Geotourism
Taher parizadi; omid saeidi; Masomeh Razavi; mohammad hajian
Abstract
Tourism is a vital industry that has a significant impact on the economic development of many cities and countries around the world. Small-scale cities can also benefit from tourism by generating income, creating job opportunities and promoting cultural exchange. Despite having many tourist attractions, ...
Read More
Tourism is a vital industry that has a significant impact on the economic development of many cities and countries around the world. Small-scale cities can also benefit from tourism by generating income, creating job opportunities and promoting cultural exchange. Despite having many tourist attractions, Izeh has not yet fully utilized its capacities for tourism development. The tourism industry of this city is relatively undeveloped and has not received much attention from the government or the private sector. The current research is applied in terms of nature based on the new methods of futurology, analytical and exploratory science, which was carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The methods of data collection in this research are documentary-library and field. The statistical population of the research is 60 executive and academic experts of Izeh, who were selected using the Delphi technique and sampled by the snowball sampling method. MARCOS model was used to rank the variables in the four dimensions of tourism in Izeh. Based on the results obtained from 43 variables, investment, infrastructure, income, and employment factors have the greatest impact on the economic development of Izeh city. The degree of influence and influence of the variables, 11 influential variables, 16 variables are in the risk spectrum, 7 variables are in the influence spectrum and the rest of the variables have a low influence and influence degree. Finally, based on the effects of the variables, the direct and indirect relationships of the variables are categorized into 5 spectrums. Also, the ranking of each of the 43 research factors in the four dimensions of religious, natural, historical and cultural tourism in Izeh are different.
Geotourism
abdul Rahim hashemi; Behrouz Nezafat takle; Sayeh Abidi
Abstract
The aim of the current research is to evaluate the geotourism and geomorphological potentials of Parsabad city in the direction of economic development. The nature of this research is descriptive-analytical-applied and Hadzik, Pavlova, and Reynard models were used to evaluate the studied area. The results ...
Read More
The aim of the current research is to evaluate the geotourism and geomorphological potentials of Parsabad city in the direction of economic development. The nature of this research is descriptive-analytical-applied and Hadzik, Pavlova, and Reynard models were used to evaluate the studied area. The results obtained from the dynamic model of Parsabad city in the scientific sub-indices section according to experts and visitors have obtained an average score of 2.84 and 0.52, and also in the sub-index of surplus values, it has an average score of 3.15 and 0.50, respectively. experts and visitors. The results obtained from the Pavlova model and the positive factors of competitiveness in this region indicate its high importance in terms of historical and cultural monuments, natural wealth and protected areas. But in terms of the negative factors of competitiveness in this region, in the areas of lack of skilled specialists and lack of budget for the development of the region, competitiveness has been low; Therefore, the Parsabad geotourism area is placed in the category of good competitiveness with a weighted score of 1.5. Also, according to the results obtained from Reynard's model, the studied area has received the highest score under the added value index with a value of 2.21 because it has scored the highest score in the sub-indices of protected places and historical monuments. Therefore, it is concluded that by combining the results obtained from different evaluation models, this region has high importance and value in parts such as the presence of historical and cultural areas and protected places, and on the other hand, due to the budget deficit in the region and the lack of welfare infrastructure for tourists, as well as the lack of management Adequate to some extent, it does not have favorable conditions in attracting tourists to the region.
Rural Planning
kuomars khodapanah
Abstract
Introduction
Transport is one of the most important activities and an essential component of the economy, which plays an important role in establishing spatial relationships between different locations and, like many existing networks, comprises a set of locations and links that represent inter-location ...
Read More
Introduction
Transport is one of the most important activities and an essential component of the economy, which plays an important role in establishing spatial relationships between different locations and, like many existing networks, comprises a set of locations and links that represent inter-location communications. The most fundamental elements of a transportation network are network geometry and level of communication. Investing in transport infrastructure is one of the best ways to develop because economic development in any country requires investment in different sectors and economic activities and without it we cannot expect prosperity, the existence of rural roads and proper transportation play an important role in facilitating sales. And exports of agricultural products and rural products and provides a convenient way to market agricultural products easily. Unfortunately, in Iran, this sector has not been able to reach its true position and needs development and improvement, as many of the problems of rural and urban life are rooted in rural transport. In recent years, only efficient and effective planning can address rural transport issues, bring rural transport services into the area, improve the economic life and communication of the villagers, and solve many of the disadvantages of rural life. In rural areas of Ardebil city where a significant part of the population lives in rural areas, rural transportation and its improvement can improve the conditions and quality of life of the villagers and promote economic growth, rapid transfer of goods to market and immediate customer contact. This is because inadequate access to these areas leads to transportation, backwardness, unemployment and poor infrastructure, leading to rural migration to urban centers. Therefore, in view of the importance of the subject, the present study aimed to investigate the role of rural transport in the development of economic dimensions of rural areas in the central part of Ardebil city (Kalkhuran district) in order to answer the following questions:
• From the point of view of household heads, what is the state of transport in the villages?
