Geomorphology
Masomeh Rajabi; Shahram Roustaie; sara mataee
Abstract
Land subsidence as a geological and geomorphological disaster has serious negative effects in many countries and regions of the world. In this research, it was tried to use 5 images of Sentinel 1 satellite for the period of 27/02/2017 to 01/01/2021 in order to measure and calculate the land subsidence. ...
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Land subsidence as a geological and geomorphological disaster has serious negative effects in many countries and regions of the world. In this research, it was tried to use 5 images of Sentinel 1 satellite for the period of 27/02/2017 to 01/01/2021 in order to measure and calculate the land subsidence. For this purpose, the land subsidence was investigated in four time periods, and the results of these four periods show the maximum amount of subsidence in the first period of 17 cm, in the second period of 8 cm, in the third period of 5 cm, and in The last period was 12 cm. In terms of the spatial distribution of subsidence in all periods, the maximum subsidence corresponds to the western and northwestern parts of the plain. In order to measure the land subsidence potential in the Kermanshah plain, a possible subsidence map was prepared using a hierarchical analysis model. In order to do this, eight factors affecting land subsidence were used, including water level drop, land use, well density, land slope, well geological log, slope direction, soil geology, distance from the river. The final map of the risk of land subsidence shows that 50% of the area of the plain is in the area with a very high and high probability of subsidence, with the highest level of water level drop and the thickness of sediments , the high density of the number of wells and the type of agricultural use that in It is located in the western and northwestern part of the plain. Due to the fact that this part of the plain is also in the maximum range of land subsidence. Therefore, the comparison of the maximum subsidence in both mentioned methods shows the complete matching of the results.
Geomorphology
Fariba Karami; majid ranjbari
Abstract
The rivers are the most important supplies of fresh and agricultural water in the cities and villages. The importance of chemical quality of waters is becoming increasingly important due to the increase and diversity of Anthropogenic activities in the urban and rural environments. Therefore, the current ...
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The rivers are the most important supplies of fresh and agricultural water in the cities and villages. The importance of chemical quality of waters is becoming increasingly important due to the increase and diversity of Anthropogenic activities in the urban and rural environments. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the trend of land use changes and the chemical quality of surface water in a period of twenty years in the Qaranquchai River in Hashtrud Ccounty. The Qaranquchai is one of the sub-basins of Qezel Ozen River in the northwest of the country. In this research, Land use maps for the years 2021 and 2001 were prepared and drawn using Sentinel 2 and Landsat 7 satellite images, and were examined their changes. The chemical quality data of surface water in the hydrometric stations of the Qaranquchai basin, including Mg, Ca, EC, TDS, Cl, HCO, SO4, K and Na were obtained from the Regional Water Organization of East Azarbaijan province from 2000 to 2020. Then, their changes over 20 years were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test. The results of the analysis of land use changes showed that in 2001, the largest area of land use was pasture, while in 2021, rainfed land had the largest area in the Qaranquchai basin. In fact, during the studied years, with the increase of rainfed agricultural land from 38% to 53.1%, pasture land decreased from 60.17% to 42.3%. The results of the investigation of the changes of the chemical quality indicators of the water in the hydrometric stations in the Qarangochai river in the studied time period, showed that the trend of changes was increasing. The result of the increasing process of each of the anions and cations in the river water has caused its quality to decrease.
Geotourism
Fariba Karami; masomeh Rajabi; Fateme Rangraz Forog
Abstract
Hot springs are included in health tourism as a natural resource. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the Geotourism capabilities of the hot springs on the northern slopes of the Bezgosh mountain range with the approach of developing health tourism using the GAM geosite evaluation method (based ...
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Hot springs are included in health tourism as a natural resource. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the Geotourism capabilities of the hot springs on the northern slopes of the Bezgosh mountain range with the approach of developing health tourism using the GAM geosite evaluation method (based on the opinion of experts) and the M-GAM method (based on the opinion of visitors). The current reaserch is both descriotive and analytical in terms of purpose.6 Hot springs were identified through the opinions of experts from the regional water resources department of East Azerbaijan province, according to the results. The results of the GAM method showed that the hot springs of Esboroshan and Allah Haq have the highest points, and the springs of Jaldeh Bakhan and Narmiq have the lowest points in terms of health tourism. The analysis of the location of the springs based on the GAM matrix showed that the main value has a lower score compared to the acquired value, which is due to the low score of the scientific/educational value compared to the conservation and beauty/viewing values. The investigation of the springs with the M-GAM method showed that the hot springs of Esbforoshan and Allah hagh have the highest rating, the main reason for this is due to the higher beauty/scenery and protection features that are considered more by the visitors. The GAM matrix shows that the springs are located in three zones Z33, Z32 and Z21 and based on the M-GAM matrix they are in the zones Z22, Z21 and Z11. The reason for changing the location of the springs is the zoning of the M-GAM matrix due to the application of the important factor (high impact of tourists' opinion on the final result).
Geomorphology
Nayer Teymuorzadeh; Majid Dadashi Rostami Sales
Abstract
Urban development is one of the important issues raised in the field of planning, and in the world it means improving productivity and better use of land and space, and it is influenced by factors including natural factors, such that the development of cities with natural bedrock and geomorphological ...
