Explaining the conceptual framework of spatial justice with an emphasis on the role and capacities of sustainable tourism in Tehran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate in Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor of Regional and Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor of Regional and Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

10.22034/gp.2024.60720.3239

Abstract

The urban planning system is responsible for solving many of the city's problems that lead to the realization and formation of spatial justice. This is while some of the planner’s decisions to promote this importance in urban plans have not been successful. It seems that one of the most important problems in planning the city of Tehran is the weakness of the mechanisms and models presented to adjust the existing spatial inequalities and promote spatial justice. The aim of the current research is to explain the conceptual framework of spatial justice with emphasis on the place and capacities of sustainable tourism in Tehran.

This research, with an interpretive and critical paradigm, uses inductive, deductive and interrogative; the research is fundamental and qualitative. The strategy of collecting information is library and field, and its method is logical and analytical reasoning. Concepts and standards of spatial justice with emphasis on sustainable tourism are explained in the form of a conceptual framework, and by using the two-stage Delphi technique, the consensus of experts has been made regarding its validation.

The results show that some of the criteria of these two concepts have semantic affinity with each other. That these criteria were placed in one category and finally considered as themes of spatial justice in urban tourism. Also, after explaining the conceptual framework, the researcher's autonomous definition of each of these criteria, which include environmental conditions, service centers, access and movement, public benefit, facilities and facilities, the amount of investment, diversity, freedom, participation and security based on Islamic requirements and The native conditions of Tehran city were stated.

Explaining the conceptual framework of spatial justice by using effective and practical models, including sustainable tourism, has an effective effect and role in the promotion of spatial justice in Tehran.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Full Text

هدف: در مفاد قانون اساسی و سیاست‌های کلان کشور بر ترویج عدالت در کلیه جنبه‌های زندگی تاکید شده است. حل بسیاری از مسائل شهر که در نتیجه منجر به تحقق و شکل‌گیری عدالت فضایی می‌شود بر عهده نظام برنامه‌ریزی شهری (طرح‌های توسعه شهری) است. این درحالیست که برخی از تصمیمات برنامه‌ریزان برای ارتقاء این مهم در برنامه‌های شهری موفقیت آمیز نبوده است. به‌نظر می‌رسد یکی از مهم‌ترین مشکلات حال حاضر در برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران ضعف سازوکارها و الگوهای ارائه شده برای تعدیل نابرابری‌های فضایی موجود و ارتقاء عدالت فضایی است. ازاینرو هدف پژوهش حاضر تبیین چارچوب مفهومی عدالت فضایی با تاکید بر جایگاه و ظرفیت‌های گردشگری پایدار شهر تهران است.

روش پژوهش: این پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از پارادایم تفسیری و انتقادی، به‌منظور دستیابی به هدف خود از منطق‌های استقرایی، قیاسی و استفهامی بهره می‌برد؛ پژوهش بنیادی و از نوع کیفی است. راهبرد گردآوری اطلاعات، کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی بوده و روش آن استدلال منطقی و تحلیلی است. مفاهیم و میعارهای عدالت فضایی با تاکید بر گردشگری پایدار در قالب چارچوب مفهومی تبیین شده و با بهره‌گیری از تکنیک دلفی دو مرحله‌ای، اجماع خبرگان درخصوص تایید روایی چارچوب مفهومی انجام شده است.

نتایج: نتایج نشان می‌دهد برخی از معیارهای مستخرج از این دو مفهوم با یکدیگر قرابت معنایی دارند که این معیارها، در یک دسته قرار گرفته و درنهایت به عنوان مضامین عدالت فضایی در گردشگری شهری مدنظر قرار گرفت. همچنین پس از تبیین چارچوب مفهومی، برای هر یک از این معیارها که عبارتند از شرایط محیط‌زیستی (ظرفیت محیطی)، مراکز خدماتی، دسترسی و جابجایی، منفعت عمومی، امکانات و تسهیلات، میزان سرمایه‌گذاری، تنوع، آزادی، مشارکت و امنیت، تعریف خودمختار پژوهشگر براساس مقتضیات اسلامی و شرایط بومی شهر تهران بیان شد.

نتیجه‌گیری: توسعه صنعت گردشگری شهری، راهبردی موثر برای کاهش عدم توازن‌ سرمایه‌های شهری و به‌منظور نیل به عدالت فضایی، ضرورتی اساسی به‌شمار می‌رود. به‌منظور استفاده موثر از ظرفیت‌های صنعت گردشگری برای نیل به اهداف برنامه‌ریزی شهر تهران از جمله توسعه متوازن مناطق شهری و ارتقاء عدالت فضایی، موضوعاتی از جمله تنظیم روابط فضایی، نحوه‌ی آرایش‌ فضایی خدمات و کنترل پیامدهای رشد این صنعت ضرورت پیدا می‌کند. تبیین چارچوب مفهومی عدالت فضایی با استفاده از الگوهای موثر و کاربردی از جمله گردشگری پایدار به منظور ارتقاء ‌عدالت فضایی شهر تهران، تاثیر بسزا و نقش موثری در تحقق این مهم ایفاد کند

