Urban Planning
Seyyedeh Freya Aghayari; rasoul samadzadeh; mohammadtagi masoomi
Abstract
Many cities are exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes. One of the important goals of urban planning is to reduce the vulnerability and make cities resilient against earthquakes, and the first step to realize this goal is to recognize and assess the vulnerability of Khalkhal city to a possible ...
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Many cities are exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes. One of the important goals of urban planning is to reduce the vulnerability and make cities resilient against earthquakes, and the first step to realize this goal is to recognize and assess the vulnerability of Khalkhal city to a possible earthquake. The main goal of this research is to assess the vulnerability of earthquake hazards with a resilience approach in Khalkhal city.
The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied research in terms of nature. In this research, first through library studies, factors affecting resilience were identified and after preparing the research conceptual model, a questionnaire was designed in order to achieve the desired goal. Determining its statistical sample size was done using the Cochran method and the sampling method was done using the simple random method. To measure resilience, 380 citizens and 15 experts were selected as the sample size of the research among the households living in Khalkhal city. After collecting data and field information, SPSS software was used for data analysis and for drawing maps and zoning in ARCGIS software.
According to the output of SPSS in the form of a GIS map, it can be said that the central part of Khalkhal city is in low resilience and is prone to earthquakes, and many parts of Khalkhal city are in medium resilience and few parts of the city are in The state of resilience is very unfavorable; Also, according to the single-sample parametric test, the results of the research show that in the implementation of urban resilience, social, physical, economic and institutional criteria are ranked first to fourth in the resilience of Khalkhal city, and they have an effective role on the efficiency of urban resilience in this city.
Geotourism
Hossein Azizi; Mohammad Reza Rezaei; Hassan Oroji
Abstract
Tourism becomes the largest and most diverse industry in the world, which, as the main source of income and work, plays an important role in the economic growth of the countries of the world. Accidents and crises play the role of inhibiting the development of the industry. Epidemics are distinguished ...
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Tourism becomes the largest and most diverse industry in the world, which, as the main source of income and work, plays an important role in the economic growth of the countries of the world. Accidents and crises play the role of inhibiting the development of the industry. Epidemics are distinguished from other crises by the fact that they usually leave the local government. Resilience strategy for quick recovery of destinations affected by the crisis has been introduced. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research with the aim of investigating the role of resilience in the epidemic crisis in tourist cities. The present research method is analytical-descriptive in nature and it is a survey type by completing a questionnaire. At first, the path analysis model was used to determine the factors on the tourism resilience of the studied city (Shiraz) during the epidemic crisis. Therefore, according to the number of research criteria, the multiple regression test was implemented, which was directly considered first. The combination of resilience is determined as an independent variable on Shiraz as dependent changes. It is considered indirect in the next steps. In the stages of direct research, all research indicators have a significant effect on the dependent variable and there is a significant linear relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The most direct effect is related to the social-cultural index and the most indirect effect is related to the economic index. In total, the social-cultural index has the highest correlation coefficient among the resilience indices, which indicates the most influential index on the epidemic crisis in Shiraz tourism. The economic index is on the second level. Finally, infrastructure and institutional-organizational indicators are placed in the next ranks with small distances.
Rural Planning
Seyed Hadi Tayebnia; mohamad Azadpour
Abstract
These settlements lose the ability to return to normal in times of crisis. The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and measuring the social resilience of the residents of Chabahar's informal settlements (Kamb, Moradabad, and Ramin) and also the effect of socioeconomic status ...
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These settlements lose the ability to return to normal in times of crisis. The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and measuring the social resilience of the residents of Chabahar's informal settlements (Kamb, Moradabad, and Ramin) and also the effect of socioeconomic status on social resilience. In conducting the research, the descriptive and analytical method was used and in collecting information from the documentary and library method with the approach of a systematic review of related sources, in order to identify the main criteria of social resilience and the conceptual model of social resilience was formulated with the analogical method. Subsequently, the degree of importance of each criterion was evaluated through the distribution of the questionnaire extracted from the components of social resilience in a targeted manner and the analysis of the obtained qualitative and quantitative data. The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula of 381 questionnaires and distributed by simple random sampling method. In this research, data and information analysis have been done through statistical tests including correlation tests, analysis of variance, Wilcoxon test, one sample t-test, and post hoc test. The findings of this research show that in terms of social indicators, the Kamb neighborhood with an average of 3.358, and the Moradabad neighborhood with an average of 3.015 have the highest and lowest social indicators, but in terms of environmental indicators, Moradabad neighborhood with The average of 3.333 and Remin neighborhood with 3.044 have the highest and lowest average of this index. Taking another look at the results, we find that it is the Kamb neighborhood that surpasses the other two neighborhoods in terms of economic and cultural indicators, and the results make it clear that the Kamb neighborhood is more resilient than the other two neighborhoods in Chabahar city.
