Urban Planning
Akbar Rahimi; Ramin Nagshbandi
Abstract
Introduction
The growing trend of urbanization in developing countries like as Iran has led to a threefold increase in the urban population, with 54% of the world's population living in cities and projected to reach 66% by 2050. From 1950 to 2014, the world's population increased by 423 percent. The ...
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Introduction
The growing trend of urbanization in developing countries like as Iran has led to a threefold increase in the urban population, with 54% of the world's population living in cities and projected to reach 66% by 2050. From 1950 to 2014, the world's population increased by 423 percent. The willingness towards machine life is the rapid development of construction in urban areas, causing psychological pressures along with physical pressures on the living environment in urban spaces) and can be said that construction without limitation in cities has a negative impact on urban landscape preferences. Also, rapid population growth in cities has a negative reflection on the environment and urban the pollution of cities, environmental degradation, also the ecological balance of the environment, destruction Cover plants of urban and suburban areas (farmland, gardens) and the conversion of natural ground cover to the impermeable surfaces. It also has an impact on the urban ecosystems. The sequence of that urban dispersal takes place. Extravagant use of suburban lands has led to dramatic changes in the landscape of suburbs and city entrances. Today's entrances, which serve as only an element to determine the city's boundaries, are decorative elements that are located in the middle of the city's entryway and can be said to have no identity. Some of the most important actions carried out in the field of organization of entrance gates in Iranian cities are the construction of the Boulevard and the Blvd and often has been added to the problems of these fields. The lack of proper city management, on the other hand, has led to undesirable uses at the entrance of cities that limit the attractiveness of tourism and the use of natural elements and make visual and environmental disturbances more evident.
The importance of urban landscapes has been revealed to everyone with its many benefits, so planning for urban landscape design is one of the most important issues in ecology and urban landscape. Landscapes are important in human life activities and how they affect the quality of our life. However, strategies for urban landscape management have been developed by experts and the perception of people from the urban landscape is often ignored. The European Landscape Convention (ELC) mentioned that people’s perceptions are the main factor in the assessment and planning of the landscape because general people think in a different way than experienced designers’ do. Studies show that human judgment is instinctive so that prospects for suitable for survival are more preferred. These responses are usually unconscious and immediate. So, in planning and managing public spaces, they need to be considered and understood by users of these.
The need to integrate public perception and expert approaches into landscape management processes can help improve the urban because the use of urban sights is a expect if the reality is not coordinated, it leads to incompatibility between space and citizens. It is obvious that recognizing the desires of people and their preferences is not only an educational challenge, but also vital for policymaking and implementation, and in addition to creating more attractive neighborhoods and promoting environmental services. In this way, urban spaces can be gained better acceptance and satisfaction by people of society. Evidence shows that in Iran, public perception of urban landscapes, especially at city entrances, has not been addressed at all, and therefore, this study attempts to examine the perceptions of people who use the entrances to Saqqez city in order to improve their perceptions. Environmental quality from the perspective of the indigenous peoples of Saqez, travelers, and tourists.
Materials & Methods
study area
The city of Saqqez is located in the northwest of Sanandaj City (center of the province) and approximately 190 kilometers. The city of Saqqez has located between orbit 36 degrees 13 minutes to 36 degrees 16 minutes north latitude and 46 degrees 14 minutes 46 degrees 17 minutes east longitude. The city of Saqqez, with a population equal to 168.258, has also been divided into 22 neighborhoods and 8 districts.The city of Saqqez has 4 entrances; it has one entrance to Sanandaj to the south-east, 1 to Boukan to the north, 1 to Baneh to the west and 1 inlet in the northwest of the city where this entry is a rural entrance, which in this study will examine three main entrances of the city Used.
Questionnaire Structure
The questionnaire is divided into three sections. The first section contains demographic information. Before scoring each landscape scene, the participants had to indicate their personal socio-demographic information; marital status, age, education level, monthly income, and city of residence. Finally, the third section deals with the independent and dependent variables of the research. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert spectrum and is structurally closed.
Scene Evaluation
The studies’ photographs were collected during the summers of 2018. All photographs in the studies were taken on sunny to partly sunny days from 10 am to 4 pm to avoid large differences in lighting. They were taken from approximately 5 feet above the ground from streets or sidewalks. A total of 40 images were selected and presented as a booklet. All 12 pictures related to one entrance and 2 photos of the beginning of each section and 2 final pictures were not considered in the analysis. participants were asked to evaluate the images on a 5-Point Likert-type Scale (Very nice + 2, beautiful +1, normal 0, ugly -1 and very ugly -2). The purpose of having two extra scenes at the beginning was to make the participants familiar with the photo rating procedure, whereas the two extra photos at the end of the photo-questionnaire served to prevent the participants from anticipating, which could render them easier. Finally, the images were calculated using the formula below.
Survey Population and Sample Size
The most relevant formula and a suitable solution would be the formula proposed by Mitra and Lankford (1999). This formula significantly prevents error by reducing the sampling error and increasing the confidence level, while at the same time reducing the non-sampling error. We assumed the standard deviation to be equal to 2.88, with the sampling size amounting to 300 persons. as a result, the sampling size amounted to 300 persons.
e = √ (P (1-P)/n); P = 50% and e = 2.88% 2.88% = √ (50 %( 1-50%)/n) → n = 300
Sampling Method, Survey Duration and Data analysis
During the spring months 2018, 300 entrance in Saqqez City users, aged 18 to 75, were randomly selected to answer a questionnaire containing 20 questions, using the booklet. The questionnaire was distributed every day at 8 am to 8 pm. These hours constitute the most frequently visited times of urban entrance. The data collected from the questionnaire survey were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), no. 20.
Discussion of Results
Examine people's preferences
The mean of the dependent variables of the research required to create an appropriate environment and to improve the quality of the environment are "public service, tourist, traffic, law enforcement, and green space. Green space with a mean of 4.40 was the top priority, and tourist destinations with a mean of 4.23 were.
Prioritizing independent variables from people's perspective
Friedman's test was used to prioritize independent variables from the viewpoints of indigenous people, travelers, and tourists in Saqqez City. Prioritizing independent variables is the indicator that it can have a positive impact on different applications within the city's entry range of those users. Green walkways in the range with an average rating of 8.20 as the first proper use of the entrance axis could have the most impact, creating parks or recreational or resorts with an average rating of 8.12 was the second most preferred, but there are repair shops and industrial applications with a mean rating of 2.62 was the lowest preference. The results also showed that the priority of independent variables of people is completely different and not at a level where the mentioned test was significant at the error level of 0.05 (P < 0.05).