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Urban development is one of the important issues raised in the field of planning, and in the world it means improving productivity and better use of land and space, and it is influenced by factors including natural factors, such that the development of cities with natural bedrock and geomorphological effects is facingDue to the increase in population and the need to use the land around us, it is necessary to make intelligent planning in the field of sustainable urban development in terms of geomorphological phenomena and hazards. The existence of geomorphic hazards and the dynamics of the natural environment sometimes make it difficult to evaluate all factors at the same time in order to determine the appropriate location, so the use of efficient methods is one of the planning measures for urban development.The purpose of this research is to locate the physical development of Sufian city based on geomorphic factors using the AHP-Fuzzy model. To do this, the desired layers, elevation classes, slope, slope direction, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the waterway, drainage network , land use, distance from the road was prepared.Then weighting was done in Expert choice software. Criteria of distance from fault with coefficient (0.218), distance from waterway (0.191), land use (0.155), distance from road (0.130), drainage network (0.102), slope (0.075) ), lithology (0.063), elevation classes (0.055), slope direction (0.011) are respectively the most important influencing factors in the physical development of Sufian city.By combining the results of AHP-Fuzzy and GIS, the studied area is divided into 5 unsuitable floors with an area of 15/90, relatively unsuitable 16/18, relatively suitable 16/59, suitable 16/53, very suitable 67 / 31 square kilometers were prioritized, the northern and eastern parts are in unsuitable areas and the central and southern parts are in very suitable areas.
Geomorphology
Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghaddam; Masoumeh Rajabi; Masumeh Mousavi
Abstract
r optimal land use, it is necessary to be aware of land use changes and the type of land use; this is possible by assessing and predicting land use changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of land use change over a period of 18 years (2000-2000) and predict it using the Markov chain ...
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r optimal land use, it is necessary to be aware of land use changes and the type of land use; this is possible by assessing and predicting land use changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of land use change over a period of 18 years (2000-2000) and predict it using the Markov chain model for 2025, 2050 in the Yellow River Basin of Baghmalek city in Khuzestan province. To achieve this goal, first corrections (geometric, radiometric and atmospheric) and necessary processing were performed on Landsat satellite images of 2000, 2006, 2012, 2018; Then, land use maps for four time periods were classified into five classes: green space and gardens, barren lands, agricultural lands, water levels (sedgereh) and man-made residential areas. These changes were addressed using the Markov chain model for 2025, 2050. After making the necessary corrections on the Landsat images, the land use estimate showed that the highest percentage of the study area is barren lands and arable lands. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient for 2000, 2006 and 2018 are above 0.80 and 0.92. .. The results of revealing the changes between the period 2000 to 2018 showed that barren lands with a rate of 823.51, green space and gardens with a decrease of 157.85 hectares. In contrast to the built-up areas of 439.59 hectares, 1356.56 hectares of arable lands and 404.94 hectares of water levels have been facing an increasing trend. Also, the results of the forecast using the CA-Markov model of land changes in the region for 2025 and 2050 showed that if the speed of land use change is the same as in previous years, in 2025 the use of built-up areas will be 1089.54, hectares of arable land. To 1154/52 hectares and surface water use will increase to 666/54; Landscaping and orchards will be reduced to 42/2012, barren land land use to 59,85279 hectares and in 2050 landscaping and orchards land use to be reduced to 192.62 hectares, barren land land use to be reduced to 8438.69 hectares, arable land land use Increase to 1243.73 hectares and surface water use increase to 8959.59 hectares of built-up areas to 1671/98 hectares. By examining land use change, valuable information can be obtained about man-made changes and natural factors. On the other hand, the prediction map derived from the Markov chain model is very important to provide an overview for better management of natural resources.
Geomorphology
Masoumeh Rajabi; Shahram Roustaie; Seyed Mohammad Reza Javadi
Abstract
IntroductionLand subsidence is commonly referred to as vertical downward movements of the earth's surface that can be accompanied by a slight horizontal vector. Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors that ...
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IntroductionLand subsidence is commonly referred to as vertical downward movements of the earth's surface that can be accompanied by a slight horizontal vector. Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors that may become a threat to humans and human achievements. The phenomenon of subsidence, although imperceptible and gradual, but is associated with many risks, including the creation of potholes, failure and cracking of buildings, skewing of high facilities, damage to agricultural facilities, breakage and destruction of stairs Roads and network of urban thoroughfares. Therefore, this issue affects the urban areas more, which if not addressed can lead to many human and financial losses. Accordingly, monitoring the rate of land subsidence in order to reduce the negative effects as well as controlling its development process, will be very important and it is necessary to regularly estimate the area subsidence trend. Due to the importance of the issue, in recent years, various studies have been conducted in the field of subsidence and advances in the field of remote sensing have led to monitoring the phenomenon of subsidence, unlike in the past, with greater accuracy and speed. One of the methods that has received a lot of attention in recent years is the radar interference method, which has high accuracy and speed in processing information and monitoring land surface changes, so in this study, this method is used to monitor the situation. Subsidence of cities located in Hamedan-Bahar plain has been used.Materials and methodsIn this study, in accordance with the intended objectives of Sentinel 1 radar images (73 radar images during the period 16/01/2015 to 14/01/20120), the information of piezometric wells in the region (related to the Water and Regional Organization of Hamadan Province ) And the 30 m SRTM digital elevation model have been used as research data. Important research tools also include GMT (for radar interference measurement and SBAS time series) and ARCGIS (for mapping). This research has been done in 2 general stages. In the first stage, the amount of subsidence in the area is assessed using radar images. In order to perform this step, radar interferometry and SBAS time series method have been used. In the second stage, the annual drop in groundwater in the region is evaluated. At this stage, in order to assess the annual drop in groundwater in the region, information about 25 piezometric wells located in the study area in the period of 1375 to 1395 has been used.Discussion and resultsThe study of subsidence results in the study cities indicates that the average annual subsidence in the urban area of Hamedan was about 23 mm, the highest amount of which was related to the western regions of the city. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Bahar was about 9 mm, the highest rate of subsidence was in the southern areas of the urban area. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Salehabad with 6 mm was lower than other cities, but the average annual subsidence of Lalejin with 47 mm was the highest among cities. Also, in this research, information related to 25 piezometric wells (statistical periods of wells related to the years 1375 to 1695) located in the study area has been used. Examination of the level of water level drop in the studied wells indicates that these wells have faced a lot of water level drop, so the average annual drop of wells is calculated between 100 to 2070 mm. The study of the spatial status of groundwater depletion indicates that the middle areas of the study area have the highest average annual groundwater level depletion.ConclusionThe results obtained from the assessment of subsidence in the studied urban areas indicate that the highest amount of subsidence occurred in the urban area of Lalejin, so that this area during a period of 5 years (01/16/2015 to 01/14 /2020) had a subsidence between 26 and 234 mm (average annual 47 mm). In this study, the situation of groundwater resources decline has also been evaluated. The results show that the average annual drop of wells in the region is between 100 to 2070 mm, which is the highest rate of decline in the middle areas of the study area, and given that in this region, the highest rate of subsidence also occurred. Given that there is a significant relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level decline (correlation 0.7). In fact, a study of the subsidence of cities in relation to the decline of groundwater resources indicates that the city of Lalejin, due to its location in the middle of the area and the high annual rate of groundwater decline, had the highest rate of subsidence. Also, the results of evaluations have shown that in addition to the decrease of groundwater resources, constructions have also played a role in increasing the rate of subsidence, so that the city of Hamedan has faced less groundwater loss than the city of Bahar, but it had more subsidence. Considering that the highest rate of subsidence occurred in the western, southern and eastern regions of Hamedan urban area and these areas have faced a lot of physical development in recent years, so it can be said that in addition to water loss Underground, the development of construction has also played an important role in the rate of subsidence in this city.
Geomorphology
Masoumeh Rajabi; Shahram Roostaei; Mohsen Barzkar
Abstract
IntroductionThe concept of morphometry involves the measurement and numerical analysis of land surface, shape, dimensions and form of land. In relation to flooding, watershed morphometry includes quantitative indicators describing watershed physical characteristics that control the pattern and quantitative ...
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IntroductionThe concept of morphometry involves the measurement and numerical analysis of land surface, shape, dimensions and form of land. In relation to flooding, watershed morphometry includes quantitative indicators describing watershed physical characteristics that control the pattern and quantitative characteristics of floods such as amount, time of occurrence, delay time, and flow hydrograph. Unusual development of cities due to population growth and consequent land use change has caused disruption of hydrological balance and increased flooding of basins. The purpose of this study was to prioritize the sub-catchments of Zab River based on a novel combination of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation and zoning of flood potential under sub-catchments.Data and Methodto disregard for human and social sub-basins, which has a great impact on the hydrological processes of the catchment. Based on the validation results, the Shinabad and Sufian basins have the highest priority, and the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation have considered them the highest priority for managers' attention.The elongation ratio helps to understand the hydrological characteristics of the drainage basin and ranges from 1 for circular basins to 0 for extended basins and its high values indicate the shape of the basin circle, high peak discharge and high flood potential. Is. The values of tensile strength in all sub basins are more than 0.5 and indicate high potential for flooding. Straller (1964) considers the circle ratio a quantitative measure for visualizing the shape of the basin. High values of this parameter indicate circular shape, high to medium ruggedness and low permeability in the basin, which causes peak discharge in less time. The ratio of the circular ratios under the Lavin Tea Basins is 0.17, Copar 0.19, and Zab Small 0.27, indicating relatively low flooding potential in this parameter. The amount of this parameter is 0.35 under Shinabad basin and 0.31 under Sufian basin which indicates their higher flood potential in this parameter (Table 7). The branching ratio is an important parameter affecting peak runoff hydrograph discharge with high values indicating high instantaneous discharge and flood event. The mountainous and steep areas have a split ratio of 3 to 4. Branching ratio values indicate low flooding potential except for Shinabad basin which shows this ratio of 6.19 and this ratio indicates high flood potential Results and DiscussionSince hydrological units are based on morphometric parameters to prioritize flood mapping, firstly, using channel networks and elevation curves, topographic maps of 1: 50000 and digital elevation data are analyzed. The boundaries of the hydrological units became. Then, because the catchment morphological parameters have different effects on soil erosion processes and runoff formation, prioritization of the sub-basins was done in a new way based on the difference of morphological parameters and statistical correlation analysis between them. Morphometric parameters were calculated for all sub-basins in GIS software. Then, statistical correlation of morphometric parameters was performed based on the t-Kendall method using SPSS software. Based on the correlation matrix we can analyze the relationship between the parameters and define the relative weight for each parameter without All twelve variables including circular elongation ratio, branching ratio, flow frequency, drainage density, drainage texture, compaction index, shape factor, mean slope, roughness ratio, roughness, and roughness number for all sub-basins are calculated in Table 2. The Kendall correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between Validation results showed that the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation did not perform well in prioritizing all sub-basins, but this method was accurate in identifying the most priority sub-basins (most acute conditions). The reason for this may be due to the lower performance of morphometric analysis and the characterization of waterways in low-slope catchments. Also, the precise reason for not estimating the priority of some sub-basins is due.ConclusionThe selected twelve parameters are directly related to runoff and flood potential. Therefore, high values of parameters have a direct relationship with runoff and flood potential due to their greater impact on the selected twelve parameters. Indicator (Cv) values for each sub-basin are obtained from averaging of 12 indices and accordingly sub-basins of Shinabad and Sufis with high flood potential, sub-basin with small potential and sub-basin zab basin. Copar and Lavin Tea have physiographic and morphometric characteristics of the sub-catchments have a great influence on flooding and hydrological behavior, it is possible to study the status and potential of flooding below the catchments. In this research, in order to potential of flooding, firstly, Zab sub-basins were prioritized based on the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation. Based on this method, the results showed that the Shin abad and Sufi basins are the top priority for the implementation of management measures to ensure.
