Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Dam projects that affect people's basic rights violated by these projects, homes, farms, orchards and social affiliations have lost their culture. Dams impact on livelihoods, social and cultural systems and are often not explicitly given in the categories of dams and the benefits analysis is not addressed. Therefore considering worldwide development trend for dam construction, especially in Iran, the necessity of reviewal the socio-economic impacts of dam construction thus becomes apparent. Solymanshah dam was constructed in 2006 in the Sonqur city. The main purpose of research was analysis of socio-economic impacts of solymanshah dam on rural development in areas under irrigation and drainage network. Statistical population consisted of householders in rural that are under direct effects of dam (1273 member) 291 of whom were selected for Morgan table by using stratified sampling method with Proportional allocation. Composite Index (CI) and Moris mode were used for analysis of data. Results showed that the most important positive socio-economic impacts  of dam on region includes addition in people's income via promotion in agricultural activities that have carried out by dam, development of agricultural lands, interance of tourism in the region and the development of rural tourism. In addition in people's income via nonagricultural occupations, the development of rural roads and the improvement of communication, addition are added to economic worth of farm lands, and the revival of green and enjoyment landscapes of villages. Also the results showed that the most important negative socio-economic impacts of dam on region included: loss of socio-cultural attachments (memories, mosques and religion places, the upset of customary land in Villages, sinking grave ancestors), distortion of some part of high quality farm lands, distortion of rural houses, losing the first job for many of the villagers especially farming, the lose of adult fruit trees and worthwhile gardens and seizing of villager’s land with low prices. The results also showed that between 12 villages which were directly under irrigation and drainage network of the dam, Soleimanshah and Joubkabod Olya were under development and other were  loss developed. Also results showed that two villages of Ghiasabadi and Qorveh less than others have enjoyed the benefits of dam construction.

Keywords

منابع
ـ بدری، علی؛ اکبریان رونیزی، سعیدرضا و جواهری، حسن (1385)، «تعیین سطوح توسعه‌یافتگی نواحی روستایی شهرستان کامیاران»، فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی، سال21، شماره 3 (پیاپی 82)، صص 130-116.
ـ حسینی توسل، مرتضی، اصغر کهندل و قاسم مرتضایی فریزهندی (1386)، «جلوگیری از اثرات منفی سدسازی و استفاده از فرصت‌های جدید با بررسی راهکارهای اجرایی در بخش‌های مرتبط با منابع طبیعی (مطالعه موردی سدکارون3)»، سیوپلیکا، تاریخ دسترسی 29 اسفند 1389.
ـ رحمتی، علیرضا و اصغر نظریان (1388)،« آثار اقتصادی- اجتماعی و محیط‌زیستی سکونتگاه‌های مشمول جابجایی ناشی از ایجاد سدها (مطالعه موردی سد گتوند علیا، رودخانه کارون)»، پژوهش‌های محیطزیست، سال 1، شماره 2، صص 66-53.
ـ فرج­زاده، منوچهر و رستم­زاده، علی (1386)، «ارزیابی اثر سدهای بزرگ در تغییر کاربری اراضی با استفاده از سنجش از راه دور و GIS (مطالعه موردی: سد ستارخان اهر)»، فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی، سال 11، شماره 1، صص 66-47.
ـ کلانتری، خلیل (1380)،« برنامه‌ریزی و توسعه منطقه‌ای (تئوری‌ها و تکنیک‌ها)»، چاپ اول، تهران، انتشارات خوشبین.
ـ منوری، سیدمسعود (1384)،« ارزیابی اثرات زیست‌محیطی»، انتشارات: میترا.
ـ مهندسان مشاور گاماسیاب (1382)، «گزارش اقتصادی– اجتماعی و مشارکت‌های مردمی روستاهای تحت پوشش شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی سدسلیمانشاه سنقر».
ـ وزارت نیرو ( بی تا)، «گزارش مطالعات ارزیابی اقتصادی».
- Aguiree, I. (2005), “Social Investigation of the Communities Affected by the Chixoy Dam, Rights Action, Washington, DC. PanelAppraisal 21 (3), 215-224.
