threshold value (2) and the p-value (0.000) is quite small (less than the common -level of 0.05). So, studied regions are in a suitable situation in terms of electronic readiness. In order to illustrate differences between the regions, Kruskal Wallis was used. Based on this test, there is a significant difference among regions in electronic access, electronic society, electronic economy and electronic policy. Just, there is not a significant difference in electronic education among 4 regions.
ghasem Keykhosrowi; Hasan Lashkari
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 231-257
Abstract
Air Pollution in Tehran is one of the fundamental problems of the city. This city is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the world. Part of pollution like the rest of the world Mostly is due to overpopulation, The use of fossil fuels, heavy traffic, lots of old vehicles, Inappropriate development ...
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Air Pollution in Tehran is one of the fundamental problems of the city. This city is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the world. Part of pollution like the rest of the world Mostly is due to overpopulation, The use of fossil fuels, heavy traffic, lots of old vehicles, Inappropriate development industries and disregarding the location of industries and The other part of pollution Is related to the geography of Tehran that Located on the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains and Surrounded by high mountains on the north and east. In addition to the impact of climate like a gentle wind and weather stability, the lack of precipitation and temperature inversion is very effective on Tehran's air pollution.
Between The selective inversions it can be seen that When the inversion height is close to the surface of earth, The severity of air pollution has been added. In the inversion transitions this problem Caused air pollution rises dramatically.
In The dynamic inversion the prevailing climatic conditions, has created deep Sustainability in the layers near the surface. Due to the process of descending ruling, in the large thickness of the atmosphere, Inversion depth increased.
Aghil Madadi; Mohammad Azadi Mobaraki; Fereydon Babaee Aghdam
Volume 17, Issue 45 , November 2013, , Pages 235-254
Abstract
Ardebil city has located in East Azerbaijan. As the third most populated city of Azerbaijan; it has been one the main centers regarding the population. Since 1993 it has been recognized as the center for Ardebil Province. A number of industrial towns have been built around it and have created much waste. ...
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Ardebil city has located in East Azerbaijan. As the third most populated city of Azerbaijan; it has been one the main centers regarding the population. Since 1993 it has been recognized as the center for Ardebil Province. A number of industrial towns have been built around it and have created much waste. The prime objective of the present study is identifying suitable locations for landfill in Ardebil city. To achieve this objective, the weighted overlay, analytic hierarchy (AHP), fuzzy logic and Boolean logic methods are used. The second objective of this study was to compare the above methods and identify appropriate methods for locating solid wastes of Ardebil city. In order to collect the required data geologic, topographic, hydrologic, and use and climatic factors maps were used. Required data for locating the landfill has been processed in IDEISI and ArcGIS.3 software and the final maps have been drawn. The results show that Ardebil city landfill location is a piece of land with 45 hectares area which has located 17km north of Ardebil (left side of the Ardebil-Moghan road). Field observations also confirm the suitability of the area for the landfill. Also the results show that the methods of AHP, index of overlap weight and fuzzy logic have the highest correlation with locating landfills in Ardebil, respectively. Boolean method presented wrong location for landfill and it is an inappropriate method for this purpose.
Volume 18, Issue 47 , April 2014, , Pages 235-245
Geomorphology
Hamide Gholam Heidari; Mozhghan Entezari; Haji Karimi; Mohammadhosein Ramasht
Abstract
Introduction Maroon plain, located in Maroon basin is situated in Khuzestan, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces; and Jaber plain is positioned in northwest Ilam City in Ilam Province. The existence of Gachsaran Formation and gypsum karstic phenomena (the most important of which are sinkholes) in ...