Geomorphology
Mousa Abedini; biuk fathalizadeh; Masomeh Rajabi
Abstract
Introduction
When a natural process threatens human life or property, it is called natural hazard. Disasters’ statistics have shown that their effects are, considerably, increasing all over the world. Most of such disasters originate from geomorphological events. In fact, natural disasters have ...
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Introduction
When a natural process threatens human life or property, it is called natural hazard. Disasters’ statistics have shown that their effects are, considerably, increasing all over the world. Most of such disasters originate from geomorphological events. In fact, natural disasters have been a global concern and most of them have mainly been geomorphological. Hence, developing countries, in particular, are deeply influenced by such disasters. One way of decreasing damages caused by natural disasters is identification of disaster-prone areas and prevention of their development in such areas relying on land use planning. In this research, geomorphological hazards of flood, landslide and neotectonics were investigated in Zonouzchay catchment. The catchment in an area of 323 square km has been located in political-administrative zone of Marand county.
Methodology
The aim of the present study is to evaluate geomorphological hazards in Zonouzchay catchment through preparing zoning maps of flood, landslide and neotectonics hazards. Digital evaluation model images of height (DEM), geological maps and sentinel satellite images are the most important data used in the present study. For preparation of flood and landslide hazards’ map in Zonouzchay catchment, ten variables and effective parameters on flooding and flood spreading were combined in GIS environment. These variables are considered for zoning flooding hazard factors such as height, slope, convexity of the land surface, valley depth, lithological units, drainage density, distance from the main streams, height of the runoff, use and vegetation. For zoning landslide occurrence risk, the above mentioned variables (except for stream height, drainage density and valley depth) were used along with the three variables of distance from fault, slope direction and rainfall. ANP model in GIS was used in order to combine effective variables on flooding risk and landslide in Zonouzchay catchment. Moreover, zoning relative neotecnic activities for the underlying area was conducted by using relative tectonic activity index (Al Hamdouni, et al, 2008). Relative tectonics activity index (Iat) is developed by combination of other indexes. The index classifies the perspectives in four classes of relative tectonic activities:
Class 1: too high tectonic activities with values 1 < S/n < 1.5
Class 2: high tectonic activities with values 1.5 < S/n < 2
Class 3: medium tectonic activities with values 2 < S/n < 2
Class 4: low tectonic activities with values S/n < 2.5
Results and Discussion
Zoning Relative Tectonic Activity
Results of Iat index-basedzoning indicate that neotectonic activities in Zonouzchay catchment are, generally, medium to relatively weak. Field observations also indicate that erosive processes (in spite of resistant formations) are predominate in the study area. Lack or rare dispersion of neotectonic landforms, retreat and destruction of mountain fronts and widening of the valleys are among the reasons, which show relative weakness of the active tectonic in Zonouzchay catchment. The main part of the morpho-tectonic landforms of the catchment is in line with Zonouz-Harzand fault. For most of the sub-catchments Iat values are in classes 3,4, which shows average to weak status of the relative active tectonic in the catchment.
Zoning Flood Event Risk
ANP model-based results indicate that from among the employed variables, slope, distance from river and land surface convexity are, relatively, the most important variables with coefficients 0.23, 0.19 and 0.16. Findings of the study indicate that about 4% of Zonouzchay catchment area is in too high risk class, 7.4% in high risk class, 8.3% in medium risk, 21.7% in too low risk class and 58.6% is in too low risk class. Almost all upstream parts of the study catchment are in low risk to high risk classes. In the middle parts of the study catchment, flood zones are mostly bounded to two main valleys of the catchment. Width of the valleys has increased in different periods and, consequently, flood plains have been formed in the basin of such valleys. Some parts of Miyab and New Harzand villages have been located in this geomorphologic position. In the downstream parts of the catchment, width of Zonouzchay has increased considerably and also the two main streams of the study catchment join each other in this part. Presence of low slope lands, low relative height, adjacency to the main rivers, lower values of convexity index, higher density of drainage and the valley depth are considered as the most important effective factors of this part of the catchment in terms of flood event.
Landslide Risk Zoning
According to the results of ANP model, the three variables of slope with coefficient of 0.24, lithology with coefficient of 0.22 and rainfall with coefficient of 0.16 have the key influence on landslide occurrence in the study area. Hence, about 16.6 % of the catchment area is in too low risk class, about 38.1% is in low risk class, about 23% is in medium risk class, 15.8% is in high risk class and finally 6.5% is in too high risk class. Spatial distribution of the risk classes indicates concentration of high risk and too high risk classes in the middle arts of the study catchment. This can be related to various factors. Maybe, the most important reason is related to presence of geological formations prone to landslide and appropriate slopes for occurrence of such geomorphological process. In fact, in the middle parts of the study area dominance of slope 10%-40% , presence of high alluvial terraces , also occurrence of Marens , conglomerate formulations with Maren interlayers and dispersion of Flysch type have provided appropriate conditions for landslide.
Conclusion
Results of geomorphological indexes indicate that considerable part of anomalies of this index are originated from lithological differences of the area. Moreover, active tectonic zoning of the area shows relative weakness of neotectonic processes and movement of the area’s faults along with dominance of erosive processes. Regarding flood occurrence risk, results of ANP model indicated that the variables of slope, distance from river and convexity of the land surface have higher importance in flooding. From flooding occurrence perspective, about 4% of Zonouzchay catchment is in too high risk class and 7.4% is in high risk class. The dangerous zones are accordant to valleys’ bed of the two main streams of the catchment and hence, some parts of the residents in these valleys are exposed to destructive floods. Finally, based on results of ANP model results, three variables of slope, lithology and rainfall have higher importance in probability of landslide occurrence in the study area. About 16% of Zonouzchay catchment is in high risk class, and 7% of it is in too high risk class of landslide. Landslide occurrence in the middle parts of the catchment is highly expected due to a set of conditions such as vulnerable slope and geological formations.
