Marjan Nowrouzi; Hossein Navid; Mohammad Shahkar; Zahra Heidariyan
Volume 16, Issue 40 , September 2012, , Pages 161-173
Abstract
The high cost of high accuracy GPS receivers and also lack of easy access to them has made limited the possibility of using the benefits of precision agriculture equipments in Iran. In this research, a new method in was studied to correct the deviation of low-cost non-differential receivers. For this ...
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The high cost of high accuracy GPS receivers and also lack of easy access to them has made limited the possibility of using the benefits of precision agriculture equipments in Iran. In this research, a new method in was studied to correct the deviation of low-cost non-differential receivers. For this case, two tests were performed. A fixed receiver determines the coordinates of fixed station and a mobile receiver went in route and was recording the points’ coordination in different time distances. After data processing, the route point map of mobile receiver was drawn, and by comparing the fixed receiver coordinates with the reference points, the deviation was determined. Then this deviation applied on mobile receiver data. Corrected path was drawn and the path before correction and the actual route was compared. To evaluate the effect of the time and speed on the creation and interpretation of data, the test was performed in 10 days and two speeds. Results showed that using this method, deviation of GPS was reduced 46 cm or 15%. Also, difference in deviation rates in different times of the days before and after correction, were significant.
Jalile Shams; Albrous Alizadeh
Abstract
Massive movements, especially landslides, are one of the most important natural disasters. Landslides endanger people's lives with environmental degradation, their resources and assets. Existence of factors such as prerequisites for roughness, uncontrolled exploitation ...
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Massive movements, especially landslides, are one of the most important natural disasters. Landslides endanger people's lives with environmental degradation, their resources and assets. Existence of factors such as prerequisites for roughness, uncontrolled exploitation of forests, non-observance of technical principles for the construction and maintenance of forest and rural roads, lack of proper management and unconditional exploitation of existing resources have exacerbated it. Landslides cause significant damage financially and morally compared to natural hazards such as volcanoes and floods (GOSTI 2005: 408). The landslide every year causes many deaths and injuries in many parts of the world (Abedini et al., 2013), which necessitates the attention to this dangerous phenomenon. The research area in the area of about 9000 square kilometers of the Azerbaijani desert along the east and west to the north of the Aras and the west of the valley of Diz and its east is Qarshou and in the south of Ahar, and from Kasba to the Dare Dize valley along the northwestern slopes of the southern Karnatagh is.
Rasol Ghorbani; Nader Parvin; Jamal Gherisarian
Volume 17, Issue 45 , November 2013, , Pages 163-181
Abstract
In the modern urban planning using GIS for land use analysis is usual and efficient. Distribution of shopping centers as one of urban land uses plays important role in urban planning and its rearrangement. It seems that using the AHP extensions for site-selection of new shopping centers can aid improve ...
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In the modern urban planning using GIS for land use analysis is usual and efficient. Distribution of shopping centers as one of urban land uses plays important role in urban planning and its rearrangement. It seems that using the AHP extensions for site-selection of new shopping centers can aid improve urban structures and increase urban efficiency.
The main goal of this research is to survey and analyze suitable locations for constructing new shopping centers in Saghez. The city has located in Northwest of Kordestan province and its population is 131329 based on the report of Iranian Census Center in 1385. Majority of the residents do not have proper access to high quality shopping centers and therefore the current research aims to use AHP topropse new shopping centers locations in Saghez.
The results of this research show that the distribution of shops and commercial centers in this city have not adapted with urban planning standards and construction of new shopping centers in districts 3 of Saghez city would provide optimal distribution of commercial centers, and improve accessibility and proper services for residences in city.
Geomorphology
Mohammadreza Rezaei Moghaddam; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Soghra Andaryani; Farhad Almaspoor
Volume 19, Issue 52 , June 2015, , Pages 163-183
Abstract
Land use and land cover maps are necessary for planning and natural resources management. In the way, remote sensing data have special place because of providing update data, repetitive covers and low cost images. Therefore Optimum Land Image/ Thermal Infrared Sensor were used to map land-use and land-cover ...
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Land use and land cover maps are necessary for planning and natural resources management. In the way, remote sensing data have special place because of providing update data, repetitive covers and low cost images. Therefore Optimum Land Image/ Thermal Infrared Sensor were used to map land-use and land-cover in 1 and 2 level. Because of, this images are new thus radiometric correct was used ERDAS software model maker. Also Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Bare Soil Index (BI) and Principal Component Analyze (PCA) were used as inputs to improve classification accuracy. On the other hand kernels functional and polynomial ranks of Support Vector Machine method evaluated in side others bands and the best result of SVM method compared with Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results indicated that SVM method has accuracy: 92% with Kappa Coefficient: 0.91 and ANN method has accuracy: 89% with kappa coefficient: 0.87 also SVM method has a good performance in the regions that, classes show similar spectral behavior.
Rural Planning
mehrshad toulabi nejad; sirous ghanbari; mohsen shayan
Volume 22, Issue 66 , January 2019, , Pages 163-185
Abstract
Social capital is a key factor in the sustainable development of rural sustainable development and the social dimension of sustainable development in different regions, regardless of social capital and social and economic welfare of rural households is not possible. In this article using the study questionnaire ...
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Social capital is a key factor in the sustainable development of rural sustainable development and the social dimension of sustainable development in different regions, regardless of social capital and social and economic welfare of rural households is not possible. In this article using the study questionnaire on the role of social capital on economic and social welfare of rural households in rural in Eastern Miyankoh has been investigated. In this study, the lack of population (514 households), 103 households using the Cochran formula (12 villages) were selected as sample.The results of the analysis based on data Analysis of the correlation coefficient, Mauritius shows the relationship between social capital and welfare households in the study area quite significant and social participation index greatest impact on the social and economic welfare of households in the district had studied.
