Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
Associate Professor Of Urban Design in University of Hamadan Bu-Ali Sina University, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Hamadan, Iran
2
Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan
10.22034/gp.2026.71058.3502
Abstract
Urban presence in public open spaces is considered an important indicator of the vitality and dynamism of urban environments and is influenced by environmental quality, spatial organization, and the social characteristics of place. Urban squares are among the most significant public spaces in cities, providing settings for social interaction, collective activities, and everyday urban experiences. However, in many Iranian cities a decline in citizens’ presence and interaction within urban squares has been observed, which may indicate deficiencies in the environmental, functional, and social qualities of these spaces. Therefore, identifying the factors that influence presence in urban squares can contribute to improving the quality of public spaces and enhancing urban vitality. Accordingly, this study examines the impact of environmental quality on urban presence in four major squares of Hamadan: Imam Khomeini Square, Bu Ali Sina Square, Imamzadeh Abdullah Square, and Baba Taher Square. This research is applied in nature and adopts a descriptive–analytical approach using quantitative methods. Data were collected through a researcher designed questionnaire, and the statistical population consisted of citizens using the selected squares. A total of 400 questionnaires were completed through convenience sampling. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests and structural equation modeling to examine the effects of different dimensions of environmental quality on citizens’ presence. The findings show that all dimensions of environmental quality have a significant relationship with urban presence in public squares. However, the social, physical, and functional dimensions have the strongest influence on citizens’ willingness to visit and remain in these spaces. Squares characterized by diverse activities, perceived safety, suitable accessibility, and the presence of staying spaces demonstrate higher levels of presence and social interaction. Accordingly, enhancing presence in Hamadan’s urban squares requires strengthening social interactions, improving spatial organization, increasing the quality of staying spaces, and promoting environmental comfort.
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