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Introduction Maroon plain, located in Maroon basin is situated in Khuzestan, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces; and Jaber plain is positioned in northwest Ilam City in Ilam Province. The existence of Gachsaran Formation and gypsum karstic phenomena (the most important of which are sinkholes) in the mentioned plains, can have a very devastating effect on man-made structures. The morphometric study of these phenomena can allow comparison of various parameters of the sinkholes and lead to some hypotheses about their evolution. In this research, the sinkholes of both plains were classified according to Basu and Switch methods; based on Basu Model, they are categorized in elongated and bowl-shaped sinkholes, and on the basis of Switch method, they can be classified as bowl-shaped, pit-shaped and funnel-shaped groups. The results of the univariate linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes showed that the components of the area with large diameter, area with small diameter, depth with area, and depth with large diameter, indicate the highest values of significant correlation with determination coefficients of 0.922, 0.873, 0.699, 0.581, respectively. The maximum significant relationship at the error probability level, less than 0.1 is between the components of the area and large diameter for 2nd-degree and 3rd-degree relationships with determination coefficients of 0.997 and 0.998 and the estimation error of 0.07 and 0.08. The results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes indicated that the highest value of determination coefficient is related to the area, small diameter, large diameter, and depth with determination coefficient of 0.997, and estimation error of 0.024, while the least values of determination coefficient is related to slope with depth, and large and small diameters with determination coefficient of 0.584 and the estimation error of 0.091. Therefore, the area, large and small diameters, and depth can be suitable parameters for modeling. Karst is a geomorphic and hydrological system that is formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum (Eziot et al., 2014). Gypsum and anhydrite are among the rock types which can be karstified easily and quickly (White, 1988). Given the development of evaporate formations such as Gachsaran, Kalhor, Hith, salt domes, etc. in Iran and particularly Zagros basin, and as well, the presence of gypsum and anhydrite as their main constituents, their importance in engineering geological issues including dams, tunnels, roads and railways, structures, mines and so on is evident. There is a close relationship between karst geomorphology and its evolution, so that karst morphology phenomena are abundant and developed in the area (Karimi 2010, Ghobadi 2009). Generally speaking, four different mechanisms are characterized for the formation of sinkholes; they are as follows: solution from above, collapse from the bottom, soil transport, and removal of buoyant support. Sometimes the formation of the sinkholes is due to a combination of different mechanisms. It seems that the above-mentioned mechanisms can also be applied to gypsum sinkholes; the only difference is the formation speed of the landform (Gunay, 2002). In the present study, it is attempted to classify the various sinkhole types of Jaber and Maroon plains based on their morphology, and as well to determine the most suitable parameters for modeling. Methodology To survey the morphometry of gypsum sinkholes, after field studies and measuring the sinkhole characteristics of Maroon and Jaber plains, the required parameters were prepared by SPSS software (Table 1). Initially, using the obtained data, the sinkholes of two study areas were categorized by Basu and Switch methods, then the regression analysis of the morphometric parameters of the sinkholes was performed in SPSS software. For this purpose, univariate linear, 2nd-degree, 3rd-degree, and multivariate methods were used, and consequently, the most suitable models with higher preference values were presented. Results and discussion The results demonstrate that according to Basu method, the sinkhole types of the study area are circular and elongated. As well, based on the Switch method, and the diameter to depth ratio, the sinkholes of these areas are of bowl-shaped, funnel-shaped, and pit-shaped types; the number of pit-shaped sinkholes is greater than the other two types. The results of the univariate linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes show that the components of area with large diameter, area with small diameter, depth with area, and depth with large diameter, indicate the highest values of significant correlation by determination coefficients of 0.922, 0.873, 0.699, 0.581, respectively. The maximum significant relationship at the error probability level, less than 0.1 is between the components of area and large diameter for 2nd and 3rd degree relationships with coefficients of determination of 0.997 and 0.998 and the estimation error of 0.07 and 0.08. Also, the results show that the least significant 2nd-degree and 3rd-degree relationships are between environment and slope with determination coefficients of 0.025 and 0.081 and estimation error of 0.022 and 0.022. Besides, the results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes demonstrated that the highest value of determination coefficient is related to the area, small diameter, large diameter, and depth with determination coefficient of 0.997, and estimation error of 0.024, while the least values of determination coefficient is related to the slope with depth, and large and small diameters with determination coefficient of 0.584 and the estimation error of 0.091. Conclusion According to the obtained results of the Basu method, the sinkholes of the Jaber plain are circular in shape and the Maroon plain sinkholes are classified among the elongated ones; certainly, the mechanism of formation of the sinkholes has directly influenced their shape and morphometry. The presence of creeks on the formations and gypsum layers has resulted in elongated sinkholes; in the Jaber plain where most of the sinkholes have been formed on the Knick line, the intersection point of a centralized slope flow and the gypsum layer has formed circular sinkholes. The results of field studies show that the depths of the Jaber plain are deeper; the reason can be the higher thickness of the gypsum layers of the Jaber plain compared with those of the Maroon plain and more importantly is that these layers are situated in Knick line and exposed to a powerful centralized slope flow. But the sinkholes of the Maroon plain are steeper, and the sinkholes of the Jaber plain enclose more area. After field observations as well as quantitative calculations of the ratio of the small and large diameters of the elongated sinkholes, the proportion of these two parameters is roughly calculated as 1/3. Quantitative results of univariate linear analysis between the morphometric components the sinkholes as well as the significant relationship at the error probability level, less than 0.1, for 2nd-degree and 3rd-degree relationships, and the results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes express that the area, large and small diameters, and depth can be appropriate parameters for modeling.
