Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Tehran, Enghelab St., Kharazmi University, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Department of Human Geography

2 Kharazmi University, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Department of Human Geography

Abstract

Introduction
Inequality in access to and distribution of services is common in most rural and urban areas of developing countries. This leads to spatial displacement and mass migration of rural groups to cities in the hope of having a variety of facilities and more suitable living facilities. Given this knowledge, the study argues that rural settlements, like urban settlements, should have some socio-economic functions in addition to residential function. These functions are in the form of distribution of services, the desired access to which will guarantee the stability and stability of the rural system. In this regard, proponents of service development theory also believe that improving access to services and facilities is one of the basic requirements for achieving rural development. The study of this necessity in mountainous areas has been one of the most important measures due to the fact that the welfare of its inhabitants is highly dependent on it due to access restrictions. Tarom city is located in a mountainous area and a large part of its population and rural areas are located in mountainous areas. Many of its rural areas are sparsely populated and scattered due to their mountainous nature, which has also had an impact on the establishment of the service delivery model. Therefore, preliminary studies in the field of research indicate challenges in access to services in rural areas. Needs attention to effective factors to determine the appropriate model of service delivery in rural areas of the city.
Data and Method
Establishment of activities and establishment of rural service centers in suitable places will achieve high efficiency and economic justification of services and ensure their sustainability in the future. The basic step to achieve this is to determine effective and appropriate priorities for it, which should be in accordance with the conditions of the study area. First, the effective factors on the access of rural residents to rural service centers were determined based on the researcher's field knowledge of the study area, experts' opinions and similar research in three factors and 12 sub-criteria. Then, after determining the degree of importance of the criteria and sub-criteria, the weight of each of them was determined on the zoning map and the appropriate areas were determined. Finally, in order to determine the suitable rural areas for the establishment of rural service centers, the conditions of each rural area were ranked according to the sub-criteria and the villages with priority were ranked in the Vikor model.
Results and Discussion
According to the research findings, human, physical and natural factors are the most important factors for the establishment of rural service centers. Population density and concentration is also the most important sub-criterion. Sub-criterion of population density in rural areas, because most of the population is scattered and sparsely populated, has a high priority to determine the most suitable village for service centers and therefore more population will have access to it. According to another study, only 6% of The area of ​​the study area is quite desirable due to its serviceability. There are 20 rural points in this area, each of which has suitable conditions for providing services to the villages in their area of ​​influence in the countryside. According to Vicor score of 20 rural points, 3 rural points for each village were determined as the most suitable central village for rural services. Selected rural areas have a positive population and growth rate and high employment. These areas are located in suitable communication routes in each village and the distance of all rural areas to these rural centers is appropriate. In terms of service stability, these areas are at a good distance from the fault line (earthquake risk) and waterway lines (flood risk) and since these areas are located in low and flat areas, they also have more services in terms of Economic justification and construction costs are appropriate for the development of services.
Conclusion
The need to pay attention to the rural areas of the country and provide appropriate and sufficient services and facilities to activate rural units, either due to the need to expand production activities (agricultural sector) in these areas or due to proper organization of housing and population stabilization in these areas due to widespread migration , Is a serious and inevitable thing. In connection with this issue, one of the first steps is to recognize the capacities and capabilities of rural areas and to properly regulate and organize the provision of services in order to rationally use these capabilities, which must be firmly and steadily taken. In the study, rural areas that were suitable in terms of factors and conditions were identified. These areas have a good justification for establishing rural service centers. There fore, by determining the appropriate areas and areas for rural service centers, it is possible to provide the necessary conditions for the growth of services in these areas and with proper access to all rural areas studied to these services, rural development can be achieved.

