Geomorphology
Fariba Karami; majid ranjbari
Abstract
The rivers are the most important supplies of fresh and agricultural water in the cities and villages. The importance of chemical quality of waters is becoming increasingly important due to the increase and diversity of Anthropogenic activities in the urban and rural environments. Therefore, the current ...
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The rivers are the most important supplies of fresh and agricultural water in the cities and villages. The importance of chemical quality of waters is becoming increasingly important due to the increase and diversity of Anthropogenic activities in the urban and rural environments. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the trend of land use changes and the chemical quality of surface water in a period of twenty years in the Qaranquchai River in Hashtrud Ccounty. The Qaranquchai is one of the sub-basins of Qezel Ozen River in the northwest of the country. In this research, Land use maps for the years 2021 and 2001 were prepared and drawn using Sentinel 2 and Landsat 7 satellite images, and were examined their changes. The chemical quality data of surface water in the hydrometric stations of the Qaranquchai basin, including Mg, Ca, EC, TDS, Cl, HCO, SO4, K and Na were obtained from the Regional Water Organization of East Azarbaijan province from 2000 to 2020. Then, their changes over 20 years were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test. The results of the analysis of land use changes showed that in 2001, the largest area of land use was pasture, while in 2021, rainfed land had the largest area in the Qaranquchai basin. In fact, during the studied years, with the increase of rainfed agricultural land from 38% to 53.1%, pasture land decreased from 60.17% to 42.3%. The results of the investigation of the changes of the chemical quality indicators of the water in the hydrometric stations in the Qarangochai river in the studied time period, showed that the trend of changes was increasing. The result of the increasing process of each of the anions and cations in the river water has caused its quality to decrease.
Land use Planning
Azra Moshtagheh Mehr; Asadollah Hejazi; Fariba Karami
Abstract
In the present research, the evaluation of land use changes in Mahabad county in a twenty-year period from 2000 to 2020 and the prediction of its possible trends until 2040 have been discussed. In this research, the images of ETM and OLI sensors of Landsat satellite in three years of 2000, 2010 and 2020 ...
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In the present research, the evaluation of land use changes in Mahabad county in a twenty-year period from 2000 to 2020 and the prediction of its possible trends until 2040 have been discussed. In this research, the images of ETM and OLI sensors of Landsat satellite in three years of 2000, 2010 and 2020 and the supervised classification have been used to detect the changes that have occurred. In addition, in order to simulate land use changes, Markov model and cellular automata have been used. Based on our results, the highest trend of increase was related to the built-up lands and the highest trend of decrease was related to the water bodies of the region. In other words, the area of built-up lands increased from 2367.67 hectares to 71006.08 hectares. Besides, the area of water bodies has reached from 9266.63 hectares to 1164.28 hectares, respectively. In addition, based on the results of the Markov model, it is expected that the trend of land use changes will decrease the area of agricultural lands by 1473.1 hectares, orchards and forests by 810.11 hectares, pasture land by 16455.4 hectares and water bodies by 545.69 hectares. On the other hand, these changes will be accompanied by an increase in the area of barren lands by 11831.72 hectares and built-up lands by 7448.42 hectares. Therefore, the possible trend of changes indicates an increase in the level of barren lands and built-up lands and a decrease in other land uses. The results of the present research highlighted the need to pay attention to the challenge of land use change in Mahabad county and can provide a proper understanding of the dimensions, trends and patterns of land use in the region to officials, researchers and local people.
Geotourism
Fariba Karami; masomeh Rajabi; Fateme Rangraz Forog
Abstract
Hot springs are included in health tourism as a natural resource. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the Geotourism capabilities of the hot springs on the northern slopes of the Bezgosh mountain range with the approach of developing health tourism using the GAM geosite evaluation method (based ...