Rural Planning
Seyed Hadi Tayebnia; Maryam Hoseinzie
Abstract
Throughout history, human societies have continued to face dangers and have always suffered harmful effects. Environmental hazards are occurring not only in terms of number, but also with an increase in diversity and amount of damage, especially in rural areas. Close connection with the environment, ...
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Throughout history, human societies have continued to face dangers and have always suffered harmful effects. Environmental hazards are occurring not only in terms of number, but also with an increase in diversity and amount of damage, especially in rural areas. Close connection with the environment, deprivation, lack of awareness and preparation increases the vulnerability of rural areas. However, some phenomena are inevitable and the only way to deal with them is to manage them. One of the approaches to face environmental risks and crises is resilience. The studied area is exposed to various types of hazards and is in a high vulnerability condition, and it is necessary to measure its resilience. This research is of an applied type and its purpose is to investigate the level of resilience of rural settlements in Sarbaz city. The research method is descriptive, analytical and survey-based. The required data were collected using library studies and field survey at the household level, and the sample size was estimated according to Cochran's formula from the population of 2276 households, equivalent to 329 households, and the questionnaire was completed by simple random sampling method. The results of the research showed that the level of resilience in the social and physical dimension is optimal with an average of 3.45 and 3.23, respectively, in the economic dimension with an average of 3.01, it is in the average level, and in the leadership quarter with an average of 2.85, it is in an unfavorable level.
Urban Planning
jamshid Nagiloo; hasan sattari sarbangoli; Mohammad Reza Pakdelfard; Shabnam Akbari Nam,dar
Abstract
Introduction Socio-economic transformations and its metamorphoses in the some natural, environmental and sociological spheres have reached to complex stage that epistemological reading of it needs to readout of the philosophical and theosophy and literacy tradition on the lived and non-lived ...
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Introduction Socio-economic transformations and its metamorphoses in the some natural, environmental and sociological spheres have reached to complex stage that epistemological reading of it needs to readout of the philosophical and theosophy and literacy tradition on the lived and non-lived experience of communities at the length of history. The most important factor of this situation is the dialectic of change that twin of modernity that firstly it has been revealed in the context of the city. Modernity as the driving force of development has created the city- change foundation. Dialectical signification of change , is firstly the complexity of the situation and then multiple crisis that come down on city in other word disasters are concentrated in cities. Urban resilience paradigm is the provision of urban planning knowledge based on probabilities and growth of complexities. The theory of the resilience over the past four decades was developed to explain the sudden changes in socio- ecological systems. Resilience is the capacity of a system against the internal or external changes. Urban resilience is the multi-dimensional and therefore we consider analyzing of interaction and strength and weakness and threats and opportunity points of various dimensions of city system an by the way finding of minimum, middle and maximum optimum points in this debt. Olazabal and Chelleri have been reached to this conclusion that in order to rising of resilience , cities have to stepwise change about way of life, services, infrastructure, access to labor market and also organizational and commercial types. Because of this in the literature about resilience, terms such as protective factors, adaptive reactions, results and principled mechanisms are understood. resilience Infrastructures of Zanjan city is affected by both it's natural- absolute geography and by it's relative- human geography at the local and national level and scales. Data and Method The logic of the research , of course, is deductive reasoning. For this purpose, first, the basic theory of urban resilience that has been proposed in recent years was considered. Then by explanatory- analytical method, the indicators of this theory have been used for experimental expression in the field of the research. Results and Discussion Finally according to the evaluation of the average values of resilience from the sample areas can be said in fact there is downward trend in the rate of social resilience respectively from the neighborhoods of Karmandan and Sabzehmeydan to the Engelab square to Amirkabir neighborhoods. Descriptive analysis of the socio- cultural dimensions data of the resilience shows that the average resilience rate for all sample household is 97.42. this amount is equal to 152.067 for households of Karmandan, Sabzeh Meydan to Enghelab Square is 141.65 and Amirkabir is 139.72. ConclusionsNatural hazards are not considered as natural destructive phenomena in the first view. They repeatedly occur in the nature. Today the most important hazards include earthquake, flood, storm, tsunamis, drought , landslide, volcano etc. countries around the world considering different management methods to deal with different types of risks in order to be able to implement risk reduction program. Resilience approach in order to strengthen of society capabilities and also reduce their vulnerability, promotes resilience of urban settlements . thus " analyzing and increasing resilience against natural disaster" has become more important and widespread area. So that currently discussed about simultaneous and reciprocal movement of sustainable development and disaster management toward increasing of resilience. Accordingly the analysis and increase of resilience of human and environmental systems against natural disasters in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development has been particular importance.