People's preferences for independent variables according to demographic characteristic
People's preferences for independent variables were adjusted according to age, education level, marital status and residence in the form of sequential variables. Kruskal-Wallis test for age and level of education was used to compare the independent variables of the study, and the Mann-Whitney test for marital status and residence was used to compare the independent variables of the study. The results show that the choice of some variables (95% and 99% confidence level) was significant, which means that people with age, education, marital status, and different residence have the same priority in relation to variables. Top of form
Mean Description of Preference
Respondents' preferences at the entrances to Saqqez show That scenes 12, 16, and 34 are the most preferred scenes for the City entrances Saqqez. Sanandaj entrance Scene 12 (M = 3.50, SD= 1.050, pt=269) followed by bukan Entrance scene 16 (M = 4.08, s. d= 0.943, pt=324) and baneh Entrance scene 34 (M =4.06, SD= 0.929 pt=319). The favorable criteria natural landscapes, wide visibility, the presence of green spaces, Plant, elements and urban signs and service use in the desirability of spaces are important factors. But at the entrance to Sanandaj Scene 2 (M = 1.32, SD= 0.173, pt=-503) followed by bukan Entrance scene 15 (M = 1.40, s. d= 0.767, pt=-480) and baneh Entrance scene 32 (M =1.151, SD= 0.832 pt=-448) have the least preferred.The presence of visual turbulence by the waste collection center, range vendors and industrial applications, environmental degradation, lack of green space and lack of identity were the least effective preference. Bottom of Form
Conclusions
According to the results obtained from the present study, suitable land uses have been selected by the people from the perspective of Green walkways as the first priority of land use planning. In this regard, various studies show that green walkways or green trails contribute to the provision of multiple ecosystem services, protection, and conservation of biodiversity in cities. Tourists and travelers in the city of Saqqez have chosen the parks or recreational parks as a second priority in landscaping the entrances. Urban parks have been one of the most important cities. Top of form bottom of Form Urban parks are the main points of the cities. Green spaces, especially urban parks, give the community a wide range of environmental, psychological, social and economic benefits depending on their performance. The third priority of the people to use in landscaping entrances is "health centers". Health is one of the first basic needs of human societies for health and can be said to be an important part of one's social needs. Therefore, equal access to the primary health services for all social and economic groups of security and control with the aim of improving the quality of life and health of citizens is of the most important duties of Governments.
The lowest priority of the people is among the users from the perspective of entrances to "repair shop and industrial applications". Research has shown that the establishment of industrial and repair shops at the entrance axis is unauthorized due to the visual pollution they create, and it is suggested that they are transferred to the second layer. Or that these observations are covered with vegetation. Previous studies have demonstrated that different people could have different perceptions of landscape visual quality. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics significantly affect individuals’ preferences. Landscape preferences show in the entrances of cities, the existence of handmade objects such as houses, buildings in agricultural farms and index changes affect the preference of negative impact, but water, plant cover, shrubs, and trees have a positive impact on the viewpoint and study of verification of this issue.
Urban Planning
Fereshte Rezaee; JAMILE TAVAKOLINIA; Mozaffar Sarrafi
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. ...
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IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. Today, as a metropolitan city that is supposed to play an international role in the region and a national role in the country, Tehran is facing numerous problems and issues that stem from underdeveloped local communities and absence of good urban governance. Consequently, the present study seeks to address the role of NGOs as an institutional capacity in realizing and improving the governance process in line with increasing the participation of local communitiesMethodologyConducted with the purpose of examining the role of NGOs in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city, this research employed the survey method and field studies. Data collection was carried out via distributing questionnaires among the sample population. The hypotheses of the study were then tested using statistical softwares such as the SPSS. The questionnaire included 35 items, out of which 10 and 25 items were specified to measure variables of NGOs and good urban governance, respectively. In this regard, 5 items were considered for each component of good urban governance which included participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The scale of the study was validated by extracting the components of variables under measurement from the existing literature. Subsequently, they were localized using the comments of experts. Content validity and measurement scale were evaluated through qualitative reasoning. That is, the questionnaire used in this study had 3 content validities as the variables under measurement were derived from related research and constructs in questionnaires were correctly perceived by the sample population. To pretest the designed questionnaire, they were distributed among 10 experts and professors; next, following the correction and balancing of a few points, they were distributed among 30 individuals within the initial sample population; given the comments of this group, the relevancy of questions was ensured in relation to the sample population. Ultimately, the final questionnaire was designed and used for data collection.Results and DiscussionThe hypotheses were examined and the results are explained below:In the main hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that in order to realize good governance in cities as local environments, it is necessary to utilize capacities present in the constitution, century-long experiences of consultative localism (city association, Islamic council), and global experiences in the area of NGOs. Indeed, addressing the management of cities through a participatory approach requires an efficient framework which, according to the experiences of developed countries, is the good urban governance; an approach that is recommended by the UN as the global policy trustee in line with offering development. Accordingly, by increasing the social capital and accountability of local managers, emotional refining of the citizens, attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, and providing social solidarity in Tehran metropolitan city, NGOs have provided the means for realization of good urban governance.In the first secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “participation” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of participation in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. In affairs such as participation and delegation of authorities, urban management needs to mitigate legal ambiguities and increase localized educational and research centers. Subsequently, the government can play an effective role in this process by carrying out a set of sociocultural actions such as producing educational contents for schools and universities, instructing teachers, judges, government staff, and law enforcement personnel, teaching the principles and frameworks on the importance of utilizing the participation of NGOs through media and particularly the IRIB, reviewing the current rules and regulations in Iran, and modifying bureaucratic procedures. Governments can also increase the authorities of civil institutions such as the NGOs and mitigate urban management issues with the help of the local citizens as local governments, using the indices of good urban governance.In the second secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “reliability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of reliability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that NGOs currently do not occupy a suitable position in Iran; accordingly, any collective movement considered as voluntary activities are at a declining level throughout the society. Therefore, despite the considerable willingness of individuals to participate in such activities, factors such as low levels of trust and reliability in the society and absence of common positive values has resulted in these activities to remain as mere mental desires rather than practical, objective actions. In these circumstances, NGOs cannot be expected to be significantly effective on the area of reliability.In the third secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “transparency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of transparency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. There is an insignificant percentage of individuals within NGOs who believe in the effectiveness of these organizations on the transparency of the authorities; subsequently, an inconsiderable extent of willingness is shown to carry out activities in NGOs in line with establishing transparency among government authorities. It appears that in the current conditions, NGOs do not have a considerable effectiveness in realizing good urban governance due to issues that obstruct their activities along with the risks of engaging in political areas. As a result, to achieve success in increasing transparency, the entire government and non-government bodies and sectors including schools, universities, newspapers, the IRIB, and other mainstream media should work in harmony.In the fourth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “accountability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of accountability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. By attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, NGOs have managed to elevate the spirit of questioning among the members of the society; in addition, these elite individuals have managed to get their questions across to the government using modern communication tools including social networks. This has led to urban authorities to be held accountable, hence properly realizing this important aspect of good governance.In the fifth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “efficiency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of efficiency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Such lack of effectiveness can be attributed to a number of reasons including structural inadequacies in NGOs, weak social trust in these organizations, economic issues present in voluntary activities, and absence of professional functions in NGOs in shaping the civil society.ConclusionResults showed that in general, NGOs do play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city; however, despite their effective roles in actualizing components of participation and macro accountability, they do not seem to have an adequate role in realizing components such as reliability, transparency, and efficiency. Ultimately, it should be pointed out that the structure of urban management in Tehran at local levels requires enhancing the role of NGOs and participation of local communities and multilevel and multi-agent governance in line with efficient and effective urban management whilst reinforcing indices of good urban governance including participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Reinforcing good urban governance against a government-centered urban management approach requires a strong political will at the higher echelons of governance, particularly their belief in such pattern of administration.