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Hot springs are included in health tourism as a natural resource. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the Geotourism capabilities of the hot springs on the northern slopes of the Bezgosh mountain range with the approach of developing health tourism using the GAM geosite evaluation method (based on the opinion of experts) and the M-GAM method (based on the opinion of visitors). The current reaserch is both descriotive and analytical in terms of purpose.6 Hot springs were identified through the opinions of experts from the regional water resources department of East Azerbaijan province, according to the results. The results of the GAM method showed that the hot springs of Esboroshan and Allah Haq have the highest points, and the springs of Jaldeh Bakhan and Narmiq have the lowest points in terms of health tourism. The analysis of the location of the springs based on the GAM matrix showed that the main value has a lower score compared to the acquired value, which is due to the low score of the scientific/educational value compared to the conservation and beauty/viewing values. The investigation of the springs with the M-GAM method showed that the hot springs of Esbforoshan and Allah hagh have the highest rating, the main reason for this is due to the higher beauty/scenery and protection features that are considered more by the visitors. The GAM matrix shows that the springs are located in three zones Z33, Z32 and Z21 and based on the M-GAM matrix they are in the zones Z22, Z21 and Z11. The reason for changing the location of the springs is the zoning of the M-GAM matrix due to the application of the important factor (high impact of tourists' opinion on the final result).
Geotourism
Parya Tofighi Sardroudi Asl; Fariba Karami; Abolfazl Ghanbari
Abstract
The development of tourism-related apps and websites, the founding of startups in the information technology and tourism industries, the virtual tourism system in cities, and the use of smart tools have all gained prominence in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the ...
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The development of tourism-related apps and websites, the founding of startups in the information technology and tourism industries, the virtual tourism system in cities, and the use of smart tools have all gained prominence in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of using smart phones in tourism in the formation of destination images and travel experiences from the perspective of citizens of Tabriz metropolis. The statistical population is the citizens of Tabriz who use smart phones, and the sample size according to Cochran's formula for the unknown statistical population is 384 people. For data analysis, structural equation and path analysis methods have been implemented with Smart PLS software. The results showed that the use of smart phones in travel has a positive effect on the travel experience of citizens of Tabriz metropolis; the use of smart phones in travel has a positive effect on the destination image of the citizens of Tabriz metropolis; and the use of smart phones in travel with the mediating role of travel experience has a positive effect on the destination image of the citizens of Tabriz metropolis. The results of the present study are useful for managers and policymakers who intend to attract tourists to tourism destinations in the age of information and communication technology using smart phones, continue the life of tourism destinations in the field of global competition, and provide tourist areas.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Fariba Karami; Maryam Bayati khatibi; Narges Rostami Homaiolia
Abstract
Introduction Flood is one of the natural hazards affecting rural areas around the world. International statistics confirm the fact that, during the last two or three decades, natural hazards like flood has occurred many times compared to the past; it has also caused various harmful effects on rural regions. ...
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Introduction Flood is one of the natural hazards affecting rural areas around the world. International statistics confirm the fact that, during the last two or three decades, natural hazards like flood has occurred many times compared to the past; it has also caused various harmful effects on rural regions. Due to having a close relationship with natural environment and a limited capacity to confront environmental threats, the rural societies and the related production activities have been exposed to natural destructive forces more than other societies. Since the East Azerbaijan Province is a submergible province in Iran and regarding the several-year experience obtained from the loss of life and property caused by floods, it seems necessary to change the attitudes from “exclusive focus on vulnerability reduction” to “increased resilience” against natural phenomena such as the occurrence of floods. Moreover, because Tabriz city and the surrounded villages have been exposed to the danger of floods from the past, the objective of the present study was to explore and clarify the rate of resilience of rural areas in the southeastern suburbs of Tabriz metropolis against floods.Data and methodsThe present survey was an applied descriptive-analytic research. Data collection was done using library and field studies and relying on a questionnaire distributed among families and Rurals heads. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by using the opinions of the experts in rural and natural disasters, indicators, and components through the collective wisdom of Delphi method; its reliability value was also calculated by Cronbach’s alpha as 0.86. The population included the settlements of 5 villages in the east and southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city. Out of 8554 households in the population, 370 households were selected as the sample of the study according to the Cochran formula. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine variable normality. Regarding the normality of the research variables, the one sample t-test, regression, and one-way ANOVA were used to explore the rate of resilience dimensions (economic, physical, institutional, social, and ecological) in the intended villages. Furthermore, path analysis was used to explore the impact of the five dimensions of resilience (independent variable) on the resilience rate of rural settlements (dependent variable).Results The results of the one sample t-test indicated that among the indicators (social, economic, institutional, physical, and ecological), the social (average=3.50), economic (average=3.33), physical (average=3.10), institutional (average=2.54), and ecological (average=1.98) indicators have the highest impact on rural houses, respectively. The results of ANOVA showed that regarding resilience rate against floods, there is a statistically significant different among the villages. The resilience rate against floods is higher in Leili Khan Rural (average=1.548); it is lower in Chavan village (average=1.373). Besides, the average resilience of the villages against floods is 14.7, which is lower compared to the theoretical average (15); the significance