Geotourism
kiuomars khodapanah
Abstract
IntroductionNowadays, the tourism industry is one of the most significant and diverse industries in the world that was developed rapidly and provided considerable income resources for many governments. Nowadays, the sustainability paradigm emerges as a significant and essential issue and has attracted ...
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IntroductionNowadays, the tourism industry is one of the most significant and diverse industries in the world that was developed rapidly and provided considerable income resources for many governments. Nowadays, the sustainability paradigm emerges as a significant and essential issue and has attracted the attention of the global communities in recent two decades. One of the components considered for reaching a sustainable development is resilience, and nowadays, the experience of the occurred crises and their resulted imposed damages makes the human being realize the need for resilience and making resilient settlement areas. Therefore, the prevailing perspective has changed from mere reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience when facing disasters. On the other hand, the touristic villages are prone to the damages resulting from these developments besides having potential factors in line with the tourism and development due to having tourism potential, and in some cases, due to the low resilience and being tourist-friendly besides the risks caused by the lack of the resilience have affected the villagers’ lives. Thus, due to tourism development, resilience must be considered in tourism villages to reduce the risks caused by the occurrence of the possible damages. Therefore, investigating the resilience of these villages can play a significant role in the development of sustainable tourism in them. Tourism villages of the Ardebil area are one of the tourism villages of the province and have the capability for sustainable tourism development. Thus, investigating the resilience of these villages can play an essential role in the sustainable tourism development within them. According to the abovementioned and the effects of the tourism development on the resilience of the rural regions, the current study was conducted to evaluate and assess the resilience of the target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area and sought to answer the following question: what is the level of the resilience of the target villages for tourism in Ardebil area?Data and Method The current research was descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the research problem and subject. The statistical population of the current study included 11 target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area with a population of 4278. The data collection method to answer the research questions was the library study and the questionnaire. Four aspects, 10 indicators, and 33 items were used to assess resilience. Multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the distributed questionnaires, and the one-sample t-test was used to study the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable and villagers’ opinions on the indicators of resilience. MAIRCA decision-making technique was used to rank the villages. Results and Discussion The one-sample t-test was used to study the resilience status of the target villages four tourism in four aspects. The overall results of the one-sample t-test indicated an average of 2.13 for the resilience status of the villages under study. Given that the observed average of the resilience of the villages was less than 3, which is the medium level of the Likert scale, it can be said that the overall status of the resilience in the villages under study was evaluated as the low level of resilience. According to the obtained results from the one-sample t-test presented in Table 3, the following average values were obtained: 3.42 for the social aspect, 2.31 for the institutional aspect, 22.27 for the physical aspect, and 1.85 for the economic aspect. The significance level of all indicators was lower than the error level of 0.5. However, the t-value was lower than the critical value of 1.96 in the institutional aspect, and the upper limit and lower limit were negative. Furthermore, the average of the social aspect was more than 3, the desirable limit. Therefore, it can be said that the social aspect was at a more desirable status according to the villagers’ opinions. Nevertheless, other aspects are not at a desirable level, which is effective in reducing the resilience of the villages under study according to villagers’ opinions.ConclusionIn general, the findings of this research by investigating the resilience status of the target villages for tourism in the Ardebil area, according to the results of the one-sample t-test, indicate that the overall status of the resilience was not desirable. They also indicate the poor resilience and low tolerance of the tourism villages in dealing with the issues caused by the major presence of the tourists at peak conditions of traveling. The overall results of the one-sample t-test indicated an average of 2.13 for the resilience status of the villages under study. Ranking 11 villages under study based on MAIRDA decision-making technique shows that Alvaresi Village and Aladizgeh Village ranked first and second, respectively, based on the score (Q) and are considered total resilient than other villages of the region and have more resilience against the increase in the needs of the village due to the entrance of the tourists. Atashgah, Golestan, Villa Darreh, Ilanjough, Kalkhvoran-e Viyand, Ghareshiran, and Sardabeh villages have relatively low resilience. Kanzag and Kur Abbaslu villages ranked the last in the rural resilience based on the set of the indicators understudy in the current research and are considered in the class of “lack of resilience”.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Fariba Karami; Maryam Bayati khatibi; Narges Rostami Homaiolia
Abstract
Introduction Flood is one of the natural hazards affecting rural areas around the world. International statistics confirm the fact that, during the last two or three decades, natural hazards like flood has occurred many times compared to the past; it has also caused various harmful effects on rural regions. ...