Urban Planning
Akbar Abdollahzadeh Taraf; samira sarvi
Abstract
IntroductionTraditional contextures and neighborhoods, as the primary residents center for urban residences, play a key role in the citizens’ life and one or more neighborhood center in its spatial structure cause the neighborhood spine to be more prominent. With the advent of modernism, such neighborhoods ...
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IntroductionTraditional contextures and neighborhoods, as the primary residents center for urban residences, play a key role in the citizens’ life and one or more neighborhood center in its spatial structure cause the neighborhood spine to be more prominent. With the advent of modernism, such neighborhoods could not find chance to conform themselves with the new conditions and they lost their coherent contexture gradually as a result of street making and the function of the neighborhoods’ centers became prone to destruction, changing into low prosperous environments for their residents and this caused the current social activities to be fade out in the neighborhood.Data and Methoddeveloping a strategy of regenerating spatial structure of current condition in the Hokmabad neighborhood to create a lively urban space.The research strategy is a cases study. Firstly, for identification of overall structure of the neighborhood, in addition to studying the neighborhood background and investigating library documents, we proceeded on studying and investigating aerial maps and field data. Then analyzing the available data, regeneration manual of the neighborhood centers and their indexes were explained and lastly, the objective-oriented regeneration model of the area was developed.Results and DiscussionNeighborhood center regeneration through exact identification of the neighborhood spine and generating new spaces in between traditional structure, relying on necessities and needs of time and past place of the neighborhoods might result in protecting their social and economic system and spatial organizing and this organizes spatial and physical structure of the neighborhood in accordance with its exclusive spatial and form features.Conclusion: Making change in the form-spatial structure and function of the Hokm Abad neighborhood centers seems necessary, because improvement of physical identity and liveliness revival in the neighborhood and organizing overall structure of the neighborhood will not be achieved without reviving centers of the neighborhood and its main street.
Urban Planning
Akram Ali mohammadi; Sadra Motevalli; Azita Rajabi
Abstract
Introduction
The resilient internal transportation system network is a system that is able to absorb the negative effects of turbulences, reorganize them and continue their function. Resilience is directly related to sustainability. The inaccurate usage of available capacities may reduce its` resilience ...
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Introduction
The resilient internal transportation system network is a system that is able to absorb the negative effects of turbulences, reorganize them and continue their function. Resilience is directly related to sustainability. The inaccurate usage of available capacities may reduce its` resilience and provide environment with irrecoverable harms. The main purpose of this research is to recognize the most effective managerial strategies in the resilience of internal transportation network with the emphasis on accessing environmental sustainable development in Tehran region one and provide a schema for it.
Currently, transportation used in urban communities is not stable due to the problems and challenges that occur in it. This instability has manifested itself in the first place in the excessive consumption of energy and fuels, then in the reduction of resources and finally in the increase of air pollution, even globally. Also, major problems and inadequacies in urban transportation affect the economy, society and urban environment as the main indicators of sustainability, which has made it more necessary to pay attention to the issue of sustainability and resilience of urban transportation. Given the existing problems with intercity transportation and low resilience at the city level; The present article seeks to achieve resilience methods of urban transportation by using management strategies to achieve sustainable environmental development in area one of Tehran in 1399.
Method
The method of present study is survey analytic and the sample group were 100 managers and experts of internal transportation network in Tehran region one during 2019 that were participated in purposive sampling method in the study. The data was gathered through researcher self-made questionnaire; through the factor analysis five factors of 1. Organizational capacity improvement (5 items) 2. Systematic management (9 items) 3. Risks` reduction (4 items) 4. Subtraction utilization (5 items) and 5. Information technology usage (3 items) were recognized and afterward, managerial strategies schema in internal transportation system network of Tehran region one was designed and based on that, it is possible to accurately and efficiently plan to improve managerial strategies and functions in internal transportation system network and environmental sustainable development.
Discussion and Results
The current transportation system of region one of Tehran has major limitations such as low share of public transportation, high share of single-passenger cars, increasing distance between business and non-business trips, and inadequate structure and quality of the road network for pedestrian or use transportation. It suffers from cycling, which has led to complications such as traffic congestion, lack of stops, increased pollution, reduced mobility, increased fuel consumption and wasted energy. Policies and measures taken in response to the problems have had little success, mainly due to inconsistencies in planning and implementation on the one hand and a lack of comprehensiveness and foresight on the other. In addition, due to its high population density, the concentration of most administrative and economic centers in it and its special position in terms of geology, this region is one of the most sensitive areas in Tehran. Given the exposure to the threats posed by its location in the region, identifying the most effective strategic management indicators in transport network resilience necessitates research. Considering the current environmental situation of this region, such as the reduction of green space and open spaces, uncontrolled and non-standard construction, increasing the types of environmental pollution in this study has tried to examine and identify the most important and effective indicators. Strategic management strategies in the resilience of the intra-city transportation network In order to achieve sustainable environmental development, a model should be designed to measure and evaluate the resilience of intra-city transportation.
Conclusion
This paper was presented with the title of strategic management model of resilience of urban transportation network with emphasis on achieving sustainable environmental development in area one of Tehran in 1399. In this paper, preliminary indicators were extracted according to the studies, including research background, concepts and theoretical foundations related to the subject, criteria and components of resilience, sustainable environmental development, urban transportation network, and by interviewing elites and Specialists in transportation, traffic and urban management and the use of factor analysis techniques, five criteria: organizational capacity improvement, system management, risk reduction, use of alternative vehicle infrastructure, increasing the use of information technology were identified and prioritized. The results of this research are based on the theories of Cohen's development model with three economic dimensions with the aim of progress, social with the aim of equality and poverty reduction, ecological with the aim of natural resources and prismatic model of sustainability, sustainable development in four dimensions: environmental-economic-social and physical. Emphasizes on reducing ownership and use of personal vehicles, reducing fuel consumption, reducing traffic congestion and various pollutions.
Urban Planning
elnaz hadi; mohammadreza pourmohammadi; hadi hakimi; elham hadi
Abstract
Introduction
Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the ...
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Introduction
Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the major causes of damages and casualties caused by the earthquake, in addition to the negligence and nonchalance in observing the safety standards of structures, can also be resulted from the lack of appropriate urban development principles and plans. It is noteworthy that one of the issues of urbanization and urban planning that can be effective in reducing the earthquake effects and incrementing the urban Resilience is the compatibility of various forms of urban usages versus each other.
