Research Paper
Geotourism
Majid Dadash Pour Mogaddam; Hassan Ahmadzadeh; Reza Valizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionInterest in urban tourism since the early 1980s has greatly changed the trend and methods of tourism (Cianga & Popescu, 2013: 34). Thus, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Cities, as a collection of components, ...
Read More
IntroductionInterest in urban tourism since the early 1980s has greatly changed the trend and methods of tourism (Cianga & Popescu, 2013: 34). Thus, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Cities, as a collection of components, spaces, cycles and governing laws, regardless of their current relationships, as the most attractive tourist places, can provide various manifestations of beauty, services and peace for local residents and visitors. Therefore, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Therefore, one of the most effective processes of sustainable urban development is tourism, which can become the most important economic poles of cities. However, in the last two years, the corona virus epidemic has directly affected cities and its developments. The present study evaluates the tourism potential of Tabriz metropolis for the development of this industry with a branding approach for the post-epidemic period of Covid-19 with a macro and comprehensive management perspective based on spatial information system, reference location factors and spatial analysis.Data and MethodThe research process is based on data, GIS and hybrid modelling approach. First, 18 social, environmental, meteorological and physical factors affecting the potential of urban tourism were selected and the data became a place from a non-spatial dimension. Data localization process was done in ArcGIS 10.5 software and 18 raster factors were produced. After that, Pearson's correlation was used to ensure the absence of a linear relationship between the factors and the independent effect of each of them. Then, based on the impact of each of the factors, their standardization was done using the increasing and decreasing method in a binary way.Results and DiscussionIn the present study, all linear correlations are less than 0.7 and all factors will have a unique impact on the modelling output. Also, the density factors of single citizens (0.154), population density (0.153), density of married citizens (0.151) and density of employees (0.135) are of the highest importance and are key factors affecting the development of urban tourism, respectively. Although social factors have a higher impact, all factors have weights higher than 0 and a significant impact. The output maps of the two models used in this study indicate the high potential of tourism in areas 2, 3, 6 and 7.ConclusionHigh-risk areas with high impact of the epidemic have a higher potential for tourism. Using the branding approach, an exciting and attractive atmosphere can be created to attract domestic and foreign tourists.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Marziyeh Esmaeelpour; manijeh lalehpour; Samaneh Mamaghani
Abstract
IntroductionNatural hazards, with various types and extent, as recurring and destructive phenomena, have always existed throughout the life of the planet and have always been a serious threat to humans since the creation of mankind (Rajabi et al., 2018: 184). Among the natural hazards, earthquake ...
Read More
IntroductionNatural hazards, with various types and extent, as recurring and destructive phenomena, have always existed throughout the life of the planet and have always been a serious threat to humans since the creation of mankind (Rajabi et al., 2018: 184). Among the natural hazards, earthquake is one of the most horrible ones in the history of mankind, which belongs in the category of immediate dangers. This natural phenomenon can be characterized by their high destructive potential and the brutal killing in a short time (Taghipour, 2016: 195).There are many definitions of vulnerability in the literature. Vulnerability is defined as “a state combining physical, economic and environmental factors, which increases system sensibility to danger” by the United Nations/International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (Peng, 2012: 95). One of the most effective strategies to reduce social and economic losses resulted from earthquakes is to mitigate the vulnerability of society to seismic hazards based on an accurate and scientific risk assessment (Wei et al., 2017: 1289). It is not possible to accurately predict the earthquake, but the earthquake can be studied from the following two aspects, so the casualties caused by the earthquake decrease as much as possible. First, seismic vulnerability should be assessed before the earthquake, and the construction of disaster prevention and reduction system should be strengthened in the regions with relative high vulnerability of population. Second, according to the estimated casualties, the reasonable rescue measures would be deployed to carry out the effective rescue (Zhang et al., 2018: 2).Data and MethodIn the present study, the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz due to its proximity to Tabriz fault has been assessed. District 10 is one of the northern areas of the city and its texture is mainly marginal, which increases the vulnerability to earthquake. Various factors affect the vulnerability of an urban area to earthquake including height and age of the buildings, the quality of materials, population density and distance to active faults (Khamespanah et al., 2016: 58). In the present study, 12 factor were applied to investigate the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz metropolis: slope, distance to fault, to hazardous installations, to the hospitals and fire stations, population density, residential density, access to open urban public spaces, number of building floors, building quality, materials and urban grain.In order to present the vulnerability map of district 10, thematic layers of the studied criteria were prepared and transformed into fuzzy. Decreasing and increasing linear functions were used to fuzzification the thematic layers. The five fuzzy operators i.e. and, or, product, sum and gamma can be used for combining thematic maps. The operator used in this study to integrate a fuzzy subject layer is the gamma operator. Also, the vulnerability coefficient of district 10 to the average earthquake intensity was calculated. The range of numbers obtained from the vulnerability coefficient is between 0 and 1, indicating lack of damage and a building collapse, respectively. (Ahadnezhad Reveshti et al., 2010: 182).Results and DiscussionIn order to assess the seismic vulnerability, it is necessary to generate a seismic micro zonation map for the study area. To this end, 3 steps were performed as follows:Thematic layers affecting seismic vulnerability were prepared in the GIS environment and their spatial distribution in the district 10 of Tabriz was evaluated.In this step, thematic layers were transformed into fuzzy using fuzzy functions.Fuzzy thematic layers were combined using a fuzzy operator and a seismic vulnerability map was prepared for district 10 of Tabriz.The results of seismic zoning of region 10 of Tabriz using fuzzy logic can be summarized as follows: - About 4.5% of the study area is in a very high vulnerability and 12.6% of its area is in a high vulnerability class. Also, the total area of low and very low vulnerability zones is about 64.9%. Very low vulnerable areas correspond to the barren lands, green spaces and all open spaces of the district. In addition, in Eram neighborhoods in the north of the study area, residential and population density are much lower than others. Some of the southern neighborhoods of this region, such as Sheshgalan and Daveh Chi, are less vulnerable to earthquakes due to the lower population and residential density, proximity to the hospital, to green spaces and less distance to the fire station. . - Neighborhoods such as Khalilabad and Ghorbani in the central parts of district 10, are among the most vulnerable ones to earthquakes. Factors such as high population and residential density, lack of access to urban open spaces are the most important reasons for the high vulnerability of these areas. The central neighborhoods of district 10 are the most vulnerable to earthquake hazard. Due to the high population density in these areas, a large earthquake can lead to severe damage and loss of life in these areas. The results of damage analysis in district 10 of Tabriz, considering a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10, show that the northern and southern parts of region 10 are in class D0 against a possible earthquake and will be without damage. About 6.4% of urban spaces in the study area are in Class D3, which will suffer significant to severe damage. Finally, about 0.6% of urban spaces in the study area are in class D5. This class includes part of the central neighborhoods and indicates the very high vulnerability of these areas to an earthquake.ConclusionFindings show that vulnerability is higher in the central neighborhoods of district 10. Factors such as high residential and population density, old tissue, distance to hospitals and lack of access to public open spaces are the most important factors that cause very high seismic vulnerability in this part of the city. District 10 of Tabriz is located near the large north fault of Tabriz and in this regard, the whole area is vulnerable to earthquake. However, proximity to the fault alone cannot be a measure of the vulnerability of urban buildings and structures, but planning and physical factors in the city can aggravate or, conversely, reduce seismic vulnerability. The results of the seismic vulnerability coefficient of the study area to a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10 show that the buildings located in the central neighborhoods of district 10 have the highest seismic vulnerability. Due to the high population and residential density in these areas, during an earthquake there will undoubtedly be very high and catastrophic casualties and financial losses.