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Introduction Flood is one of the natural hazards affecting rural areas around the world. International statistics confirm the fact that, during the last two or three decades, natural hazards like flood has occurred many times compared to the past; it has also caused various harmful effects on rural regions. Due to having a close relationship with natural environment and a limited capacity to confront environmental threats, the rural societies and the related production activities have been exposed to natural destructive forces more than other societies. Since the East Azerbaijan Province is a submergible province in Iran and regarding the several-year experience obtained from the loss of life and property caused by floods, it seems necessary to change the attitudes from “exclusive focus on vulnerability reduction” to “increased resilience” against natural phenomena such as the occurrence of floods. Moreover, because Tabriz city and the surrounded villages have been exposed to the danger of floods from the past, the objective of the present study was to explore and clarify the rate of resilience of rural areas in the southeastern suburbs of Tabriz metropolis against floods.Data and methodsThe present survey was an applied descriptive-analytic research. Data collection was done using library and field studies and relying on a questionnaire distributed among families and Rurals heads. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by using the opinions of the experts in rural and natural disasters, indicators, and components through the collective wisdom of Delphi method; its reliability value was also calculated by Cronbach’s alpha as 0.86. The population included the settlements of 5 villages in the east and southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city. Out of 8554 households in the population, 370 households were selected as the sample of the study according to the Cochran formula. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine variable normality. Regarding the normality of the research variables, the one sample t-test, regression, and one-way ANOVA were used to explore the rate of resilience dimensions (economic, physical, institutional, social, and ecological) in the intended villages. Furthermore, path analysis was used to explore the impact of the five dimensions of resilience (independent variable) on the resilience rate of rural settlements (dependent variable).Results The results of the one sample t-test indicated that among the indicators (social, economic, institutional, physical, and ecological), the social (average=3.50), economic (average=3.33), physical (average=3.10), institutional (average=2.54), and ecological (average=1.98) indicators have the highest impact on rural houses, respectively. The results of ANOVA showed that regarding resilience rate against floods, there is a statistically significant different among the villages. The resilience rate against floods is higher in Leili Khan Rural (average=1.548); it is lower in Chavan village (average=1.373). Besides, the average resilience of the villages against floods is 14.7, which is lower compared to the theoretical average (15); the significance level was less than 0.000. Thus, the resilience status is lower than average in the studied villages which is not desirable. Exploring the impact of each resilience indicator on the durability of rural settlements by path analysis revealed that economic status (β coefficient=0.405) and ecological indicator (β coefficient=0.181) are of the highest and lowest share in the durability of rural settlements in southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city against floods.ConclusionThe results of the analyses show that among resilience dimensions, the social dimension is of the best status and the ecological dimension is of an unfavorable status. Altogether, among the five dimensions (economic, physical, institutional, social, and ecological), the most important factors affecting the resilience of the villages in southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city were identified. The most important items (factors) in the economic, social, institutional, physical, and ecological dimensions were respectively “dependence on a job”, “villagers’ participation in helping flood victims”, “village heads’ planning and tact”, “age of buildings”, and “geographical properties (topographic status, elevation slope, slope, etc.)”. According to the results, the following recommendations are presented. Interaction should be established in order to increase the economic, social, institutional, physical and ecological dimension so as to increase the resilience of Tabriz County. Plans should be set based on the conditions and deficiencies of each village so that they can endure against accidents and hazards. The residents’ awareness of the impact of cultural influence and social relationships on the reduction of vulnerability should be boosted. Moreover, increasing coordination and obliging the crisis management organizations, improving the institutional and organizational contexts, and creating a mutual relationship between local organizations and rural people to increase satisfaction and institutional resilience, especially in the studied villages, are of great importance.