References

Akbari Sarshuri, M. (2019). Compilation of strategic priorities of urban tourism in Mashhad metropolis, PhD thesis, International Branch of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Department of Geography. [In Persian].
Alavi, S.A., Behanmmorshedi, H., & Ashournejad, Q. (2016). The Analysis of Spatial Equality of Tourism Services and Attractions: A Case Study of the Province of Fars. Journal of Geography and Urban Space Development, 4 (2), 63-80. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/gusd.v4i2.60203
Alvandipour, N., Dadashpour, R. (2017). Meta-Research Methods Related to Urban Spatial Justice in Iran in the Period of 2005- 2015, Journal of Urban Ecology Research, 2 (9), 63-74. [In Persian]. https://www.doi.org/10.30473/grup.2018.4456
Azizi, M.M., Shokohibidhandi, M.S. (2014). Analysis of Historical Evolution of the Concept of Social Justice in Urban Development Plans in Iran (1340-1390), Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies Research Institute, Social History Research Journal, 2 (5), 125-149. [In Persian].  http://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1954.html
Behnam Morshedi, B., Ahmadi, D., Faraji Sabokbar, H., & Rezvani, M.R. (2016). Spatial Classification of Tourism Zones in Order to Determine the Optimal Regions of Tourism Services: Case Study (Fars Province). Journal of Regioanal Planning. 6 (21), 17-30. [In Persian]. https://sid.ir/paper/230551/fa
Bret, B. (2018). Spatial Justice and Geographic Scales, the Multiple Faces of Spatial Justice. ISSN: 2105-0392. https://www.jssj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/JSSJ12_BRET_VA.pdf.
Dadashpour, H., Rostamicherati, F., & Alizadeh, B. (2014). Discourse of Spatial Justice in the City: Concepts and Theoretical Concepts in the Field of Spatial Justice of the City, First Edition, Tehran, Azarakhsh Publications. [In Persian]. https://www.gisoom.com/book/11189349
Dufaux, F. (2008). Birth announcement, justice spatial/spatial justice. www.jssj.org.
Egoz, S., Jørgensen, K., & Ruggeri, D. (Eds.). (2018). Defining landscape democracy: A path to spatial justice. Edward Elgar Publishing
Fainstein, S. S. (2015). Social justice and urban policy deliberation: balancing the discourses of democracy, diversity and equity. In F. Fischer, D. Torgerson, A. Durnová, & M. Orsini (Eds.), Handbook of Critical Policy Studies. Massachuset: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783472352.00017.
Ghorbani, S., Salehi, I., Faryadi, Sh., & Jafari, H.R. (2019). Assessing Urban Environmental Justice Based on Spatial Distribiution of Tourism Ecosystem Services Case Study: Tehran Megalopolise. Journal of Sustainable City, 2 (2), 35-52. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/jsc.2019.187461.1020
Grah, B., Dimovski, V., & Peterlin, J. (2020). Managing sustainable urban tourism development: The case of Ljubljana. Journal of Sustainability, 12(3), 792,‏  https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030792.
Haghverdizadeh, A., Zarei, Gh., Asgharnezhad Nouri, B., & Rahaimi Kolor, H. (2023). Urban Smart Tourism Development Model Based on Marketing Ecosystem the Case Study of Tabriz City. Journal of Urban Tourism, 10 (3), 127-146. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/JUT.2023.365511.1157
Harvey, D. (1992). Social justice, Postmodernism and the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 16(4): 588–601. https://doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.1992.tb00198.x.
Heckerta, M., & Rosan, Ch. D. (2016). Developing a green infrastructure equity index to promote equity planning. Journal of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 19: 263-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.12.011
Himanshu, B., & Parthasarathy, S. (2016). The Place of Spatial Justice, case study: Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road (JVLR), and the transformation of an informal urban landscape in Mumbai Centre for Urban Policy and Governance, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, https://doi:http://hdl.handle.net/10625/56494.
Javan, F., Seifizadeh, M., Hojatshamami, S, (2019). An analysis on the geographic distribution of tourism services and facilities based on spatial justice (case study: Rasht metropolis). The 8th National Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Sustainable Urban Development of Iran, Tehran. [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1125395
Jung, T. (2010). Tourism in Metropolitan Manila - Philippines: An Analysis. (PHD Dissertation), Köln. https://d-nb.info/1013833139/34
Keating, D. (2012). Book Review: The Just City. Journal of Urban Affairs Review, 48(1): 138-140.
Lafont, C., (2003). Procedural justice?: Implications of the Rawls-Habermas debate for discourse ethics, 29(2), https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453703029002143
Low, S., Iveson, K. (2016), Propositions for more Just Urban Public Space. Journal of CITY, 20(1): 10-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1128679
Lucy, W., (2016), 'The normative standing of access to justice: an argument from nondomination.'. Windsor yearbook of access to justice, 33 (2): 231-261. https://doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v33i2.4930