• To what extent is the impact of rural transport components on the dimensions of economic development?
• What are the dimensions of economic development in the villages under study?
Methodology
The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature and method of the survey component. The statistical population of this study is 12 villages of Kalkhouran village in the central part of Ardabil city with 2946 households. The sample size was estimated to be 340 according to Cochran's formula, but since in some villages the sample size was below ten, the sample size was increased to 356 for better results. The distribution of samples in the villages was proportional to the number of households and the sampling method in each village was systematic random. In order to operationalize the research variables in the independent variable section, three indicators of transport quality, transportation services and rural transport infrastructure in the form of 15 indicators and in the dependent variable four indicators in the form of 23 indicators were used. The instrument used in this study was a closed-ended Likert-type questionnaire whose face validity was evaluated and modified by experts and finally confirmed. Its reliability was estimated 0.753 for Cronbach's alpha and 0.859 for Economic Development. Multivariate regression, one-sample t-test and finally fuzzy TOPSIS technique were used to classify the villages under study.
Results and discussion
After determining the weight of each rural transport indicator, fuzzy TOPSIS technique was used to classify the villages. After calculations, positive and negative ideals were identified. And then the sum of the distances of each village from the positive and negative fuzzy ideals, similarity index was calculated and the level of each village was determined. 0 is at the lowest level of the transport indicators. Multivariate regression coefficient was used to investigate the effect of rural transport on economic development to investigate the contribution of one or more independent variables to the dependent variable; The results showed that considering the significance level of the test with confidence level of 0.95 among the four indices of rural transport, transport infrastructure index with beta coefficient of 0.658 had the most effect on the dependent variable. Is 0.432 of the total variance of economic development. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the dimensions of economic development in the studied villages were desirable because the mean of economic, social and environmental dimensions was higher than 3 desirable (3 equals 60% of the respondents). The highest average (3.375) belongs to the index of job diversification and the lowest average is to economic stimulus.
Conclusion
The results of the research findings to answer these questions show that the role of transport is undeniable in the process of economic development of rural areas, but its indicators have different effects on economic dimensions, such as transport infrastructure index. And the narrative has had the greatest impact on explaining the dimensions of economic development. Diversification of jobs had the highest average, followed by increased income, increased investment of urban origin, and finally, economic excitement had the lowest average. The increase in the number of tourists and travelers to the area and the direct sale of rural products have had an impact on rural incomes, with rural transport having a greater tendency to cultivate marketable and guaranteed purchasing products, on the other hand to invest in industry and Rural services have increased and in addition reduced the cost of transporting goods and manufactured goods to the consumer market.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Firouz Jafari; afshar hatami; sonya karami
Abstract
Introduction Economic growth is one of the goals pursued by every country, and this is because of the many benefits that come with the growth process. According to World Bank reports, more than 80 percent of people live in developing areas. Unfortunately, in developing countries such as Iran, balanced ...