Volume 17, Issue 46 , February 2014, , Pages 241-253
Rahmat Mohammadzade
Volume 18, Issue 48 , June 2014, , Pages 245-278
Abstract
This paper is dealing with environmental position in modernity and its countenance challenges. Beacause in past ages human and nature had deep relationship. They were considered as a unified subject. They could keep on their lives peacefully in passin of time but with recent advantages in many aspects, ...
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This paper is dealing with environmental position in modernity and its countenance challenges. Beacause in past ages human and nature had deep relationship. They were considered as a unified subject. They could keep on their lives peacefully in passin of time but with recent advantages in many aspects, this realationship has been one sided. By considering nature as an object for benefit, humans just use it for economic beneficiary. Experiences show that the outcomes of this type of observation are threatening the nature and damage it. It is common that this situation threatens life cycle and live and dead creatures. Indeed why this situation has been created, reasons of which are offered in it. What is the realationship between intelectual thought and destroying the environment? Although nowadays human knows a lot about consequences of destroying nature but he keeps on destroying it voraciously
Climatology
mohammad omidfar; Ali akbr Rasouli; Hashem Rostamzadeh; BEHROOZ SARISARRAF
Abstract
Introduction Considering the problem of continuous reduction of the water amount of urmian Lake, Identifying the distribution of rainfall in the basin area of Lake has a particular importance from the point of view of climate and hydrology. Doppler weather radar has an ability of the estimating of intensity ...
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Introduction Considering the problem of continuous reduction of the water amount of urmian Lake, Identifying the distribution of rainfall in the basin area of Lake has a particular importance from the point of view of climate and hydrology. Doppler weather radar has an ability of the estimating of intensity and the accumulation of daily rainfall with suitable spatial and diurnal resolutions. In current study, radar rainfall data, observed at the Sahand station, were evaluated with 10 synoptic weather stations data inside the Urmia Lake Basin exampling some of intensive rainfall events. The compared models show that among synoptic stations Tabriz, Shabestar, Sahand, Urmia, and Bostanabad have a best fit with radar daily rainfall productions, having high-quality conformity in northwest of the study area. In contrast, low level of agreements between two sets of radar has been observed in mountainous area. Due to the problem of continuous decreasing volume of Urmian lake water, accurate identification of the temporal distribution of rainfall can be very important from climatic and hydrological points of view. There are various ways to measure or estimate rainfall. Synoptic stations have a relatively low efficiency compared to radar and satellite due to their point and number limitation, relative to the area of the study area and other influential factors such as weather and human error. Tabriz Doppler Radar is one of the 12 radars of the National Radar Network of the Meteorological Organization of Iran, which works in the frequency band of Doppler C-type radars. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and accuracy of radar-distance measurement tools in the study of heavy precipitation, which due to the infancy and lack of similar studies, the results can be used in future research. Methodology The accumulative precipitation data of synoptic stations in the studied area and the product of the daily accumulative precipitation of Tabriz Doppler radar, which is produced by the radar equation, by converting the echo-return intensity of precipitation, have been used. In this study, the data of accumulative precipitation of synoptic stations of the study area and the product of daily accumulative precipitation of Tabriz Doppler radar have been used. With the help of radar software, the product of surface precipitation intensity is produced in a 24-hour period and its temporal resolution is 15 minutes. Other product specifications such as start time, spatial resolution, and maximum distance, frequency of repetition of sent waves, name of the saved file, color scale of the data and the name of the radar site next to the product are listed. Radar accumulative rainfall on the most severe rainy day in Urmia Lake basin , the distance from the site of the radar site (concentric circles with a distance of 50 km from each other) and the location of the stations studied. Also, to compare the difference in estimation between radar and stations, error estimation indicators such as: mean error, absolute error mean, mean square error and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results and discussion The October 14 to 21, 2014 heavy rainfall in Urmia Lake basin has been studied by various radar products and among them 24-hour collective rain product, due to compliance with the cumulative rainfall data of stations, for 10 synoptic stations around Lake Urmia. Due to the collision of the waves with mountains, the topography of the area has a significant impact on the accuracy of radar estimation. They are considered invisible spots; these points causes a lot of errors (in some cases even up to 100%). Therefore, to compare radar data with the station, the accuracy of the separate precipitation estimate at different stations was examined. Conclusion The 24-hour accumulative precipitation comparison of the stations northwest of Urmia (for the cities of Tabriz, Sahand and Shabestar)with radar estimates on the days of heavy rains in October 2014, was highly consistent and the only difference in radar estimates on 20 and 21 days, was about 5 mm that less than Measured by synoptic stations. The correlation coefficient between the data is 0.996, which confirms the closeness of the measurement values of the two methods. The remarkable point in the chart is the significant difference and jump in rainfall on October 19 compared to other days. An examination of the graphs of the cities of Salmas and Urmia in the west and Bostanabad in the east of Urmia Lake shows less accurate but acceptable estimates of rainfall and differs. Conclusion: The comparative graph of rainfall in the Ajabshir city, despite its proximity to the radar site (50 km from the radar), shows a relatively large difference between the radar estimates and the stations. The most important cause of the error is the orientation of the southern Sahand Mountain. In moving to the more southern areas, the radar accuracy is lower, but the comparative rain chart of Ajabshir city, despite its proximity to the radar site, shows a significant difference. Overall, the results shows that: the southern regions, both due to the large distance from the radar and blocking effect of radar waves, almost all of the return waves are weakened from the targets and the radar estimates the amount of precipitation zero.