Rural Planning
Mahbob Babae; Hamid Jalalian; Hasan Afrakhtehh
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the last two decades, the villages around Lake Urmia have undergone fundamental changes both in terms of agricultural income and population structure due to the decrease in the water level of the lake and the limitation of agricultural water abstraction. The aim of this study was to ...
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IntroductionDuring the last two decades, the villages around Lake Urmia have undergone fundamental changes both in terms of agricultural income and population structure due to the decrease in the water level of the lake and the limitation of agricultural water abstraction. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the resilience of rural livelihoods in the region.Data and MethodThis research is an applied one in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical based on method. The statistical population of the study is 2101 households in the villages around Lake Urmia within the Urmia County. The sample size is 363 households that were selected by proportional assignment to the population of each village and by simple random sampling method.Results and DiscussionA researcher-made questionnaire was the main instrument of the research whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.820) to the desired level. Data analysis was performed using mean comparison with T-Test and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in SPSS.22 software. The normality of the data and the determination of the type of statistical test were determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the relationship between livelihood resilience and livelihood capital with Spearman Correlation Coefficient was obtained. The results showed that nine components (3 components in economic dimension, 2 components in social dimension, 2 components in physical and environmental dimension and 2 components in institutional dimension- Organizational) are effective.ConclusionThe average numerical desirability of livelihood resilience factors in the target population shows that the economic factor ranks first (4.18), the physical-environmental factor ranks second (4.11), the institutional-organizational factor ranks third (3.93), and the social factor ranks third (3.93). The fourth (3.87), are located.
Urban Planning
Akram Ali mohammadi; Sadra Motevalli; Azita Rajabi
Abstract
Introduction
The resilient internal transportation system network is a system that is able to absorb the negative effects of turbulences, reorganize them and continue their function. Resilience is directly related to sustainability. The inaccurate usage of available capacities may reduce its` resilience ...
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Introduction
The resilient internal transportation system network is a system that is able to absorb the negative effects of turbulences, reorganize them and continue their function. Resilience is directly related to sustainability. The inaccurate usage of available capacities may reduce its` resilience and provide environment with irrecoverable harms. The main purpose of this research is to recognize the most effective managerial strategies in the resilience of internal transportation network with the emphasis on accessing environmental sustainable development in Tehran region one and provide a schema for it.
Currently, transportation used in urban communities is not stable due to the problems and challenges that occur in it. This instability has manifested itself in the first place in the excessive consumption of energy and fuels, then in the reduction of resources and finally in the increase of air pollution, even globally. Also, major problems and inadequacies in urban transportation affect the economy, society and urban environment as the main indicators of sustainability, which has made it more necessary to pay attention to the issue of sustainability and resilience of urban transportation. Given the existing problems with intercity transportation and low resilience at the city level; The present article seeks to achieve resilience methods of urban transportation by using management strategies to achieve sustainable environmental development in area one of Tehran in 1399.
Method
The method of present study is survey analytic and the sample group were 100 managers and experts of internal transportation network in Tehran region one during 2019 that were participated in purposive sampling method in the study. The data was gathered through researcher self-made questionnaire; through the factor analysis five factors of 1. Organizational capacity improvement (5 items) 2. Systematic management (9 items) 3. Risks` reduction (4 items) 4. Subtraction utilization (5 items) and 5. Information technology usage (3 items) were recognized and afterward, managerial strategies schema in internal transportation system network of Tehran region one was designed and based on that, it is possible to accurately and efficiently plan to improve managerial strategies and functions in internal transportation system network and environmental sustainable development.
Discussion and Results
The current transportation system of region one of Tehran has major limitations such as low share of public transportation, high share of single-passenger cars, increasing distance between business and non-business trips, and inadequate structure and quality of the road network for pedestrian or use transportation. It suffers from cycling, which has led to complications such as traffic congestion, lack of stops, increased pollution, reduced mobility, increased fuel consumption and wasted energy. Policies and measures taken in response to the problems have had little success, mainly due to inconsistencies in planning and implementation on the one hand and a lack of comprehensiveness and foresight on the other. In addition, due to its high population density, the concentration of most administrative and economic centers in it and its special position in terms of geology, this region is one of the most sensitive areas in Tehran. Given the exposure to the threats posed by its location in the region, identifying the most effective strategic management indicators in transport network resilience necessitates research. Considering the current environmental situation of this region, such as the reduction of green space and open spaces, uncontrolled and non-standard construction, increasing the types of environmental pollution in this study has tried to examine and identify the most important and effective indicators. Strategic management strategies in the resilience of the intra-city transportation network In order to achieve sustainable environmental development, a model should be designed to measure and evaluate the resilience of intra-city transportation.
