Urban Planning
Mohammad Sheikhi; maryam arab
Abstract
The ineffectiveness of urban comprehensive plans in facing the complex issues of Iran's urban planning system, finally caused a change in the approach of compiling these plans from a purely physical approach to a spatial-strategic approach as a new approach in the conditions of urban planning ...
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The ineffectiveness of urban comprehensive plans in facing the complex issues of Iran's urban planning system, finally caused a change in the approach of compiling these plans from a purely physical approach to a spatial-strategic approach as a new approach in the conditions of urban planning in Iran, and the preparation of urban development plans with this approach was approved by the Iran Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture in the summer of 1400 AH. But, the important point in this way is to pay attention to providing the necessary capacities to prepare plans with this approach. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to analyze the challenges of using this approach with an emphasis on the challenges of its participatory aspect, which was done based on the pathology of obstacles to the participation of stakeholders in the experience of Isfahan Comprehensive Plan as the first plan prepared with this approach. The research method is qualitative and based on it, the data collection method includes in-depth semi-structured interviews and refer to documents, and the qualitative content analysis method was used in the data analysis. The findings of the research showed that participation in the preparing Isfahan Plan by all three stakeholders, including the public sector, civil society and planners, has faced many challenges and these challenges consist of three main categories of institutional environment, structural factors, and content and procedural characteristics of the manuscript of the new approach, And it seems that until the participation is not institutionalized in the planning context of Iran and the attitude of the stakeholders towards participatory planning is not changed the transition to the new approach will not be practical and this change of attitude will remain only at the level of changing the discourse
Urban Planning
pezhman mohamadi
Abstract
One of the basic prerequisites for attracting the participation of citizens is the existence of appropriate urban spaces, which can meet the needs of citizens from different dimensions and improve the level of their interactions. , and the clutter of the urban body is very important. The purpose of the ...
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One of the basic prerequisites for attracting the participation of citizens is the existence of appropriate urban spaces, which can meet the needs of citizens from different dimensions and improve the level of their interactions. , and the clutter of the urban body is very important. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the structural model of the role of urban space in enabling citizens to participate in Shahrekord, and in terms of the purpose (type of use) it is an applied research. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study includes the residents of Shahrekord with the number of (190,441). The number of samples was determined to be 383, based on the Cochran's formula, and randomly available. The data collection tool included a 38-question questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed based on structural equation path analysis with AMOS software. The results show that, in general, urban space, the level of citizen participation in the city. The approach has had a positive and significant effect, as urban space has had an impact on participation with a coefficient of 0.17, and the relationship between the physical structure of public spaces has the greatest impact on participation with a coefficient of 0.45, and a network structure. On participation, the coefficient of impact is 0.19.
Urban Planning
Fereshte Rezaee; JAMILE TAVAKOLINIA; Mozaffar Sarrafi
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. ...
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IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. Today, as a metropolitan city that is supposed to play an international role in the region and a national role in the country, Tehran is facing numerous problems and issues that stem from underdeveloped local communities and absence of good urban governance. Consequently, the present study seeks to address the role of NGOs as an institutional capacity in realizing and improving the governance process in line with increasing the participation of local communitiesMethodologyConducted with the purpose of examining the role of NGOs in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city, this research employed the survey method and field studies. Data collection was carried out via distributing questionnaires among the sample population. The hypotheses of the study were then tested using statistical softwares such as the SPSS. The questionnaire included 35 items, out of which 10 and 25 items were specified to measure variables of NGOs and good urban governance, respectively. In this regard, 5 items were considered for each component of good urban governance which included participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The scale of the study was validated by extracting the components of variables under measurement from the existing literature. Subsequently, they were localized using the comments of experts. Content validity and measurement scale were evaluated through qualitative reasoning. That is, the questionnaire used in this study had 3 content validities as the variables under measurement were derived from related research and constructs in questionnaires were correctly perceived by the sample population. To pretest the designed questionnaire, they were distributed among 10 experts and professors; next, following the correction and balancing of a few points, they were distributed among 30 individuals within the initial sample population; given the comments of this group, the relevancy of questions was ensured in relation to the sample population. Ultimately, the final questionnaire was designed and used for data collection.Results