Volume 16, Issue 41 , November 2012, , Pages 251-263
Rasul Gorbani; Firuz Jafari
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 253-276
Abstract
Abstract
Building density as the total floor area ratio of all storeys used for residential purposes is an important issue in urban planning and land management. Today, because of the lack of resource and to decrease urban development costs and to provide goods and commercial services attention toward ...
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Abstract
Building density as the total floor area ratio of all storeys used for residential purposes is an important issue in urban planning and land management. Today, because of the lack of resource and to decrease urban development costs and to provide goods and commercial services attention toward the increment of to more dense and increasing building density has increased. This article reviews the concept of building density and documents and regulations approved on this subject during recent years in Tabriz. It is a descriptive-analytic research. The increasing of building density in cities with growing populations is one of the strategies approved for controlling extension and balance of urban space. Increasing density in cities without attention to balances and equilibrium might cause problems and solving that will take much time, energy and would require higher costly. Studies show that among the regulations approved for comprehensive plans and regulations in the detailed plans and projects, there is an obvious difference. For instance, open space reduction rule was approved in master plan to be 55 m2 upto 10 m2 in detailed plan of Tabriz. Obviously, if in the process of determining the building density measures such as occupied building, height, proportion of mass and space, and residential neighborhoods carrying capacity are considered, it ciykd have helped achieve a coherent and systematic space for the city and add to the quality of urban spaces continuously.
Davod Mokhtari
Volume 17, Issue 43 , October 2013, , Pages 275-305
Abstract
Jolfa-Hadishahr plain existing in the Aras free industrial and trade zone (northwest of Iran) are used by tourists for trekking or as pathways to other tourist sites and neighbor countries around the plain. The aim of this paper is to introduce the plain as a geomorphosite and to define vulnerability ...
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Jolfa-Hadishahr plain existing in the Aras free industrial and trade zone (northwest of Iran) are used by tourists for trekking or as pathways to other tourist sites and neighbor countries around the plain. The aim of this paper is to introduce the plain as a geomorphosite and to define vulnerability of geoheritage which draws attention to the geological and geomorphological elements of nature, to planners. The research was based on the following survey and data processing phases: a) definition of general characteristics of study area, b) survey of geomorphological units, 3) survey of the geomorphological features and the geoenvironmental elements that may affect vulnerability, d) definition of possible risk scenarios. In conclusion, the Jolfa-Hadishahr plain is a geomorphosite and its characteristics are showed in a table as geomorphosite description card. Increasing people and tourists on the site threats environmental stability of the plain. The data collected on this geomorphological environment could be made available to a wider public, ranging from the individual visitor, to plain agency departments and staff, in the form of thematic geotourist maps and geomorphosite description card and in turn, plain agencies could utilize these maps as support for plain area planning and management with the aim of safeguarding both the plain and the plain visitors and dwellers, while also valorising the environment.
Saber Mohammadpour; saba naeima
Abstract
Increasing urbanization and the need for relocation introduces optimal transportation as a major factor in increasing the level of citizen satisfaction. As a result, governments often spend most of their budgets on repairing and building transportation infrastructure. Now, if a precise and expert decision ...