Keywords

Main Subjects

-        اصغری‌زاده، عزت اله و ذبیحی جامخانه، محسن (1391)، «ارزیابی و رتبه‌بندی میزان توسعه یافتگی مناطق روستایی با استفاده از تکنیک‌های تصمیم‌گیری چند شاخصه مطالعه موردی: دهستان‌های شهرستان ساری»، مجله پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، شماره 3، صص 27- 48.
-        بدخشان، زینب؛ مهرابی بشر آبادی و حمیدرضا میرزایی خلیل آبادی (1397)، «بررسی تاثیر توسعه زیرساخت‌ها بر توسعه روستایی ایران»، مجله اقتصادی کشاورزی، جلد 12، شماره 4، صص 1- 14.
-        بدری، سیدعلی؛ رضوانی، محمدرضا و پروین خدادای (1398)، «تحلیل محتوای کیفی سیاست‌های فضایی توسعه روستایی کشور پس از انقلاب اسلامی»، فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی فضایی(جغرافیا سال نهم، شماره اول(پیاپی 32)، بهار 1398.
-        توکلی، جعفر؛ میرک زاده، اصغر و مراد، ابراهیمی (1393)، «بررسی و تحلیل سطح توسعه زیرساختی -خدماتی روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان کوهدشت»، مجله پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، سال 3، شماره 7، صص 75- 84.
-        جمشیدی، زهرا (1394)، «بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر توزیع خدمات روستایی(مطالعه موردی: دهستان دینور، شهرستان صحنه)»، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه.
-        حجازی، سیداسدالله و همتی، فریبا (1393)، «مکان‌یابی بهینه دفن زباله روستای ایقوان با استفاده از مدل فرآیند تحلیل شبکه(ANP)»، مجله جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی، سال 20، شماره 56، تابستان 1395، صص 73-78.
-        رضوانی، محمدرضا (1387)، «مقدمه‌ای بر برنامه‌ریزی توسعه روستایی در ایران»، تهران، انتشارات قومس.
-        علیپور، حمید؛ فتحی‌زاد، حسن؛ قالیباف، محمد اخوان و فهیمه عربی علی‌آباد (1394)، «کاربرد فرآیند تحلیل شبکه‌ای(ANP) در تعیین بهترین کاربری منطقه درکش خراسان شمالی»، مجله جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی، سال 21، شماره 61، پاییز 1396، صص 261- 277.
-        فرجی، سبکبار؛ نصیری، حسین؛ حمزه، محمد؛ رفیعی، یوسف و شاپور سلمانوندی (1389)، «تحلیل تناسب اراضی به منظور استقرار مراکز خدمات روستایی با استفاده از روش‌های PROMETHEE II و مقایسه زوجی در محیط GIS(مطالعه موردی: بخش سلطانیه، شهرستان ابهر)»، مجله توسعه روستایی، سال 2، پاییز و زمستان 1389، شماره 2، پیاپی 3، صص 95- 1118.
-        کرمی، آیت‌الله و عبدشاهی، عباس (1390)، «رتبه‌بندی توسعه‌یافتگی مناطق روستایی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد به روش فازی»، مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی، جلد 3، شماره 3، صص 117- 136.
-        معاونت برنامه‌ریزی استانداری زنجان (1389)، مطالعات آمایش استان زنجان.
-        مکانیکی، جواد و حجت‌الله صادقی (1391)، «تعیین الگوی فضایی بهینة استقرار مراکز خدمات روستایی با رویکرد تناسب اراضی به روش AHP(مطالعه موردی: بخش دهدز، شهرستان ایذه)»، مجله پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، پاییز و زمستان 1391 شماره 2، صص 47- 69.
-        مهدوی، مسعود و کریم‌زاده، حسین (1385)، «پهنه‌بندی بخش مرکزی شهرستان ورزقان برای مکان‌یابی مراکز خدمات روستایی با استفاده از GIS»، مجله پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی، پیاپی 55، دوره 38، شماره 2، صص 203- 224.
-         Agénor, P.-R. (2010). A theory of infrastructure-led development. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 34(5), 932-950.
-         Brinkerhoff, D. W., Wetterberg, A., & Wibbels, E. (2018). Distance, services, and citizen perceptions of the state in rural Africa. Governance, 31(1), 103-124.
-         Dillon, A., Sharma, M., & Zhang, X. (2011). Estimating the impact of rural investments in Nepal. Food Policy, 36(2), 250-258.
-         Fan, S., & Hazell, P. B. (1999). Are returns to public investment lower in less-favored rural areas?: an empirical analysis of India (No. 581-2016-39390).
-         Fan, S., Hazell, P. B., & Haque, T. (1998). Role of infrastructure in production growth and poverty reduction in Indian rainfed agriculture. Project Report to the Indian Council for Agricultural Research and the World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
-         Fan, S., Hazell, P., & Haque, T. (2000). Targeting public investments by agro-ecological zone to achieve growth and poverty alleviation goals in rural India. Food Policy, 25(4), 411-428.
-         Fan, S., Hazell, P., & Thorat, S. (2000). Government spending, growth and poverty in rural India. American journal of agricultural economics, 82(4), 1038-1051.
-         Fan, S., Hazell, P., & Thorat, S. (2000). Government spending, growth and poverty in rural India. American journal of agricultural economics, 82(4), 1038-1051.