Manuel, J. (2016). Social and Spatial Justice: Grassroots Community Action. San Jose, CA, USA.
Mitchell, D. (2003). The right to the city: Social justice and the fight for public space: Guilford Press. ISBN 9781572308473
Motahar, R., & Shokouhibidhendi, M.S. (2022). Ranking Cities of Sistan and Baluchestan Province Based on Cultural and Heritage Tourism Capacity Using ARAS Technique. Journal of Tourism and Development, 10 (29), 175-198. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/2021.268687.2242jtd:10.22034
Motahar, R., Daneshpour, S.A., & Shokouhibidhendi, M.S. (2024). Prioritizing Islamic Tourism Criteria to Enhance Urban Justice in Tehran. . Journal of Theology of the City (Biannual). 1 (2), 127-182. [In Persian].  https://doi.org/10.22081/jtc.2024.68619.1034
Motahar, R., Shokouhibidhendi, M.S., & Daneshpour, S.A. (2024). Explaining the conceptual model of sustainable urban tourism based on its spatial effects in Tehran. Journal of Tourism and Development. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/jtd.2024.443703.2893
Mousavi, M., Majnoni, A., Aftab, A., & Mofarah Bonab, M. (2019). analysis of spatial equity in touristic villages (Case study: East Azerbaijan province). Journal of Human Geography Research Quarterly, 51(3 ), 551-569. [In Persian]. https://sid.ir/paper/139081/en
Namdar Ardakani, M.J., Shakoor, A., & Khorrambakht, Ahmad, A. (2022). City and Spatial Justice,An Analysis of the Distribution of Sustainable Development Indicators in Shiraz. Journal of Geography and Enviromental Studies, 11(43 ), 142-160. [In Persian]. https://sid.ir/paper/1034824/en
Nyamai, D. N., & Schramm, S. (2023). Accessibility, mobility, and spatial justice in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Urban Affairs, 1-23,  https://doi:10.1080/07352166.2022.2071284.   
Pogge, Th., (2017), Kant’s Theory of Justice, 1st Edition, 41-68. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315092201-4
Rauhut, D. (2017). A Note on Territorial Justice, 57th conference of the European Regional Science Association, in Groningen, conference in the Netherlands, 29th August – 1st September. https://www.researchgate.net/
Roymer, J. (2006). Equality of Opportunity, Tehran Institute of Strategic Studies.
Saidi Rizvani, h., Noorian, F. (2013). Justice-oriented urban development, a forward-looking approach in urban planning, Urban Studies Quarterly, 3 (3), 47-58. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_10947.html
Schlemper, M.B., Shetty, S., Yamoah, O., Czajkowski, K., & Stewart, V. (2023). Culturally Responsive Teaching through Spatial Justice in Urban Neighborhoods, Journal of Urban Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420859231153411
Sharpley, R. (2010). Tourism and Sustainable Development: Exploring the Theoretical Divide. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667346.
Shikhi, M., & Shojaye, M. (2013). Cluster analyze, a technique for implementation of spacial justice in tourism planning (Case study: Mazandaran province). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 1 (3), 46-65. http://noo.rs/s2uH1
Silva, C. N. (2012). Just City, Spatial Justice and the Right to the City: What Role for EPlanning?. International Journal of E-Planning Research (IJEPR), 1(2): 88-91. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Just-City
Soja, E. (2013). Seeking Spatial Justice. Minnesota: Minnesota Press. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/seeking-spatial-justice
Taghvaei, A.A., & Ghaffari, S.R. (2009). Spatial planning in tourism development (Case Study: Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province, Bazfat Axis), Journal of Geographical Research Quarterly, 25 (96), 79-100. [In Persian]. magiran.com/p867215
Taghvaei, A.A., Bemanian, M.R., Pourjafar, M.R., & Bahrampour, M. (2015). Assessment of Spatial Justice Theory of Justice; Case: 22 Districts of Tehran. Journal of Urban Management, 14 (38), 391-423. [In Persian]. https://sid.ir/paper/92135/en
Tan, J., Wang, K., Gan, C., & Ma, X. (2023). The Impacts of Tourism Development on Urban-Rural Integration: An Empirical Study Undertaken in the Yangtze River Delta Region, Journal of Land, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071365
Tang, J., Cai, C., Liu, Y., & Sun, J. (2022). Can Tourism Development Help Improve Urban Liveability? An Examination of the Chinese Case, Journal of Sustainability, 14(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811427
Varesi, H.R., Vazin, N. (2023). The Impact of City Identity Factors on Tourism Development the Case Study of Shiraz city. Journal of Urban Tourism, 10 (3), 15-31. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jut.2023.350827.1080
Williams, J. (2018). Spatial justice as analytic framework (Doctoral dissertation). University of Michigan, https://doi.org/2027.42/143999.
Wojcik, M., & Jeziorska-Biel, P. (2023). Geographies of Energy: Key Issues and Challenges towards Spatial Justice Concepts, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020742
Zapata, M. A., Bates, L. K. (2015), Equty Planning Revisted. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(3): 245-248, https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X15589967.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics