Rural Planning
Moslem Savari; Mohammad Shokati Amghani
Abstract
This study was conducted with the general purpose of the effects of adaptation behaviors of small-scale farmers in drought conditions on the level of household food security. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. The sample size was estimated ...
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This study was conducted with the general purpose of the effects of adaptation behaviors of small-scale farmers in drought conditions on the level of household food security. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. The sample size was estimated using Krejcie and Morgan table of 430 small-scale rural household heads. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed by SPSS19 software. The results showed that the rural households studied did not have adequate food security in drought conditions. In addition, factor analysis classified adaptation behaviors into three categories: active adaptation strategies, self-control, and integration. The results of ordinal regression also showed that adaptation classes have positive and significant effects on improving food security of rural households.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
ZAHRA PISHGAHI FARD; keramat ranjbar dastenaei
Abstract
Introduction
Geography explains the man-environment relationships and the geographical environments and spaces need the political organization of space is needed for optimal governance. It is impossible or it will be accompanied by many difficulties to manage space without political management and to ...
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Introduction
Geography explains the man-environment relationships and the geographical environments and spaces need the political organization of space is needed for optimal governance. It is impossible or it will be accompanied by many difficulties to manage space without political management and to define clear boundaries by dividing space into local, national and regional dimensions. Thus, political geography examines the effect of political decisions on the environment and geographical space and human relations. If sovereignty arises from the nation, political decisions have acceptability and legitimacy. In this geographical debate, elections as a branch of political geography examine the proportionality or disproportion of electoral areas' seats to the population, as well as the manipulation of electoral areas' boundaries (Gerrymandering) that leads to the continued victory of a person or political faction. The Islamic Consultative Assembly is considered as the main and most important decision-making element in the Islamic Republic of Iran, which periods have passed since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, and according to the existing laws (Article 64 of the Constitution), each area can change according to decreasing or increasing the number of members of parliament in each ten-year period and the geographical boundaries, which necessarily leads to changes in the boundaries of the electoral area and manipulation of the boundaries, in the meantime, the examination of voting patterns and voting and ballots can manipulate and change boundaries in favor of one person or party, and lead to continued victory in electoral areas. On the other hand, if there is a mismatch between these manipulations with the proportion of the population and electoral seats call into question spatial justice and democracy, so political geographers, especially election geographers, examine these issues and analyze electoral areas
Materials and methods
In the present study, the dispersion and deviation from the criteria and division of electoral areas has been investigated using library resources, approvals of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Statistics Center of Iran, field observation, interviews with representatives and using Spss v22 software, as well as electoral areas maps in different periods are examined using the GIS software geographic information system, and the maps of each electoral area are drawn before and after the changes, and based on one or more of six methods, Gerrymandering is discovered as follows.
Obvious declared method 2. Conditions generality method 3- The evaluation method of the border change process 4- The inspection method 5- The preliminary comparison method 6- Clear superiority method and accordingly the division in the electoral areas of East Azerbaijan province is in the following categories.
1- Very high negative difference 2- High negative difference 3- Low negative difference 4- Very low negative difference 5- Normal 6- Very low positive difference 7- Low positive difference 8- High positive difference 9- Very high positive difference
Results and Discussion
The study of the variance of constituencies indicates that a very sparsely populated constituency with a large and representative Shahin Dej constituency and a densely populated and under-represented constituency of Urmia and Khoy and Charpareh do not have a suitable share ratio.
The variance of the constituencies of West Azerbaijan province compared to the national average shows that the constituency of Urmia is underrepresented and this should beconsidered in future studies. Examining the proportionality of the share in the constituencies of West Azerbaijan province confirms that there is less spatial justice in terms of population and number of seats. The provincial average population of constituencies is 272,101; the sum of its variance is equal to 6.31 and its average variance is equal to 63. Percent. And for the total population of the province, 11.37 representatives are assigned. In examining the manipulations carried out at the borders of some constituencies, especially at the time of the separation of Shahin Dej, Takab and Miando Ab, the proportionality of population sharing has been disturbed. Therefore, in future revisions, this disproportion should be considered and spatial justice Replace with disproportionate sharing. On the other hand, the manipulations in the constituencies should be done with careful and expert attention, and the investigation of Jerry Mandering in this province shows that Jerry Mandering has not taken place.
Conclusion
Analysis of the population and number of seats in West Azerbaijan Province shows that the three constituencies of Urmia, Khoy and Charpareh and Miando Ab are under-represented constituencies and the two constituencies of Shahin Dej and Salmas are among the most representative constituencies, although According to the 2016 census, most of the constituencies are in the normal range, but in some constituencies, the disproportion of distribution is obvious.
The suggestions that can be made about this province are as follows. With the increase in the population of Urmia constituency, this constituency has the potential to increase the representative to 4 seats, which can be considered in future decisions due to the increase in population from 2016 until now. Other constituencies, without considering this important component, will face more gaps in any change, intrusion, occupation, limitation, and increase of the share and spatial justice.
Climatology
Mostafa Karimi; Elahe Ghasemi
Abstract
General circulation models (GCMs) are an important tool in the assessment of climate change. These numerical coupled models represent various earth systems including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and sea-ice and offer considerable potential for the study of climate change and variability. However, ...