Hasan ali Faraji Sabokbar; Siroos Hasanpour; Arash Malkian; Haydeh Kiani Alrod
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 167-190
Abstract
The selection of suitable location for implementing of flood spreading project and artificial recharge of aquifers is an important step. To assess this purpose, the Geographic Information System (GIS) conceptual models and decision making systems were used. Regarding different mentioned criteria, it ...
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The selection of suitable location for implementing of flood spreading project and artificial recharge of aquifers is an important step. To assess this purpose, the Geographic Information System (GIS) conceptual models and decision making systems were used. Regarding different mentioned criteria, it is not possible to use GIS without appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique. The main aim for this research is to access the suitable location for flood spreading by using the most efficient criteria and classify them into several groups. Consequently, major factors such as slope, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, infiltration rate, cover and environmental impacts of the projects should be considered in the process of selecting appropriate site for artificial recharge through flood spreading. Also evaluating accuracy and application of conceptual models such as Logic Boolean, Multi classmaps, Binary Evidence, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been noticed. In this research, nine physical and environmental efficient variables essential for locating of flood spreading are used. The results indicate GIS-based data combination for ranking suitablelocation of flood spreading by itself, though it is not reliable enough. Also evaluating accuracy of models shows that accuracy of Binary Evidence model for identifying and ranking suitable location of flood spreading is more than that of Boolan model and the Multi class maps model can give better insights to create more realistic output scenarios The most important step in flood spreading process is to define optimal site. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an approach that is suitable for dealing with complex systems related to making a choice from among several alternatives and which provides a comparison of the considered options. In the present research relationship between GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Making analysis has been investigated in order to find optimal site for flood spreading. The research emphasized the capability of resultant map to be used in site selection for flood spreading.
Keramatollah Ziyari; Saeed Gasemi; Masumeh Mahdian Behnammiri; Ali Mahdi
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 167-201
Abstract
Abstract
Since the beginning of modern times in Qajar era and its further expansion in Pahlavi era, urban management in Iran has failed expectations on satisfactory performance in many areas including especially local and participatory management, hence failing to meet citizens’ diverse needs ...
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Abstract
Since the beginning of modern times in Qajar era and its further expansion in Pahlavi era, urban management in Iran has failed expectations on satisfactory performance in many areas including especially local and participatory management, hence failing to meet citizens’ diverse needs due to the flawed mutual relations between people and the city management, and creating severe challenges to contemporary city planning. City Development Strategy (CDS), with its most prominent feature of – according to Cities Alliance guidelines – participatory future visioning and social capacity-building of sustainable city development, is a modern approach in city planning, poverty reduction, improvement of quality of life, and promoting public participation in city management. The present paper examines this approach in Mahabad, West Azerbaijan province, with the objective being preparing grounds for participation in future visioning of city development – which provides a justified framework of future planning. An applied descriptive-analytical research will us survey as the method of collecting data. The findings of the study, according to three major categories of theories on city planning, indicate that citizens in Mahabad have an appropriate level of common knowledge of opportunities, threats, and capabilities of their city issues, which makes conditions conducive for future visioning of the city planning.
Akbar Kiani; Gharib Fazelniya; Parvaneh Jamshidi
Volume 17, Issue 43 , October 2013, , Pages 169-190
Abstract
Health center services in cities and urban communities have directly related to the health and advance in these societies. Individuals in different ages have different health needs and the provisions of these needs are possible in framework of desirable distribution of these services only. Assessment ...
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Health center services in cities and urban communities have directly related to the health and advance in these societies. Individuals in different ages have different health needs and the provisions of these needs are possible in framework of desirable distribution of these services only. Assessment of health services in two qualitative and quantitative aspects are important. For the purpose of this paper we carried out the assessment of Zabol city using TOPSIS model. The methodology was based on descriptive and analytical studies in one part and library and field research in the other part. The study area included health centers of Zabol city to evaluate the health facilities - health and rural health centers that also provide services. Foe data collection we used health centers with distribution questionnaire of between Zabol citizens. Centers considered according to 6 criteria of qualitative and quantitative (ability to develop in the future, the number of facilities, number of employees, easy access radius service, distribution of health facilities in the city based on population covered) were evaluated using TOPSIS model. The results of using TOPSIS model showed the hierarchy and prioritization of health centers in the city of Zabol as A1> A3> A2> A4. Thus A1 (Valieasr) ranked 1, A2 (Emam Reza) ranked 3, A3 (Hazrat Rasol) at Rank 2, and A4 (Payegahe Almahdi) placed fourth in the ranking.
Malakeh Azizpour; Ali Zanghiabadi; Zahra Ismaeilian
Volume 16, Issue 41 , November 2012, , Pages 169-195
Abstract
One of the issues involved the more world large cities is the issue of natural disasters. Regarding the nature of being unexpected most of the natural occurrences and the necessity of a quick and accurate decisions-making, operation and theoretical and basic concepts have generated a knowledge called ...
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One of the issues involved the more world large cities is the issue of natural disasters. Regarding the nature of being unexpected most of the natural occurrences and the necessity of a quick and accurate decisions-making, operation and theoretical and basic concepts have generated a knowledge called “crisis management”. To identify the urban crisis management and vulnerability of the centers related to the crisis of a city against natural disasters, its need to study the main factors effective in urban crisis management vulnerability. One of the effective factors in urban crisis management vulnerability is the structural and non-structural construction of organization related to the crisis management including the hospitals of the city. Health care and remedial centers especially the hospitals are such as the important places encountered with serious hazards and damages with a high rate of injuries and losses during the occurrence of natural events and accidents. Therefore, studying this issue in these centers seems to be very important.
The aim of this article is to rank the hospitals of Esfahan’s urban zones from the view of structural and non-structural construction and to achieve the structural and non-structural priorities of the city hospitals in order of their importance in increasing the vulnerability regarding to the studying indices. The survey method is “descriptive-analytic” in which the quantitative models have been applied. For a hierarchy analysis about the crisis management of Isfahan's hospitals, 41 variables at 9 basic factors in 25 hospitals were studied using the analytical hierarchy process (A. H. P). The results obtained from A.H.P. show different indices in which the factors of framework; type, building age and the number of beds with the importance rate of 11.959, 21.12 and 22.65 are in the first orders, respectively.