Read More
Introduction Economic growth is one of the goals pursued by every country, and this is because of the many benefits that come with the growth process. According to World Bank reports, more than 80 percent of people live in developing areas. Unfortunately, in developing countries such as Iran, balanced development has not taken place, which has created regional inequalities and economic divisions between regions. The increasing inequalities between different regions of a country indicate that part of the country's population is not benefiting from the consequences of economic growth and development. Theoretical framework The discussion of development and underdevelopment is one of the most challenging issues in today's world that is influenced by various spatial, temporal factors, and the varying value of different criteria in measuring development. The expansion of development concepts and policies has led the past decades called the era of development. This era has begun in the mid-20th century. Many indicators have been provided for measuring development and underdevelopment; however, based on most thinkers, especially thinkers of the 20th century, economics is a significant development factor. Moreover, there is a close relationship between human and the economy; as economic development cause the development and improvement of human living conditions, humans are the main factor of economic growth and development. Nevertheless, economic development happens when all regions of a country benefit from that. Therefore, to achieve comprehensive economic development, economic policymakers must create a kind of economic balance and cohesion in different regions and provinces so that with coordinated economic growth, the economic development differences can be solved in provinces of Iran. Methodology A descriptive-analytical approach was used in the present study. The required data from the statistical yearbook of 1395 have been collected in the form of 30 indices. Shannon entropy, coefficient of variation, and Vikor were used for weighting, distribution analysis, and developmental level determination, respectively. ArcGIS software was also used to display the map. Results and Discussion The coefficient of variation was used to determine the status of the distribution of indicators in the provinces. According to the results, about 11 indices have a coefficient of variation above 1, and two indices have a coefficient of variation above 0.9, indicating a lack of balanced distribution of economic indices in the provinces. There are the highest inequalities between the indicators of incoming tourists, durable housing, and mining workers with 2.00, 1.55, and 1.54 scores, respectively. In contrast, there are the lowest inequality levels between the indicators of male economic participation, economic participation, and working population with 0.6, 0.7, and 0.7 scores, respectively. Overall, 36.67% of the indices scored above 0.9 indicate inequality between more than two-thirds of the indices studied in the provinces. Based on economic indicators, the Q average for 31 provinces was 0.76, which is above average. Isfahan province with Q equal to 0.253 is at the highest level, and Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces are in second and third place with Q equal to 0.322 and 0.434, respectively. In contrast, Ilam province is at the lowest level, with Q equal to 0.996. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Ardabil provinces are ranked second and third most economically deprived, with Q equal to 0.977 and 0.964, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed that mainly central and populated provinces, including Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran, Kerman, Fars, East Azarbaijan provinces had a higher level of development, and the rest of Iran provinces had medium and lower economic development level. Among the 11 provinces with low development level are Gilan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Alborz, Lorestan, Hamadan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan and 7 provinces with lower development including Ardebil, Qazvin, Qom, Kermanshah, Ilam, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad require special attention and efficient policies and programs for faster and more effective economic development. Overall, 19.35% of provinces were at the highest economic development level, about 22.58% at a medium level, 35.48% at a low level, and 22.58% at a lower level. The interesting point is that the absence of any of the provinces in Iran at a high level of economic development. This point clearly indicates the inefficiency and hierarchy of economic development and other aspects of the imbalance of economic development in Iran.
rahmat bahrami
Abstract
Introduction Development texts show that there are several ways to achieve development. Much of the village's economy is dependent on agriculture, and due to low land and labor productivity, agriculture alone is not the ultimate solution to the problem of unemployment or job creation. The high growth ...
Read More
Introduction Development texts show that there are several ways to achieve development. Much of the village's economy is dependent on agriculture, and due to low land and labor productivity, agriculture alone is not the ultimate solution to the problem of unemployment or job creation. The high growth rate of the rural population and the wave of migration have doubled the problems of unemployment and job creation. Statistical surveys in the country show that the most important factor in the migration of villagers to cities is economic poverty. Numerous programs have been developed in Iran in recent years to overcome developmental bottlenecks, and the results show that, with few exceptions, they have failed in many areas and failed to achieve rural development goals. Therefore, economic development experts believe that strengthening economic foundations by focusing on activating the production cycle in rural areas and creating employment and entrepreneurship can pave the way out of the crisis of rural development. Today, the focus of economic development policies is on expanding small rural businesses (rural industries) as a way to achieve rural development. The drafting of such a law is a strategy to counter the rising unemployment rate and the migration process of villagers on the one hand, and the sustainability of the rural population through job creation in various dimensions of development, including the development of rural industries. Such ideas in the rural area could potentially be the driving force and accelerator in the rural economy. The article deals with the impact of rural industries on economic development and job creation in the local economy of Sanandaj villages. The importance of rural industries in Sanandaj is that on the one hand, rural industries reflect the cultural heritage of the village, and on the other hand, rural industries can empower rural households to increase their production capacity, productivity, welfare and quality of life. Be helpful. Research Questions: What is the development of rural industries and economic development and job creation in the villages of the study area? The development of rural industries in the study area has had the greatest impact on the factor of economic and social development? Methodology The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Theoretical studies have been compiled through documentary methods, field data through questionnaires. The interview method was also used to analyze and complete the data. The number of target villages, including 9 villages in the central part and Klaterzan of Sanandaj city, which has been engaged in the work of rural industries, has been studied. The statistical population of the study included 815 households with a population of 26620 people in 9 villages of Sanandaj city, which were distributed in Klatarzan and Markazi districts (Statistics Center of Iran, 2016). The sample size included all 115 families employed in rural industries. The type of activity of rural industries includes carpet weaving, kilim weaving, tailoring, weaving, carpentry, carpentry, etc. In order to investigate the effects of rural industry development in two economic and social components, a total of 10 indicators and 43 variables were measured using a 5-choice Likert scale questionnaire based on mean method, standard deviation and change coefficient. To ensure the design of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used and the reliability coefficient was 82 /. It has been obtained that the validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed based on the views of experts related to the village. Results and discussion Data were analyzed to explain the economic and social dimensions with the approach of job creation in Sanandaj villages from the average method, percentage calculation of options, method of coefficient of change and standard deviation. The inferential results of analyzing the economic and social dimensions of the development of local industries on rural development showed that 24 variables were studied in economic dimensions and 19 variables in social dimensions. The results showed that the economic average was 3.35. In terms of impact factor, it was divided into three groups. In economic dimensions, 9 variables with high impact factor, the second group with average impact coefficient of 11 variables and the third group with 4 variables, which were recognized as weak impact factor. In the social dimensions, 11 variables were evaluated with an average of 3.4. Of these, 6 variables with high impact factor, the second group with 8 variables with medium effect coefficient and the third group with 5 variables showed the least impact. Conclusion Establishing rural industries as a productive economic sector in such a situation where the country is in economic sanctions is a good opportunity to develop a resilient economy and an important step in adjusting income between urban and rural areas, increasing income and social welfare and attracting surplus rural forces. . Research in line with Article 27 of the Sixth Development Plan of the country in the field of economic development and job creation in rural areas has examined the role of rural industries in economic and social development with the approach of job creation in rural areas of Sanandaj city. Rural industries can have a significant impact on job creation, income generation for low-income rural people, and reduced immigration. Therefore, the development of rural industries is one of the best options for economic development and rural employment. To identify the impact factor of data in social and economic dimensions, they were divided into three groups: high, medium and low, and were ranked according to the average data method. The purpose of this method is twofold: first, through high results, clear strengths and through low coefficients, in fact, the challenging points express the development of rural industries. The results of the research strengths showed that the influential variables in rural industries, such as reducing the level of poverty, increasing the level of participation, reducing the level of unemployment and reducing migration have had the greatest impact. On the other hand, the challenges and weaknesses of rural industry development can be solved in variables such as lack of access to educational institutions in updating and prosperity of rural industries, low level of skills and their non-emergence, lack of workshops and lack of social security insurance. It is considered major.
Ahmad Sharbatoghlie; Heydar Javanmard
Volume 17, Issue 46 , February 2014, , Pages 111-146
Abstract
According to a prevalent belief since the 1960s, patterns of national spatial systems have been thought to be dynamically transmuted appropriate to the levels of national economic growth and development until a rather balanced and efficient hierarchy of city-sizes is realized. This evolutionary process ...
Read More
According to a prevalent belief since the 1960s, patterns of national spatial systems have been thought to be dynamically transmuted appropriate to the levels of national economic growth and development until a rather balanced and efficient hierarchy of city-sizes is realized. This evolutionary process can be divided into two significant phases backed by the theories of “neoclassical economic equilibrium” and “polarized development”. That is, at the initial phase of development, economic growth essentially leads to resources and population concentration in a few core cities entitled “primate cities.” After that, in the second phase of development, sufficient degree of economic expansion would lead to gradual reduction of “urban primacy” through dispersion of growth factors and population throughout the nation. In view of economic principles, the aforementioned dispersive process would inevitably come to pass as a result of emerged diseconomies arising out of excessive agglomeration, congestion, and negative externalities within the primate cities. Based on this “nonlinear (inverted U-shape) model” and the “negative unidirectional relationship” suggested by some researchers, numerous time-series and cross-country studies using various indexes have investigated the existence and behavior of the mentioned interrelation. But upshot of these researches is contradictory and inconclusive until now. We aim at elucidating and probing into this disputation. So, for controlling the distortions caused by the diversity of primacy and development indexes employed in previous studies, we use 8 primacy indexes and 3 development indexes of 67 countries in the year 2000. Our statistical tests with varied (unidirectional and nonlinear) mathematical functions reveal that, aggregately, there is not any significant “cross-country” relationship between urban primacy and economic development.
