Rural Planning
Ahmad Hajarian
Abstract
IntroductionSustainable livelihood is one of the most important approaches in the field of climate management, especially drought. Sustainable livelihood is defined as the ability of a social unit to upgrade its assets and capacities in the face of pressures over time. The goal of the sustainable livelihood ...
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IntroductionSustainable livelihood is one of the most important approaches in the field of climate management, especially drought. Sustainable livelihood is defined as the ability of a social unit to upgrade its assets and capacities in the face of pressures over time. The goal of the sustainable livelihood approach is to increase the ability to face change and unpredictable problems, improve justice and increase sustainability by reducing tensions by providing secure networks. Achieving sustainable rural livelihoods is not possible without considering the livelihood capital in rural areas. Given that today, especially in developing societies, the study of household livelihood in terms of rural development is of particular importance, to conduct studies that analyze the livelihoods of rural residents, especially in terms of sustainability and in the face of vulnerable factors such as drought, it is essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the level of livelihood stability of rural households in Hoome Jonobi city in drought conditions in order to understand the sustainability of their livelihood status. Data and Method This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of how to collect data. The statistical population of the study was the heads of rural households in Selseleh city (N = 2894) that using Krejcie-Morgan table, the statistical sample size of 339 people was calculated. In order to obtain samples in this study, multi-stage sampling method was used. The analytical framework used in this study was a sustainable livelihood framework. Stability radar method was used to calculate the level of stability. The results showed that among the five livelihood capitals, four human, natural, social and financial capitals are in terms of stability in terms of stability and physical capital is in a position of potential stability. The questionnaire was the main research tool whose content validity was approved by experts and professors. In order to evaluate the reliability of the research tool, 30 out-of-sample questionnaires were completed and the alpha-Cronbach value for its different sections was obtained from 0.762 to 0.862. Results and Discussion The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is shown by factor loading. Factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, the relationship is considered weak and it is ignored. A factor load between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if it is greater than 0.6, it is very desirable. It can be seen that all observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, all factor loadings at the 0.01 level. They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table, the significance level for factor loadings or standard regression coefficients of the four observed variables is not reported. This is due to the fact that these variables are respectively considered as reference variables or representative variables for four human, physical, social and financial variables, so that these hidden variables are without scale and, in other words, without their root and unit of measurement. be resolved That is why the initial path diagrams on the arrows corresponding to the paths between these observed variables with the corresponding hidden variable are considered as values of 1. The AVE measure represents the average variance shared between each construct with its indicators. In simpler terms, AVE (Average Variance Extracted) is used for convergence validity and shows the high correlation of indicators of one structure compared to the correlation of indicators of other structures. The value of this coefficient varies from zero to one, and values higher than 0.5 are accepted. Convergent validity or average extracted variance (AVE) for the human capital index is 766/. , the natural capital index was 0.711, the social capital index was 0.799 and the financial capital index was 0.526. Also, the value of the structural reliability coefficient or composite reliability (CR) is variable from zero to one, and values higher than 0.7 are accepted. , which for the human capital index is 755/. , the natural capital index was 0.737, the social capital index was 0.802, and the financial capital index was 0.514, which shows the appropriateness of these subscales. ConclusionIn order to analyze a sustainable livelihood in a geographical area, we need to examine the livelihood resources available to the residents of the settlements in that area. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling the livelihood capital of rural households in drought conditions in the rural areas of the southern suburbs and reached the following results.The stability of livelihood capitals of rural households in the study area showed that human capital explains 0.64% of the variance. Also, for natural capitals with a score of 0.45, social capitals with a sustainability score of 0.23 and finally financial capitals with a score of 0.37, this shows the intensity of the relationship between the variable of livelihood capitals and the following It has its own indicators.
Rural Planning
Zahra Arabi; Rezvan Ghorbani salkhord; yosef darvishi
Abstract
IntroductionDrought is one of the environmental disasters that are very common in arid and semi-arid country regions. Rainfall defects have different effects on groundwater, soil moisture, and river flow. Meteorological drought indices are calculated directly from meteorological data such as rainfall ...
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IntroductionDrought is one of the environmental disasters that are very common in arid and semi-arid country regions. Rainfall defects have different effects on groundwater, soil moisture, and river flow. Meteorological drought indices are calculated directly from meteorological data such as rainfall and will not be useful in monitoring drought in the absence of data. Therefore, remote sensing techniques can be a useful tool in measuring drought. Drought is a known environmental disaster and has social, economic, and environmental impacts. Lack of rainfall in an area for long periods is known as drought. Drought and rainfall affect the water and agricultural resources of each region. Materials & MethodsDue to the nature of the problem and the subject under study, the present study is descriptive-analytical with emphasis on quantitative methods. In this study, satellite images of Tera Sensor Modis in 2000 and 2017 were used to verify the existence of wet and drought phenomena. In the next step, by examining the rain gauge and synoptic data of the existing stations and using the standardized precipitation index model of three months (May, June, and April), the sample was selected. Next, we compared temperature status indices (TCI) and vegetation health indices (VHI) in these three months to determine the difference between these indices over the three months. Modira Terra satellite was used to study the vegetation status in the study area. Subsequently, vegetation-free areas were isolated from vegetation areas using the conditions set for the NDVI layer, the experimental method was used to determine the threshold value of this index. For this purpose, different thresholds were tested, with the optimum value of 1 being positive. NDVI is less than 1 free of positive plants and more than free of vegetation. MODIS spectral sensor images for surface temperature variables with a spatial resolution of 1 km, including 31 bands (1080/1180 bandwidth, central bandwidth / 11.017 spatial resolution of 1000 m) and 32 bands - 770/11Central Wavelength Band 032/12 Spatial Resolution Power (1000 m) Selected for months that are almost cloudless. All images are downloaded from the SearchEarthData site and edited. Total rainfall in June, April, and May for 20 years has been provided by the Meteorological Organization of Iran. ARC GIS software and geostatistical methods were used to process Excel data. Pearson correlation coefficient was also used to estimate the correlation between the data. Results & DiscussionA standard precipitation index is a powerful tool in analyzing rainfall data. This study aimed to compare the relationship between remote sensing indices and meteorological drought indices and to determine the effectiveness of remote sensing indices in drought monitoring. The correlation between the variables with the SPI index was evaluated and calculated. The results of the indicators are different, so a criterion should be used to evaluate the performance of these indicators. SPI index on a quarterly time scale (correlation with vegetation) was selected as the preferred criterion. According to the results of correlations, the TCI index with the SPI index had a strong correlation with other indices. In the short run, this index has the highest correlation with thermal indices at the level of 1%. The correlation between meteorological drought index and plant water content and thermal indices increases with increasing time intervals. The positive correlation between vegetation indices and plant water content with meteorological drought indices shows that the trend of changes is in line. Therefore, the TCI index makes the drought more accurate and is a better method to estimate drought.ConclusionThe results showed that among the surveyed fish, the most drought trend was observed in the eastern provinces and covers more than 50% of the region. The trend of changes in this slope was statistically significant. According to the results of correlations, the TCI index had a strong correlation with the SPI index with other indices. It can also be concluded that Modis images and processed indices along with climatic indices have the potential to monitor drought. The use of maps derived from drought indices can help improve drought management programs and play a significant role in reducing the effects of drought.