Data and Method
The term resilience is derived from the Latin word "Resilio" which means “to return (or to bounce back) suddenly”. The concept of resilience has undergone many changes throughout the time. Although the existing interpretations for this term are complex and diverse, but what is certain is that there is a close relationship between disaster risk, resilience and the built environment. In this context, consideration of resilience as the ability to organize the threats posed by accidents as well as the ability to attract people and resistance against disasters- while still retaining essentially the same function - is particularly concerning. Thus, it can be concluded that the characteristic of returning to the situation that existed before the disturbance occurred, and also improving the situation, for further development of the system, is called resilience.
By compatibility factor in planning, we mean the land use compatibility, which means that the use of lands that are within the sphere of influence of each other, should be consistent with each other in terms of compatibility, stability and activities and do not cause problems for one another or impede others from accomplishing their activities.
Results and Discussion
In this study, considering the proximity of urban usages relative to each other and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the urban usage compatibility of district 4 in Tabriz was assessed. For this aim, first all urban usages in the study area were classified in 10 classes and the compatibility of each usage relative to other usages were studied. Then the usage layers were combined in GIS software by AHP model and finally, the compatibility map of urban usages for district 4 was obtained.
Conclusion
The results show that 5.9 % of the urban land usages in district 4 are totally incompatible with each other and 43.9 % of the urban usages are completely compatible with each other in the case of an earthquake. In general it can be said that most parts of the district 4 of Tabriz are in good condition in terms of the index of the urban land use compatibility and in case of an earthquake, less damage will be imposed on this area. Only the lands used for industries and workshops as well as municipal, administrative and military facilities are not in proper conditions in terms of the compatibility factor. So, on the basis of GIS-generated maps, because of incompatibility of industrial, municipal, administrative and military land uses, it is necessary to take effective measures in order to create a favorable environment in the city; because neglecting and disregarding the importance of the compatibility of these land uses can be dangerous for the surrounding area and it can increase the casualties caused by the earthquake in an area.
Urban Planning
mohsen ahadnejad reveshty; Abolfazl Meshkini; Heydar Salehi Mishani
Abstract
Introduction
Rapid urbanization poses a significant challenge to accommodating the poor particularly in developing countries. To address this issue, affordable housing has become the agenda for many governments in a bid to improve the living condition of low income households. The exclusivity of government ...
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Introduction
Rapid urbanization poses a significant challenge to accommodating the poor particularly in developing countries. To address this issue, affordable housing has become the agenda for many governments in a bid to improve the living condition of low income households. The exclusivity of government agencies in dealing with the provision of affordable housing and ensuring a revolving stock to the public can add significant pressure on available limited budget and resources. To redress the investment shortfall (current and future), and more so for the construction of infrastructure and housing development, most governments in developing countries are turning to PPPs. The first step in achieving an appropriate model of public-private partnerships is to identify, analyze, and classify the various factors that are necessary to ensure the success of these projects. In order to achieve this important, the present study aims to examine experts' perceptions of the "Critical Success Factors (CSFs)" for public-private partnership (PPP) projects in the housing sector of developing countries. It therefore has an international approach.
Data and Method
The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive - analytical in terms of method. In the first step, the content analysis method was used to conceptualize public-private partnerships and identify success factors. Then, in a survey process in the form of a questionnaire, experts in this field were asked to rank each of the identified success factors according to the level of critical or degree of importance. The data gathered through the relevant documents and respondents were analysed respectively with NVivo and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). In this context, one sample t test was used to compare the average of factors, the Normalization function in order to standardize and identify the critical factors and Path Analysis in order to determine the direct and indirect effects of the indicators and also to identify the main dimension in explaining the Public-Private Partnership model.
Results and Discussion
The findings showed that from the preliminary list of 24 key indicators that was identified through an extensive literature review, 16 CSFs were finally highlighted. "Efficient legal framework ", "Political will and commitment to PPP housing ", "Equitable risk sharing", " Stable political system " and " Access to low interest housing loan to developers" are five factors that have the highest degree of critical according to experts in different countries. The findings of factor analysis also clarified that the four factors of "political-institutional dimension", "economic dimension", "reasonable contract" and "incentives", respectively, with the explanation of 30.29, 17.31, 11.69 and 9.650 % of the variance are the most influential factors in achieving the appropriate model of public-private partnerships for affordable housing.
Conclusion
Identifying Critical Success Factors plays a fundamental role in the scientific literature of public-private partnerships and achieving an appropriate PPP for affordable housing model in developing countries requires, above all, reforming the macro-political, legal and economic conditions prevailing in these countries.
Urban Planning
amir oshnooei nooshabadi; mahshid mohammad ebrahimi
Abstract
IntroductionIn recent decades, in parallel with theories of sustainable development and sustainable urban development, the idea of improving the quality of life, which in turn makes cities more livable, has found its place in urban planning literature and, therefore, the ability to have Livelihoods ...
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IntroductionIn recent decades, in parallel with theories of sustainable development and sustainable urban development, the idea of improving the quality of life, which in turn makes cities more livable, has found its place in urban planning literature and, therefore, the ability to have Livelihoods are essential for cities. This article has selected one of the most talented central cities of the country, namely Kashan city, as the scope of research, which has excellent features such as tourist attractions, historical and cultural history, natural attractions and so on. On the other hand, in this city, issues such as; Widespread unemployment and employment issues, the phenomenon of marginalization, lack of recreational and leisure facilities, high housing prices and rents, and so on. In order to eliminate these negative effects from the spaces of this city, it is necessary to identify and analyze the key factors affecting livability with a future research approach. The main question of the research is what are the key factors affecting the future situation of livability in Kashan?MethodologyThis research is based on the purpose of applied research and according to data collection methods, it is descriptive-analytical research and its data collection method is "documentary and field" in which the researcher-made questionnaire was used. The research method is based on the futures approach and its horizon is 1415. The statistical population was 15 experts and specialists. Futurism projects use a set of techniques and methods that often complement each other, and the outputs of each form the inputs to the next method. Micmac and Scenario Wizard futures software and Delphi method have been used to review and analyze the data. Propulsion forces are prioritized based on the opinion of specific experts and then these factors are prioritized based on the degree of importance and uncertainty, and the most critical factors are used to write down possible scenarios. Results and discussionIn this study, 24 factors were identified as effective factors of biodiversity indicators in Kashan. The identified factors are then analyzed with Mick Mac software to extract the main influential factors. The dimensions of the matrix were 24. 24. The degree of saturation of the matrix is 84.22%, which shows that the selected factors have a great and scattered effect on each other, and in fact, the system has been in a state of instability. According to Table 1, out of a total of 488 measurable relationships in this matrix, 88 were zero, which means that the factors did not affect each other or were not affected by each other.58 The relationship was one, meaning that the effect was relatively small. Together, 163 relationships were numbered 2, meaning that the influential interface was relatively strong, 174 relationships were 3, meaning that the key factor relationships were very large and highly effective. Finally, 93 relationships had a P number that indicated the potential and indirect relationships of the factors.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate 5 scenarios with different combinations of three situations, desirable, static and critical, which are likely to occur in the viability of Kashan city, which unfortunately, the probability of negative (critical) events is more than positive (desirable) events. However, 51.1% of the critical situation, 17.8% in the static state and 31.1% in the optimal state of the scenario page. With this situation, it seems that the favorable and stable conditions have occupied a smaller part of the scenario page and the critical situation is in the first priority and according to the results of these scenarios, it is clear that in Kashan's habitability, conditions are likely to occur. More critical, but less likely to occur. A very important point in the results is the relative distance of the level of desirability in the best case scenario with the ultimate living objectives of Kashan city. Assuming that the best scenario, which is Scenario 1, occurs among the five scenarios, it does not indicate the desired viability of Kashan in the future. In the most optimistic case scenario, one in four scenarios out of five scenarios affecting urban viability will be in an almost favorable situation, with only four desirable scenarios alone, and the other four scenarios have a much lower utility ratio. On the other hand, assuming that the worst possible situation, scenario 5, occurs in the viability of Kashan city, in this scenario we will see 6 critical situations in the scenario that we will not see a favorable situation in Kashan city.