- Bartolome, L.J., Wet, C.D., Mander, H., and Nagarag, V.K. (2000), “Displacement, Resettlement, Rehabilitation, Reparation, and Development”, World Commission on Dams, Cape Town.
- Burdge, Rabel .J. and Robertson, Robert .A. (1998), “Social Impact Assessment and the Public Involvement Process”, Pp. 183-192. In Rabel J. Burdge, A Conceptual Approach to Social Impact Assessment. Social Ecology Press.
- Carley, M. and Bustelo, E.S. (1984), “Social Impact Assessment and Monitoring: A Guide to Literature”, Westview Press.
- Cernea, M.M. (2000), “Risks, safeguards, and reconstruction: a model for population displacement and resettlement”, in M.M. Cernea and C. McDowell (eds.), Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
- Chao, J. (2001), “Relocation for giant dam inflames Chinese peasants”, National Geographic News, May 15. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/
- Egre, D. and Senecal, P., (2003), “Social impact assessments of large dams throughout the world: lessons learned over two decades”, Impact Assessment and Project.
- Gleick, P.H. (2008), “Three Gorges Dam Project, Yangtze River”, China. The World’s Water 2008–2009. pp. 139-150.
- Heggelund, G. (2004), “Environment and Resettlement Politics in China: The Three Gorges Project.Hampshire, United Kingdom”, Ashgate Publishing.
- Heggelund, G. (2006), “Resettlement programmes and environmental capacity in the Three Gorges Dam Project”, Development and Change 37(1):179-199.
- Heggelund, G. (2007), “Running into dead ends: Challenges in researching the Three Gorges Dam, Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars”, China Environment Series 7:79-83.
- Hwang, S.S., Xi J., Cao, Y., Feng, X., and Qiao, X. (2007), “Anticipation of migration and psychological stress and the Three Gorges Dam project”, China, Social Science and Medicine, 65 (5):1012–1024.
- Li, H., Waley, P., and Rees, P. (2001), “Reservoir resettlement in China: Past experience and the Three Gorges Dam”, The Geographical Journal, 167(3):195-212.
- Maybury-Lewis, D. (2003), “Development and the Human Rights of Minorities”, in Y. Kikuchi “Development Anthropology: Beyond Economics”, Manila. New Day Publishers (forthcoming).
- McCully, Patrick. Sileneced Rivers (1996), “The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams”, London: Zed Books.
- Qiu, Z., Lizhi, W., and Jinping, D. (2000), “Sanxia kuqu nongcun yimin anzhi moshi tantao, (Exploring the Three Gorges Rural Resettlement Pattern), [People’s] Yangtze River (Renmin Changjiang) 31(3): 1-3 (Cited in Heggelund 2007), Riffe, Daniel and Freitag, Alan.
- Sadler, B., Verocai, I., and Vanclay, F. (2000), “Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Large Dams”, WCD Thematic Review V.2 prepared as an input to the World Commission on Dams, Cape Town, www.dams.org
- Scudder, T., (2005), “The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs”. Earthscan, London.
- Thamae, M.L., and Pottinger, L., (2006), “On the Wrong Side of Development: Lessons Learned From the Lesotho Highlands Water Projects”, Transformation Resource Center, Maseru.
- Tilt, B., Braun, Y. and Hedaming, D. (2008), “Social impacts of large dam projects: A comparison of international case studies and implications for best practice”, Journal of Environmental Management 90 (2009) S249–S257
- Vanclay, F. (1999), “Summary of workshop on International Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment”, Report to the closing session of the meeting of the International Association of Impact Assessment, Glasgow.
- Western, J. & Lynch, M. (2000), “Overview of the SIA Process”, Pp. 35-62. In Laurence R. Goldman”, Social Impact Analysis: An AppliedAnthropology. Berg
- World Commission on Dams. )2000(, “Dams and Development”, London: Earthscan Publishers, 448 pages. http://www.dams.org/
- Yan, T., Hugo, G., and Potter, L. (2005(, “Rural women, displacement and the Three Gorges Project”, pp.69104.Development and Change 36(4):711-734.