and DiscussionThe hypotheses were examined and the results are explained below:In the main hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that in order to realize good governance in cities as local environments, it is necessary to utilize capacities present in the constitution, century-long experiences of consultative localism (city association, Islamic council), and global experiences in the area of NGOs. Indeed, addressing the management of cities through a participatory approach requires an efficient framework which, according to the experiences of developed countries, is the good urban governance; an approach that is recommended by the UN as the global policy trustee in line with offering development. Accordingly, by increasing the social capital and accountability of local managers, emotional refining of the citizens, attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, and providing social solidarity in Tehran metropolitan city, NGOs have provided the means for realization of good urban governance.In the first secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “participation” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of participation in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. In affairs such as participation and delegation of authorities, urban management needs to mitigate legal ambiguities and increase localized educational and research centers. Subsequently, the government can play an effective role in this process by carrying out a set of sociocultural actions such as producing educational contents for schools and universities, instructing teachers, judges, government staff, and law enforcement personnel, teaching the principles and frameworks on the importance of utilizing the participation of NGOs through media and particularly the IRIB, reviewing the current rules and regulations in Iran, and modifying bureaucratic procedures. Governments can also increase the authorities of civil institutions such as the NGOs and mitigate urban management issues with the help of the local citizens as local governments, using the indices of good urban governance.In the second secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “reliability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of reliability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that NGOs currently do not occupy a suitable position in Iran; accordingly, any collective movement considered as voluntary activities are at a declining level throughout the society. Therefore, despite the considerable willingness of individuals to participate in such activities, factors such as low levels of trust and reliability in the society and absence of common positive values has resulted in these activities to remain as mere mental desires rather than practical, objective actions. In these circumstances, NGOs cannot be expected to be significantly effective on the area of reliability.In the third secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “transparency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of transparency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. There is an insignificant percentage of individuals within NGOs who believe in the effectiveness of these organizations on the transparency of the authorities; subsequently, an inconsiderable extent of willingness is shown to carry out activities in NGOs in line with establishing transparency among government authorities. It appears that in the current conditions, NGOs do not have a considerable effectiveness in realizing good urban governance due to issues that obstruct their activities along with the risks of engaging in political areas. As a result, to achieve success in increasing transparency, the entire government and non-government bodies and sectors including schools, universities, newspapers, the IRIB, and other mainstream media should work in harmony.In the fourth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “accountability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of accountability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. By attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, NGOs have managed to elevate the spirit of questioning among the members of the society; in addition, these elite individuals have managed to get their questions across to the government using modern communication tools including social networks. This has led to urban authorities to be held accountable, hence properly realizing this important aspect of good governance.In the fifth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “efficiency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of efficiency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Such lack of effectiveness can be attributed to a number of reasons including structural inadequacies in NGOs, weak social trust in these organizations, economic issues present in voluntary activities, and absence of professional functions in NGOs in shaping the civil society.ConclusionResults showed that in general, NGOs do play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city; however, despite their effective roles in actualizing components of participation and macro accountability, they do not seem to have an adequate role in realizing components such as reliability, transparency, and efficiency. Ultimately, it should be pointed out that the structure of urban management in Tehran at local levels requires enhancing the role of NGOs and participation of local communities and multilevel and multi-agent governance in line with efficient and effective urban management whilst reinforcing indices of good urban governance including participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Reinforcing good urban governance against a government-centered urban management approach requires a strong political will at the higher echelons of governance, particularly their belief in such pattern of administration.
Urban Planning
majid dadashpour mghadam; Reza Valizadeh
Abstract
Introduction Cities are the wealth centers in every country. However, the nature of wealth production and development has changed in the current century. The new concept of wealth production is based on creation of an idea and converting that into production and service. This issue is more expanded in ...