level was less than 0.000. Thus, the resilience status is lower than average in the studied villages which is not desirable. Exploring the impact of each resilience indicator on the durability of rural settlements by path analysis revealed that economic status (β coefficient=0.405) and ecological indicator (β coefficient=0.181) are of the highest and lowest share in the durability of rural settlements in southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city against floods.ConclusionThe results of the analyses show that among resilience dimensions, the social dimension is of the best status and the ecological dimension is of an unfavorable status. Altogether, among the five dimensions (economic, physical, institutional, social, and ecological), the most important factors affecting the resilience of the villages in southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city were identified. The most important items (factors) in the economic, social, institutional, physical, and ecological dimensions were respectively “dependence on a job”, “villagers’ participation in helping flood victims”, “village heads’ planning and tact”, “age of buildings”, and “geographical properties (topographic status, elevation slope, slope, etc.)”. According to the results, the following recommendations are presented. Interaction should be established in order to increase the economic, social, institutional, physical and ecological dimension so as to increase the resilience of Tabriz County. Plans should be set based on the conditions and deficiencies of each village so that they can endure against accidents and hazards. The residents’ awareness of the impact of cultural influence and social relationships on the reduction of vulnerability should be boosted. Moreover, increasing coordination and obliging the crisis management organizations, improving the institutional and organizational contexts, and creating a mutual relationship between local organizations and rural people to increase satisfaction and institutional resilience, especially in the studied villages, are of great importance.
Land use Planning
Fariba Karami; Abolfazl Ghanbari; davod hasandost Farhani
Abstract
Introduction Passive defense refers to the set of actions that does not require application of war wares and with using it, we can prevent vital installations damage, sensitive military and nonmilitary centers, and human loses and to decrease the extent of damage or to minimize them. Literally, the ...
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Introduction Passive defense refers to the set of actions that does not require application of war wares and with using it, we can prevent vital installations damage, sensitive military and nonmilitary centers, and human loses and to decrease the extent of damage or to minimize them. Literally, the word defense is a combination of two terms in Persian language: “pad” and “afand”. In Persian literature, “pad” is a prefix meaning ant, counter, rear, and pursuit. “Afand” means war, fght, batle, and hostlityPassive defense is one of the basic measures in crisis management. It is possible that the passive defense decreases the losses as far as possible. In general It can be mentioned that passive defense includes a collection of unarmed actions which causes increasing of suppression, decreasing of vulnerability, continuity of vital activities , promotion of national stability and facility of crisis management against the threats and the enemy`s military actions. Passive defense, in addition to reducing damage from human-made hazards, is also used to reduce risks to natural hazards. Therefore, passive defense is not about war and peace but a preparation to deal with various natural disaster and abnormal events. Passive defense plans are developed before crisis, at the tme of peace, and include design for all steps of crisis management. Basic defnitons of passive defense may unwitngly focus one’s atenton on politcal and military defense issues, rather than events and crises caused by natural forces; however, the truth is that, in additon to reducing damage caused by human-made threats, passive defense measures in residential areas are also useful in reducing risks in face of natural hazard. An important issue in passive defense is selection of place. Site selection can be viewed as a Multiple Criteria Decision-Making or Multiple Attributes Decision-Making (MCDM/MADM) problems. The MCDM or MADM is the approach dealing with the ranking and selection of one or more sites from the alternatives. MCDM methods have been developed to assist decision makers in either ranking a known set of alternatives for a problem or making a choice among this set while considering the conflicting criteria. In recent years with the development of passive defense in the world, extensive studies were carried out in this area. In Iran, because of strategic and political importance of the Middle East region and due to its natural location and the confrontation with various types of natural disasters in Iran, studies on passive defense are necessary.The purpose of this research is to locate sites suitable for establishing sensitive and vital centers in Bojnourd Township. North Khorasan Province is one of the border provinces of Iran. Bojnourd township is a provincial capital because of the establishment of management and command centers, bordered by Turkmenistan and located on the international route of sensitive arteries and basic ways of the country. On the other hand, Bojnurd is geologically located in Kopet Dagh Zone. In this zone there are active and important faults. Methods In order to carry out the study, an applied research method and a ombinaton of documentary, descriptve, analytcal and case study methods were used.In this study, the research method is descriptive-analytic, and a FANP compilation model was used. Data was collected based on library studies and documentation reviews and the distribution of the questionnaire among experts .In this research, The natural and human criteria of the research, including the sub criteria of slope, direction of slope, elevation, vegetation, protected areas, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the river, distance from industry, distance from the border, distance from the city, distance from the village, distance from the high power lines and distance from the roads were chosen. The questionnaire data was processed using the Super Decision software, based on the ANP model. Then, the coefficient of significance of each factor was multiplied by Arc GIS software with the desired layer. Ultimately, the fuzzy layers were fuzzy and maps were fused in the software. Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that the most suitable zones are the middle belt, east and south east of Bojnourd township. Unsuitable areas for the establishment of critical sites are located in the north, southwest and around the city of Bojnourd, with passive defense approach. Conclusion Based on the results of this zoning, Bojnourd city management centers such as the governor's office, the Radio and Television Organization, military centers, the main water pumping station, high voltage power plant and support centers such as wheat silos, industrial towns, etc. are not located in a suitable place.