Research Paper
Rural Planning
Ahmad Hajarian
Abstract
IntroductionSustainable livelihood is one of the most important approaches in the field of climate management, especially drought. Sustainable livelihood is defined as the ability of a social unit to upgrade its assets and capacities in the face of pressures over time. The goal of the sustainable livelihood ...
Read More
IntroductionSustainable livelihood is one of the most important approaches in the field of climate management, especially drought. Sustainable livelihood is defined as the ability of a social unit to upgrade its assets and capacities in the face of pressures over time. The goal of the sustainable livelihood approach is to increase the ability to face change and unpredictable problems, improve justice and increase sustainability by reducing tensions by providing secure networks. Achieving sustainable rural livelihoods is not possible without considering the livelihood capital in rural areas. Given that today, especially in developing societies, the study of household livelihood in terms of rural development is of particular importance, to conduct studies that analyze the livelihoods of rural residents, especially in terms of sustainability and in the face of vulnerable factors such as drought, it is essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the level of livelihood stability of rural households in Hoome Jonobi city in drought conditions in order to understand the sustainability of their livelihood status. Data and Method This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of how to collect data. The statistical population of the study was the heads of rural households in Selseleh city (N = 2894) that using Krejcie-Morgan table, the statistical sample size of 339 people was calculated. In order to obtain samples in this study, multi-stage sampling method was used. The analytical framework used in this study was a sustainable livelihood framework. Stability radar method was used to calculate the level of stability. The results showed that among the five livelihood capitals, four human, natural, social and financial capitals are in terms of stability in terms of stability and physical capital is in a position of potential stability. The questionnaire was the main research tool whose content validity was approved by experts and professors. In order to evaluate the reliability of the research tool, 30 out-of-sample questionnaires were completed and the alpha-Cronbach value for its different sections was obtained from 0.762 to 0.862. Results and Discussion The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is shown by factor loading. Factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, the relationship is considered weak and it is ignored. A factor load between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if it is greater than 0.6, it is very desirable. It can be seen that all observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, all factor loadings at the 0.01 level. They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table, the significance level for factor loadings or standard regression coefficients of the four observed variables is not reported. This is due to the fact that these variables are respectively considered as reference variables or representative variables for four human, physical, social and financial variables, so that these hidden variables are without scale and, in other words, without their root and unit of measurement. be resolved That is why the initial path diagrams on the arrows corresponding to the paths between these observed variables with the corresponding hidden variable are considered as values of 1. The AVE measure represents the average variance shared between each construct with its indicators. In simpler terms, AVE (Average Variance Extracted) is used for convergence validity and shows the high correlation of indicators of one structure compared to the correlation of indicators of other structures. The value of this coefficient varies from zero to one, and values higher than 0.5 are accepted. Convergent validity or average extracted variance (AVE) for the human capital index is 766/. , the natural capital index was 0.711, the social capital index was 0.799 and the financial capital index was 0.526. Also, the value of the structural reliability coefficient or composite reliability (CR) is variable from zero to one, and values higher than 0.7 are accepted. , which for the human capital index is 755/. , the natural capital index was 0.737, the social capital index was 0.802, and the financial capital index was 0.514, which shows the appropriateness of these subscales. ConclusionIn order to analyze a sustainable livelihood in a geographical area, we need to examine the livelihood resources available to the residents of the settlements in that area. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling the livelihood capital of rural households in drought conditions in the rural areas of the southern suburbs and reached the following results.The stability of livelihood capitals of rural households in the study area showed that human capital explains 0.64% of the variance. Also, for natural capitals with a score of 0.45, social capitals with a sustainability score of 0.23 and finally financial capitals with a score of 0.37, this shows the intensity of the relationship between the variable of livelihood capitals and the following It has its own indicators.
Research Paper
Rural Planning
Aboulghasem Taghizadfanid; sajedeh dinparast; Saeid Nasire Zare; Parsa Pashaei
Abstract
Introduction Rural areas are a well-known research topic. Development in these areas is due to the efficiency of agricultural institutions that should ensure the welfare of these areas and employment and population factors that lead to the growth of welfare. In relation to these areas, development ...
Read More
Introduction Rural areas are a well-known research topic. Development in these areas is due to the efficiency of agricultural institutions that should ensure the welfare of these areas and employment and population factors that lead to the growth of welfare. In relation to these areas, development is to improve the living conditions and is the most important solution to solve the problems of the villagers. But for this issue, the first step will be to identify the challenges and obstacles to development in these areas, one of the main axes of which is to pay attention to the managerial performance of managers in these communities. Data and Method On the one hand, research is a qualitative research that seeks to explore and identify the factors affecting the management of managers in the development of rural areas, and on the other hand, it is a quantitative research, because it tries to describe these factors statistically by tests. From the point of view of research classification, based on purpose, research is of applied type. Because it seeks to apply the theories, regularities, principles and techniques developed in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling variables, the present study is a quasi-experimental research, because due to the post-event nature of the research, it is not possible to control variables completely. In the qualitative part of the research, sampling was done randomly and selectively from local residents. In the end, after reaching the theoretical saturation and reaching the repetitive answers, the qualitative part of the research was completed. But for the quantitative part of the research that sought to describe and identify the factors affecting the performance weaknesses of local managers for development in rural areas, first these criteria should be integrated into factors and sub-factors. On the one hand, this made the research criteria clearer and on the other hand, it made it easier to measure it in the researcher-made questionnaire. Therefore, the semantic units obtained from the interview were coded and classified in three stages. This classification was the basis for designing a questionnaire in the Likert scale. The validity and content of the questionnaire were also confirmed by a panel of experts after simplifying some of the questions and statements. The reliability of the questionnaire for Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.796, which indicates the appropriateness of the research tool for measuring the subject. The questionnaire was randomly distributed among the sample population which included 230 samples (according to Cochran's formula) from rural areas of Dolatabad district. The sample size for rural areas was proportional to the number of rural households in these areas. SPSS and Lisral were used to analyze the data. Thus, factor analysis was used as a multivariate analysis technique to evaluate the factors and to show their significance, the T-statistic model was used. ConclusionAccording to the results of the interview, 43 semantic units were obtained which after coding and classification, these criteria were classified into 26 criteria and 4 general dimensions. These criteria are the most important managerial performance of managers in the rural area, which has played an important role in the development of the rural area from the point of view of the local community. After identifying the desired criteria, these criteria were evaluated in a specialized questionnaire by 230 samples from the study population and analyzed in the LISR program. Based on the results, the value of t-statistic for all criteria is more than 1.96, which indicates a significant relationship between criteria and factors. Therefore, all criteria have the necessary accuracy to measure their own structure and each indicator only measures its own structure and the criteria are correctly classified in the form of key barriers. Based on the statistical values obtained, which are the most important results of the analysis, the highest factor load for administrative-organizational factors; Body; It has been social and economic. Therefore, the administrative-organizational factor is studied as the most important factor for the performance of managers in the development of rural areas. Results and Discussion Identifying and evaluating the performance of managers in the development of the studied rural area was in 4 main dimensions, administrative-organizational, social, economic and physical. In each of these factors, some criteria had the highest factor load. In the administrative-organizational factor, the standard of professional experience and activity of local managers; In the physical factor, the general standard of retrofitting houses in rural areas, which includes the sub-criteria of regulating suitable laws for rural constructions and providing suitable financial resources for retrofitting houses, had the highest factor load. In the social factor, the standard of effective communication and cooperation between managers and local people has been most important. In relation to this standard, it is clear that two-way and mutual communication between managers and local people will lead to cooperative management. This is a standard that the development literature considers its role in realizing development goals to be very important. In the economic factor, the criterion of paying attention to the economic interests of the village was the most important criterion, which had the highest factor load. In general, the findings of the research determined the challenges faced by managers in the development of rural areas. Of course, the subject of the research was only investigating the challenges of managers in rural areas, but the performance of local managers in some areas, especially in the physical-spatial field, has been appropriate. Construction and creation of new roads in the village, improvement and renovation of roads, security of residential units, etc.