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Introduction Cities are the wealth centers in every country. However, the nature of wealth production and development has changed in the current century. The new concept of wealth production is based on creation of an idea and converting that into production and service. This issue is more expanded in metropolises. In today’s world, metropolises play a significant role in formation of the economic, social, cultural, political, and technological flows; so that, they have become the focus of dynamism, creativity, production, and economic and social development of the world. The today’s metropolises are considered the centers of creativity, wealth, power, mass production, cultural innovations, different types of ideology, and also mass consumption. Due to their properties such as concentration, diversity, and dynamism, the cities have the potential of educating and attracting creative human capitals and achieving the economic development. The Iranian metropolises have also a wide variety of services and facilities, and this is their distinctive characteristic. Furthermore, the variety of economic activity, the concentration of the majority of educational centers and technological activities, information generation, existence of the main cultural centers, etc. can attract the creative capitals and provide the opportunity of affording a relative welfare. Creative economic, creative industries, creative class, and in general creative city play a significant role in the economic, social, and cultural development and regeneration of the urban space. So, the present research aims to investigate the indicators of creative city in Tabriz metropolis; because metropolises are faced with different problems, and they need to adopt creativity for solving their social and economic problems. According to Peter Hall, creative cities are the cities having a mixed sociocultural context that provides the opportunity of more interaction and an easier information exchange among the creative people. This condition leads to creation of new ideas and creative thinking. Others believe that creative cities are characterized by acceptance of different social, ethnic, and cultural groups, the ability to solve the civil problems, creation of an environment attracting the creative and innovative persons, promotion of creativity, and applying the residents’ opinions to solve the problems and achieve economic growth and development. A creative city is characterized by different criteria such as creative human capital, creative class, diversity, openness, research and development, participation, innovative technology, employment, entrepreneurship, infrastructures, brand, etc. A creative city provides a context in which, the managers and planners investigate the urban problems creatively and based on the collective thinking of the main owners of the urban space i.e. the citizens and business owners. In such an environment, the stakeholders and the authorities work with each other to solve the problems existing in the cities and improve the living conditions in urban environments. This activity results in promoted quality of the urban environment and increased livability of the city. The main assumption of a creative city is that the general public can perform extraordinary tasks, provided that they have the required opportunity. The research goals include the following: - Evaluation of the participation indexes of creative city in District 1 of Tabriz – Evaluation of capital attraction index in District 1 of Tabriz - Evaluation of urban space diversity in District 1 of Tabriz – Evaluation of knowledge- based technology in District 1 of Tabriz Methodology This research is an applied study performed by a descriptive-analytical approach. Data collection has been done by library resources and field studies. Results and discussion The present research has investigated four variables, including participation, urban space diversity, capital attraction, and communication technologies in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. As the fifth metropolis of the country, Tabriz has ten regions the largest of which is the District 6 and the smallest is the District 8. In terms of population, District 4 has the highest population and District 2 has the lowest population. The increasing population growth in Tabriz metropolis, especially in its suburbs i.e. District 1, and the low-income residents of this region, it is necessary to evaluate the creative city indicators in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. Regarding the importance of this issue, the present research aims to analyze the creative city indicators in metropolises as a case study performed in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. The results showed that District 1 of Tabriz metropolis is faced with various problems in terms of the creative city indicators. District 1 of Tabriz has dealt with many problems due to the excessive migrations, the increasing growth of the urban population, the changes in urban development, the variety of subcultures, and lack of dynamism and viability. The instability of different regions of Tabriz has been manifested in different problems such as social abnormalities, lack of public participation, the increased costs of urban management, lack of vitality and viability in the citizens, etc. Conclusion As a result of evaluating the creative city indicators in District 1 of Tabriz, the worst and the best situations of the variables in every index were respectively reported as the following: urban administration (with the mean value of 1.98) and public participation in proposing new ideas (2.16) in the participation index, architectural diversity (2.64) and existence of welfare, commercial, and sports centers (3.24) in the urban space diversity index, foreign capital attraction (2.27) and domestic capital attraction (3.144) in the capital attraction index, access to service and communication centers (2.79) and ATM access (3.60) in the communication technology index. In general, there was a significant direct relationship between the components of participation, urban space diversity, capital attraction, communication technology, and creative environment in District 1 of Tabriz.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Reza Rezaei; Sohrab Moazzen
Abstract
The development of urbanization and cities sprawling growth have led to increasing problems and shortages in urban management in recent decades. One of the most emphasized approaches to improvement urban managements performance and solution to urban issues and problems is using Neighborhood Management ...
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The development of urbanization and cities sprawling growth have led to increasing problems and shortages in urban management in recent decades. One of the most emphasized approaches to improvement urban managements performance and solution to urban issues and problems is using Neighborhood Management plan or "citizens self- management" approach in urban management. In Tehran metropolis, with the contribution of urban management and interaction among other units and subdivisions, there has been conducted some appropriate projects to constitute and support the activities of neighborhood counseling units to use the capacity of participants and contribution of citizens and considering the priorities and local requirements one of which is the "neighborhood management" in this respect. The present article following this subject that, first of all, do neighborhood management have succeeded in achieving it’s goals? Secondly, how is Tehran urban management of region 1, 12 and 16 based on the indices of Good Urban Governance? Finally, is there any relation between performance of neighborhood management and capacity of achievement Good Urban Governance approach in urban management? The research methodology is descriptive, analytic and data are collected doing survey methods by questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The results show that neighborhood management have not succeeded in achieving it’s goals; urban management of study area is inappropriate situation based on the indices of Good Urban Governance; and finally there is a significant relation between performance of neighborhood management plan and a capacity to realization of Good Urban Governance in urban management in study area.
Urban Planning
SHahrivar Rostaei; Sonya Karami
Abstract
Housing is greatest asset of family, especially in third world countries. Since each economic source brings power of social and political, possess of housing and housing ownership brings also the many benefits. This benefits when becomes notable that granted to a group of people who were deprived of ...