Geomorphology
Masoumeh Rajabi; shahram roostaei; Mohsen Barzkar
Abstract
Introduction Rivers are one of the best geomorphic landscapes in which the connection between the system of forces and the forms of unevenness can be clearly understood (Chorley et al., 2000: 163). Various sites, especially sedimentology, are important. Zab River is one of the most water-rich rivers ...
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Introduction Rivers are one of the best geomorphic landscapes in which the connection between the system of forces and the forms of unevenness can be clearly understood (Chorley et al., 2000: 163). Various sites, especially sedimentology, are important. Zab River is one of the most water-rich rivers in the country, which due to the high discharge, causes a lot of damage annually due to floods on agricultural lands located in the river. This river, by changing its course in the bed and creating erosion along the bed, exposes the lands around the bed to destruction, and considering that the farmers of the region use the river water for agriculture, it is of great economic importance for them.Therefore, it is necessary to classify and determine the boundaries of the riverbed and thus understand the existing processes and morphological knowledge of it. Therefore, it is necessary to classify and determine the boundaries of the riverbed and, as a result, to understand the existing processes and its morphological knowledge. Data and Method River classification according to Rosegan method: Rosegan classification is divided into four levels: In this research, for the morphological classification of Zab river, first by scrolling along the study area, an almost uniform set of geomorphic units is identified. Then, using GPS in three paths upstream, middle and downstream of the study area were segmented. After intercepting the river route and then entering the required data into the WMS9.1 and HEC-RAS software environment and executing the hydrological model, the geometric properties of 24 transverse sections of the total sections in all intervals The studied route was extracted and all the parameters required for classification and geometry of the duct in those intervals were calculated. To determine the overflow discharge of the intervals, the discharge with different return periods obtained from the relationship between Fuller and smada software with The prepared sections were given to HEC-RAS software and then based on one of the methods to determine the full cross section (level at which the ratio of width to depth to depth in an orthogonal device is minimized) the overflow flow is determined Took. Accordingly, in each cross section of the curve, the ratio of width to depth of flow versus depth for each section was plotted and the minimum point on the curve was selected as the discharge of the full section. After determining this discharge in each transverse section, using frequency analysis, the full section discharge has been determined for the whole river. Finally, by introducing flow characteristics, geometric characteristics and manning coefficient of each section in HEC-RAS software, flow simulation was performed and data related to cross-sections and water surface profiles including width to depth ratio, indentation index Bed, cross-sectional area in overflow, overflow width, maximum depth, flood plain width and water level slope, etc. were calculated. The implementation steps of the HEC-RAS model are shown in Figure 2. Results and Discussion According to field and laboratory studies, Zab River is in the alluvial group in terms of classification based on the type of bed sediments (rocky and alluvial). In summer, due to dehydration, fine-grained sediments are placed on coarse-grained sediments, as a result of which sand particles get stuck between the sand particles and cause the bed to solidify. These sediments are sandy but in winter Due to the flood, fine particles are displaced along with the flood and large particles remain at the bottom of the bed, so the type of sediments on the bottom of the Zab River are sandy. To obtain the average size of duct material, 15 samples were taken along the river at different distances and granulated in the laboratory. Due to the fact that the intervals 4 in the upstream and 11 in the middle part of the studied route have a mixed bed of irregular rapids or erosion basins and the bed (profile) and sides are relatively stable and have a limited sediment transport system with type B Roses are compatible. Also, moderate roughness and narrow valleys with a gradual slope are other reasons for confirming this claim. Intervals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 upstream, 10, 12, 13, 14 in the middle and 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 downstream of the studied route with respect to stability They and their sediment load and limited transport are Type C compliant. The predominant morphological feature of these areas is wide valleys with alluvial terraces associated with the flood plain, which are again the characteristics of this type. Section 18 is located in the downstream part of the studied route in type D, which is witnessed by the following reasons. The river is arterial in this area and rock fragments are rarely seen in the bed. The ducts also have erodible edges and high suction load. The morphological appearance of most areas has this type of wide valleys with alluvial and clovial cones. Interval 12 is located in the middle part of the studied route in type E. Here the ducts show significant sinusitis and the ratio of width to depth is low. The river is stable in this area and one of the reasons is the development in the floodplain with dense grass cover on the vertical shore of the duct. The predominant morphological feature of this section is the type of wide valleys with grasslands. Conclusion The characteristics of these intervals indicate their conformity with the Rosgen model. High instability of the riverbed in the range of intervals of types C and D is a threat to agricultural lands and surrounding structures. The results of evaluating the stability conditions of the intervals of the study area in the third level of Rozgan showed that in the upstream path of the study area, the intervals of 2, 5, and 8 intervals have more stable conditions at a good level than other intervals. Flow conditions in the intervals 1, 3, 6, 7 are at the intermediate level and in the interval 4 are at the weak level, which have more unstable conditions. In the intermediate path, the range 11 is better and more stable, and the 10, 12, 13, and 15 ranges are at the intermediate level, which is less stable. In the downstream direction, the studied areas are intervals 19, 21 and 22 at a good level and with more stable conditions, intervals 18, 20, 23 and 24 at a medium level and range 17 at a weak level and instability conditions. The results of Zab River evaluation based on Rozgan classification system at levels two and three showed that the canal patterns in Zab River and consequently the effective parameters in classifying and separating the canals are consistent with Rozgan system. However, there are differences in the values and parameters that are due to specific conditions of local influencing factors. However, the Rozgan system is responsible for the morphological knowledge of the Zab River and similar fluvial systems. کرد. Therefore, this model has the ability to quantitatively predict the geomorphism of the Zab River and rivers with similar conditions.
Geomorphology
somayeh karimi; Masoumeh Rajabi; Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghaddam
Abstract
Introduction Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind - when the soil particles are detached and is one of the main forms of soil destruction around the world which restricts sustainable development of the earth resources by creating negative environmental effects (Marques et al, 2018). ...
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Introduction Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind - when the soil particles are detached and is one of the main forms of soil destruction around the world which restricts sustainable development of the earth resources by creating negative environmental effects (Marques et al, 2018). Every year more than 75 billion tons of soil is eroded from the earth's surface which is amounted to 134 tons per square kilometer (Sobhani, 2002,18). In Iran too nearly 2 billion tons of valuable soils are lost annually and damages resulted from soil erosion is amounted to 56 billion dollar (Gholami, 2002,20). Karst areas have their special conditions due to their special hydrological and geomorphological conditions. Alvand basin is a distinguished karset basin in the west of Kermanshah province and the problem of soil erosion has existed in this basin for long time and exerted destructive effects on the environment. It is feared that by continuing current trend and its intensification due to human activities and destruction of oak forests, this basin faces with stone desertification in addition to disturbance in karst water resources and hydraulic constructions of the basin face with problems resulted from sediment. Meanwhile no study has been conducted in the Alvand basin surface to assess soil erosion by taking in to account karst condition, then conducting this research is essential and necessary. The goal of this study is to evaluate and zone soil erosion by taking karst geomorphological condition in Alvan basin in to account. Methods and materials Library, descriptive-analytical, field methods as well as SMLRK model were used. Above model includes influential internal parameters (infiltration, erodibility and morphology) and external parameters (land use and rainfall erosivity). In this study above model is conducted in two modes with and without involvement of infiltration parameters. For verification of the maps error matrix of two maps were calculated. Research data includes Landsat satellite image, 10 meters DEM, geological and pedological map and rainfall data from climate stations of the region. Results and Discussion In the zoning map obtained from equation (5) infiltration parameter which covers karst aspects has been neglected (Fig.7). Classes with low and very low erosion constitute 44.68% of the basin area, class with moderate erosion 21.9% of the basin area and classes with high and very high erosion 33.4% of the Alvan basin area. Totally, nearly 55% of the Alvand basin area is exposed to the risk of moderate to high soil erosion. Low erosion class conforms to plains’ surface and hilly regions of the basin. These regions generally have agricultural and rangeland and semi-dense forests use. Texture of the soil in these regions is heavy with lot of mineral materials and very deep. This karst class morphologically has low sleep and the directions are back to the sun and are less in the realm of the karst regions. Zone with moderate erosion conforms to erosive plains in the west of the basin, hilly regions and low hillsides of the zone’s mountains. The usage of these regions is usually rangeland- forest and includes parts of the karst regions of the basin. From morphological point of view, it has medium slope and soil texture is moderate with mineral materials and moderate depth. Zone with grate erosion exists both in karst and non-karst areas. These regions are usually steep and have rangeland and thin forest use with light soil texture and shallow. Karset regions are located in Sirvan, Ghalaje, Sarkesh, Deh Nooshak, Navakooh and Dalahou heights. Highly erosive zones conforms to rocky and steep regions with thin rangeland use, soil texture is light and very shallow (Fig.7B). Low and very low erosive zones occupied 38.75% , moderate erosive zone 29.86% and high and very highly erosive zones 31.37% of the Alvan basin surface (table. 8). Land use, morphology, geomorphological, rainfall and soil condition in each of these zones is the same as erosive zones of the previous map. Conclusion In SMLRK model unlike most common models, karst geomorphological conditions have been involved in its sub-parameters. In this research final map of the erosion results from this model has been provided in two ways with and without involvement of the infiltration parameters. In the final maps of the soil erosion obtained from two methods, there are five erosive zones. Providing soil final erosive map for the Alvand basin using infiltration parameters causes changes in the surface of the erosive zones and their special distribution. With involvement of the infiltration parameters in modeling soil erosion of the Alvand basin, surface of low and high erosive zones in the map with five factors compared to the soil erosion maps with four factor has decreased and surface of the very low, moderate and very high erosive zone has increased 2.04%, 7.96% and 5.98% respectively. In order to evaluate exactitude of the obtained maps their error matrix and similarity degree were calculated (Table 9). Accordingly, two maps and their classes were compared based on pixel and total sum of table diagonal is divided to total sum of the tables which expresses similarity degree of two maps. Similarity degree between two maps is 54.85% which reflects the main effect of infiltration parameter in amending result. Indeed, karst developed areas in east and north heights of the basin with involvement of infiltration parameter are located in highly erosive zone. Therefore, karst zoning results obtained from involvement of the infiltration parameter and consequently karst geomorphology have better performance and the results of this mode of model reflects more soil erosion in the area having karst geomorphology.
Geomorphology
Seyyed Asadallah Hejazi; Masoumeh Rajabi; Asma Sharbaf Behtash
Abstract
Introduction Tourism is one of the activities that demand for it is increasing. Tourism as a non-smoking industry, has less destructive environmental impacts but for some, tourism is an important threat to cultural and biological diversity. This idea caused the concept of sustainable tourism development ...