Conclusion
This paper was presented with the title of strategic management model of resilience of urban transportation network with emphasis on achieving sustainable environmental development in area one of Tehran in 1399. In this paper, preliminary indicators were extracted according to the studies, including research background, concepts and theoretical foundations related to the subject, criteria and components of resilience, sustainable environmental development, urban transportation network, and by interviewing elites and Specialists in transportation, traffic and urban management and the use of factor analysis techniques, five criteria: organizational capacity improvement, system management, risk reduction, use of alternative vehicle infrastructure, increasing the use of information technology were identified and prioritized. The results of this research are based on the theories of Cohen's development model with three economic dimensions with the aim of progress, social with the aim of equality and poverty reduction, ecological with the aim of natural resources and prismatic model of sustainability, sustainable development in four dimensions: environmental-economic-social and physical. Emphasizes on reducing ownership and use of personal vehicles, reducing fuel consumption, reducing traffic congestion and various pollutions.
Urban Planning
Asghar Zarrabi; shayesteh abbassi; abolfazl meshkini
Abstract
Introduction
Informal settlements are home to about one billion people in the world. In other words, about one-seventh of the world's population and one third of the world's urban population live on margins. In our country, informal settlements have been officially interpreted more rapidly than urban ...
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Introduction
Informal settlements are home to about one billion people in the world. In other words, about one-seventh of the world's population and one third of the world's urban population live on margins. In our country, informal settlements have been officially interpreted more rapidly than urban growth, and it is estimated that one-fifth of urban populations are located in such settlements. The emergence of informal settlements reveals the existence of structural barriers and inefficiencies in the current policies in providing the necessary housing and services for the low-income urban population at macro level. The 2002 United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development emphasized that contemporary cities are sustainable if they resist natural disasters. Today, the crossroads of environmental, economic, social, and urban spontaneous settlements on a global scale have attracted attention to the urban widespread approach with a more comprehensive look at previous approaches such as crisis management in these settlements and in The world agenda has been considered. In fact, "Resilience as a framework is about a concept that can easily be associated with all stages and sections of disasters and crisis management, and has been introduced with four institutional, social, economic, and infrastructure dimensions. Sanandaj is one of the middle cities that has been growing fast over the last few decades, along with many parts of the country. This rapid growth has led to the formation of automobile neighborhoods in different parts of the city. The purpose of this article is to investigate and evaluate resilience indices in these settlements. In this regard, the main research question is what is the status of resilience of informal settlements in Sanandaj? And how important are the resilience indicators and dimensions?
Methodology
the type of research is applied-development and its method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of information acquisition method, it is located in the field of library-field studies. The data needed for research is obtained through library and field methods. In the library method, internal and external articles and books were used. In the data collection section, data were collected from the statistical blocks of the Population and Housing Census of 1395, Statistics Center of Iran, experts' questionnaire, comprehensive and detailed plans of Sanandaj city, household questionnaire, and so on. In this research, internal and external library studies were used for extraction of indicators. In this study, internal and external library studies were used to extract the indices and the experts were provided with a questionnaire. AHP test was used to analyze the questionnaires and the scores were analyzed in Expert Choice software. In the next step, in order to study the indicators in the area of informal settlements of Sanandaj, a household questionnaire was prepared and according to Statistical Society (30539 families), based on the Cochran formula, 379 questionnaires were completed from the households in the study area. The questionnaire was based on the six-level Likert scale. Reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.73 which indicates the reliability of the questionnaire.
One-sample t-test was used to measure resilience. The one-sample t-test (the test of comparing the mean of a population with a number) is one of the tests used in most applied research. This test determines whether the observed average is significantly different from a specified value or a standard value. Confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software was used to determine the impact of resilience dimensions. In confirmatory factor analysis, the researcher seeks to develop a model that is assumed to describe, describe, explain, or justify empirical data on the basis of relatively few parameters.
