Urban Planning
shahrivar rostaei; rasoul ghorbani; maryam darabi
Abstract
With rapid urbanization around the world and the pursuit of clean energy sources, green cities play an essential role in building a sustainable future for people. Urban green spaces provide a number of perceived benefits to human health and well-being, including overall improvement in quality of life. ...
Read More
With rapid urbanization around the world and the pursuit of clean energy sources, green cities play an essential role in building a sustainable future for people. Urban green spaces provide a number of perceived benefits to human health and well-being, including overall improvement in quality of life. Based on this, the aim of this research is to analyze the environmental quality of urban public spaces in line with the development of green cities in District 7 of Tehran. For this purpose, 24 factors in 9 categories of carbon dioxide components; Energy ; Air ; Water ; wastage ; Transportation ; land use; Buildings and environmental management were identified and given to 30 experts and specialists in the form of a 24 x 24 matrix and with the help of a questionnaire and according to targeted sampling. Research findings show that 10 factors are key factors. In the meantime, green management plays a more important role in the indicators of the green city of the 7th district of Tehran and; population density ; Public contributions from green policies and number of unhealthy days are ranked next respectively.
Urban Planning
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Shahrivar Rostaei; Hojjat Mohamadi Torkamani
Abstract
IntroductionPlanning as a regulatory process between public and private goals, as a result of the actions of individuals and groups deviates from its regulatory path and acts in a specific direction. This competition, influenced by power, has its own manifestation in the urban environment.The urban revolution ...
Read More
IntroductionPlanning as a regulatory process between public and private goals, as a result of the actions of individuals and groups deviates from its regulatory path and acts in a specific direction. This competition, influenced by power, has its own manifestation in the urban environment.The urban revolution and the consideration of the city as a spatial object, according to Lefebvre, put this socio-economic entity on a path that was increasingly attacked by capitalism, and the reproduction of artificial spaces for the accumulation of capital intensified.This reproduction is done in a set of rules and regulations and management policies that should, in fact, allocate space for public use, While the objective function of this city management organization has collapsed in favor of capital. This point has its own conditions in cities with rentier system. This is because in rentier systems, decentralization policies and, consequently, the strengthening of local institutions and urban management, in the absence of democratic conditions, have created a suitable environment for creating various types of rents and sometimes corruption.When urban space is considered as a commodity for possession, in this process urban management has its own impact. Sometimes as a law enforcement officer and sometimes as a competitor with private capital over urban space. All of this can be described as rent-seeking, in which individuals and groups try to divert resources to their advantage. All of these influences and everything that happens in the urban space are based on factors and contexts that seem to be rooted in the rentier political economy that governs the city system. Therefore, the present study tries to identify and explain the effective factors and contexts.Materials and methodsThe present study can be considered as applied in terms of purpose, although it has also been developed and theoretically explained. Also, the approach is descriptive-analytical, which based on the data obtained from documentary studies, as well as conducting interviews and using a questionnaire, has analyzed the context of rent in Tabriz Municipality.For conducting interviews, open-ended questions have been designed and presented to a number of managers and experts in the field of urban management in the metropolis of Tabriz.The results, after theoretical saturation and combination with the results of documentary studies, are extracted in the form of propositions and form the basis of a questionnaire that is left to the judgment of elites and experts to determine the importance and degree of effectiveness of each criterion in the occurrence of rent and rent-seeking phenomenon. For this purpose, the Mick Mac questionnaire was used. This method is based on the analysis of interaction / structural effects.Results and discussionThe requirement for analyzing variables using Mick Mac software is to determine their interactions in the form of an effect matrix that acts as software input. To do this, a 39 * 39 matrix was set and the relationships between the variables in terms of effectiveness were determined based on the opinions of selected experts in a purposeful sampling way. The number of repetitions considered in the software is twice and the degree of filling is 68.63%. This indicates that they have affected each other in more than 68% of cases. Out of 1269 relationships that can be evaluated in the matrix, 580 cases were unrelated (number zero), 379 cases were weak relationship (number one), 585 cases were moderate relationship (number two) and 305 cases were strong relationship (number three). The pattern of distribution of research variables indicates that the system is unstable.The distribution model shows that macroeconomic factors of political economy generally have high impact and low impressible, and in contrast, the factors that are most impressible are the result of decisions and macro-political and economic environment.Such a situation indicates the power of external and extra-organizational factors to determine the status of the system. impressible factors or results are also factors that are affected by the macro-political environment and political economy and operate mostly at the organizational and local level, in other words, they are the output of the performance of macro-decisions and events.In the structural / interaction analysis matrix, the sum of the row numbers for each variable indicates the effect of the variable and the sum of the columns of each variable indicates its Impressive. According to the matrix results, the variables related to the "political economy factor" have the most impact on the system (the occurrence of the rent phenomenon) and the variables related to the "psychological factor" have the least impact.Also in terms of impressiveness, the variables related to "organizational factor" have the most impressiveness and the variables related to "legal factor" have the least. Based on the results of direct and indirect effects, the variable of power centers has the highest score. Also, all the identified key variables from rank one to 16 are repeated in direct and indirect impact, and the differences are only in their rank.ConclusionThe present study seeks to identify and explain the factors affecting the formation of the phenomenon of rent and rent-seeking in the urban management organization. For this purpose, while conducting interviews with experts and managers related to urban management, first, 39 variables under 7 factors of political, political, economic, legal, organizational, socio-cultural and psychological economics were extracted.In the next step, using a questionnaire, the effectiveness of these variables was determined using the interaction / structural impact analysis method. In the next step, Mick Mac software was used to identify how the variables affect each other and identify key factors. The results of the software output can be summarized as follows;- Based on the pattern of distribution of variables, the system has an unstable state and the types of variables - influential, impressive, independent, regulatory and two-dimensional - can be identified in it.