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Increasing urbanization and the need for relocation introduces optimal transportation as a major factor in increasing the level of citizen satisfaction. As a result, governments often spend most of their budgets on repairing and building transportation infrastructure. Now, if a precise and expert decision is not made to prioritize investment in transportation infrastructure, it will cause budget waste, negative impact on the economy and environmental and social damage. Due to the limited budget of Gilan province and the economic conditions prevailing in the whole country, the purpose of this article is to determine the investment priorities in the transportation infrastructure of Gilan province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of method. Document collection was done by referring to articles, documents and books and field collection was done using a questionnaire. In the present study, the multi-criteria method of infrastructure prioritization framework or IPF was used to prioritize investment in transportation infrastructure, which is a quantitative multi-criteria prioritization method and measures socio-environmental and financial-economic indicators. In addition to budget constraints are considered. In this method, using the opinion of experts in the form of a questionnaire and collecting the required data, calculations were performed, which finally showed the results on a visible graph. The analysis of the findings and results shows that the railway infrastructure in Gilan province has the first priority of investment, followed by road infrastructure in the second place and maritime transport infrastructure in the third place, and finally the transport infrastructure. Air is a priority.
Climatology
Shirin Mahdavian; Batool Zeynali; Bromand Salahi
Abstract
Climate diversity and land use / land cover change have a significant impact on hydrological regimes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions with critical water shortage problems. Therefore, estimating and evaluating climate change and land use and its consequences in each catchment is essential. This ...
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Climate diversity and land use / land cover change have a significant impact on hydrological regimes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions with critical water shortage problems. Therefore, estimating and evaluating climate change and land use and its consequences in each catchment is essential. This study examined the climate change of Kiwi Tea Basin using the data of four models of the Fifth Climate Change Assessment Report (CMIP5) under both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) using the LARS-WG6 microcirculation model. Changes in precipitation and temperature during three different periods (2040-2021, 2060-2041 and 2080-2061) compared to the base period (2019-1987) have been studied and for calibration and validation of LARS-WG6 model, observational data and output data of models with The use of F and T tests as well as RMSE, MSE, MAE and R2 indices were compared and evaluated. Based on the results of most of the models and the average of the studied models, in general, it is expected that the amount of precipitation and the minimum and maximum temperature in all the studied models will increase compared to the base period. Also, the results of evaluating land use changes with object-oriented classification showed that rangeland use with an area of 1224.18 and 1046.59 square kilometers, respectively, covered the largest area in both periods, while in 1987, residential use with an area of 3.66 square kilometers and in In 2019, water use with an area of 3.77 square kilometers had the lowest area. Also, the most modified use of rangeland use was dryland agriculture (181 square kilometers), which indicates thedestruction of rangelands
Urban Planning
Ali Mirzaie; Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi; Shahrivar Rostaei
Abstract
Housing pattern and life style comprise a part of the society,s culture. In the current times and in line with the changing of society and culture, we are witnessing the transformation of accommodation style and pattern. Therefore, the aim of this research is analyzing the relationship between ...
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Housing pattern and life style comprise a part of the society,s culture. In the current times and in line with the changing of society and culture, we are witnessing the transformation of accommodation style and pattern. Therefore, the aim of this research is analyzing the relationship between changes of life style and the pattern of Islamic housing in Tabriz metropolis. The method of the research is descriptive, survey and inferential and is based on referring to Islamic sources of Quran verses and narratives. In addition, questionnaires have been used to achieve the research purposes. The statistical population of the research consists of all the residents of Tabriz in the whole area of this metropolis and the subjects were selected using simple accidental method of sampling. For confirming or rejecting the hypotheses, SPSS software was used for analyzing the data obtained from the questionnaires. By analyzing the relationship between variables and ranking of the indices and components of the research it became possible by application of multiple regression model and single-sample t test. In addition, using network analysis model and Super Decision software, the ideas of 30 experts were extracted by distributing questionnaires and the elements and components of each factor were ranked. The results of the research indicated that the total multiplier correlation coefficient for independent and dependent variables were 0.906 R and the coefficient of determination was 0.822 and the adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.818. This fact indicates a high correlation between the variable of lifestyle and Islamic housing pattern. From39 sub-indicators, 12 of them which show changes in lifestyle values, belong respectively to the index of respect with coefficient (0.367), cultural values (0.243), behavioral patterns (0.215), economic values (0.132). These values have gained high privileges. In addition, social index, religious identity index and spatial and environmental values have lower ranks. Diminishing spiritual values against material ones are significant in the sense that the changes in lifestyle values have pushed the model of Islamic housing toward modernization.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar Roustaei; Behzad Ranjbarnia; Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction Since the 1990s, after both economy and society moved from Fordism to post-Fordism, a new paradigm emerged from the beginning of the new century. Due to the impact of the knowledge economy on urban communities, this paradigm known as knowledge-based urban development emerged in the late ...