In fact, these factors cause the increase of vulnerability in the hospitals of the city if no enough attention is paid to when constructing and equipping. Moreover, the hospital of zones 1 and 3 hare the highest rates of vulnerability among the hospital of the city. Hence, the presence of difference in the rate of hospitals vulnerability at different zones of Esfahan is validated from the viewpoint of the structural and non-structural construction (the survey hypothesis).
Geomorphology
shahram roostaei; christineh jananeh
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 169-188
Abstract
Landslides and slope instabilities are among the important natural hazards, which cause human and financial casualties and loss of economic resources every year. These hazards mostly occur in natural slopes or those manipulated by human. Landslide hazard zonation is one of the methods by which, areas ...
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Landslides and slope instabilities are among the important natural hazards, which cause human and financial casualties and loss of economic resources every year. These hazards mostly occur in natural slopes or those manipulated by human. Landslide hazard zonation is one of the methods by which, areas prone to landslide occurrence can be determined and plannings can be done using the obtained zonation maps to reduce the casualties. The aim of this contribution is to study landslide hazard zonation within the Baleghluchai watershed in NW Iran. First, the main factors including the slope and its direction, geology, soil, climate, distance from the road and river and land usage were determined. The method of current investigation was Fuzzy AHP in the GIS environment, based on which, after preparing data layers using the above-mentioned parameters and giving weights to them in the GIS environment, the landslide potential map, as well as classification was carried out by Fuzzy AHP method. Results showed that the largest part of the watershed (32.21%) has low landslide potential, while about 13.5% of it has very high potential. Areas with very high and high landslide potential (327.39 km2 area) are mainly located in the northwest of the watershed, with some small areas distributed in the south and east, while areas with very low and low potential (504.06 km2) are mainly found in the central to northwestern and southern parts of the watershed.
Hossein Farahani; Mohammad Hosseini Koulaei; Zahra Asdaghi Sareskanrood
Volume 17, Issue 46 , February 2014, , Pages 171-198
Abstract
Abstract
Spatial linkages in regional field form different networks and cause reciprocal interactions between rural settlement and the urban centers. These networks use complementary and various capabilities of different urban centers to form reciprocal interactions and convey the surplus of agricultural ...
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Abstract
Spatial linkages in regional field form different networks and cause reciprocal interactions between rural settlement and the urban centers. These networks use complementary and various capabilities of different urban centers to form reciprocal interactions and convey the surplus of agricultural production to the urban points and markets. The milk collection centers and the milk production units create linkages between rural centers and the dairy industries. This forms the milk production and collection networks and connects the agricultural areas to urban industries. This research aims to use descriptive analysis methods for evaluating the efficiency of these milk production and collection regional networks. For this mean, data have been collected by documentary and field study. For examining the current situation, locating new stations, and optimizing and reforming the network, potential model and transportation model have been applied by considering decision support system and using GIS and GAMS software.
The results of this research show that the network at the current situation faces some problems such as lack of collecting stations, low capacity of some stations for receiving the produced milk, lack of cover age fall villages in the network limits, low quality and long time access from the producing units to stations. Thus, according to the volume of the production and the capacity of the existing stations, for reducing the costs and following the standard rule of maximum distance between milking location and the nearest collection stations and decreasing its negative results, new station was located and the necessary changes were applied to the current conditions of the network through the change of flow transfer arcs to nodes.
Keywords: Reogenal network, Transportation model, Economic potential, Milk production, Hashtrood Towns.
Nooreddin Azimi; Saleh Pouyan
Volume 18, Issue 47 , April 2014, , Pages 171-195
Abstract
Commission Act-Five was established on early 1970s as a legal reference for flexible implementation of master and detailed plans in Iran. Based on this bylaw, all changes in urban land uses within the city boundaries should be approved through decisions made by this Commission. This paper tries to evaluate ...
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Commission Act-Five was established on early 1970s as a legal reference for flexible implementation of master and detailed plans in Iran. Based on this bylaw, all changes in urban land uses within the city boundaries should be approved through decisions made by this Commission. This paper tries to evaluate the role of Commission Act-Five’s decisions in the City of Rasht on urban lands over a ten-year period from 1997 to 2006. The main data utilized in this study was based on the documents obtained from the secretariat of the Commission Act-Five in Rasht. For data analysis a number of statistical methods such as correlation, the mean and percentage changes have been applied. The main findings of the study include the following: The number of applications for land use changes in Rasht has considerably been increased over the study period. Among different activities, the residential and commercial uses have had the biggest gains, but, lands related to public services such as green space, education and sport uses have faced the highest levels of reductions. The number of construction and residential unit permits issued by municipality was highly correlated with the number of applications and volume of urban land use change in the City of Rasht.
Hossein Negaresh; Mostafa Faizi; Abozar Taheri; Mashaallah Rahmani; Zahra Negaresh
Volume 16, Issue 37 , November 2011, , Pages 173-202
Abstract
Ain mud volcano, lying 24 km off the Kahir village and in the coastal plain of Oman Sea, is one of the unique geomorphological phenomena in the of Sistan & Baluchestan Province. This “pool like” mud volcano, unlike most of the mud volcanoes being cones, is elliptical in shape having a ...