- The most effective is related to the variables of "political economy" and the least effective is related to the variables of "psychological".- In terms of impressiveness, the most impressiveness is related to "organizational" factor variables and the lowest impressiveness is related to "legal" factor variables. The key variables resulting from direct and indirect effects are identified as 16 variables, all of which are fixed and the differences are only related to their rank. These variables include;Centers of power, oil economy, lack of transparency, Clientelism policy, centralism, establishment of rentier state, weakness of popular institutions, government tenure, political influence, electoral assistance, desirability of rent-seeking among social groups, golden signatures, lobbying, the prevailing spirit of rent-seeking, the rule of the technocratic tradition among managers and the legal cases underlying rent.- Variables related to political economy are generally variables that have macro dimensions and in most cases are beyond the control of the local level of urban management. Local level variables are generally related to organizational factors that are generally the result of the performance of macro factors such as political economy. On the other hand, the variables related to political economy can be described as contextual variables that use their micro-organizational variables as tools to make their impact operational.
Urban Planning
Samad Medadi Heris; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Mirsattar Sadre Mousavi; Shahrivar Rostaei
Abstract
Introduction On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and ...
Read More
Introduction On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and its resulted effects as fallowing to apply machine in human societies and using electronic devices resulted from this revolution we were witness of accelerating resource consumption from one hand and on the other hand with development of medical science and applying technology in manufacturing medical devices, deaths have been decreased and subsequently population has increased. With high rate of fertility and immigration from rural to city areas, especially cities of developing countries in recent decades have been expanded dramatically. At civil levels, with economic, social and cultural evolution of 19th and 20th centuries affected from modernism is caused genesis of metropolises and generated fundamental changes in the their structure and spatial-physical organization. Looking at this situation, a new approach for sustainable development has been proposed at international level that controlling development and determining restrictions are among its objectives align with human society welfare and controlling damages to the environment. Given to the course of the evolutions in the theoretical and practical domain of the cities under the influence of new paradigm, meeting needs is a requisite for life environment in addition personal welfare and high quality of life are required and necessary too. Considering to sustainable development theory, some emphasize confidently that environment, society and economical subjects should be considered for the unpredictable future of the environment. Data and Method The current study is descriptive- analytical which has been conducted using effective indicators in sustainability of residential environment using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and entropy Model. Available methods and models for selection and evaluation are categorized in two general groups: 1- flat models 2- hierarchical models. One of the models in this regard is fuzzy analytic hierarchy model. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy approach is an expanded AHP approach. Table No. (1): Expert weighting of indicators and criteria In this study various data from different aspects of the sustainable (environmental, economic, social and physical) development has been collected. In scientific studies one of the well-known methods that is widely used to solve multi criteria decision making problems is fuzzy AHP. Accordingly, if fuzzy values were triangular numbers which are shown as (mi, li, ui) then it can be calculated using below equation.Entropy in data theory is a measure of unreliability which is specified with probability distribution (p < sub>i) and measuring this unreliability () by Shanon has been stated as below in which the greater dispersion in the values of an indicator, the more important that indicator is. Results and Discussion Due to the importance of sustainability in development and sustainable development in recent years, so many investigations have been done in various domains and in dimensions such as economical, environmental and physical ones. According to the results obtained from this study, physical criterion which includes (construct, accessibility and vicinity) is the main criterion considered by experts with numerical weight of 0.544. Social, economic and environmental dimensions are respectively at next level of priority. For the same reason physical dimension is emphasized as the main influential factor in Tabriz sustainable development in this study. At the next step dimensions of sustainable development were analyzed and the role that each dimension plays on civil areas was studied and below conclusions were obtained: Of 66 indices for analysing sustainable development dimensions in Tabriz city, 7 indices belonged to economic dimension, 14 to social dimension, 8 to environmental dimensions and remaining are applied for physical dimension that the obtained results are summarized as below: At economic dimension districts 4, 1 and 2 with scores of 6.14, 5.46 and 4.95 scores obtained first, second and third scores of indicators and district 10 gained the lowest score. Conclusion Sustainable development is the dominant paradigm in the third millennium. This theory has been expanded in proposed period of time with a glance to environmental discussion and with the aim of preventing environmental deterioration and has been drawn to different discussions after passing a short time. Sustainable development encounters with inappropriate production, distribution and nature destructive pattern that its final purpose is to control environmental damages and increasing the quality of life. This study has been conducted with the aim of prioritizing sustainable development dimensions at the first stage and weighting civil districts based on the same dimensions. The results obtained from this study indicated that physical dimension is at the first priority among other dimensions.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar rostaei; Shiva Alizadeh
Abstract
Introduction Spatial and regional inequalities are rooted in many issues, including; Implementing wrong policies by the center in the direction of zoning, Budget distribution and facilities, Improper administrative and political divisions and inconsistencies between different organizations to provide ...