Research Paper
Land use Planning
Rahimeh Rostami; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Maedeh Bakuoyi
Abstract
IntroductionDrying up of Urmia Lake has great influence on the surrounding environment. The salinity of the soil on the edge of the lake, the increase of salt particles and the reduction of the usual agriculture in this area are among the effects of this drought. With proper planning and extensive studies, ...
Read More
IntroductionDrying up of Urmia Lake has great influence on the surrounding environment. The salinity of the soil on the edge of the lake, the increase of salt particles and the reduction of the usual agriculture in this area are among the effects of this drought. With proper planning and extensive studies, it is possible to turn the created deficiencies into opportunities and take maximum advantage of them. One of the parameters that can be checked using satellite data is soil salinity. Soil salinity is the accumulation of dissolved salts in the form of electrical conductivity, and it can be measured. In this study, the changes in land use and vegetation from 2000 to 2016 have been investigated using Landsat 5 and 8 images. The analysis of the images has been done using object-oriented methods, and the soil salinity has been calculated using salinity indices and during the studied years. Soil salinity index as well as other indices such as plant indices has been used in the classification and examination of changes. Land use changes were obtained by object-oriented method in Ecognation software and calculations related to the amount of changes is done using Arc map and Idrisi software. The study was carried out on 4 periods of 2000, 2006, 2010 and 2016. The images related to each year are first classified into 9 classes of water, salt marsh, new salt, pastures and weak pastures, city, agriculture, barren land and garden by object-oriented method. After classification, the amount of changes during these years has been obtained.Data and methodsMost of the study area is located in pass 168 and row 34, and only parts of the lake in the northwestern part of the study area are outside this image, so to get the desired result, we have to mosaic the images of passes 168 and 169 with rows 33 and 34. Processing is divided into three stages: pre-processing, processing and post-processing.Segmentation is the first step in processing images in object-oriented methods. Segmentation is the integration of objects from small to large based on the parameters of color, shape, density, smoothness and scale. In this study for processing have used from ecognation Software. The method used to classify images is the thresholding method. In order to improve the classification method, salinity indices and vegetation indices have used in this study.ConclusionThe amount of water in the lake has decreased drastically between 2000 and 2016, and it has decreased from 54.39% range to 29.26%. By examining the changes, it can be seen that other land uses have been reduced, and salt marshes have been added. The comparison of land uses from 2000 to 2016 shows that the amount of salt marshes has increased from 12.37% in 2000 to 13.84% in 2006, 24.7% in 2010 and 33.25% in 2016. Studies show that the intensity of changes in the amount of water and salinity between the years 2006 to 2010 and 2010 to 2016 is much more intense than the period 2000 to 2006. It seems that before 2006, unprincipled exploitation of lake water and underground water was less than after 2006, or the environment had the ability to recover the amount of water harvested. As it can be seen from the map of 2000, the amount of new or wet salt around the lake is very small, which has increased with the decrease of the lake's water. The survey of gardens in the studied area shows that the area occupied by gardens has increased from 2000 to 2010, but the results of changes in use from 2010 to 2016 show that the area of gardens has almost halved (1099 pixels from the image in 2010 And 667 pixels in 2016) that one of the factors of this reduction can be soil salinity.Another thing that can be seen by studying the maps is the distribution of new salt in the areas far away from the lake, which at first was only attached to the water at the edge, but over time, when the amount of this type of salt increased, due to the occurrence of salt storms, it was spread to further areas. If measures are not taken to control this amount of salt and soil salinity that has occurred after that and will increase over time, we will witness more severe problems in the region.
Research Paper
Climatology
Mohammadreza Rafighi; Mehry Akbary; Mohammad Hassan Fakharnia; Mohammad Hassan Vahidnia
Abstract
IntroductionAlthough the air layer adjacent to the earth's surface - the boundary layer - is a small fraction of the entire atmosphere, the processes that take place on a small scale are very important to human life and activites. Among living organisms, plants and especially trees have undeniable effects ...
Read More
IntroductionAlthough the air layer adjacent to the earth's surface - the boundary layer - is a small fraction of the entire atmosphere, the processes that take place on a small scale are very important to human life and activites. Among living organisms, plants and especially trees have undeniable effects on surface temperature and especially in urban environments have several balancing effects. This research was carried out using Landsat 8 satellite imagery and with Arc GIS software to compare the surface temperature of the earth in two areas with vegetation of coniferous trees (Chitgar Park) and broadleaf trees (Shahid Chamran Park). The values of Radiance, Reflectance, Brightness Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Proportion of Vegetation and Emissivity and then Land Surface Temperature were calculated and generated. A total of 1700 points were harvested from Chitgar Park and 800 points from Chamran Park. In SPSS software, Leven test (F) statistics was used to prove the homogeneity of variances of the samples and parametric tests (T with two independent samples) were used to prove the significant difference between the surface temperature of the earth in the mentioned areas. According to Leven test, the value was Sig = 0.409 (P_value), which confirms the homogeneity and equality of variance of the studied samples. Also, in the T test, the value was Sig = 0.000, which is less than 0.05, which means a significant difference. Therefore, the difference between the surface temperature data of the two parks was proved. Also, by comparing the graphs of LST values in the two groups, we found that Chitgar Park has a higher surface temperature than Chamran Park. In the current dilemma of the century, global warming, knowing these local realities and providing logical solutions to reduce surface temperature at the regional and regional scales as a whole can effectively solve the problem of global warming on a global scale.Data and Method The data used in this study is a Landsat 8 satellite imagery with the acronym: 8 (LC08_L1TP_165035_20190706) is LANDSAT.Retrieved July 6, 2019 from the USGS website.Production of component images for Shahid Chamran Parks in Karaj and Chitgar in Tehran: The surface temperature image was generated step by step using the Landsat 8 satellite image using the Raster Calculator command in the ArcMap software environment. First, relevant and effective indicators in calculating the surface temperature of the earth, Top of atmospheric radiance, reflectance, Brightness Temperature, normalized difference vegetation index, proportion of vegetation, emission coefficient (emissivity), calculation and their images are produced and then the land surface temperature, It was calculated and produced according to the following mathematical formulas.Step 1: Produce a spectral radius image from above the atmosphere To obtain the brightness temperature, the image must first be converted to radius. Therefore, the gray DN values of bands 10 and 11 of the Landsat 8 satellite TIRS sensor should be converted to high atmospheric radius separately with the help of the MTL file, which is an extension of the Landsat image (Tables 1, 2 and 3).Formula (1) :Calculate the radius of the upper atmosphere TOA (Lλ) = ML * Qcal + ALLλ = (Watts / (m2 * srad * μm)) The radius of the atmosphere in terms ofML = Multi-band radius_ 10 bandStep 2: Produce an image of the light temperature above the atmosphere After converting the DN values of bands 10 and 11 to high atmospheric radii, we converted these two corrected bands to Brightness Temperature.BT = (K2 / (ln (K1 / L) + 1)) - 273.15 Formula (2): Calculation of Brightness Temperature BT = Atmospheric Brightness Temperature (° C)Lλ = (Watts / (m2 * srad * μm)) Radius of the atmosphere in terms ofBT = (1321.0789 / Ln ((774.8853 / “% TOA%”) + 1)) - 273.15K1 = K1 Constant Band (No.), K2 = K2 Constant Band (No.)Step 3: Produce vegetation index image formula (3): normalized difference vegetation index image was generated usingNDVI = (Band 5 - Band 4) / (Band 5 + Band 4)Step 4: Produce a proportion of vegetation imageThe proportion of vegetation image was generated using normalized difference vegetation index.formulas (4):Calculate the proportion of vegetation PV = (NDVI - NDVImin / NDVImax- NDVImin) 2PV = Square (("NDVI" - 0.216901) / (0.632267 - 0.216901))Step 5: Produce the Emissivity image Emissivity image was generated using formula (5)ε = 0.004 * PV + 0.986 Formula (5): Calculate the Emissivity coefficientStep 6: Produce an image of the earth's surface temperature Land surface temperature image was generated using formula (6).Formula (6) :Calculate ground land surface temperatureLST = (BT / (1 + (0.00115 * BT / 1.4388) * Ln (e)))Results and Discussion Text Comparison of surface temperature phenomena (LST) According to Table (6), the highest land surface temperature with 44.42 ° C belongs to Chitgar Park, which is covered with coniferous trees, and the lowest in Shahid Chamran Park, in Karaj with 28.09 ° C with broadleaf trees. Has been. According to Tables (7) and (8), the lowest temperature of Chamran Park is 28.09 ° C and the highest is 36.51 ° C and the lowest temperature of Chitgar Park is 34.74 ° C and the highest is 44.42 ° C. . According to Figure (22), Chitgar Park with an average surface temperature of 38.92 ° C is warmer than Shahid Chamran Park with an average land surface temperature of 31.39 ° C. Figure (23) shows a red graphic showing the surface temperature of the ground in Chitgar Park with coniferous species (pine) and the blue diagram shows the surface temperature of Shahid Chamran Park in Karaj with broadleaf species. It is clear that the temperature is significantly higher in Chitgarh Park. The range of temperature fluctuations in Shahid Chamran Park is between 36.51 - 28.09 ° C and in Chitgar Park is between 42 / 44-74 / 34 which is exactly shown in the diagram. The fact that the red chart is higher than the blue chart explains this correctly. This is due to the lower density of trees in Chitgarh Park as well as the predominant tree species (needle-shaped) due to less shading and more input radiation. T test with two independent samples: This test, which is a parametric test, was used to prove a significant difference between the earth's surface temperature in areas with coniferous and deciduous trees. Leven test (F) was used to prove the homogeneity of sample variances and t-test with two independent samples was used to examine the homogeneity of the means of the two statistical populations, which resulted in the following results. As can be seen in Table (12), the value = 0.409 Sig, which is the same value as P_value, is greater than 0.05, ie the variance of the communities is homogeneous and equal. 0.05 is less, which means that the difference is significant. Due to religion, the difference between the land surface temperature data of Shahid Chamran and Chitgar parks is proved.ConclusionAccording to all the findings, Chitgar Park has a higher land surface temperature than Chamran Park, which is due to the lower density of trees and also the type of dominant tree species (needle-shaped). Coniferous species that take up less space than broadleaf species and have less shading. They also make it possible for the sun to collide with the ground due to the fact that the leaves of the adjacent trees do not meet, and this is an important factor in raising the surface temperature in the mentioned park. Species compatible with the climate of the study areas are broadleaf species because they have more leaves shading and care than coniferous species and ultimately cause more climate adjustment. The difference in temperature between the two parks confirms this fact. In the current dilemma of the century, global warming, knowing these local realities and providing logical solutions to reduce surface temperature at the regional and regional scales as a whole can effectively solve the problem of global warming on a global scale.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Shahrivar Rostaei; Mina Farokhi Someh; Rasoul Ghorbani
Abstract
IntroductionLifestyle is one of the most popular concepts used to explore consumer behavior. In various fields, the lifestyle concept has been widely used to understand and explain certain consumer behaviors. Residential lifestyle is defined here as the way of life related to residence associated with ...
Read More
IntroductionLifestyle is one of the most popular concepts used to explore consumer behavior. In various fields, the lifestyle concept has been widely used to understand and explain certain consumer behaviors. Residential lifestyle is defined here as the way of life related to residence associated with the consumption of time, space and money. In other words, residential lifestyle is all of the lifestyle factors related to residence. The structure and components of residential lifestyles are comprehensive and complicated, with numerous influencing factors. Here, we propose the concept of residential lifestyles as two-sided properties as individuality and sociality, subjectivity and objectivity, actuality and ideality. Residential satisfaction, Residential environmental choice, and residential preferences are one of the most studied themes in the field of the residential environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the residential choice, satisfaction, and preferences as determined by their lifestyles. A total of 206 usable questionnaires were collected from ten regions in TABRIZ City. Six residential choice factors (Safety, Social, Spaces, and Economical and Education) were derived, and the respondents were grouped into four lifestyle clusters (Urban Cluster, Natural Cluster, Economical Cluster, and Social Cluster). Data and MethodIn this research, we analyzed the characteristics of residential preferential patterns with cluster analysis, residential choice with factor analysis and residential preference and relationship with preferences with factor analysis and hierarchical multi-attribute index system and variance analysis. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency tables, graphs, percentages, and variance) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, ANOVA, T-test) were used. Results DiscussionIn this research, on the basis of the understanding of residential lifestyles and its influence factors, we firstly aimed to interpret the concept through the approach of urban planning as the initial step. Among the factors, we focus on the residential preference, residential emphasis on housing selection, and residential satisfaction as well as the individual attributes such as age, housing ownership, household structure and living years, etc.ConclusionWe have studied residential lifestyles from the perspectives of residential choice factors, residential preference, and residential satisfaction. We have made clear the principal residential choice factors of samples from TABRIZ City. Three subjective residential preferences patterns were obtained: Pattern (1) is the urban preference pattern; (2) is the enjoying life and natural preference pattern; (3) is economical preference pattern and (4) is social preference pattern.
Research Paper
Geotourism
mashood Safari Aliakbari; hojatollah sadeghi
Abstract
Introduction Tourism, as a dynamic industry in the regional and territorial economy, can manage many social and economic challenges. In this regard, recognizing the obstacles ahead in the first stage and then presenting effective strategies in the second stage, can help the development of tourism in ...