Rural Planning
forough andesta; shahrivar rostaei
Abstract
Introduction
The expansion of urbanization and the problems resulting from urban life have made it increasingly necessary to pay attention to useful strategies and solutions to optimize the lives of citizens. With the introduction of democratic concepts and approaches over the last decades, new patterns ...
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Introduction
The expansion of urbanization and the problems resulting from urban life have made it increasingly necessary to pay attention to useful strategies and solutions to optimize the lives of citizens. With the introduction of democratic concepts and approaches over the last decades, new patterns of governance have emerged. Good urban governance movement has been one of these new forms. This model is defined as a participatory process that is associated with citizen participation and changing the roles and functions of local government. In this regard, the NBN program, entitled "Neighbors Building Neighborhoods," has been one of the most successful ways of urban management and good governance in the past ten years in Rochester, New York. In this program, all citizens try to organize their living environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the implementation of participatory urban governance (NBN program) in District 2 of Tabriz metropolitan.
Methods: The method of present study is descriptive-analytical. To collect the required data, library resources (for theoretical foundations) and questionnaire (for scientific research) were used. It should be noted that the statistical population of this study was calculated to be 382 people, according to the Cochran's formula and the population of District 2 of Tabriz metropolitan. Also, the used questionnaire included 19 five-option questions with a closed answer and its items are measured based on the Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained using the face validity and its reliability was obtained at 0.826 using Cronbach's alpha method, indicating the desirable reliability of the questionnaire.Then, the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using LISREL software and one-sample t-test in SPSS software, and the indicators influencing the implementation of participatory urban governance (NBN program) were evaluated and prioritized. LISREL software was used to estimate and test structural equation models and to examine and analyze linear relationships between latent variables and observed variables. This program uses correlations and covariance between observed variables to estimate the values of factor loads, variances, and errors of latent variables. In the quantitative stage of study, the relationship between latent variables was examined using the structural equation method and a model was presented using LISREL software. In the field method, as stated, the questionnaire tool was defined and used for each latent variable and observed variables. To analyze the data through the structural equation model, the data obtained from the questionnaires were entered into the SPSS statistical software and were encoded. The data encoded in the LISREL program were retrieved and analyzed.
Results: Based on the results of LISREL software and the t-value, indicating the priority of indicators in LISREL software, the collective agreement indicator with a value of 10.72 was ranked first. In fact, when there are different opinions and ideas in a society, there will be different actors, so it is better to guide the city management and different interests and preferences in the society towards a broad consensus that considers the best and most benefit for groups. In other words, the city is the arena of different groups and interests and they are sometimes in conflict with each other. Collective agreement means moderation and creating an agreement of different interests. Transparency indicator with a T-value of 7.28 was ranked second. It means that lack of transparency and secrecy in urban affairs increases the possibility of corruption in decision-making. However, transparency prevents its spread. Citizen participation indicator, which means power to influence citizens in decision-making and involving them in power with the T-Value value of 6.1, was ranked third. Justice indicator, which means creating suitable opportunities for all citizens to improve their welfare status, the effort for fair allocation of resources and participation of the deprived people in expressing their opinions and decisions with the T-value of 5.18, was ranked fourth. Evaluating the status of indicators in SPSS software and their significance level indicated that significance level of all indicators is less than 0.05. It means that the mean indicators differ from the theoretical mean of 3, and since the values of the two upper bound and lower bound columns are negative, it can be stated that the mean of the indicators is lower than the theoretical mean of 3. Hence, with 95% confidence interval and significance level of less than 0.05, it can be stated that District 2 of Tabriz metropolitan is not in a good position to implement participatory urban governance (NBN program).
Conclusion: One of the most successful models in the area of urban management is the "good urban governance" model, which is a participatory urban management system. In this model, three institutions of civil society, private sector and government participate in all relevant decisions. This approach in urban management is based on the citizen-oriented and fair development is to influence all forces having interest and power in the management of urban affairs and to meet all the needs of these groups. In fact, it can be stated without the active participation of citizens, urban governance will not be realized and urban management will remain in a static framework with a one-sided and dominant power in making decision on city issues. Thus, citizen participation is the driving force of urban management. In this regard, the NBN program is one of the most creative and effective approaches to contemporary urban management and governance, which has been used in Rochester, New York for about two decades. In this program, people participate in all relevant decisions together with the government. This approach, called "neighbors building neighborhoods", can be one of the most serious steps in decentralizing centralized management and urban "top-down planning" and rural areas and movement towards decentralized participatory governance and "bottom-up planning."
The present study was an attempt to evaluate the factors influencing the implementation of participatory urban governance (NBN program). The results of data analysis in the LISREL program environment show that the model has a good fit. Among the indicators, according to their T-Values, the "collective agreement" indicator was ranked first, and the indicators of transparency, citizenship participation and justice were ranked second, third, and fourth, respectively. Also, based on the results of data analysis in SPSS and one-sample t-test and significance level, the mean of indicators with the theoretical mean and the values of upper and lower bounds, which are negative in all indicators, it can be stated that the factors affecting the implementation of participatory urban governance (NBN program) are in an unfavorable situation.
Urban Planning
Saeed Hossein Abadi
Abstract
Introduction
In the last few decades, the number and use of motor vehicles have increased dramatically in cities across the world and urban spaces and mobility have been dominated by motor vehicles. Thistrend has made various environmental, social, and economic issues for cities and has threatened their ...
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Introduction
In the last few decades, the number and use of motor vehicles have increased dramatically in cities across the world and urban spaces and mobility have been dominated by motor vehicles. Thistrend has made various environmental, social, and economic issues for cities and has threatened their sustainable development. Therefore, in recent years, special attention has been paid to changing the mobility model as well as urban design and planning. So that the urban sustainable development paradigm and theories like New Urbanism emphasize the reduction of automobile dependence and increasing the walkability of urban space.
Walkability refers to the extent to which an environment is suitable for walking. There are various environmental, social, and economic benefits for walkability in urban spaces. Therefore, recognizing the various factors affecting the walking of citizens, including physical-spatial indicators and planning to improve these indicators can be effective in the sustainable development of cities. Consequently, in the study, the relationship between physical indicators of urban space and citizens' walking rate in Qaen city neighborhoods is analyzed.
Data and Method
The general approach of the present study is descriptive-analytical. This research is applied research and correlational research that seeks to investigate the relationship between a set of variables. The data collection method is library and field study. Statistical population is the inhabitants of Qaen city, that are about 43,000 people. The sample size is 360 people and the sampling method is simple random. The share of each neighborhood in this sample size was determined based on the population share of that neighborhood from the whole city. The dependent variable in this study is citizens' walking rate and the independent variable is composed of the physical-environmental factors, such as access to diverse land uses(land use mix), visual quality of urban spaces, quality of sidewalks, and connectivity of the street network. Multiple regressionhas been used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.
Results and Discussion
The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between the level of land use diversity and the rate of citizens' walking. So it can be expected that with the increase in the land uses diversity in urban neighborhoods, the probability of walking will increase. The land uses diversity and proximity of residential units to various urban and neighborhood activities (commercial, office, green space, schools, parks, restaurants etc.) makes less need to use motor vehicles and instead, walking is considered as a basic mode of mobility within neighborhoods. On the other hand, the mixture and diversity of land uses in an urban area can cause more people to be present in urban spaces and this presence increases the sense of security that encourages walking.
Another finding is that the connectivity of the street network has a positive effect on the level of citizens’ walking. In fact, the connectivity of streets, based on the frequency of intersections and their short distance from each other in a range, helps to connect multiple paths and, on the other hand, reduce the speed of vehicles. This makes it possible, firstly, to select a variety of routes for walking within the neighborhood, and secondly, due to the close distance of the intersections in reducing the speed of motor vehicles, the safety of walking increases.
The results also showed that the effect of sidewalk quality is significant on people's walking rate. Thus, it can be said that improving the quality of sidewalks can increase the desire of citizens to walking. However, the relationship between visual quality and walking in the neighborhoods of Qaen city was not conformed. So the visual quality of urban spaces (beauty, cleanliness, lighting, etc.) has not affected the level of citizens’ walking.
Conclusion
The study examined four important physical indicators of walkability to determine how much it affects walking in Qaen city. According to the findings, 3 indicators including diversity of land use, connectivity of the street network, and sidewalk quality have a positive and significant effect on the amount of walking, but the visual quality indicator does not have a significant effect on people's walking. Thus, it can be said that by improving these three indicators along with social and cultural planning, citizens' walking rate is expected to increase in this small city.
Urban Planning
Vali Rezapour; Mir saeed Moosavi; bahman hadili
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of the urban spatial organization approach and metropolitan areas of Iran based on changes in modern economic structures with emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Because it seems that in the conditions of incompatibility of ...
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Introduction The purpose of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of the urban spatial organization approach and metropolitan areas of Iran based on changes in modern economic structures with emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Because it seems that in the conditions of incompatibility of the spatial structure of metropolises, which are the cause of growth of national economies and enhance the international and global position of countries, with the role and function commensurate with the changing structures of the world economy, the problem of physical contradictions They will face and the way to globalization of the country through big cities will be blocked for them. Methodology In this article, the basic principles for urban and regional spatial planning and the need to pay attention to the role and position of metropolises using the opinions and theories of experts in this field such as Daniel Bell, Fritz Ma Klopp, Alvin Toffler, Frank & Bed, Youngji Masuda, Simon Nora, Alan Monk, Mark Avery Pourat and Manuel Castells, who have views related to the information society, have been studied and the theoretical foundations of Tabriz metropolitan development plans have been compared. Results and Discussions In terms of methodology, data collection and analysis has been descriptive and secondary analysis, which has advanced the research work under the branches of survey and case study.Also, in the analysis of this article, content analysis, comparative and test methods have been used. Conclusion The main findings of the article are the characteristics of metropolitan space organization based on the requirements of the information society and the use of information paradigm in compiling the ideas and documents of urban development plans and regions of Tabriz metropolis that have been prepared since 1989.
Urban Planning
keramatollah ziari; noosha hamghadam
Abstract
Introduction
The cities are considered as the centers of social, economic and space development, and the most appropriate places for the occurrence of problems. therefore, the main manifestations of development are negative and positive, mainly in cities and one of the tasks of modern societies is the ...
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Introduction
The cities are considered as the centers of social, economic and space development, and the most appropriate places for the occurrence of problems. therefore, the main manifestations of development are negative and positive, mainly in cities and one of the tasks of modern societies is the creation of cities and sustainable localities in economic, environment, and special space - physical. The innovation of the present study is the use of all development indicators simultaneously to identify and verify the current situation, which has not been done in any study for the city of Gorgan. the aim of this study is to measure and analyze the level of physical, economic, biological, social and security of urban localities. the present study is applicable in terms of purpose, and its method is descriptive analytical. The statistical population of the study includes all people living in zone 3 of Gorgan city. In the present study, Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample size and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. to determine the sample size, the appropriate attribution method was used. the research results show that the new Gorgan neighborhood is located in the best stable condition, after which the neighborhood of Khayyam is located and the neighborhoods of Jangal School, Mikcheh Garan neighborhood, Sarpir and Dabaghan neighborhoods, Kianshahr alley, Javadieh alley, Hafez alley, Buyeh neighborhood are in the next ranks in terms of local sustainability. In addition, there is a lot of inequality in the level of stability of a neighborhood in Gorgan. The results of this research can be used for Gorgan Municipality and the City Council and the Road and Urban Development Administration to intervene to recreate and provide more appropriate services to citizens.
Gorgan, like many large cities in the country, faces many problems, including development instability, and this issue reaches its highest level in some neighborhoods. Although neighborhoods are the core of urban life, they have no place in the formal spatial planning system. This has led to an intensification of development instability in them. In the face of the problematic growth of cities, different planning approaches are looking for realistic solutions for urban development, one of the most important approaches is the approach of sustainable development in neighborhoods and urban contexts. While to achieve the stability of society, more attention should be paid to the lower levels. This inconsistent understanding of urban sustainability leads to the lack of an integrated solution and coordinated measures to address such a complex issue, thus necessitating a comprehensive understanding of urban sustainability.
Methodology
This research is considered as a descriptive-analytical method and in terms of how to collect the required information and data, it is considered as a field and survey research. The present study was applied in terms of purpose. This research has been done in two parts: documentary and field studies. The technique of studying documents, which is based on taking notes from books and written works, has been used to be aware of the opinions of experts in the field of concepts and theoretical issues related to the field of research. The statistical population of the study includes the residents of the neighborhoods of District 3 of Gorgan (114348) which has an area of 1,523 hectares. Among them, 384 individuals were selected by convenience sampling
Results and Discussion
The stability of neighborhoods in the region of three cities of Gorgan is unbalanced. Out of nine neighborhoods, three neighborhoods (Sarpir and Dabaghan neighborhoods, Khayyam alley and Jangal school) studied with the development sustainability index with 95% probability had a significant level higher than (0.05) and their performance in creating sustainability was not accepted. In general, according to the average results, it can be said that the region of three cities of Gorgan is low in terms of the level of neighborhood stability, and therefore the attention of managers and city officials, especially Gorgan Municipality in this regard is necessary to take measures to Increase the sustainability of the neighborhood. In fact, the more development develops in an area, the more sustainable the level of human settlements or neighborhoods.