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Ain mud volcano, lying 24 km off the Kahir village and in the coastal plain of Oman Sea, is one of the unique geomorphological phenomena in the of Sistan & Baluchestan Province. This “pool like” mud volcano, unlike most of the mud volcanoes being cones, is elliptical in shape having a main diameter of 52 m and the small diameter of 42 m. The activity of this mud-volcano takes place in such a way that on times, when the pool is filled with mud-water (a mixture of mud and water), the surplus mud -water exits through the southern edge of the volcano in the form of streaming mud which then reaches a farther point off the volcano. The outpouring of mud from this volcano is usually smooth but occasionally outpourings become severe with bursting extrusion of viscous mud in great quantity. The exuding gas of this mud volcano is methane. Since no exclusive study on this mud volcano has been carried out so far, hence to cope with the shortage of library sources, efforts would be made in this article to make maximal use of the field and laboratory investigation so that, in addition to the examination of geomorphic and morphometric phenomena, and similarly in connection with the identification of the composition and also the exuding water-mud from the mud volcano, necessary steps must be taken in order to identify and introduce, for the first time and through such means, some of the aspects of this mud volcano that have hither to remained unexplored. Therefore, three samples of water and mud from the mud volcanoes in the dates 82.11.16, 84.9.21 and 84.12.26 were prepared using different chemical and physical analysis such as XRD, BET, TGA, DSC, and FAAS to determine the mineral composition testing and analysis was carried out.
Reza Valizade
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 179-202
Abstract
Earth surface temperature has been used in a wide variety of scientific studies including climatology, astronomy, meteorology, hydrology, ecology, geology, and medical sciences. The design and optimization of transportation network and site selection of conflagration and particularly in the calculation ...
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Earth surface temperature has been used in a wide variety of scientific studies including climatology, astronomy, meteorology, hydrology, ecology, geology, and medical sciences. The design and optimization of transportation network and site selection of conflagration and particularly in the calculation of the actual evapo-transpiration we require such data. Considering the earth's surface temperature monitoring in a limited number of meteorological stations to the distribution point we need to place and estimate the surface temperature in a wide area, and at the same time the surface temperature. To access the earth's surface temperature and classification the SEBAL and decision tree algorithm was used. Using ETM+ images dated 31 August 2000 and pre-process, files were ready for implementation of SEBAL method. Processing of the above mentioned software was through Envi4.5 and ArcGIS 9.3. This paper estimates the temperature differences if less than 5.57°C between a satisfactory level through remote sensing and statistics, while we estimated temperature measured from ground level for a period of 12 years (1993-2005) at Maragheh meteorological station. Results indicate that temperature estimates through remote sensing and such studies are applicable for earth science research and the environment.
Urban Planning
majid dadashpour mghadam; Reza Valizadeh
Abstract
Introduction Cities are the wealth centers in every country. However, the nature of wealth production and development has changed in the current century. The new concept of wealth production is based on creation of an idea and converting that into production and service. This issue is more expanded in ...
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Introduction Cities are the wealth centers in every country. However, the nature of wealth production and development has changed in the current century. The new concept of wealth production is based on creation of an idea and converting that into production and service. This issue is more expanded in metropolises. In today’s world, metropolises play a significant role in formation of the economic, social, cultural, political, and technological flows; so that, they have become the focus of dynamism, creativity, production, and economic and social development of the world. The today’s metropolises are considered the centers of creativity, wealth, power, mass production, cultural innovations, different types of ideology, and also mass consumption. Due to their properties such as concentration, diversity, and dynamism, the cities have the potential of educating and attracting creative human capitals and achieving the economic development. The Iranian metropolises have also a wide variety of services and facilities, and this is their distinctive characteristic. Furthermore, the variety of economic activity, the concentration of the majority of educational centers and technological activities, information generation, existence of the main cultural centers, etc. can attract the creative capitals and provide the opportunity of affording a relative welfare. Creative economic, creative industries, creative class, and in general creative city play a significant role in the economic, social, and cultural development and regeneration of the urban space. So, the present research aims to investigate the indicators of creative city in Tabriz metropolis; because metropolises are faced with different problems, and they need to adopt creativity for solving their social and economic problems. According to Peter Hall, creative cities are the cities having a mixed sociocultural context that provides the opportunity of more interaction and an easier information exchange among the creative people. This condition leads to creation of new ideas and creative thinking. Others believe that creative cities are characterized by acceptance of different social, ethnic, and cultural groups, the ability to solve the civil problems, creation of an environment attracting the creative and innovative persons, promotion of creativity, and applying the residents’ opinions to solve the problems and achieve economic growth and development. A creative city is characterized by different criteria such as creative human capital, creative class, diversity, openness, research and development, participation, innovative technology, employment, entrepreneurship, infrastructures, brand, etc. A creative city provides a context in which, the managers and planners investigate the urban problems creatively and based on the collective thinking of the main owners of the urban space i.e. the citizens and business owners. In such an environment, the stakeholders and the authorities work with each other to solve the problems existing in the cities and improve the living conditions in urban environments. This activity results in promoted quality of the urban environment and increased livability of the city. The main assumption of a creative city is that the general public can perform extraordinary tasks, provided that they have the required opportunity. The research goals include the following: - Evaluation of the participation indexes of creative city in District 1 of Tabriz – Evaluation of capital attraction index in District 1 of Tabriz - Evaluation of urban space diversity in District 1 of Tabriz – Evaluation of knowledge- based technology in District 1 of Tabriz Methodology This research is an applied study performed by a descriptive-analytical approach. Data collection has been done by library resources and field studies. Results and discussion The present research has investigated four variables, including participation, urban space diversity, capital attraction, and communication technologies in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. As the fifth metropolis of the country, Tabriz has ten regions the largest of which is the District 6 and the smallest is the District 8. In terms of population, District 4 has the highest population and District 2 has the lowest population. The increasing population growth in Tabriz metropolis, especially in its suburbs i.e. District 1, and the low-income residents of this region, it is necessary to evaluate the creative city indicators in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. Regarding the importance of this issue, the present research aims to analyze the creative city indicators in metropolises as a case study performed in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. The results showed that District 1 of Tabriz metropolis is faced with various problems in terms of the creative city indicators. District 1 of Tabriz has dealt with many problems due to the excessive migrations, the increasing growth of the urban population, the changes in urban development, the variety of subcultures, and lack of dynamism and viability. The instability of different regions of Tabriz has been manifested in different problems such as social abnormalities, lack of public participation, the increased costs of urban management, lack of vitality and viability in the citizens, etc. Conclusion As a result of evaluating the creative city indicators in District 1 of Tabriz, the worst and the best situations of the variables in every index were respectively reported as the following: urban administration (with the mean value of 1.98) and public participation in proposing new ideas (2.16) in the participation index, architectural diversity (2.64) and existence of welfare, commercial, and sports centers (3.24) in the urban space diversity index, foreign capital attraction (2.27) and domestic capital attraction (3.144) in the capital attraction index, access to service and communication centers (2.79) and ATM access (3.60) in the communication technology index. In general, there was a significant direct relationship between the components of participation, urban space diversity, capital attraction, communication technology, and creative environment in District 1 of Tabriz.