Fariba Karami; Roghayeh Sharifi
Volume 17, Issue 46 , February 2014, , Pages 199-221
Abstract
Maragheh township has located on Southeast of East Azerbaijan province. It has high potential for the rural tourism. The development of rural tourism can reduce migration, increase income, improve substructure and protect environment in study region. This study tries to introduce rural attractives, difficulties ...
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Maragheh township has located on Southeast of East Azerbaijan province. It has high potential for the rural tourism. The development of rural tourism can reduce migration, increase income, improve substructure and protect environment in study region. This study tries to introduce rural attractives, difficulties and challenges of rural tourism on the central portion of Maragheh township by SWOT model. The method of this study is research and analytic based. The results show that strong point of rural tourism in central district of Maragheh township is a natural attraction with weight of1105 (m=4.42). Lack of tourism facilities establishment etc, with weight of 1103 (m=4.41) is weakness point of rural tourism in this region. The protection by the government is the opportunity of tourism and the increase of social crimes is a threat to tourism in this region.
Fariba Karami
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 101-122
Abstract
Sarab Plain is located between SabalanMountain and Bozgoosh chain. This plain has rich groundwater resources, but waters asre saline due to movement toward the center of plain. This study assesses chemical quality of Sarab groundwater, and studies salinity changes of groundwater sources, in a duration ...
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Sarab Plain is located between SabalanMountain and Bozgoosh chain. This plain has rich groundwater resources, but waters asre saline due to movement toward the center of plain. This study assesses chemical quality of Sarab groundwater, and studies salinity changes of groundwater sources, in a duration of a decade (1999-2008). It uses the result of chemical analysis 45 deep and semideep wells in plain including EC, SAR and Cl indexes. It shows the distribution of quality indexes with mapping quality maps. The results of this study show that piedmonts of around plain have low and very low saline groundwaters, and the rate of salinity increases toward center and west of plain. Also, variation of EC index show that the rate of fresh groundwater has declined from June 1999 until June 2008. In this period low salinity of groundwater has inceased to 14.5%
Fariba Karami
Volume 16, Issue 37 , November 2011, , Pages 111-131
Abstract
Tabriz plain has located in east of Urmia lack. In certent decades alternate and continued droughts have occured in the region and Tabriz plain. Contemporary ground watertable has decreased greatly. Therefore it seems there is a significant interaction between meteorological drought and fall of ground ...
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Tabriz plain has located in east of Urmia lack. In certent decades alternate and continued droughts have occured in the region and Tabriz plain. Contemporary ground watertable has decreased greatly. Therefore it seems there is a significant interaction between meteorological drought and fall of ground watertable. The goal of this study is to do research on drought, to find precipitation trend, analyze groundwater hydrograph and the evaluation of meteorological to drought effects in the reduction of ground watertable using SPI index and bivariate regression in Tabriz plain. For this purpose, we used meteorological data (monthly precipitation) of Tabriz plain station for the time period 1351-1383 for determination of drought periods. Monthly data of watertable from observation and piedzometry wells for the 1370-1383 were used for the representation of ground watertable variation, by the use of Arc/GIS, Arc/View, Excel and Surfer. The results show that in recent decades precipitation trend has been negetive. Also ground watertable has decreased and the watertable has fallen around 3.94 m in time period of 1370-1383. Groundwater drought relative to meteorological drought occurs two months later in Tabriz plain