Conclusion
According to the results, the averages of physical, environmental, economic, social and security dimensions are less than average (3), so the components and sustainability dimensions of Gorgan neighborhoods are in a lower than average condition. The results showed that there is a significant difference in stability between residential areas of Gorgan in residential contexts. So that the average stability of the new Gorgan neighborhood is in the best condition compared to other neighborhoods. Khayyam alley neighborhood. The neighborhoods of Jangal School, Mikcheh Garan, Sar Pir and Dabaghan neighborhoods, Kianshahr alley, Javadieh alley, Buyeh neighborhood are in the next ranks in terms of sustainability.
Urban Planning
mohamadreza elyasi; seyed farzin faezi; Mortaze Pazireh
Abstract
Introduction We are today facing a growing number of vehicles, which poses an interference in the performance of urban intersections, particularly Squares. Urban road network does not make a lot of problems for traffic, but its major cause is the intersections resulting in congestion in the network due ...
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Introduction We are today facing a growing number of vehicles, which poses an interference in the performance of urban intersections, particularly Squares. Urban road network does not make a lot of problems for traffic, but its major cause is the intersections resulting in congestion in the network due to the interference in the continuous flow and its conversion into incontinuous flow. This study attempted to provide the closest simulation to reality for 13 Aban Square in Hamadan by determining drivers' behavior and applying local parameters in EMSAN software. Methodology In this study, in order to evaluate the drivers' behavior at intersections, traffic parameters were performed using field studies and the review of microscopic parameters was simulated in a realistic way. Data were collected in the field is by video recording for one hour without interruption during a peak hour of noon. One of the advantages of this method over traffic counting is the calculation of vehicle origin-destination statistics, which provides a better simulation close to the current situation. First, the required geometric data must be collected from the desired location, including the width of route entries and exits, the radius of circumscribed circle, the radius of central Square and other construction protrusions, and applied carefully close to reality in the software. The statistics of route entries were recorded by video recording without interruption at the peak hour from 12:30 to 13:30 from the high point on the northwest side of the approach on Tuesday, November 21, 2018. After determining the drivers' behavior and localization practices, the data were entered into the software and the results were compared in two scenarios. A new cycle plan was also designed and provided for this intersection with SIDRA software, which was applied simultaneously with localization. First, the effect of traffic light application was determined on the microscopic characteristics of Square traffic flow such as delay, vehicle speed, level of service, number of vehicles waiting in line, and travel time using software. The results showed the lowest value following the application of drivers' behavior and simulation for delay in the first scenario and speed in the current situation and the second scenario. Travel time also showed an increase by 54% for the current situation, by 6% for the no-light mode, and by 50% for the 80-second cycle mode. Results and Discussions Validation performed by fitting approximately 80% with the current situation calculated from the software, such as the same practice regarding the latency after determining the localized parameters, revealed the accuracy of the calculations and the correctness of the path travelled in the localization process. Travel time is one of the criteria used to assess the characteristics of traffic flow in urban road network and intersections. Vehicle travel time indicates characteristics such as delay, line length, flow rate and network level of service. It is not unreasonable to expect a change in travel time charts with increasing delay and decreasing speed, so that we observe a 54% increase for the current situation, a 6% decrease for the non-lighted mode, and a 50% increase for the 80-second cycle duration. Effectiveness and accuracy of localization process can be confirmed by analyzing the effect of localization of different software parameters on the outputs, investigating the fitness of the modeling results with reality, and by comparing the difference between the software output results in the two cases before and after localization. Delay and mean travel time parameters were selected as the most significant and common parameters in lighted intersections in line with the validation of the simulations. There was only a 5.5% difference between the current situation of 13 Aban Square and the field validation, confirming the coherence of localization in the software. Conclusion As can be seen in Tables of this study, it should be noted that the delay parameter has a direct effect on other parameters of an intersection. In this regard, validation was performed for the travel time parameter in line with the delay parameter and the test vehicle method was used. However, the tables were not presented in order to avoid prolonging the article. The results revealed that the validation performed by fitting about 80% with the current situation calculated from the software, such as the same findings regarding the delay, shows the accuracy of the calculations and the correctness of the path travelled in the localization process.
Urban Planning
rasoul ghorbani; shahrivar rostaei; sonya karami
Abstract
Introduction
Recognizing and examining the housing situation in a country depends on identifying and analyzing the factors affecting housing. To assess the housing situation, housing indicators that express the quantity and quality of different dimensions of housing can be studied. Indicators are tools ...
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Introduction
Recognizing and examining the housing situation in a country depends on identifying and analyzing the factors affecting housing. To assess the housing situation, housing indicators that express the quantity and quality of different dimensions of housing can be studied. Indicators are tools to measure the housing situation and its evolution, as well as assess the success rate and implementation of housing policies. Paying attention to the quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing is one of the most important issues in housing planning. Housing, as the most basic human need, has become very important in the life of urban communities, so that it has become one of the most effective components of measuring the quality and well-being of citizens.
Futures studies are now well over 50 years old. Discussants pointed out that the term ‘futurology’ was first introduced by Ossip Flechteim in his 1966 book History and Futurology. Eleonora Masini suggested that Flechteim himself did not have a great deal of confidence in the term, nor was he sure whether the said discipline was a ‘science’ or a ‘prescientific’ branch of knowledge. But he was certain that the new field ranged from ‘the destiny of man, the future of his society to the entire range of his future cultural activities. The strongest defense of ‘futurology’ was provided by Pentti Malaska. Malaska argued, describes ‘what futures knowledge is all about – not only epistemologically, i.e. how to acquire knowledge of the future with different techniques for this or that pragmatic purpose but especially ontologically, i.e. what the knowledge of the future may mean. Dator’s First Law of Futures states, ‘The future cannot be ‘‘predicted’’ but alternative futures can be ‘‘forecasted’’. Warren Wagar in his The Next Three Futures and in tracing the history of future studies consistently uses the term ‘futurism’. Futures studies are a mosaic of approaches, objectives, and methods, and many parts of it are in different stages of evolution.
Methodology
The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature. To collect data has been used of statistical yearbooks, censuses of different periods as well as completing a questionnaire from 40 experts in the field of housing. To analyze the data and determine the strategic indicators has been used of the method of structural/cross-impact analysis approach with MICMAC software and to determine the most probable scenarios has been used of Wizard scenario software.