Urban Planning
Mahsa Khosh Sima; Akbar Asgharei Zamani; shahrivar rostaei
Abstract
Introduction Considering the occurrence of scattered phenomena in the cities of Iran, the need for re-planning on land and housing in old textures has doubled. In fact, urban sprawling growth shows that the city's population growth is lower than the physical development of the city. Infill development ...
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Introduction Considering the occurrence of scattered phenomena in the cities of Iran, the need for re-planning on land and housing in old textures has doubled. In fact, urban sprawling growth shows that the city's population growth is lower than the physical development of the city. Infill development provides the best opportunity to maintain outdoor space and optimize the use of existing infrastructure. And at the same time, by promoting identity in areas where abandoned land is redeveloped, while providing housing, especially for the low income, can provide a model for urban development policies, especially in the housing sector. In general, issues such as the lack of land, the destruction of agricultural land and gardens due to the excessive spread of cities, the energy crisis, air pollution, informal settlements, the spread of cities on hazardous areas and faults and social anomalies, including issues Which make it imperative to pay attention to the infill and sustained development approach in the housing sector. Methodology Thus, in this study to investigate the role of infill development at renovation of Hokm Abad region of Tabriz old texture we applied spatial analysis. By calculating the indexes of infill development and old texture and corresponding maps, the final map of Infill development in the neighborhood with 95% confidence level came out. In addition, there are street network restrictions for infill development the relationship of which is also being approved through a map to exclude the respective problems, to come out of a state of exhaustion and regain its life as before. Result and discussion The overall results of this article suggest that: There is a high talent for the development of vacant land between existing parts (10% of the total land), which can be used for residential development by increasing the use of the density of buildings and increasing the use of lateral land uses of housing land use. Considering that neighborhood development has taken place at the Horizontal surface can Aggregate of fine-grained pieces, which accounts for over 50% of the area in question, the existing construction density can be increased. According to the buildings' life plans, the materials used, the quality of the building, most buildings need to be fully renovated and restored. In the new rebuilding, the principles and criteria for infill development should be considered as an example of the new urban planning principles, so be build new development based on the human scale, neighborhood the centerpiece with a distinctive center and edges with the ability to walk and bike ride. According to population density map 1.3, the population increase can be done in empty spaces and points marked on the population density map. Most of the transit network in the Hakam Abad district of Tabriz are organic and have not complied with the relevant rules and regulations that should be amended in new constructions Improved passageways and extensions of less than 6 meters, and attention should be paid to the rules for the extension of old texture tracks transit of at least 8 meters (Local access). Conclusion New towns are creating unbridled areas around the large cities and metropolitan regions witnessing, the sprawl development, the increase of urban costs, and finally untold magnitude of urban and urban management facing up complexity and trouble. And the creation of new towns cannot lead to the important goal of attracting new towns not only in the metropolis crowd overspill, but Some have not yet reached the stage of exploitation after some years. According to this issue the focus should be on the managers agenda and municipal officials rather than the urban sprawl development around the cities The spreading cause of fertile agricultural lands can blight available (old textures) usage, The decline of urban life in urban centers revives the past new towns are creating unbridled around the large cities. This matter causes sprawl development, the increase of urban costs, and finally untold magnitude of urban and urban management facing up complexity and trouble. And The creation of new towns cannot lead to the important goal of attracting new towns not only in the metropolis crowd overspill, but the operational out comes as well. According to this issue the focus should be on the managers agenda and municipal officials rather than the urban sprawl development around the cities the spreading cause of fertile agricultural lands can blight available (old textures) usage. Therefore, infill development and utilizing existing capacities can help solve problems both in terms of exhaustion and lack of services, and infrastructure and Superstructures. It can resolve to promote awkward urban development discipline.
Mansour Ghanian; Milad Taqipour; Abas Abdeshahi; Masomeh Forouzani
Abstract
Environmental impact assessment is one of the acceptable ways to achieve sustainable development goals and can, as a planning tool, identify the potential environmental impacts that arise as a result of the implementation of constructional projects and provide rational options for their resolution. Undoubtedly, ...
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Environmental impact assessment is one of the acceptable ways to achieve sustainable development goals and can, as a planning tool, identify the potential environmental impacts that arise as a result of the implementation of constructional projects and provide rational options for their resolution. Undoubtedly, continuous evaluation of such projects can bring numerous and valuable achievements for policy makers, planners and those in charge of operation and maintenance, in order to implement improvements and improve the efficiency of the measures taken and prevent the waste of resources in future projects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental effects of land reclamation project in Khuzestan province within the Mianab irrigation and drainage network of Shushtar and for this purpose the ICOLD matrix method was used. In this method, the effect of each project activity on environmental components (ecological, physical and socio-economic) in the two phases of structural and operational was measured. The results indicate that the implementation of the project is preferable to its non-implementation, as the total consequences of the implementation of the project on the surrounding environment are positive (+108 points). Among the consequences of the project, the socio-economic environment has the most positive effects (176+ points) And the ecological environment with -49 has had the most negative impact on the environment. According to the findings of the study, the implementation of land reclamation plan in Khuzestan province within the Mianab irrigation and drainage network of Shushtar is environmentally appropriate and its continued implementation in neighboring lands is unrestricted provided that environmental standards are met.