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Introduction Since the 1990s, after both economy and society moved from Fordism to post-Fordism, a new paradigm emerged from the beginning of the new century. Due to the impact of the knowledge economy on urban communities, this paradigm known as knowledge-based urban development emerged in the late 20th century (Yigitcanlar et al., 2008a: 64). The knowledge-based urban development concept was considered as a practical management strategy for urban residents in various areas of sustainable social, economic, and urban growth along with the postmodern development of urban areas. Meanwhile, despite the benefits of superior information and communication technologies in urban areas and in particular the topics related to these technologies in accelerating the process of knowledge-based urban development, this factor can cause major challenges in balanced urban development. In this regard, one of the main obstacles in this area is the digital divide. The digital divide refers to the inequality in access of all members of society in terms of quantity and quality to information and communication technologies. In most societies, the right to create information is practically given to everyone, but distribution or sharing is taken away from them; hence, information resources are not used equally by society (Lievrouw and Farb, 2003: 414). Some societies deal with a deep digital divide in terms of information technology, which in turn impedes the realization of the city of knowledge. In various sources, the digital divide is mentioned as one of the barriers to a knowledge-based city (Butcher, 2009: 59 & Norris, 2001). Considering the above-mentioned cases, Tabriz metropolis needs to reach a variety of goals to become a knowledge-based city. One of these goals is identifying the impact of the digital divide on the concept of knowledge-based urban development. Therefore, the focus of this article is on the study of the effect of digital divide indicators on knowledge-based urban development variables in the city of Tabriz. Data and Methods In the present article, the structural equation model has been utilized to comprehensively study the conceptual model of the research. In this study, the opinions of 50 experts have been taken. To estimate the impact of digital development factors and gaps on each other, researchers created a 44X44 matrix by considering 32 knowledge-based urban development sub-indices in addition to the 12 digital gap variables within a system. Accordingly, after obtaining the outputs related to the expert’s opinions, these results were analyzed in MicMac software. Software outputs can greatly help to understand the dimensions and relationships of the system along with the way the system will work in the future in the various forms of tables and graphs (Rabbani, 2012). Results and Discussion According to the analytical results of this matrix, the variables including government influence, strategic planning, managerial interventions, broadband access, and social stability have the highest effect on the system. Furthermore, the most susceptible direct variables of the system include geographical location, urban competitiveness, foreign direct investment, economic status, research, and development. By observing the obtained results, it is easy to see the government’s role in positive or negative effectiveness in reaching the goals of digital city and knowledge-based urban development. Additionally, the results obtained from the distribution chart of variables have the following points: Determinants and influential variables (Located in the northwest of the Chart with High effectiveness and Low susceptibility): Management interventions, age, broadband access, cost of living, affordable housing, networking and strategic cooperation, justice, and social integration. Two-fold variables (located in the northeast chart - high effectiveness and low susceptibility): urban competitiveness, quality of life, government impact, e-government, strategic planning, urban branding, etc. Result variables (located in the southwest of the system- low effectiveness and high susceptibility): patent applications, worker knowledge pool, educational investment, basic professional skills, language skills, and socio-economic dependence. Independent variables (located in the southeast of the system - low effectiveness and susceptibility): cultural and social norms, disability and physical ability, social stability, unemployment, environmental impact, use of sustainable transportation, etc. Conclusion To achieve structural knowledge-based urban development, the influential factors within this type of development are considered as an interwind or structure (system) to measure their inter-relationships due to enabling users to extract key variables of the system. In the present study, a variety of indicators were assessed for tackling problems related to the digital divide within the city and altering it to digital equity in Tabriz city. Those variables with the maximum effectiveness along with two-fold indicators have been chosen as key factors. A brief look at the concepts used in this study indicates that there is a conflict between the concept of the digital divide and urban knowledge-based development. In this regard, to eliminate this conflict, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of some variables. These variables include improving existing management tools and policies, strengthening the existing infrastructure for easy access to ICT by citizens, increasing people's skills and awareness, and finally strengthening the people's economic status by turning the digital divide into an opportunity along with providing a basis for the successful realization of knowledge-based urban development.
Geomorphology
najmeh shafiei; LAILA GOLIMKOTARI; Aboalghasem Amir Ahmadi; Rahman Zandi
Abstract
Introduction
Today, the phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the most important geomorphological hazards on a global scale, which causes great damage to urban and rural structures, development facilities. Most of the reports from around the world related to the phenomenon of land subsidence have ...