Read More
Introduction Spatial and regional inequalities are rooted in many issues, including; Implementing wrong policies by the center in the direction of zoning, Budget distribution and facilities, Improper administrative and political divisions and inconsistencies between different organizations to provide better services and perform assigned tasks, The concentration of population and facilities and immigration has increased in some places, which causes polarization and reduces facilities, Lack of optimal allocation of resources and credits and lack of proper regional policy in this field and finally these discrepancies and differences in different regions have eliminated sufficient integration and coherence for the evolution of development and it has highlighted the existing divisions and differences in all areas of development, and this trend has a definite and inevitable effect on the city, region and province. And it automatically transforms development policies, albeit correctly, and provides barriers to sustainable development. In this study, considering that in the province of West Azerbaijan, there is inequality and lack of optimal distribution of facilities and resources with the focus on facilities and services in the first dominant city, divergence and development gap between regions. It tries to collect various indicators and metrics in the fields of economics, social, physical, health-treatment and services to determine the extent to which the cities of West Azerbaijan province have convenience, facilities, etc. And with the help of common techniques for analyzing regional inequality to achieve balanced development, efforts are being made to determine which facilities and convenience are available in which cities, and in which cities these facilities and conveniences are scarce. The purpose of this article is to measure spatial justice in the distribution of public services among the cities of West Azerbaijan Province. To achieve the goal of the research, the main question is whether there is inequality between 17 cities of West Azerbaijan province in terms of spatial distribution of services? And we are trying to answer this question. Methodology: The research method used in this paper is based on descriptive-analytical method. Various documentary-library methods have been used to gather information. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, it extracted raw data from the statistical yearbook of 1392 and then converted the raw data into an index, which finally added 41 indicators to the SPSS software to explain the measurement of spatial justice. And after analyzing 41 indicators, 10 factors have finally emerged. Population, educational, cultural, health, religious, medical services, services (telephone, electricity), education (for exceptional children), health (laboratory), socio-cultural, social and welfare are divided into demographic factors. In this article, the statistical population are 17 cities of West Azerbaijan. To analyze the data using the factor analysis method used, in factor analysis, it is argued that whenever a number of variables are correlated with the subject under study, they are also correlated with each other. If the correlation between the variables is low, they do not appear to be contributing factors. Results and discussion: Educational agents for Boukan, Naqadeh and Urmia counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. And demographic factors for Urmia, Miandoab and Khoy counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Health-cultural factor that Poldasht, Makovarumieh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Religious factor for Chaypareh, Miandoab and Shahin Dej counties are ranked 1-3 respectively. The ratio of registered religious delegations and the reliance on operational factors are at a high level, ie they are at a high level of significance, which is why this factor has been named as a religious factor. Therapeutic services for Mako, Chaldoran, Salmas counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. The ratios of active medical institutions, general practitioners, and rehabilitation centers are at a high level. This means that they are at a high level of significance, which is why this factor has been named as a factor in medical services. Service agent for Sardasht, Takab, Chaypareh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Educational agent for exceptional students for Piranshahr, Chaipareh and Oshnoyeh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Laboratory agents for Shahin Dej, Khoy and Chaldoran counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. The socio-cultural factors of Urmia, Oshnavieh and Boukan counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively, and the social and welfare factors of Urmia, Chaypareh and Chaldoran counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Conclusion: The leveling results of the cities showed that the cities of West Azerbaijan province were in unbalanced conditions; And since this leveling has been done in relation to the population and the area, we find that there is a significant relationship between the population of the cities and the area and level of public services. According to these results, the cities of Urmia, Khoy, Naghadeh are ranked first to third, respectively, and the cities of Piranshahr, Takab, and Buchan are ranked the last, respectively.