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General circulation models (GCMs) are an important tool in the assessment of climate change. These numerical coupled models represent various earth systems including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and sea-ice and offer considerable potential for the study of climate change and variability. However, they remain relatively coarse in resolution and are unable to resolve significant subgrid scale features such as topography, clouds and land use. Bridging the gap between the resolution of climate models and regional and local scale processes represents a considerable problem for the impact assessment of climate change. Thus, considerable effort in the climate community has focussed on the development of techniques to bridge the gap, known as ‘downscaling’. In this study two statistical downscaling techniques (lars WG and SDSM) and Proportional Downscaling method have been sued , which are combination to TOPSIS approach.The result shows SDSM is more ability technique of downscaling. And climate change will reduce monthly rainfalls up to 39% and increase the temperatures up to 2 °C.
Jamal Mohammadi; Mehdi Ahmadian; Saeed Azadi Ghatar; Rahim Golamhoseyni
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 299-323
Abstract
Abstract
The present paper, seeks to analyze and ranking the cities of west Azerbaijan province in terms of urban services development indicators with regard to the inseparable linkage between balanced distribution of urban facilities and services with social welfare, social justice and urban sustainable ...
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Abstract
The present paper, seeks to analyze and ranking the cities of west Azerbaijan province in terms of urban services development indicators with regard to the inseparable linkage between balanced distribution of urban facilities and services with social welfare, social justice and urban sustainable development. This research was implemented with descriptive- analytical approach by using MCDM techniques. According to the SAW model results, the cities of Maku, Silvana, Sero, Urmia and Miandoab are placed within first to fifth ranking, respectively, and the cities of Bazargan, Nooshin, Mohammadyar, Mir Abad and Rabat are in the ranking of 32 to 36 across the province in terms of development of indicators and functions of urban services. In this regard, based on the VIKOR technique, according to the development of studied indicators the city of Silvana became the provincial superior and the cities of Sero, Maku, Urmia and Sardasht are in the 2nd to 5th rankings and the cities of Nalas, Shut, Qarazia’eddin, Mir Abad, Rabt and Mohammadyar are in the rank of 31 to the end. Combining the results of both Vikor and SAW models, displayed that the cities of Silvana and Maku together are in first ranking and the cities of Sero, Urmia, Mir Abad, Mohammadyar and Rabat are placed in the 2nd to end ranking. Finally, the province cities, according to the ranking of developing the urban services per capita, were classified in three levels using hierarchical cluster analysis. The research finding also indicated that there was no significant correlation between ranking of developing the urban services and province cities population ranking.
Climatology
ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Behrooz Sobhani; Kamel Azarm; Jamal Amini
Volume 19, Issue 52 , June 2015, , Pages 141-161
Abstract
Canola is the world third leading oil seed after soybean and oil palm by producing 15 percent of the global plant oil. Climate, topography and lands capability are the most important environmental factors on which the crop production capability in a region depends. Therefore by evaluating these factors ...
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Canola is the world third leading oil seed after soybean and oil palm by producing 15 percent of the global plant oil. Climate, topography and lands capability are the most important environmental factors on which the crop production capability in a region depends. Therefore by evaluating these factors one can identify suitable lands for canola cultivation. In the present study, the climatological data such as temperature, precipitation, growth degree day, relative humidity, freezing days, and sunshine hours were collected from the West Azerbaijan province synoptic and rain gauge stations (since their installation untill 1388) which were associated with the phenologic stages of canola growth. In addition to the climatological data, earth resources like topographic layers, lands capability, soil depth and land-use were analyzed focusing on the climatological and ecological requirements of canola. After generalizing the data and processing by using ArcGIS, their corresponding information layers were derived. In order to prioritize and assess the criteria and information layers in relation to each other, the multi criteria decision method was employed based on analytical hierarchy process. Then, combination and spatial analysis of the information layers using TOPSIS model and GIS capabilities were done and the final capability ecological evaluation layer for canola cultivation was produced. Based on the obtained results, the province lands were divided into four categories of highly suitable (%18.6), suitable (%34.4), moderate (%32.1) and weak (%14.7) lands on the basis of the environmental and climatologocal potentials for canola cultivation.
Iesa Jokar Sarhanghi; Hosein Jabbari
Volume 19, Issue 51 , April 2015, , Pages 81-105
Abstract
It is impractical to exactly uncover the degree of potential of the areas for the land use purposes. However, the application of fuzzy logic, as a mathematical modeling logic of imprecise and vague processes, can pave the way so as to do processing modeling and to determine the ecological potential. ...
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It is impractical to exactly uncover the degree of potential of the areas for the land use purposes. However, the application of fuzzy logic, as a mathematical modeling logic of imprecise and vague processes, can pave the way so as to do processing modeling and to determine the ecological potential. In the present research the ecological urban development model of West Azerbaijan was considered as the basis and performed using fuzzy logic. The fuzzification of ecological resources maps and indeed fuzzy inference system in geographic information systems (GIS) is a way of determining the fuzzy membership degree and the overlapping of different layers for urban development. The results of the ecological evaluation of urban development and analysis of fuzzy logic strengths and weaknesses as compared to implementation of Makhdoom model illustrated that the fuzzy inference engine in the geographic information systems can yield much real output particularly in the sides of borders which form the ecological resources maps. Finally, this study invites further economic, social, and modeling studies in the issues of assigning lands for different usages