Results and Discussion
According to the AHP test, the highest weight was found to be 0.593 in human dimension and the lowest weight was 0. 113 in natural dimension. The findings indicate that the level of resilience is 3.03 in the area, which is less than the mean of 3.50, but it can be said that the informal settlements is not resilient. In terms of dimensions, only the socio-cultural dimension with 3.72 is higher than the average of 3.50 and is resilient. The lowest level of resilience related to the economic dimension at 2.47, followed by the managerial dimension with 2.66. also, Physical dimension is not resilient to have an average of 3.28. According to the studies, the total level of resilience in the informal settlements of Sanandaj was 3.11 and below 3.50. Factor analysis of factors affecting resilience showed that social factors with 0.81 had the most effect and economic factors with 0.50 had the least effect.
Conclusion
Research results in these settlements indicate that the level of resilience is at a low level. Among the different dimensions of resilience, the social dimension has a better status than other dimensions. In the economic field, due to the low level of income of the residents, the lack of insurance, the low level of savings, the lack of job security, the volatility in income, the seasonal nature of the occupation of many residents and ... has led to a low level of economic resilience. Organizational-administrative dimensions also have very low resilience. The lack of institutions at the local level, the weakness of the relationship between managers and the local population, lack of training in preparation for crisis is the reason for the low level of institutional resilience in these settlements. Physically, due to low level of resistance of residential units, lack of proper access to infrastructure, lack of suitable open spaces in neighborhoods, low strength of infrastructures, etc., has led to a decrease in the level of physical resilience.
Urban Planning
Abolfazl Ghanbari
Abstract
Introduction Explaining resilience to threats is an understanding of how social, economic, institutional, political and executive capacities are significant in improving the resilience and identifying different dimensions of resilience in human societies. On the one hand, the ...
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Introduction Explaining resilience to threats is an understanding of how social, economic, institutional, political and executive capacities are significant in improving the resilience and identifying different dimensions of resilience in human societies. On the one hand, the type of attitude to the topic of resilience and its way of analysis, plays a key role in determining how well the current situation is and its causes, and on the other hand, it can play a fundamental role in the implementation of risk reduction policies and measures." The relationship between vulnerability and resilience becomes necessary when the issue under consideration is considered from the perspective of environmental risk studies. Therefore, the main question for many researchers in this field is whether resilience is opposed to vulnerability. Or is resilience a factor in vulnerability? And does vulnerability in a simple definition refer to the ability to lose or not? (Cutter, 1996)." Vulnerability and resilience concepts provide valuable conceptual frameworks and models for understanding how communities and human systems cope with environmental and social change (Adger, 2006). In the present study, considering the importance of analyzing the relationship between vulnerability and resilience among global research and the level of research conducted in the country, we try to examine the situation of these two concepts by applying a quantitative approach in the eastern shore of Lake Urmia. In this study, the eastern region of t Lake Urmia, including 8 counties: Azarshahr, Osko, Bonab, Tabriz, Shabestar, Ajabshir, Maragheh and Malekan, were selected as a study area.The study area is one of the most important and sensitive areas in East Azarbaijan province, which has been the focus of population and various economic activities. In addition, the eastern shore of Lake Urmia has been affected by ecological changes in recent years. Given that the main purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to determining the state of vulnerability and resilience to natural hazards and disasters, therefore, in the first step, the study area from the perspective of environmental threats and disasters. Naturally, the resilience capacity of the region has been examined in the form of political divisions of the village and at the level of rural settlements. Therefore, the fundamental question of the present study can be posed in such a way that what is the relationship between environmental vulnerability and the resilience capacity of the region within the eastern shores of Lake Urmia? Methodology The research methodology is descriptive-analytic and its purpose due to application in to the local planning and rural development system is applied. By doing literature review, an innovative approach was introduced by combining quantitative methods of index basis and GIS in explaining the relationship between environmental vulnerability and regional resilience. Accordingly, two innovative index including Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) and Regional Resilience Index (RRI) were implemented. For the vulnerability assessment 8 criteria and for the resilience assessment 19 criteria were chosen. Discussion and results In research aimed at analyzing resilience, the most important issue to consider is vulnerability analysis and recognizing the threats ahead in order to identify resilience capacity and capabilities. As stated in the sections of the first article, the approach of resilience in the field of management and planning, and especially