Geomorphology
mohamadali zanganehasadi; Rahman Zandi; Najmeh shafiei
Abstract
Salt domes are one of the unique geomorphological phenomena that are important in terms of economic development, environment and tourism.. It plays a significant role in earthquakes and land subsidence as an effective aggravating factor in tectonic activity. In this study, after identification and morphometry ...
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Salt domes are one of the unique geomorphological phenomena that are important in terms of economic development, environment and tourism.. It plays a significant role in earthquakes and land subsidence as an effective aggravating factor in tectonic activity. In this study, after identification and morphometry of salt domes in the southeast Fars region using eight tectonic indices, i.e., the activity status of the domes was evaluated. Then using differential radar interferometry, the amount of vertical displacement of the area was calculated. Finally, Geographically Weighted Regression was employed to determine the relationship between subsidence and collapse at salt domes. The results indicate that in addition to the movement of salt domes, tectonic subsidence factors have also been effective in the rate of vertical displacement in the region. The calculation of indices indicates that some salt domes are active, and the results of differential radar interferometry also indicate the region’s vertical displacement and tectonic activity. However, some salt domes, including salt dome S2 in the western part of Fasa township, with a high score in calculating the indices, were also in the range of uplift due to interferometry. Although other salt domes had a degree of uplift due to their unique characteristics, groundwater loss had caused the highest subsidence rate in salt domes S10, S4, S5, and S6. Therefore, besides the unique characteristics of salt domes, other factors such as subsidence due to groundwater overdraft which are about 70 meters, Comparing the two models, it shows that the GWR model with a coefficient of R2 of about 80% -99% and the lowest error of / 001. And OLS model with R2 coefficient shows about 0.23 and an error 0.07 and GWR model with higher accuracy confirmed the agreement between the two parameters
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Negin Fallah Haghighi; Ghasem Ramezanpour Nargesi; Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh; Zeinab Sharifi
Abstract
One of the most significant factors affecting the regional development is having infrastructure. Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing the development of the country's provinces in terms of infrastructure indicators which based on 20 indicators, 31 provinces were ranked. First, indicators were ...
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One of the most significant factors affecting the regional development is having infrastructure. Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing the development of the country's provinces in terms of infrastructure indicators which based on 20 indicators, 31 provinces were ranked. First, indicators were collected. Then, extracting the weight by principal component analysis method, the indicator was combined using TOPSIS method and the composite indicator of infrastructure development of the provinces was calculated. In order to investigate the regional inequality, the coefficients of variation and Williamson were applied. Also, zoning the provinces was carried out. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, Excel and Arc GIS software. According to the results, the highest inequality was the infrastructure related to the country's transportation whereas the lowest inequality was related to indicators of the rural infrastructure. The findings of composite indicators revealed that the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Gilan and Hamedan have the best situation whereas Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, South Khorasan and Alborz have the lowest rank, respectively. Based on the results of zoning, provinces including Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Gilan and Hamedan placed in the first level of development, most of the northern, central and southern provinces were in the second level, southern and southeastern provinces were in the third level. Furthermore, according to the hierarchical cluster analysis, the provinces were divided into three groups: developed, semi-developed and underdeveloped. Therefore, it can be concluded that the pattern of spatial distribution of infrastructure development is not balanced among the provinces of Iran and in any decision to invest in the infrastructure sector; underdeveloped provinces should be more taken into consideration.
Geomorphology
Leila Khodaei Geshlag; shahram roostaei; Davod Mokhtari; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introduction Risk management and landslide assessment begin with a comprehensive identification and monitoring of their movements and mapping them, which can be used as a basis for achieving knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution. The integrated vision of the radar remote sensing images ...
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Introduction Risk management and landslide assessment begin with a comprehensive identification and monitoring of their movements and mapping them, which can be used as a basis for achieving knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution. The integrated vision of the radar remote sensing images has made them a powerful tool for preparing distribution maps, assessing the risk of landslides, and evaluating the instabilities reoccurring at various time intervals. Therefore, this study aimed to identify, monitor, and measure the extent to which the region is at the risk of slope instabilities in the period of 2009-2011 in the Ahar-Varzeghan region in the Ahar Chay heights using the Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique. Data and Method The studied area is a part of Ahar Chay watershed with an area of 1593 km2, which makes it the largest watershed in the East Azerbaijan province. The said area has an east longitude of 35´ 46° to 10´ 47° and north latitude of 20´ 38° to 45´ 38°. This area is located on northern slopes at an altitude of more than 2730 m, and in the Alpaut and Chaligh areas with an altitude of less than 1260 m. Various types of data were used in this research, including radar imagines, ENVISAT-ASAR, and data captured by Global Positioning System (GPS) in field research. Besides, topographic maps of 1.25000 associated with the country's land surveying organization and geological maps of 1:250000 related to the country's geological and mineral exploration organization were used to examine the area's geology and morphology. Besides, SAR scape ENVI4.8 and Arc/GIS software environments were used to prepare and process radar images, and provide the displacement maps associated with the landslides. INSAR is a remote sensing technique developed to study the earth's surface movements in the 1992 Landers, California earthquake. When this technique is adopted, two or more SAR images are used to generate a digital elevation model or prepare a map of the movements of the earth's surface. Also, this technique measures the phase difference between two different waves, and this phase difference is attributed to the change in the distance between the sensor and the earth target or the movements of the earth's surface. SAR images show the movements of the earth's surface in the direction of the satellite's line of sight. However, SAR images can be used in both ascending and descending modes, which enable them to measure the earth's surface movements in three directions: vertically, from the north, and east. The following steps must be taken to measure the movements of the earth's surface and/or develop a digital elevation model using the InSAR technique: SAR image formation: - Interferogram generation - Ambiguous phase extraction - Phase recovery in the generated interferogram - Elimination of the effect of the topographic phase on the interferogram - Displacement phase extraction Results and Discussion The InSAR technique has been used in this study to identify the range of slope instabilities and the rate of displacement of unstable landslides. Based on the research findings, radar images and differential interferometry processing methods could potentially identify unstable active areas and calculate the rate of displacement. In this study, the results of the ASAR radar image processing were used to calculate the rate of displacement from 2009 to 2011. Figure 9 showed the displacement rate for the period of 2006-2011. It should be noted that positive and negative numbers in this figure indicated the rate of upward and downward movements, respectively. According to this figure, the highest and lowest rates of downward movements were associated with 2009 and 2011, respectively. In other words, the rate of downward movements had decreased by 2011. However, the rate of upward movement in the region was the highest for the years 2009 and 2010. Also, the lowest rate of upward movement recorded for this area was in 2011. Conclusion The present study utilized the InSAR technique to identify the range of landslides and to estimate the displacement of unstable landslides. The results of this study showed that radar images and differential interferometry processing methods could potentially identify unstable active areas and calculate the rate of displacement. In this study, the results of the ASAR radar image processing were used to calculate the rate of displacement between 2009 and 2011. Then, the validity of the results of the InSAR technique was measured by adapting the displacement maps to field operations and Google Earth. According to the research findings, the highest rate of fall or downward movement occurred in approximately 8 cm in the southern areas. Moreover, the highest rate of elevation or upward movement occurred in about 5 cm in the east northern areas in 2009. The highest rate of falls in this year was associated with areas with old landslides, among which the villages of Depigh, Nasirabad, and around Sariaraghan were more affected than other areas. These instabilities in the village of Depigh were mostly located around the bed of the Ahar Chay river, in a way that severe landslides in this area caused enormous rocks to accumulate on the surface of the river bed.