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Introduction Tourism is one of the activities that demand for it is increasing. Tourism as a non-smoking industry, has less destructive environmental impacts but for some, tourism is an important threat to cultural and biological diversity. This idea caused the concept of sustainable tourism development and the forms of alternative tourism to be raised. For this reason, the development of ecotourism as a form of alternative tourism is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable tourism development. Identifying and planning the suitable ecotourism areas as an effective tool and solution can play an essential role in sustainable tourism development. Although Iran has a variety of natural attractions, but it hasn't been able to make good use of this advantage. One of the most suitable ecotourism areas in Iran and East Azerbaijan Province is the Northern Slopes of Bozghoush Mountains. This area has a lot of natural attractions such as high peaks, numerous hot springs and green spaces which can be a destination for hiking, adventure tourism, ski, water therapy and leisure activities. In spite of such attractions, none of these activities is known in the real sense; on the other hand, comprehensive planning has not been done in this area. Although several tourists go to the northern slopes of Bozghoush Mountain in spring and summer but there isn't any suitable infrastructures in this area. This indicates the necessity of investigating in this region and the main thing for encouraging investors is identifying, prioritizing and informing them. Such actions lie in the context of scientific research. So far, several studies has been done on geomorphology and geology of this region but there hasn't been any study to identify suitable ecotourism areas. The present study has aimed to reach this goal. The goal of this study is identifying the ecotourism capabilities of the northern slopes of Bozghoush Mountain using Vikor technique in order to identify the most suitable areas for ecotourism activities. Methodology The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose, it is practical. In order to achieve the research goals, the most important criteria of site selection for mountaineering, hiking and ski was identified by library research and expert survey, and then the weight of each criteria was determined by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In the following, in order to integrate layers in ArcGIS, VIKOR method has been used. To determine the final weight of the criteria, a questionnaire was designed and it has been filled by 30 experts. The experts were familiar with both the AHP method and the features of study area. Five questionnaire were corrupted and 25 of them were valid. The hierarchy structure was formed in the Expert Choice. Then the data obtained from questionnaire which was a pairwise comparison, was added to the software. In the following, in order to integrate layers in ArcGIS, VIKOR method has been used. Finally, by overlaying the maps of mountaineering, hiking and ski, the most suitable areas of ecotourism was determined. Conclusion The northern slopes of Bouzghoush Mountain located in East Azerbaijan Province have high ecotourism potential, which allows tourists to do activities such as mountaineering, hiking and ski. In the present study, in order to site selection and prioritize the ecotourism areas, the activities were divided into three types and evaluated by Vikor technique. Various criteria were selected by literature review and weighted in Expert choice using AHP method. Finally maps of mountaineering, hiking and ski were obtained and by overlaying the maps, the final map of suitable ecotourism areas was achieved. The results show that in terms of suitable site selection of ecotourism, 15.43 percent of area is in very suitable condition, 35.52 percent in suitable condition, 39.91 percent in average condition and 9.14 percent in unsuitable condition. The most suitable area covers the hot springs of Asbforoushan and Allah Hagh, as well as Jelda Bakhan and Ardeha villages. These sites tops the list of priorities for development.
Geomorphology
negin aali; Masoumeh Rajabi; Mir asadolah Hejazi; Shahram Roustaie
Abstract
Introduction Natural parameters are the main and determining factors in the physical development of mountainous cities. One of the mountainous cities of Iran, which has physically developed due to these parameters, is the city of Marivan. Marivan is located in the west of Kurdistan province, near the ...
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Introduction Natural parameters are the main and determining factors in the physical development of mountainous cities. One of the mountainous cities of Iran, which has physically developed due to these parameters, is the city of Marivan. Marivan is located in the west of Kurdistan province, near the western borders of the country, at a distance of 16 km from Iraq, between 25 degrees and 21 minutes to 35 degrees and 48 minutes north latitude and 45 degrees and 58 minutes to 46 degrees and 45 minutes east longitude. According to the last population and housing census conducted in 2016, it has a population of 151188. The city is located at the starting point of the Marivan-Esfandeghe geological region and is located in the geological-morphological structure of the young Zagros. Therefore, identifying and evaluating the factors influencing the physical development of this city is really important. To do this, the characteristics of elevation, slope and direction of slope, fault, focal points of earthquake occurrence, main and secondary waterways have been used.With regard to its location in northwestern Iran after the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, the study city has experienced significant physical growth and development due to its unique and pristine vital and natural location, which led to the development of this city. Regardless of geological constraints. At present, the city has the potential to benefit from high potentials in the fields of natural and cultural tourism, including (Zarivar Natural Lake, Bashmakh Regional Area, and Border Market, Bilo Plain, Garan Dam, Oramanat and Bazaar for supplying foreign supplies and products. It has become one of the dynamic and active economic-tourism hubs in the west of the country and there is a growing growth and development in the city; therefore, it is inevitable to pay attention to geomorphological factors and determine optimal directions for the development of this city. Methodology According to the National Physical Plan of Region 5, the city is in a relatively high risk of earthquakes, and with respect to available and cited maps, there are 7 sub-faults in the northern part of Marivan and 2 main faults in the western part of the city. For this reason, the physical development of the city is subject to certain restrictions. Marivan is also in a relatively high risk of earthquakes in terms of location in relation to natural hazards.It is an applied research and the method of work is descriptive-analytical and also the fuzzy logic model has been used to evaluate and model suitable areas for development so that each layer is fuzzy according to fuzzy membership functions in GIS environment. And then multiplication and addition operations and different values of fuzzy gamma have been performed on these layers. After overlapping and multiplying the fuzzy layers, a zoning map of the appropriate development route of the city was prepared and divided into 5 classes including completely suitable, relatively appropriate, appropriate, inappropriate and completely inappropriate for the physical development of the city.In the study, library methods, documentary and field studies have been used to collect the desired information and data. To evaluate the optimal development of urban lands, slope indicators, slope direction, fault zoning, main and secondary waterways, erosion, earthquake-prone points in and around the area have been used. The fuzzy and hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used. Results and discussion In order to evaluate and weigh the information layers and to determine and score the impact factor of geomorphological indicators affecting urban development while extracting and reviewing the criteria examined in various valid researches and articles, scientific opinions and views of ten experts and specialists were counted and monitored. In order to determine the importance of each of the studied indicators on the location and physical development of Marivan city, the opinions and views of the experts were given based on the superiority of one factor over another and based on expert judgment, scores between 1 and 9 were given. The equivalence of expert scores based on fuzzy method was done by the authors of the article with the help of AHP & FUZZY software.Since 1996, due to the increasing growth and development of the city and the formation of informal settlements, the development of the city has taken place without considering geomorphological considerations, and this has caused the spatial-physical development of Marivan in the northern parts near the existing faults. The development of the city has taken place at relatively high risk. Conclusion Summarizing the research, it has been determined that the southern lands of this city have less proportion to the development of the city due to its proximity to Zarivar Lake and its location along the main and secondary waterways and its proximity to the earthquake centers. And to some extent, the East enjoys a higher level of development.