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Housing is greatest asset of family, especially in third world countries. Since each economic source brings power of social and political, possess of housing and housing ownership brings also the many benefits. This benefits when becomes notable that granted to a group of people who were deprived of this benefits and this group is same women who percent of housing ownership for their show very low rate than men. Because of the importance of this issue for women, in this study we examine the impact of housing ownership on the participation of urban women. This study in terms of nature is Descriptive-Analytical and in terms of target is an applied research. Research method is gauging and 300 persons have been selected by simple random sampling. The statistical method used is including Kendall correlation and path analysis. The results show that impact of housing ownership on the participation is more of its impact on their decision independence, also housing ownership has indirectly affects on women participation.
Esmail Daviran; Jamileh Tavakolinia; Saeed Gholami; Mehrdad Daneshdost
Volume 18, Issue 48 , June 2014, , Pages 123-148
Abstract
Nowadays, implementing the concept of participation and participatory planning in the planning literature has come up firstly in developed countries then, its developed form in developing countries because of its failure and the criticisms against the urban planning process before 1950s (such as physical-oriented ...
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Nowadays, implementing the concept of participation and participatory planning in the planning literature has come up firstly in developed countries then, its developed form in developing countries because of its failure and the criticisms against the urban planning process before 1950s (such as physical-oriented urban plans). Awareness of the participatory capacity of urban residents to implement programs and achieve planning goals is essential. Therefore, recognition of participation different dimensions and its evaluation in urban areas leads to understanding of the differences among urban systems (urban areas), and it will make urban planning process organized and operational according to the excising differences. This study has attempted to compare the adaptive capacity of people's participation in the old and new fabrics with using quantitative research methods, hierarchical analysis model (AHP) and correlation analysis. The study is validated using case study in Hossaineyeh (old tissues) and Ghaem town (new tissue) in Zanjan city. The results show that despite multiple problems in the old fabrics, participation capacity of its residents in upgrading environment is higher than in the new fabrics.
Abolfazl Ghanbri
Volume 18, Issue 48 , June 2014, , Pages 211-243
Abstract
The aim of this article is to study the urban space effect on the rate of citizen participation in the neighborhoods of Tabriz. Method of study is documental and based on survey. Data was collected by using questionaire and research. The target populations are the households living in the city of Tabriz ...
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The aim of this article is to study the urban space effect on the rate of citizen participation in the neighborhoods of Tabriz. Method of study is documental and based on survey. Data was collected by using questionaire and research. The target populations are the households living in the city of Tabriz in 1385 and a statistical sample of 450 households is estimated based on the Cochran formula. Method of appropriate class with systematic random sampling is used and samples from old and new areas with different local values and cultures such as Valiasr, city centre, Baghmisheh, Yaghchiyan, Shahrake Emam and Silab Qushkhanh are selected. Data collected for analysis of descriptive and analytical statistics are used in SPSS and Lisrel software. The reliability of the research is based on calculating Cronbach's alpha 0.81.
The results of the study indicate that the citizen participation rate in department of urban affairs is higher than moderate. But comparing the different neighborhoods in the flactuation and dedication shows that Shahrake Emam is highest and city center is the lowest. Also the variables such as sex, type of ownership, residence area, education, housing, living history and sense of belonging can affect the level of citizen participation. Among these factors, a sense of belonging, education and living history is the most important factors that influence the citizen participation.
Hamid Shayan; Ali Akbar Taghilo; Ali Akbar Anabestani
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 75-100
Abstract
Participation, one of the strategies sustainable developments, has faced to challenges in process of operation. These challenges have cultural - intellectual roots or have linked to the strategies attraction of participation. This article searches weak roots of informal and formal participation of villagers ...
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Participation, one of the strategies sustainable developments, has faced to challenges in process of operation. These challenges have cultural - intellectual roots or have linked to the strategies attraction of participation. This article searches weak roots of informal and formal participation of villagers within the intellectual method-cultural. The research methodology is based on descriptive and analytical and the tool of data collection is questionnaires and documents methods. Research findings indicate that about 80 percent of community participation does not participate or is less in formal institutions. But about 60 percent of people have non-formal public participation that the major reason relates it to traditions and social customs and is not related to personal motivation and intellectual. According to The statistical analysis, factors of none participation in the official activities has significant relationship with the rate of individualism, none responsible, poor trust people on each other and the lack of futurism. As regards civil institutions can create culture of participation in community so strength and structure of civil institutions and NGOs can overcome barriers of participation.