Climatology
amanollah fathnia; Saeid Rajaee; Farzane Borzo
Abstract
In this study, using Gorgan station data for the period 2010-1980 was studied precipitation trends. In order to extract precipitation trend the moving average and Mann-Kendall test was used. Also, using by SPI (standard precipitation index) drought period and by Markov chain probability event each of ...
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In this study, using Gorgan station data for the period 2010-1980 was studied precipitation trends. In order to extract precipitation trend the moving average and Mann-Kendall test was used. Also, using by SPI (standard precipitation index) drought period and by Markov chain probability event each of the different states drought or wet period was calculated. Then, using NOAA-AVHRR images fluctuations vegetation affected by the precipitation trend and by Markov chain probabilities alternation for each class were examined. Results showed has occurred in 2001-2007 and 1990-1994 Years wet period and in 1982-1986 and 2005-2010 drought period. Study of drought index showed precipitation trend in same period and has occurred wet period in 2001-2005 and drought period from 2005. According to Markov Probabilistic matrix probability alternation from severe drought to same is 0.6 and severe drought to moderate drought is 0.13. In same trend, have decrease semi-dense vegetation from with 494479 hectares in 1985 to less than 380,120 hectares in 2000. Density and area of Vegetation have increased from 2000-2005, but for the reason of drought decrease recently and with 0.48 probabilities will remain non vegetation class in same conditions. The most probability changing is related to sparse vegetation to non-vegetation with 0.41. On this basis, may be will changed 214060 hectares to non-vegetation.
Geomorphology
seid hedayat allah nuri; efat fathi; seid abolfazl masudian
Abstract
Abstract Qanat is one of the most complicated human invention techniques to extract underground water in arid and semi-arid areas which has been constructed for irrigating. In spite of the Zayandehrood River’s water, Qanat in Lenjan is still an important source of water for irrigating agricultural ...
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Abstract Qanat is one of the most complicated human invention techniques to extract underground water in arid and semi-arid areas which has been constructed for irrigating. In spite of the Zayandehrood River’s water, Qanat in Lenjan is still an important source of water for irrigating agricultural areas. The “descriptive-analytic” method has been used in this research, and all data have been collected from related libraries and institutes. In this research, the relation between the qanat water quantity and the agricultural area under cultivation has been studied in Lenjan. For doing so, the statistical data has been analyzed using SPSS and Excel by standardized score analysis method. Next, the linear regression of time series, hydrograph charts, and correlation methods have been applied for further data interpretation and analysis. It has been found that the rate of qanat discharge has been decreased in Lenjan compared to the previous time periods especially in drought years. This has caused to complete dryness of some of the qanat sources during 19991-2012. In addition, a direct relation has been found between the amount of qanat water drainage and the cultivated areas which have been shown by significant factor 0.001 and the correlation coefficient 0.69.
Abstract
Iran's rural economy has a decisive role in the whole community for various reasons such as food security and export production supplying, contribution in GDP and value added. As well, it is highly responsible to create the occupation and income opportunities for the rural communities and organize the ...
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Iran's rural economy has a decisive role in the whole community for various reasons such as food security and export production supplying, contribution in GDP and value added. As well, it is highly responsible to create the occupation and income opportunities for the rural communities and organize the socio-economic situations in rural areas. This study purposes to assess the floriculture impacts, as a relatively new farming activity in the Lalehzar district rural community of Bardsir township in the Kerman province. Statistical population is rural resident households in four villages of Lalehzar. 250 persons were randomly sampled and interviewed in order to gather the needed primary data. Secondary data required by referring the documentations. The self-organized questionnaire was pretested in order to assess its reliability and realize the main variables variation to estimate the size of the sample. After the statistical description of the sample properties and research variables, further inferential analysis was carried out by employing factor analysis and varimax rotation. Results indicated that the most important impact of the floriculture activity has been shifting the farming systems of the region towards the sustainability which is considered as an environmental impact. Social impacts, mainly in promoting the rural women's socio-economic status has been the next major consequence, following the economical impacts such as employment and income earning opportunities provided via lateral activities. Existence of a lot of environmental and peripherals conditions, promises development and a more effective role for continuing this activity at the future of the study area.