in crisis management, is in the stages of its evolution and evolution. From this point of view, in terms of concept, operation and application, it has problems and weaknesses that have been explained in the theoretical foundations section. According to the findings of the study (Cutter, 1996), reproduction due to environmental hazards, as well as hazards, hazards and disasters in nature have a spatial and geographical nature in nature, so its study from this perspective will be useful and beneficial. Many studies such as Cutter et al., 2008; Cutter, Burton, & Emrich, 2010; Rose, 2007) have tried to provide quantitative analytical models and operational frameworks for improving and enhancing the resilience of communities using appropriate indicators. The most important distinguishing feature of previous studies in the field of regional resilience assessment with the present study can be considered in the lack of consideration of spatial-spatial dimensions and the multi-spectral criteria used. In the present study, by emphasizing the spatial dimensions and combining the quantitative approach of decision-making approach, an attempt was made to examine the relationship between the two concepts of environmental vulnerability and regional resilience. In the present study, according to this principle in planning and management for crisis occurrence, first the type of threats and environmental hazards in the study area were described Then, using 8 selected criteria, the vulnerability situation was analyzed due to environmental hazards. The results of this part of the study indicate that 27% of the study area is located on the highly vulnerable class. Where the whole area of Azarshahr and Ajabshir is covered and many areas of Osko, Shabestar and Tabriz are also in the process of being damaged. Recognizing the vulnerability of the study area, it should be acknowledged that the southern and southeastern regions are in good condition and are in low-vulnerability classes. However, in the process of resilience measurement, which initially included three indicators of social resilience, access to communication infrastructure and resilience of building strength, and finally, by merging the three mentioned layers, the overall regional resilience index was obtained. The results of this process show that 43% of the total area of the region is in the desired state of resilience and 27% have less resilience to environmental hazards in the study area. The eastern shore of Lake Urmia is one of the equipped axes and development of large population centers in the province of East Azerbaijan and is also a bridge between other regions in the northwest of the country. Therefore, its vulnerability disrupts other regional functions as well. Therefore, the essence of the findings of this study is that this range is exposed to damage caused by environmental hazards. So that the drying of Lake Urmia affects the functions of human settlements in this region and if this trend continues, it will have irreparable effects on the environmental and human structures of this region. In addition, with the possibility of an earthquake in this area, one of the vulnerable areas of Tabriz metropolis and the surrounding rural settlements will be. Therefore, in order to prepare in advance, the resilience of local communities at the level of rural settlements is felt more than ever. Also, the study area, especially in the marginal areas of Lake Urmia in the cities of Azarshahr and Ajabshir against the dangers of floods is seriously vulnerable. Conclusion The results showed that 62% of the study area was in high vulnerability, with its spatial distribution pattern mainly in the center of the region and within the administrative limits of counties like: Azarshahr, Ajabshir and Osko. In contrast, 43% of the area has a high capacity of resiliency and 27% of the total area is in a low resilient situation. In addition, a total of 168 rural areas have been recognized in identified areas with a low resilience capacity.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Ali Reza Darban; Mostafa Haraeeni
Volume 23, Issue 68 , September 2019, , Pages 91-111
Abstract
Among the natural disasters of the earthquake, it has a special position because it causes more damage than severe floods and storms, as it occurs almost without fear of any warning. Due to Iran's location on the Alp-Himalayas earthquake belt, earthquakes sometimes shake different regions of the country ...
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Among the natural disasters of the earthquake, it has a special position because it causes more damage than severe floods and storms, as it occurs almost without fear of any warning. Due to Iran's location on the Alp-Himalayas earthquake belt, earthquakes sometimes shake different regions of the country and with their effects and consequences have incurred irreparable damage in various social, economic and environmental dimensions, especially in rural areas. For this reason, it disrupts the development of a settlement or region. Based on numerous studies carried out in Tehran, including the Aftab area in this city, in terms of vulnerability to earthquakes in high risk areas are very high. In this regard, the study of socio-economic capacities of communities in increasing the resilience and recognizing the dimensions of resilience in local communities is important and can be considered in future plans. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the socioeconomic resilience capacity and its spatial analysis in the villages of Aphat district in Tehran using primate techniques. Today, resiliency is proposed as a way to strengthen local communities against the natural disasters by using their capacities. In this regard, the aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the different dimensions of social economic resilience of rural communities in Aftab district of Tehran County.