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Introduction
Today, the phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the most important geomorphological hazards on a global scale, which causes great damage to urban and rural structures, development facilities. Most of the reports from around the world related to the phenomenon of land subsidence have been related to arid and low rainfall areas. According to the US Geological Survey, a subsidence phenomenon involves a collapse or subsidence that can have a small displacement vector. Land subsidence is a geological phenomenon that causes the earth's surface to descend slowly and horizontally.
In recent decades, most joints and fissures in agricultural areas have been reported due to over-abstraction of groundwater. Recently, urban areas have also been affected by this phenomenon. These seams and cracks cause a lot of annual damage to ground-level installations such as roads and bridges, buildings, power transmission lines, oil and gas transmission pipes, water pipes and sewage systems, wells wall pipes of exploitation wells. In addition, they provide a path for surface pollutants to move to groundwater sources and contaminate groundwater by infiltrating aquifers.
Among the innovations of this study, for the first time, radar interferometry technique was used to investigate the risk of subsidence of Nurabad plain aquifer subsidence. , Identification of vulnerable areas in the aquifer area.
Methodology
The method used in this research is applied analysis. Groundwater data including piezometer and exploitation wells were used to investigate groundwater level changes and Sentinel 1 images were used to calculate radar interferometry. Geographic weighted regression model (GWR) was used to investigate the relationship between subsidence and groundwater loss parameters.
By examining the changes in groundwater level of piezometer wells in the aquifer during a period of 17 years (1380-1397) showed that an average of 15 meters of groundwater drop has occurred in the plain. This decrease in agricultural and residential areas is a priority compared to other uses. By preparing the output of radar images during 4 statistical years, the results show that in 2015 the maximum amount of leakage was 7 cm and in 2016 it increased to 8 cm. In 2017 it is equal to 9 cm and in 2018 it is equal to 10 cm. In the end, by calculating the average of these four years, the amount of subsidence at the aquifer level increases significantly, with the regions in the central and eastern parts of the aquifer having the highest subsidence at the aquifer level. Which has been developed in residential and agricultural areas of the region so that the effects and evidence of these meetings are visible in residential houses and agricultural lands according to Table (2) in the analysis section to examine the status of subsidence rates in the study area using Radar images were taken during the mentioned years and show that in 2015 it is equal to 8 square kilometers, which is compared to 2014, in 2016 it is equal to 34 square kilometers, and in 2017 and 2018 it is equal to 40 and 86 square kilometers. According to the maps, we see in these 4 consecutive years that every year b The amount of subsidence at the plain level has increased and thus subsidence at the plain level has become a kind of hazard.
Results and discussion
High values of R2 have occurred in the central parts of the model aquifer, which shows a good estimate of the model in estimating the dependent variable and the predictive explanatory variable. Also, relatively lower values are located in the southern parts of the aquifer by examining the subsidence status in the plain. By creating a relationship with the groundwater drop layer, it showed that the observed values with the predicted values indicate a strong relationship. The layer shows the coefficient of determination R2, which is the highest coefficient of R2 in the central part, which is about -0.79 Is 0.53 Figure (7). The distribution of the remaining space of the GWR model errors shows that the model outputs are closer to the actual values. Second, the resulting map shows the low error values in the range.
Occlusion
The average subsidence rate is about 4 cm per year and the average 4-year average is 16 cm. The average area of the aquifer where the subsidence has taken place during 4 years is about 36 square kilometers, which includes about 5% of its area. The high concentration of wells and the greatest drop in groundwater and the concentration of existing cities and villages. In these areas, due to the water needs of the residential community, including the city of Nurabad and surrounding areas, as well as the water needs of the industrial sector, including factories and agricultural activities, access to water resources is more and groundwater extraction is very high. There has been a high decline that these factors with the intervention of the arid climate of this region has caused the high talent of these areas in the discussion of subsidence and has been identified as one of the critical areas of the city in the subsidence map. The results of radar interferometry show that uncontrolled extraction from the surface of underground reserves has caused the subsidence of the central part of the aquifer and also the presence of several aqueducts at the aquifer has caused damage to residential centers. One of the areas with the highest risk of subsidence in the plain, in the eastern, central and southern parts, the rate of groundwater loss in the aquifer within 14 statistical years is about 22 meters in the same well and the results of GWR method show local R2 in the central parts of the aquifer which is about 79% maximum and shows a high correlation between subsidence and groundwater loss Residual rate in the central part which is equal to 0.007 / 0007 which is a high coefficient of significance.
Urban Planning
seyed farzin faezi; omid shanian
Abstract
Introduction
The growing population in cities and the increasing need for goods and services, has increased the traffic of freight vehicles, and on the other hand, a large part of the intra-city freight transportation network is done by various vehicles, which disregarding it causes irregularities in ...