Read More
Introduction Tourism, as a dynamic industry in the regional and territorial economy, can manage many social and economic challenges. In this regard, recognizing the obstacles ahead in the first stage and then presenting effective strategies in the second stage, can help the development of tourism in each region; Because each region, regardless of major tourism issues, has its own obstacles and strategies. Dezpart county was separated from the Izeh county in 1400 and is known as a separate political area. Therefore, on the one hand, considering that this city has recently become administratively independent and planning for its development by managers and officials is very important and vital, and on the other hand, one of the programmable capacities for its development is tourism. Obstacles and strategies for the development of this industry can not only provide a proper knowledge to the authorities, but also can identify important obstacles and strategies for the development of tourism in the Despart region for optimal and sustainable planning. The purpose of this study is to identify obstacles to tourism development in the Dezpart County and then provide effective strategies to address these obstaclesData and MethodDue to its descriptive-analytical nature, the research method is in-depth and applied in terms of purpose. It is also quantitative-survey based on method. The statistical population of the study is the population of Despart region in 2016 equal to 19,351 people. Based on the calculation of Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to be 377 people. There are 84 villages and one urban point in this area, and it was not possible to conduct interrogation operations in all of them. Based on this, the city center (Dehdez city) and rural areas over 400 people in this study were selected for questioning, the number of which was 7 villages. Therefore, Dehdez city and the villages of Shivand, Faleh, Kalimalek, Mallah, Chaman, Deh Kian and Mozarm were selected in this study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the elite community and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.74. SPSS software was used for data analysis.Results and discussionThe result of one-sample t-test at the level of indicators shows that all four indicators of environmental barriers, managerial barriers, socio-economic obstacles and infrastructure barriers are significant at the level of less than 0.05. In other words, the study of the results at the level of indicators shows that in order to develop tourism in the region, managerial, environmental, infrastructural and socio-economic obstacles play an important role. The study of the difference between the average of environmental index (0.111), socio-economic index (0.160), management index (0.965) and infrastructure index (1.012) also confirms this in all four dimensions in the field of tourism development. They have a great impact and action should be taken to remove these obstacles.The strength of effective obstacles (environmental, socio-economic, infrastructure and management) in the development of tourism in the region is not the same. Environmental barriers with a rate equal to 0.113 units predict the tourism development variable, which means predicting 11% of the changes in this variable. Also, managerial obstacles with a rate of 0.176 units, means a forecast of 17% of changes in tourism development. In other words, managerial barriers to the development of tourism in the region are 17% effective. Infrastructural obstacles with an amount of 0.231 units, ie 23% of the explanation has also been effective. Socio-economic barriers can also explain more than 13% of tourism development variables. Conclusion The analysis showed that environmental, socio-cultural, managerial and infrastructural obstacles have a great impact on the development of tourism in the Dezpart region. These obstacles are 65% effective, with infrastructure barriers with a coefficient of 0.231 having the most impact and environmental barriers with a coefficient of 0.113 having the least impact on tourism development in the region. In order to remove obstacles, six strategies of cultural planning, integrated management, improving services and facilities, capacity measurement and product supply, development-infrastructure development and improving tourism knowledge were presented.According to the results and strategies of tourism development in the region, it can be suggested that cultural planning, management reform, increasing knowledge and awareness of the local community about tourism and its effects, improving tourism technology, developing access and development of the region and finally improving Tourism services in the Dezpart region should be considered.
Research Paper
Geomorphology
Mousa Abedini; Vida Irani; Fariba Esfanyari darabad
Abstract
Introduction According to the results of this study, Tabriz metropolis does not have a favorable situation in terms of earthquake risk, and most densely populated parts of the city, especially the northern and central parts, are in very high and high vulnerability zones. Milani and Nemati (2015), ...
Read More
Introduction According to the results of this study, Tabriz metropolis does not have a favorable situation in terms of earthquake risk, and most densely populated parts of the city, especially the northern and central parts, are in very high and high vulnerability zones. Milani and Nemati (2015), studied the geological indices, tectonics and seismicity of faults in Lut and Jazmourian basins. Their work’s results showed that both basins have active tectonics, but the western margin of Shahdad basin has high to medium activity and Jazmourian basin has little activity. Shayan and Zare (2013) investigated and determined the seismic hazard ranges in active alluvial fans by barbarian spatial analysis method, and the results of their research showed that Garmsar and Sorkh Sokoot faults have the highest seismic potential and Lalehzar and lower Qaleh mountain faults have the lowest. Rajabi and Aghajani (2010) investigated faults and seismicity and seismic hazard in the northeast of Lake Urmia. Their studies in the region led to three important classifications. Rabati et al. (2015) studied active tectonics using geomorphological indices in the Sefidrud basin of western Alborz and their results indicated that sub-basins corresponding to dense fault zones show high measurement indices. Data and Method In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the data of topographic map 1: 25000 of the surveying organization, region’s geological map of 1: 100000, region’s aerial photographs of 1: 50000, 1: 20000 and 1: 40000, Landsat 8 satellite images related to the year 2020, as well as digital elevation model map were used. Using the existing relationships, geomorphological indices were calculated and necessary analyses were performed. The seismic potential of active faults in the region was calculated using the formulas of Zare (1995), Ashjaei and Vorozi (1978), and Wells and Coopersmith (1994). In addition, the spatial analysis method was used to analyse and determine the seismic risk. In this study, the method proposed by Barbarian et al. in spatial analysis was used. The steps of this method are as follows: first, faults with a length of more than 10 km are identified. Then, faults with a length of 5 to 10 km are identified and added to the first category of faults, and configuration operations are applied based on the distances to the source of the earthquake and the faults. Then, the extracted map is overlapped with the land use map to determine the location of human settlements in the danger zones of fault lines, and the map resulting from the sensitivity of the region's formations from the point of view of resistance, and finally the final map of earthquake danger configuration and the position of highly populated centres is obtained based on the level of risk-taking. Results and Discussion The most important factor in the structural development of Alborz is the existence of driven and inverted faults that are located along this mountain range. Astara fault is one of Alborz’s most important faults. This fault is one of the most important geological structures in the northwest of the country, and the occurrence of destructive historical earthquakes has increased its importance. In this regard, the activities of major and minor faults of this region and the resulting seismic potential were investigated and analysed in this study. In the present work, based on the analyses performed by remote sensing of satellite and GIS and the implementation of processes such as principal component analysis, band composition, Hillshid and filtering of satellite images indicating structures, there are definite line structures in the study area. In this regard, 25 fault lines were identified in the study area. The presence of fault lines in the study area indicates tectonic activities there. In fact, the fault lines extracted from the satellite image show different faults, especially in the north-eastern, north-western, western and south-eastern parts of the study area. Yamani and Alizadeh (2016) also achieved similar results in the study of tectonic activities of the Karaj watershed using satellite imagery and geomorphological indicators. Also, based on the results of the study, among the methods used to identify faults in the study area, the methods of applying directional filters, principal component analysis and Hilshid have had a great impact on the proper identification of faults. This can be due to the feature of edge highlighting in directional filters, and also the presence of more than 80% of the information in the first band of the principal component analysis. In addition, fault lines that were not identified by the above two methods were extracted using the Hillshid method. Based on the results of the used indicators, most of the basins have high tectonic activities in the study area, and the morphological characteristics of the studied catchments are under the influence of fault lines in the area. ConclusionThe results of the relatively active tectonic index showed that basins 1 and 2 in the eastern parts of the study area had the highest tectonic activities. In the present study, the calculations performed in GIS and Excel software were calculated using the equations provided by Norouzi and Ashjaei, Zare, and Wells and Coopersmith, and the average seismic power of Astara fault was equal to 6.9 Richter, Neur fault equal to 7 Richter, Hir fault equal to 6.2 Richter, and Sangour fault equal to 4.8 Richter. In general, the average seismic power for the main and secondary faults in the study area based on Nowruz and Ashjaei, Nowruzi, and Wells and Coopersmith equations was estimated to be 5.844, 5.710 and 6.517, respectively. Also, in addition to calculating the seismicity, spatial analysis method was used to determine the risk of faults. The results showed that most of the settlements in the study area are located at a distance of 3000 to 10,000 meters from the fault lines. The results indicate three hazardous zones in the study area. Shayan et al. (2013), in a similar study, determined the earthquake risk zones in the Garmsar alluvial fan using the GIS and concluded that most of the residential centres in their investigated study area are located at a distance of 3000 to 7000 meters from the fault lines.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Mohammad Ezzati; Karim Hosseinzade Delir; Mohamad reza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
IntruductionThe emergence of metropolitan areas is one of the most important phenomena of 20th century. This phenomenon happened primarily as a result of concentration of wealth in the most important cities of the world and then decentralization of population and activities in bigger areas along with ...