Urban Planning
Vali Rezapour; Mir saeed Moosavi; bahman hadili
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of the urban spatial organization approach and metropolitan areas of Iran based on changes in modern economic structures with emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Because it seems that in the conditions of incompatibility of ...
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Introduction The purpose of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of the urban spatial organization approach and metropolitan areas of Iran based on changes in modern economic structures with emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Because it seems that in the conditions of incompatibility of the spatial structure of metropolises, which are the cause of growth of national economies and enhance the international and global position of countries, with the role and function commensurate with the changing structures of the world economy, the problem of physical contradictions They will face and the way to globalization of the country through big cities will be blocked for them. Methodology In this article, the basic principles for urban and regional spatial planning and the need to pay attention to the role and position of metropolises using the opinions and theories of experts in this field such as Daniel Bell, Fritz Ma Klopp, Alvin Toffler, Frank & Bed, Youngji Masuda, Simon Nora, Alan Monk, Mark Avery Pourat and Manuel Castells, who have views related to the information society, have been studied and the theoretical foundations of Tabriz metropolitan development plans have been compared. Results and Discussions In terms of methodology, data collection and analysis has been descriptive and secondary analysis, which has advanced the research work under the branches of survey and case study.Also, in the analysis of this article, content analysis, comparative and test methods have been used. Conclusion The main findings of the article are the characteristics of metropolitan space organization based on the requirements of the information society and the use of information paradigm in compiling the ideas and documents of urban development plans and regions of Tabriz metropolis that have been prepared since 1989.
Urban Planning
Asghar Zarrabi; shayesteh abbassi; abolfazl meshkini
Abstract
Introduction
Informal settlements are home to about one billion people in the world. In other words, about one-seventh of the world's population and one third of the world's urban population live on margins. In our country, informal settlements have been officially interpreted more rapidly than urban ...
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Introduction
Informal settlements are home to about one billion people in the world. In other words, about one-seventh of the world's population and one third of the world's urban population live on margins. In our country, informal settlements have been officially interpreted more rapidly than urban growth, and it is estimated that one-fifth of urban populations are located in such settlements. The emergence of informal settlements reveals the existence of structural barriers and inefficiencies in the current policies in providing the necessary housing and services for the low-income urban population at macro level. The 2002 United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development emphasized that contemporary cities are sustainable if they resist natural disasters. Today, the crossroads of environmental, economic, social, and urban spontaneous settlements on a global scale have attracted attention to the urban widespread approach with a more comprehensive look at previous approaches such as crisis management in these settlements and in The world agenda has been considered. In fact, "Resilience as a framework is about a concept that can easily be associated with all stages and sections of disasters and crisis management, and has been introduced with four institutional, social, economic, and infrastructure dimensions. Sanandaj is one of the middle cities that has been growing fast over the last few decades, along with many parts of the country. This rapid growth has led to the formation of automobile neighborhoods in different parts of the city. The purpose of this article is to investigate and evaluate resilience indices in these settlements. In this regard, the main research question is what is the status of resilience of informal settlements in Sanandaj? And how important are the resilience indicators and dimensions?
Methodology
the type of research is applied-development and its method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of information acquisition method, it is located in the field of library-field studies. The data needed for research is obtained through library and field methods. In the library method, internal and external articles and books were used. In the data collection section, data were collected from the statistical blocks of the Population and Housing Census of 1395, Statistics Center of Iran, experts' questionnaire, comprehensive and detailed plans of Sanandaj city, household questionnaire, and so on. In this research, internal and external library studies were used for extraction of indicators. In this study, internal and external library studies were used to extract the indices and the experts were provided with a questionnaire. AHP test was used to analyze the questionnaires and the scores were analyzed in Expert Choice software. In the next step, in order to study the indicators in the area of informal settlements of Sanandaj, a household questionnaire was prepared and according to Statistical Society (30539 families), based on the Cochran formula, 379 questionnaires were completed from the households in the study area. The questionnaire was based on the six-level Likert scale. Reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.73 which indicates the reliability of the questionnaire.
One-sample t-test was used to measure resilience. The one-sample t-test (the test of comparing the mean of a population with a number) is one of the tests used in most applied research. This test determines whether the observed average is significantly different from a specified value or a standard value. Confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software was used to determine the impact of resilience dimensions. In confirmatory factor analysis, the researcher seeks to develop a model that is assumed to describe, describe, explain, or justify empirical data on the basis of relatively few parameters.
Results and Discussion
According to the AHP test, the highest weight was found to be 0.593 in human dimension and the lowest weight was 0. 113 in natural dimension. The findings indicate that the level of resilience is 3.03 in the area, which is less than the mean of 3.50, but it can be said that the informal settlements is not resilient. In terms of dimensions, only the socio-cultural dimension with 3.72 is higher than the average of 3.50 and is resilient. The lowest level of resilience related to the economic dimension at 2.47, followed by the managerial dimension with 2.66. also, Physical dimension is not resilient to have an average of 3.28. According to the studies, the total level of resilience in the informal settlements of Sanandaj was 3.11 and below 3.50. Factor analysis of factors affecting resilience showed that social factors with 0.81 had the most effect and economic factors with 0.50 had the least effect.
Conclusion
Research results in these settlements indicate that the level of resilience is at a low level. Among the different dimensions of resilience, the social dimension has a better status than other dimensions. In the economic field, due to the low level of income of the residents, the lack of insurance, the low level of savings, the lack of job security, the volatility in income, the seasonal nature of the occupation of many residents and ... has led to a low level of economic resilience. Organizational-administrative dimensions also have very low resilience. The lack of institutions at the local level, the weakness of the relationship between managers and the local population, lack of training in preparation for crisis is the reason for the low level of institutional resilience in these settlements. Physically, due to low level of resistance of residential units, lack of proper access to infrastructure, lack of suitable open spaces in neighborhoods, low strength of infrastructures, etc., has led to a decrease in the level of physical resilience.
Urban Planning
Ali Shamaee; Mohammad Hosein Janbabanezhad; Zahra Zamani
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 143-170
Abstract
Healthy urban planning is the optimal utilization of the environment and comply with all land uses due to the density and per capita appropriateness, so that the citizens can be benefited. Considering the importance of healthy the city land uses, this paper aims to assess the situation indicators and ...
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Healthy urban planning is the optimal utilization of the environment and comply with all land uses due to the density and per capita appropriateness, so that the citizens can be benefited. Considering the importance of healthy the city land uses, this paper aims to assess the situation indicators and per capita city of Bbol to the quality healthy city land. The purpose of this paper is to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to their land of Bbol and compliance with of healthy per capita. This is an applied research and research methods are descriptive, analytical and comparative survey. It also identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Bbol for strategic analysis. Results obtained show that the land use per capita in Bbol is much lower and there are many deficiencies in the land of Bbol per capita. Except for residential land use, the rate applicable for the land use per capita is, less than twenty-eight percent. Some users are in a critical situation, such as in the use of facilities and equipment, utilities, health care, green space and parks, and cultural and sport land uses. In terms of the balance and harmony in the land uses, there is no balance between them. Location of land use particularly user green space and sports are not done right. Babol residents have good access to land uses.
Climatology
Majeid Rezaee Banafshe; Tahare Jalali
Abstract
According to important role of climate parameters such as radiation, temperature, precipitation and the evaporation in water resource management, The purpose of the present investigation, is evaluation of climate change in Tasuj basin and Groundwater level response to these changes in period 2013-2030 ...
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According to important role of climate parameters such as radiation, temperature, precipitation and the evaporation in water resource management, The purpose of the present investigation, is evaluation of climate change in Tasuj basin and Groundwater level response to these changes in period 2013-2030 by scenarios A2, B1, A1B. To do this research, was used the data of Chrchr and Sharafkhaneh evaporation stations and Khoy synoptic station for the period 1985-2012 and water levels data of tasuj basin for the years 2012-2000. Data of temperature, precipitation and sunshine with software LARS-WG and groundwater levels were predicted by artificial neural networks for mentioned period. The results revealed a decrease in precipitation and rise in temperature in each of the three studied scenarios.Maximum decline in water level in A2 scenario and minimum decline in groundwater levels will happen in B1 scenarios. Also study cross-correlation showed the impact of rainfall on groundwater levels is with time lag of 2 months.
GIS&RS
Jafar Jafarzadeh; Hashem Rostamzadeh; Mohammadreza Nikjoo; Esmaeil Asadi
Abstract
The study of changes in water resources in each region is essential to manage water resources and using them. In this study, the goal is to evaluate the available water resources in the plain of Ardebil in terms of surface and subsurface resources based on four criteria including natural, hydrological, ...
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The study of changes in water resources in each region is essential to manage water resources and using them. In this study, the goal is to evaluate the available water resources in the plain of Ardebil in terms of surface and subsurface resources based on four criteria including natural, hydrological, agricultural and humanitarian by using fuzzy network analysis. In order to assess better fuzzy network analysis evaluation, sub-criteria of population, industry condition, rainfall situation, the status of surface water (volume taken from the river) and groundwater (wells, springs and aqueducts status), the area under cultivation and the type of products in terms of water demand, slope and elevation are used. Dependencies among sub-criteria using DEMATEL fuzzy technique and according to experts are determined. Using the fuzzy network analysis all criteria and sub- criteria are weighed, and the maps for all sub-criteria, are generated in according to the weight obtained. Finally, the result map that is based on initial layers and weighted based on the fuzzy techniques is generated in GIS. The resulting map is identified the sensitivity of the study area in terms of potential water resources. The study area (Ardebil plain) is located in the northwest of Iran and is delimited by latitudes 38°05′ N and 38° 30′N and longitudes 48°15′ E and 48° 35′E. The average height is about 1360 meters from the sea level. It covers an area of about 820 km2 and is part of Qara Soo river basin. The low risk areas 11.13 % equivalent to 9200 hectares are located on the northern and a bit in west of the plain. The average risk areas 19.36 % equivalent to 15870 hectares are located in the north and west of plain. The high risk areas 21.3 % equivalent to 17510 hectares are located mostly in the central and upper parts of the plain. The vulnerable risk areas 31.9 % equivalent to 26220 hectares are located in the southern and central parts of the plain and finally the critical areas 16.1 % equivalent to 13250 hectares are scattered mostly in the south and east of the study area.