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Introduction
The growing population in cities and the increasing need for goods and services, has increased the traffic of freight vehicles, and on the other hand, a large part of the intra-city freight transportation network is done by various vehicles, which disregarding it causes irregularities in urban transportation, car accidents and events, psychological problems and insecurity of citizens, air pollution and pollutants increase, high fuel consumption, congestion and delay in the road network and dozens of other cases. Although the intra-city freight transportation fleet comprises only 20 percent of the vehicles traveling within the urban network, it has allocated 40 percent of emission of pollutants and noise pollution, and 35 percent of accidents to itself. One of the solutions to manage and promote the quality level of freight and goods transportation system is to use smart tools and systems in freight and goods transportation system. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to find the best solution to smarten the intra-city freight and goods transportation according to the criteria of sustainable development.
Data and Method
The research method has been conducted based on 7 stages of multi-actor multi-criteria analysis. Using library study and interview, at first the methods of smartening intra-city freight transportation and stakeholder groups were identified, then the criteria of sustainable development related to each of the stakeholder groups and related to smartening intra-city freight transportation were determined. After specifying which group each criterion belongs to, the weight of each criterion was determined for each group using the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). For this purpose, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was designed for each group separately and distributed among the participants. The weight of each criterion was determined as a percentage, which indicates the importance that the stakeholder groups have attributed to these goals. After determining the weight of the criteria, a questionnaire was designed and distributed again to measure the impact ratio of each of the solutions on each of the criteria. This questionnaire is also of pairwise comparison type and has been analyzed by AHP method. In this research, by consulting with experts and elites, the weight of all groups was considered the same. The average of desirability ratio of each method from the perspective of stakeholder groups was also determined, which provides an overview of the perspective of all stakeholder groups. After specifying how much desirability each solution has in the view of each stakeholder group, this issue was addressed that what is the best solution to smarten intra-city freight transportation, so that by using it the current transportation system can also be improved, and can attract the satisfaction of all stakeholder groups as well. For this purpose, multi-actor multi-criteria analysis method was used. By averaging the percentage of desirability ratio of the proposed solutions among various groups, the most desirable method for smartening freight and goods transportation was specified.
Results and Discussion
In this research, four solutions have been introduced for smartening the intra-city freight and goods transportation, which are: 1- smartening urban roads, 2- smartening freight vehicles, 3- smartening warehouses, 4- designing mobile application for ordering freight vehicles. In the next step, individuals were classified into four groups under the title of stakeholder groups, which are: 1- City managers and officials, including mayors, transportation deputies, officials of the Freight and Passenger Transportation Organization, and officials of the Freight Transportation Terminals Organization, 2 - Freight and goods transportation operators, including freight companies and drivers of freight vehicles, 3- Goods consignors, including manufacturers, wholesalers and warehousemen, and 4- Goods recipients, including retailers. The sustainable development criteria were divided into four sections according to the goals and views of stakeholder groups in relation to smartening freight transportation, in a way that it was specified to which group each criterion belongs. Thus, both the goals and views of the public sector and the goals and views of the private sector were examined. Based on the analysis of data collected from the questionnaires, it was specified that the most important criterion according to the public sector (city managers and officials) is traffic management, while the criterion of traffic considerations has never been located in the first priorities of the private sector (senders, receivers and operators of transportation). Based on the one-actor analysis, the application design solution has the highest desirability from the point of view of senders and transportation operators, and from the point of view of city managers and officials, it is in the second place with a slight difference compared to smartening city roads. But from the point of view of the recipients of goods, smartening freight vehicles has allocated the highest desirability to itself. Based on the multi-actor multi-criteria analysis method, application design has generally been introduced as the most desirable method for smartening freight and goods transportation. This method has been at priority not just from the point of view of freight recipients and has been able to attract the view of other stakeholder groups to itself. The next criterion is smartening freight vehicles, which has the highest desirability from the point of view of freight recipients and is in the fourth rank in the view of city managers and officials. Then there is the criterion of smartening urban roads, which has the highest desirability from the point of view of city managers and officials. Finally, there is the criterion of smartening warehouses, which has been able to achieve relative desirability only from the point of view of freight transportation operators.
Conclusion
In this research, by measuring the importance ratio of criteria from the viewpoint of all stakeholder groups and comparing these views with each other, it was specified that there is a disagreement between the private sector (senders and recipients of goods and transportation operators) and the public sector (city managers and officials). From the perspective of the private sector, traffic considerations have the least importance compared to other criteria, while traffic management is the most important criterion from the perspective of the public sector. This disagreement has also been observable in choosing the best solution.