Read More
IntruductionThe emergence of metropolitan areas is one of the most important phenomena of 20th century. This phenomenon happened primarily as a result of concentration of wealth in the most important cities of the world and then decentralization of population and activities in bigger areas along with political, social, economic and industrial processes. Nowadays the metropolitan regions face different challenges including: population distribution and activities in the region, lack of territorial balance, the process of physical growth of cities, the distribution of facilities among residents and etc. All of these have created problems for the municipal management of the city.Data and MethodThe present study, with its brief view on regionalist thoughts, tries to analyze the process of growth and distribution of population in the metropolitan region of Tabriz. The method of present research has been descriptive (library) -analytical so as to answer the main question of the research : “ How has the interaction of population of Tabriz with surrounding urban points been ?” by collecting data based on documentary and library method and using approved plans and existing statistics and reports .Results and DiscussionThe present article tries to present solutions for improving the territorial planning and appropriate distribution of population in the metropolitan region of Tabriz. The results reveal that the rapid growth of urbanization in Tabriz has led to deep distance between population of this city and the surrounding cities.ConclusionIn the past few decades in so far as the blueprint of distribution of population in the aforementioned region has been unplanned and it has not followed an appropriate order in proportion to the potentials and capacities and this has caused the management of Tabriz and the metropolitan region many problems. If this continues, this area will face even more problems.
Research Paper
Rural Planning
sirous ghanbari; Azam Bordbar Galavi
Abstract
IntrouductionIn recent years, the role of enterprises (high-yield) in developed countries as well as developing countries is increasing. Enterprises are one of the most important and vital units active in today's societies that can be helped to solve the problem of unemployment, increase production and ...
Read More
IntrouductionIn recent years, the role of enterprises (high-yield) in developed countries as well as developing countries is increasing. Enterprises are one of the most important and vital units active in today's societies that can be helped to solve the problem of unemployment, increase production and national exports with proper planning as well as supportive and regulatory solutions. But today, these enterprises face many obstacles. According to available statistics, about 23% of small units in the first year and about 42% at the end of the fifth year have failed for various reasons and have been forced to stop operating. Zabol city Enterprises, Islamabad and Hosseinabad districts are no exception to this rule. Due to lack of necessary skills and expertise, the majority of residents in these areas are not attracted to the formal sector of the urban economy and are employed in informal jobs. Considering that about 90% of the economic enterprises in these neighborhoods are serviced and commercial enterprises, and due to the unfavorable economic situation and low income, these enterprises cannot survive in the field of competition, and as a result, the owner enterprises are forced to close down. Considering the importance of the development of economic enterprises in Sistan region and its important role on the sustainability of employment and even continuoued job creation, the above article aims to investigate the obstacles to the development of economic enterprises in Islamabad and Hosseinabad neighborhoods.Data and MethodThe method in this research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research is economic enterprises located in Islamabad and Hosseinabad neighborhoods (226) which then, according to the number of economic enterprises in the above neighborhoods (142 enterprises), 142 enterprises have been calculated as the sample size of enterprises using Cochran's formula at 95% confidence level. Of these, 88 enterprises in Islamabad neighborhood and 54 enterprises are located in Hosseinabad neighborhood. To collect information, in addition to library studies and field observations and interviews with enterprise owners, indicators appropriate for the enterprises in the study area were determined. Based on the determined indicators, the studied enterprises questionnaires have been prepared. To analyze the data, Shannon and Saw entropy multivariate decision weighting models have been used. Also, in order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used along with one-sample t-test. Results and DiscussionIn order to assess the barriers to the development of enterprises in (Islam Abad and Hossein Abad neighborhoods), several methods are used, which are different based on the purpose of the study and the expertise level and analysis method. In order to determine the weight and importance of the selected indicators using the opinions of the respondents, the entropy coefficient was used. Finally, in order to obtain accurate final results, the final weight obtained for the indicators was multiplied by the data (items) obtained from the respondents' questionnaire. The weight assigned to each selected indicator is calculated and presented. Political obstacles (lack of a single trustee in the field of development of small and medium enterprises, problems for exporting goods inside and outside the country), weighing 0.246, have the highest amount of obstacles. Financial barriers (disproportion of capital and labor, fluctuations in raw material prices, retail sales of products, trade sanctions on Iran, high inflation in the country, financial problems of enterprises, reduced liquidity, high bank interest rates) with a weight of 0.200 has second rank and skills-training barriers (lack of labor skills, low level of education in the labor force, unwillingness to consult marketing, weakness in economic, financial and managerial knowledge); With a weight of 0.189, it has third rank. Then, indicators of legal obstacles (necessary instability in regulations, rules and policies of foreign exchange and trade, lack of timely implementation of government incentive policies such as tax exemptions and export bonuses, insufficient facilities and financial and non-financial support provided by small and medium enterprises, administrative barriers to receiving facilities, lack of specialized banks to pay facilities to small enterprises, lack of unity of procedure between banks in providing facilities to enterprises, the existence of numerous and sometimes contradictory laws in the country) with a weight of 0.188, have fourth rank and indicators of infrastructure barriers (weakness of local constructions, being in the false place, lack of suitable bandwidth for the Internet) with a weight of 0.187 have the lowest rank. Also, in describing the barriers to the development of enterprises in the studied neighborhoods based on the saw method, an Islam Abad neighborhood with a final score 0.507 has the highest and Hossein Abad with 0.490 has the lowest level of development barriers.ConclusionComparing the results of the present study with other similar studies shows that some of the results are consistent and contradictory. According to the research findings, political barriers (lack of a single trustee in the field of development of small and medium-sized enterprises, problems for exporting goods inside and outside the country), weighing 0.246, have highest number of barriers to the development of enterprises. These results are consistent with the findings of the study (Rezaei and colleague, 2015). In the study of Rezaei and colleague, among the six factors extracted, the political-infrastructural factor with a value 3.715 alone explains 17.38% of the total variance. Also, the third barrier for the development of economic enterprises was the financial barriers that have been emphasized in the research (Zargar and Beidakhti, 2011).
Research Paper
Climatology
abdolreza hosseini; sayed mohammad hosseini; Rahman Zandi; hasan hajimohammadi
Abstract
IntroductionSnow, as one of the important climatic-hydrological parameters, has a significant role in providing the world's water resources for industrial, agricultural and drinking purposes. At the same time, the dangerous consequences of heavy snowfall, avalanches, destruction of rural housing, disruption ...
Read More
IntroductionSnow, as one of the important climatic-hydrological parameters, has a significant role in providing the world's water resources for industrial, agricultural and drinking purposes. At the same time, the dangerous consequences of heavy snowfall, avalanches, destruction of rural housing, disruption of road transport and communication and numerous other consequences that it has on the natural and human environment are significant for environmental scientists (Shakiba et al, 2015: 88). However, heavy snowfall, especially in the lowlands and lowlands of the middle latitudes, is unexpected and somewhat surprising. So that its continuation for a few days in these areas will have negative effects on practically all living standards of the residents of these areas (Hosseini, 2014: 101). In recent years, the use of satellite data in natural, hydrological and water resource management has grown significantly, and in this regard, MODIS sensor images due to acceptable spatial resolution and fast temporal retrieval power with a variety of bands. Spectral has put it in a good position. Also, due to the very high albedo of snow, it is possible to measure the level of snow cover using satellite data. MethodologyIn the present study, the environmental approach to circulation was used to investigate the relationship between circulation patterns and heavy snowfall. Thus; first, the days of heavy snowfall in the studied stations were identified and then the synoptic patterns and atmosphere of the representative days were analyzed. In this regard, after receiving snow altitude data from the Meteorological Organization, heavy and widespread rainfall events were identified in three western provinces of the country, including Hamadan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah in the form of 16 synoptic stations, during the years 2000 to 2019. In order to study and analyze the synoptic patterns of days with heavy snowfall, by referring to the website of the National Center for Environmental Forecasting / Atmospheric Sciences (NCEP / NCAR), daily data on Sea Level Pressure (SLP), High Geopotential (HGT), zonal wind (UWND) and meridianal wind (VWND), air temperature (Air) and instability index (Omega) were extracted at the intersection of 2.5 * 2.5 and the relevant maps were drawn using GRADS software. Also, the area covered by snow was obtained from MODIS satellite images. MODIS data are of level1b type, which was calculated based on the parameters in the header, radiance and reflectivity. Reflective and thermal parameters for bands 4 and 6 were also used to apply the NDSI (Normalized Difference Snow Index). Results and DiscussionAfter 20 years of study, 8 days were identified that heavy and heavy snow had fallen in the area. On February 4, 2011, in the middle of the atmosphere, a deep trough formed in the western Mediterranean and North Africa, with a strong positive vorticity. This situation has affected the study area.The location of this trough in the Mediterranean provides the moisture needed for snowfall from the Mediterranean Sea. ConclusionsThe results showed in the ground formed a powerful cyclone on Iraq and turbulent weather caused chaos for the region. This condition causes the air to cause accelerated the rise of the package and water vapor in the atmosphere with his quick ascent to the seed quickly convert hexagonal snow. Creates a pressure gradient that causes more than 12 HPa in the region was to create a strong front will be formed in the region. In the high latitudes of cold air and warm air in front of it is the lower latitude. Has caused more than 60 to 70 percent of the study area are covered by snow. A deep trough of cold air loss in middle levels at depths greater than 25 degrees latitude has been. With extreme vorticity and air along rapid ascent has been closed. NDSI index showed the results of actions by deploying the most weather systems has gone down snow-covered forests of western Iran.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; Fateme Zeini Goldar; Zeinat Mohammadpour Sangani
Abstract
IntroductionCity is considered as a dynamic phenomenon that is transforming and changing over time. The set of human elements and artificial factors are effective in creating this dynamism and transformation (Roshani et al., 2016: 32). In fact, urban landscapes are a combination of natural and human ...
Read More
IntroductionCity is considered as a dynamic phenomenon that is transforming and changing over time. The set of human elements and artificial factors are effective in creating this dynamism and transformation (Roshani et al., 2016: 32). In fact, urban landscapes are a combination of natural and human components. The expansion of cities has occurred with unprecedented growth throughout the world in the last few decades. The main concern of this rapid development is its profound impacts on urban ecosystems and biodiversity due to fragmentation.This issue has increased interest among ecological researchers to examine the structure of urban landscapes and environmental outcomes and, consequently, the physical development of cities (Fan et al., 2017). Understanding the landscape pattern, changes and interactions between human activities and natural phenomena is essential for land management and decision- making (Kammer et al., 2015). It should be noted that traditional methods such as mapping to examine changes in land uses are time-consuming and costly and require special skills (Nazarnejad et al., 2018: 24). In this regard, the emergence of remote sensing techniques and GIS has enabled researchers, planners and city managers to have a comprehensive view of land and land use change over time at a lower cost (Aryana et al., 2010).Data and MethodNowadays, the concept of cities is unperceivable without considering growth in various forms. In fact, urban life and its physical and natural impacts are considered as one of the important topics in planning and macro management. In the present study, Landsat satellite images with a resolution of 30 meters, TM and OLI sensors were used for the years 1984, 2000, 2018 and 2019. After pre-processing and processing, the images were classified in eCognition software using the nearest neighbor algorithm. Object-oriented classification is the newest method of classification based on segmentation.The images were classified into 6 categories (construction, gardens and green space, water, vegetation, barren and rangeland) to extract the land cover map and detect the changes in the images resulting from classification, and the generated maps entered Fragstats software to measure land use metrics. This software obtains metrics at three levels: spot, land class, and landscape (Marx, 1995: 23). One of the advantages of assessment by using landscape metrics is to help gain knowledge on the level of development or fragmentation of the study area in the shortest time possible with digital data that is comparable to replicate the study in future. Given the aim of this study, a class of metrics was analyzed.The NP metric has been increasing for all three cities, reflecting the fact that land uses have fragmented and lost their integrity over time in recent decades due to the growth of urbanization and the increase in construction. The LPI metric for the construction land use of Tabriz city had the lowest value for 1984 and has had an increasing trend in later periods, and the cities of Urmia and Maragheh, in addition to the construction land use show an increase in barren land use. The ED metric calculates spot margin density and uses it to measure the degree of connection of land uses. Due to an increase in construction, land uses of the three cities have reduced and they have faced degradation of rangeland over a 35-year period.LSI metric: This indicator represents the standardized size of total length of edge or edge density. The land uses of construction, gardens and green space are showing increasing trend for Tabriz and Maragheh cities, and land uses of vegetation, gardens and green space and construction are showing an increasing trend for Urmia city. This disorder has been more severe between 2000 and 2019. It suggests that the shape of the landscape in cities has become more complex and geometrically irregular. Then, the patterns of urban development trends were analyzed using the Landscape Index. This index is defined according to buffer. In this index, if the newly grown spot belongs to the center and around it, it will be infilling type, if the development is from the margin of empty fields, it will be edge-expansion type, and if the expansion of the area is far from the main area and in empty parts, it will be outlying type.Results and DiscussionNowadays, changing lifestyles and meeting the vital needs of human beings in different regions requires basic information that satellite images make it possible for planners and managers by collecting information from land sources in a regular and systematic framework. Obtaining quantitative data and preparing maps that are a reflection of biological and human phenomena on the surface of the earth over time will solve one of the problems of urban human beings, namely environmental problems. Good urban management requires classification maps in addition to a proper understanding of the nature of components of the landscape. Gaining knowledge on the process of change in the city and directions of its development will play an effective role in managing the current situation.Results obtained for three periods suggest that urban construction had the most changes in the landscape of Tabriz and Maragheh cities between 1984 and 2019, which has led to a reduction in rangeland. The metropolis of Urmia shows the change of agricultural lands and an increase in gardens, in addition to construction. Also, based on the landscape development index, it was found that Tabriz and Urmia develops mostly from suburbs and outskirts, indicating the construction of towns and marginalization development from the center to the outskirts. Expansion of commercial centers and reconstruction of old areas may be one of its reasons. In the Maragheh city, expansion is from the center, which includes the increase of the rural population or the integration of the villages and from distant area, which indicates development of gardens and other things. In general, several influential factors were considered in the present study. By obtaining quantitative data (according to a management principle, non-quantified data cannot be managed) and comparing them with classified maps using object-oriented classification technique, as one of the most accurate and up-to-date classifications, the ecology of cities was examined over a period of 35 years to provide basic information for planners and city managers for major cities that are increasingly growing.
Research Paper
Geotourism
Masoomeh Mahdian Bahnamiry; M. Taghvaei
Abstract
Introduction Today, due to the historical processes, interests, education and needs of society, the fields of tourism have also changed. The fact is that many countries in their new tourism planning, creativity has become a strategy in the construction of places, so it is important knowing the importance ...
Read More
Introduction Today, due to the historical processes, interests, education and needs of society, the fields of tourism have also changed. The fact is that many countries in their new tourism planning, creativity has become a strategy in the construction of places, so it is important knowing the importance of the fact that development based on creativity and creative tourism, various negative factors of tourism development Reduces, as the creative living industry has received a lot of attention in these countries. In the category of creative tourism, creative tourism development strategies must be sensitive to the issue of local capacities. Because the mental image of the residents of that place is important for understanding the goals and behavioral attitudes and supporting the development of tourism. Despite the growth of tourism in the world and the slow and slow growth of tourism in Iran, tourism in Golestan province has not yet reached its true position due to the existing potential and actual capabilities. Although Golestan province is considered as the "tourist bottleneck" of the east of the country based on its geographical location and is a gateway to incoming tourists from the eastern provinces of the country, but so far has only played a "crossing" role and has not benefited from such a geographical location in the "geopolitics of domestic tourism", in this regard, the present article explains and analyzes the spatial distribution of creative tourism pragmatists in tourism areas of the townships of Golestan province.Data and Method The aim of this study was development research in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and based on survey and field method. The method of collecting the required data was based on library, documentary and field survey methods by referring to the relevant organizations. 27 sub-indexes (in the form of 232 variables) were used to evaluate the spatial distribution of creative tourism operators and practitioners of creative tourism, which has four dimensions of creative environment, creative process, creative product and creative class. In order to compare the studied cities in terms of spatial distribution status of creative tourism operators, first the weight and importance of all dimensions and sub-indices were obtained through a critical model. Then, 14 sample townships were compared with each other and ranked using EDAS multi-criteria decision making method based on the status of creative tourism operators. Results and Discussion Despite some attention and positive results of the conceptual and operational development of creative tourism in the country, so far, due to the rich local capacities in all areas of music, food, local games, dance, singing and local rituals, there is still a great distance to the realization of creative tourism aspirations in the country, Meanwhile Golestan province is no exception to this rule due to its abundant talents and capabilities. The objective and tangible result of these facts can be easily seen in the product of this study;The result of evaluating the four dimensions of creative environment, creative process, creative industries (product) and creative class in the spatial distribution of creative tourism creative operators in Golestan province, where there are many potential capacities for the development of creative tourism, whose analytical output shows in the townships of the province, in terms of environment, out of 14 townships in the province, 7 townships are in a completely unfavorable situation. However Maraveh Tappeh township with the highest percentage of rural population (85.8%) has been identified as a natural habitat for car trees and rare medicinal plants.It is obvious that the study and planning of the development and consolidation of this one case (medicinal plants), itself will have a dramatic effect on economic development in the first step and the development of creative tourism in the region.The results of this study show that Gomishan township with two golf courses and an international wetland as well as the only township with marine handicraft production are among these townships.Certainly, in the production of these industries, what is important is the creativity of the individual to prepare and produce the most beautiful products with these objects and her imagination.In the creative process dimension, Azadshahr, Ramyan and Aliabad have been more successful than other townships by holding workshops, art and cultural training classes, and various festivals, and have been in a completely favorable position in terms of this dimension. n the creative class dimension, the situation is far more favorable than other dimensions of creative tourism practitioners, so that Turkmen, Kordkoy, Kalaleh and Minoodasht have a better situation in terms of creative class than other dimensions of creativity. This situation is partly due to the optimal use of industries and creative products in these areas, while other cities have not been able to take full advantage of the potential in the region. As it is evident in the findings, Gorgan township is in a very favorable situation in other cases except for one case (creative process). It is obvious that such a situation is due to the concentration of attention on the first city and the center of the province so that geographical inequality in the urban and service system of the province, disproportionate distribution of population, infrastructure facilities and activities and the tendency to polarization are among the management factors involved in these regional imbalances. ConclusionIn summary, the results of this study show that creative tourism operators in the townships of Golestan province are not in a good position. In explaining this issue, according to the objective studies conducted from the results of studies, observations and interviews, the spatial distribution of the dimensions of creative tourism operators in the five townships of Maraveh Tappeh, Gomishan, Galikesh, Kordkoy and BandarGaz, has completely unfavorable conditions, while six townships of Minoodasht, Azadshahr, Aq Qala, Turkmen, Kalaleh and Ramyan have relatively unfavorable conditions in terms of having the dimensions of creative tourism operators. However, only Aliabad and Gonbad townships are in a state of moderate desirability, and ultimately Gorgan is the capital of the province, which is in a very favorable situation in terms of having the dimensions of creative tourism operators. The results of this study show that this province, despite the potential capacities for the development of creative tourism, is still far from the ideals of this important issue in line with the existing conditions of developed societies, which is the main concern of this paper, recognition, attention, recommendation, planning and development of this important issue as one of the most important channels of sustainable economy in the world.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
jamshid Nagiloo; hasan sattari sarbangoli; Mohammad Reza Pakdelfard; Shabnam Akbari Nam,dar
Abstract
Introduction Socio-economic transformations and its metamorphoses in the some natural, environmental and sociological spheres have reached to complex stage that epistemological reading of it needs to readout of the philosophical and theosophy and literacy tradition on the lived and non-lived ...
Read More
Introduction Socio-economic transformations and its metamorphoses in the some natural, environmental and sociological spheres have reached to complex stage that epistemological reading of it needs to readout of the philosophical and theosophy and literacy tradition on the lived and non-lived experience of communities at the length of history. The most important factor of this situation is the dialectic of change that twin of modernity that firstly it has been revealed in the context of the city. Modernity as the driving force of development has created the city- change foundation. Dialectical signification of change , is firstly the complexity of the situation and then multiple crisis that come down on city in other word disasters are concentrated in cities. Urban resilience paradigm is the provision of urban planning knowledge based on probabilities and growth of complexities. The theory of the resilience over the past four decades was developed to explain the sudden changes in socio- ecological systems. Resilience is the capacity of a system against the internal or external changes. Urban resilience is the multi-dimensional and therefore we consider analyzing of interaction and strength and weakness and threats and opportunity points of various dimensions of city system an by the way finding of minimum, middle and maximum optimum points in this debt. Olazabal and Chelleri have been reached to this conclusion that in order to rising of resilience , cities have to stepwise change about way of life, services, infrastructure, access to labor market and also organizational and commercial types. Because of this in the literature about resilience, terms such as protective factors, adaptive reactions, results and principled mechanisms are understood. resilience Infrastructures of Zanjan city is affected by both it's natural- absolute geography and by it's relative- human geography at the local and national level and scales. Data and Method The logic of the research , of course, is deductive reasoning. For this purpose, first, the basic theory of urban resilience that has been proposed in recent years was considered. Then by explanatory- analytical method, the indicators of this theory have been used for experimental expression in the field of the research. Results and Discussion Finally according to the evaluation of the average values of resilience from the sample areas can be said in fact there is downward trend in the rate of social resilience respectively from the neighborhoods of Karmandan and Sabzehmeydan to the Engelab square to Amirkabir neighborhoods. Descriptive analysis of the socio- cultural dimensions data of the resilience shows that the average resilience rate for all sample household is 97.42. this amount is equal to 152.067 for households of Karmandan, Sabzeh Meydan to Enghelab Square is 141.65 and Amirkabir is 139.72. ConclusionsNatural hazards are not considered as natural destructive phenomena in the first view. They repeatedly occur in the nature. Today the most important hazards include earthquake, flood, storm, tsunamis, drought , landslide, volcano etc. countries around the world considering different management methods to deal with different types of risks in order to be able to implement risk reduction program. Resilience approach in order to strengthen of society capabilities and also reduce their vulnerability, promotes resilience of urban settlements . thus " analyzing and increasing resilience against natural disaster" has become more important and widespread area. So that currently discussed about simultaneous and reciprocal movement of sustainable development and disaster management toward increasing of resilience. Accordingly the analysis and increase of resilience of human and environmental systems against natural disasters in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development has been particular importance.