Geomorphology
Masomeh Rajabei; Davod Mokhtari; mir ebrahim hashemian
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 123-143
Abstract
Alluvial fans are the most obvious Landforms of fluvial geomorphology which react to changes in tectonic as geomorphic phenomena, and they can be used as a tool for identifying of the tectonic aspect of regions. In this research at first, alluvial fans and their drainage basins located in the northern ...
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Alluvial fans are the most obvious Landforms of fluvial geomorphology which react to changes in tectonic as geomorphic phenomena, and they can be used as a tool for identifying of the tectonic aspect of regions. In this research at first, alluvial fans and their drainage basins located in the northern slopes in Bozqush were extracted in terms of morphometric (area, volume, distribution) and physiographic features (length, area, height) and the relative status of regional tectonic activity was evaluated by using 5 Geomorphic Indicators (α, AF, Bs, Hi, SL).The required parameters consisted of (R, S, H and α) and the other parameters were collected through DEM as well as digital geological maps. The Church Giles methods and Stream power model were used for computing the volume of alluvial fans and the uplift rate of watersheds by using ArcGIS, CAD and MATLAB softwares. Then Correlation was established between the results. Results showed that there is no significant relationship between the catchment area (BA) and the Volume of Alluvial Fans (V); in contrast, a significant and direct relationship was observed with a correlation coefficient 78% between the basin uplift rate and volume of fans. In this regard, by providing geological maps and location of the faults and its overlap with watershed and alluvial fans, It was found that the formation of large alluvial fans (Bijand, Elahagh) is consistent with upper two reverse and normal strike-slip fault lines (at the outlet of the basin). According to the results, in the current Morph-climatic conditions, tectonic can be considered as a major factor in increase or decrease of the volume of alluvial fans.
Geomorphology
masumeh Rjabi; ali shiri tarzam
Abstract
Abstract There are more than 50 salt domes with neogene age in the northwest of Iran 48 Domes of which have measurable dimensions. One of the criteria's according with which we can classify Iran north-west salt domes is structural features of salt's appearances in the region. In this article salt ...
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Abstract There are more than 50 salt domes with neogene age in the northwest of Iran 48 Domes of which have measurable dimensions. One of the criteria's according with which we can classify Iran north-west salt domes is structural features of salt's appearances in the region. In this article salt domes in north west of Iran, according to their structural characteristics, have been divided into two groups with mono-clinal structure and anticline structure, at first the scatter diagram, regression line, the kind and amount of correlation between morphometric parameters of each group have been analyzed. Then the parameters of each group have been compared with those of the other group. Examining the salt domes morphometric parameters show that mono-clinal domes in comparison with the anticlinal domes have area, circularity coefficient and height but more stretching and elongation coefficient. Also, mono-clinal domes are located on faults or in a near distance from faults, therefore the mono-clinal domes in comparison with the anticlinal domes, are more influenced by the faults
Masoomeh Rajabi; Abolfazl Soleimani
Volume 17, Issue 45 , November 2013, , Pages 97-120
Abstract
Sabalan Mountain is one of main morphtectonic units of Iran. This unit has extensive area, therefore in this research only southern slopes of Sabalan have been selected. Study area is located between 37° 56´ to 38° 14´ N and 47° 36´ to 48° 00´ E. Selected area ...
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Sabalan Mountain is one of main morphtectonic units of Iran. This unit has extensive area, therefore in this research only southern slopes of Sabalan have been selected. Study area is located between 37° 56´ to 38° 14´ N and 47° 36´ to 48° 00´ E. Selected area from hydrograph is formed of four basins, including Pislarchay, Aghmion, Biokchay and Aghlaghanchay. There are several faults in this area as geomorphic evidences. Main effects of these include linear valley, offset stream, escarpment, shutter ridges, displacement of alluvial fan and hot spring.
Southern slopes of Sabalan Mountain are active in terms of tectonic processes. For investigation of neotectonic characteristic we used several geomorphic indexes such as mountain front sinuosity (Smf), ratio of valley-floor with to valley height (VF), drainage basin shape ratio (BS), asymmetry factor (AF), topographic symmetry factor (T) and latitude ratio. This index was calculated in four basins in separation. According to Smf and VF results, two basins have active conditions and two others are semi active. BS index for all basins presents active tectonic. The results of AF and T confirm the above conclusion. In the end we used Latitade (Lat) ratio. According to this index, three basins are in active condition.