-         Fan, S., Hazell, P., & Thorat, S. (2000). Impact of public expenditure on poverty in rural India. Economic and Political Weekly, 3581-3588.
-         Fedderke, J. W., Perkins, P., & Luiz, J. M. (2006). Infrastructural investment in long-run economic growth: South Africa 1875–2001. World Development, 34(6), 1037-1059.
-         Ghosh, M. (2017). Infrastructure and development in Rural India. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 11(3), 256-289.
-         Halseth, G., & Ryser, L. (2004). Building Rural Capacity in the New Economy: Service Provision in Rural and Small Town Canada-Cross-Canada Summary Report. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of British Columbia.
-         Halseth, G., & Ryser, L. (2006). Trends in service delivery: Examples from rural and small town Canada, 1998 to 2005. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 1(2).
-         Hanjra, M. A., Ferede, T., & Gutta, D. G. (2009). Reducing poverty in sub-Saharan Africa through investments in water and other priorities. Agricultural Water Management, 96(7), 1062-1070.
-         Hassanimehr, S. (2010). The Effective Role Of Important Geographical Factors In Rural Settlements Changes, Case Study: Astara Villages.
-         Kai-ji, H. (2015). Village Welfare from the Perspective of Rural Good Governance. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology (Social Science Edition)(1), 12.
-         Mantino, F. (2011). Developing a Territorial Approach for the CAP: A discussion paper. Institute for European Environmental Policy, London.
-         Markey, S., Connelly, S., & Roseland, M. (2010). ‘Back of the Envelope’: Pragmatic Planning for Sustainable Rural Community Development. Planning Practice & Research, 25(1), 1-23.
-         Mensah, E. J., Huchet‐Bourdon, M., & Latruffe, L. (2014). Infrastructure access and household welfare in rural Ghana. African Development Review, 26(3), 508-519.
-         National Council of Applied Economic Research. (2007). India rural infrastructure report. New Delhi: SAGE Publications and National Council of Applied Economic Research.
-         Prior, M., Farmer, J., Godden, D., & Taylor, J. (2010). More than health: the added value of health services in remote Scotland and Australia. Health & place, 16(6), 1136-1144.
-         Queiruga, D., Walther, G., Gonzalez-Benito, J., & Spengler, T. (2008). Evaluation of sites for the location of WEEE recycling plants in Spain. Waste management, 28(1), 181-190.
-         Research, N. C. o. A. E. (2007). India Rural Infrastucture Report: SAGE.
-         Saaty, T. L. (1980). The Analytical Hierarchy Porocess. Mc- Graw Hill.NewYork. 48- 72.
-         Sapkota, J. B. (2018). Access to infrastructure and human well-being: Evidence from rural Nepal. Development in Practice, 28(2), 182-194.
-         Skoufias, E., & Olivieri, S. (2013). Sources of spatial welfare disparities in Indonesia: Household endowments or returns? Journal of Asian Economics, 29, 62-79.
-         Sullivan, L., Ryser, L., & Halseth, G. (2015). Recognizing change, recognizing rural: The new rural economy and towards a new model of rural service. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 9(4).
-         Tavares, D. M. D. S., Paiva, M. M. D., Dias, F. A., Diniz, M. A., & Martins, N. P. F. (2013). Características sociodemográficas e qualidade de vida de idosos com hipertensão arterial sistêmica que residem na zona rural: importância do papel do enfermeiro. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 21(2), 515-522.
-         Thiede, B. C., Brown, D. L., Sanders, S. R., Glasgow, N., & Kulcsar, L. J. (2017). A demographic deficit? Local population aging and access to services in rural America, 1990–2010. Rural sociology, 82(1), 44-74.
-         Vijil, M., M. Huchet‐Bourdon and C. Le Mouël (2011),‘Aid for Trade: A Survey’, French Agency for Development WorkingPaper, 110.
-         WIJAYA, Y. A., & ISHIHARA, K. (2020). Rurality Classification and the Implications of Indonesia’s Village Decentralization toward Development Equity at the Sub-district Level: A Case Study of Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, 27, 2.
-         Yang, J., & Lee, H. (1997). An AHP decision model for facility location selection. Facilities.
-         Zheng, L. (2017). Accessing the Impacts of Rural Infrastructure Investments on Household Farm Investment and Productivity–Case Study of Shrimp Aquaculture in Rural Vietnam Subtheme (No. 2196-2019-1318).