Results and Discussion
In the last 40 years in the metropolis of Tabriz, housing has improved in all quantitative indicators except the average number of rooms in a residential unit. Reasons for the decrease in the number of rooms in a residential unit are the change in the architectural style of houses and the transformation of households from widespread to nuclear. Information on the infrastructure of residential units also shows that the infrastructure is moving towards standardization and the number of residential units with very low and very high infrastructure has been decreasing. Regarding the quality of housing, all indicators indicate an improvement of trend in the last 40 years, and the only indicator of the housing ownership, despite the increase in the number of owner-occupied households, shows a decrease in the percentage of owners and an increase in the percentage of tenants. Also among the 16 indicators affecting the quantitative and qualitative status of housing in the metropolis of Tabriz, 5 indicators of the average infrastructure of the residential unit, housing with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years, household density in the residential unit, person density in the residential unit and the average room in the residential unit known as strategic and key variables in the future state of housing and two scenarios were identified as the most likely scenarios in the housing sector in the metropolis of Tabriz. In the first scenario, we will see a decrease in the infrastructure of housing units, a decrease in household density and individual density in a housing unit, and a decrease in the average number of rooms per housing, and an increase in units with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years. In the second scenario, we will see the stability of the infrastructure of housing units, the stability of household density and individual density in the housing unit, and the stability average of rooms in housing, and continue to increase housing with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years.
Conclusion
The results of the present study show that all quantitative indicators of the housing situation in Tabriz have been improved in the last 40 years and only a slight downward trend is observed in the average room index in each residential unit. We also see acceptable growth in housing quality indicators. Although the research results indicate an improving trend in housing quality and quantity indicators in the Tabriz metropolis, there is still a long way to reach the ideal housing conditions. Therefore, to achieve a better quantitative and qualitative status of housing in Tabriz metropolis, conduct comprehensive housing plan studies, employ housing specialists and professors to plan and policy in the field of housing, identify diverse population groups and consider all population groups, age and income and construction of housing in accordance with the needs of each group, using the experiences and studies of successful countries in the field of housing and their adaptation to demographic, cultural and economic conditions of the geographical area and more emphasis on effective housing indicators along with other indicators in housing planning and construction is suggested.
Urban Planning
pezhman mohamadi
Abstract
Introduction
Quality of life, as a concept, is an indicator of a person's level of satisfaction with life, in other words, a criterion for determining satisfaction and dissatisfaction of individuals and groups with different aspects of life. Quality of urban life is one of the most important areas ...
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Introduction
Quality of life, as a concept, is an indicator of a person's level of satisfaction with life, in other words, a criterion for determining satisfaction and dissatisfaction of individuals and groups with different aspects of life. Quality of urban life is one of the most important areas of urban studies in different countries. In general, according to field research, and information obtained from the municipality, and relevant authorities, and comparison with the introduced standards, by credible sources, the quality of life in the neighborhoods of Shahrekord is low for various reasons. Comprehensive studies are needed in all specialties to serve urban managers and planners for urban development planning. Examining the quality of life in Shahrekord, causes the shortcomings and weaknesses of this city to be realized in this regard, and appropriate plans should be made based on them. Shahrekord, as one of the middle cities of the country, has witnessed a large migration of surrounding towns and villages in recent years and this has caused the quality of life to be somewhat in crisis due to marginalization and the presence and occurrence of people with different cultures. This makes it necessary to examine the quality of urban life in this city. This study aims to investigate and evaluate the quality of urban life in Shahrekord.
Data and Method
The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of methodology, at the same time, with the exploratory approach (causal) and survey technique, it is based on descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of this study, including all citizens of Shahrekord, in 2016, is 190441 people. The sample size, according to the Morgan table, is 383 people. The questionnaire has two dimensions of urban quality of life, with three sub-categories (social, economic, and physical), with 32 questions, and the Citizens' Satisfaction Questionnaire with 13 questions, the validity of which is formal, which has been approved by experts. The construct validity, which was confirmed by factor analysis, and its reliability, based on Cronbach's alpha, was confirmed to be 0.83. To analyze the data, statistical methods of one-sample T-test were used with SPSS software, and structural equation analysis based on Smart PLS software was used.
Results and Discussion
The quality of the urban environment is a measure of the quality of the living environment, which is the least desirable for urban life, and one of the factors influencing it is the amount and manner of social services, hierarchy in major urban applications and services, social security in urban spaces, access to urban spaces, location of uses, and the main spaces of the city, urban environment, performance of different parts of the city, ongoing activities in the urban environment, attention to the identity and culture of natives, etc. An important reason for such attention to the (concept) of quality, considering urban planning and design, simultaneously and interactively, is one of the solutions that can achieve the improvement of functional quality in urban spaces. The quality of urban life is usually measured by the mental characteristics of the survey, and assessing the citizens' perceptions and satisfaction of urban life, or by the objective characteristics of secondary data, and rarely by both types of characteristics. Therefore, concern about the quality of modern life is a feature of contemporary society, which can be a function of the quality of the environment. Also, degradation in the quality of the urban environment can be the result of some economic activities.
Conclusion
The results of this study reveal that the results of T-test analyzes show that the citizens of this area, in economic dimensions, which include the indicators of job opportunities, educational facilities, recreational facilities, and health facilities, are in above-average conditions. And from these indicators, the quality of urban life is in an acceptable position. Also, social indicators that include a sense of personal security, satisfaction with life's successes, relationships with neighbors, and satisfaction with a sense of belonging, according to the results obtained, are below the average of quality of life, and physical characteristics, which include satisfaction with aggregation. And waste disposal, green space, and parks, water quality, street condition, public transportation, the traffic situation in city affairs are lower than the average. In general, development planning in Shahrekord should be targeted and tailored to local resources and people's objective and mental needs, to help improve the quality of life of the city's residents. Also, it is necessary to improve the quality of life, as the main goal of urban and regional development projects. The level of citizens' satisfaction with the quality of their living environment is not at the desired physical level. Also, the results obtained from structural equations indicate that research relationships of the social index on citizen satisfaction, with path coefficient 0.19 and T=2.25, economic index on citizen satisfaction, with path coefficient 0.27 and T=2.74, physical index on citizen satisfaction, with a path factor of 0.61 and a value of T=3.85, are validated.
Urban Planning
Vahid Mostofi; mahsa faramarzi; rasoul darskhan
Abstract
Introduction One of the main approaches to the physical-spatial development of metropolises is to use the maximum available capacities of the city and minimize its limitations by using all available resources of the city. This approach requires planning in the form of intermittent development, and non-use ...
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Introduction One of the main approaches to the physical-spatial development of metropolises is to use the maximum available capacities of the city and minimize its limitations by using all available resources of the city. This approach requires planning in the form of intermittent development, and non-use of resources and lands outside the city, if there are internal resources and uses, including brown and unused lands, and especially polluting. The importance of endogenous urban development for the management and reuse of brown lands is such that the abandonment of these lands will greatly cause damage to local communities and inefficient physical spatial management of the city in the future. On the other hand, these lands, due to their characteristics, are polluting and causing environmental damage to a large extent, threatening the health of local communities. However, achieving a scientific and operational mechanism is very important in providing a suitable model for mid-term development based on the optimal management of brown lands. The metropolis of Tabriz, as a trans-regional city, is facing several physical-spatial challenges in the field of interstitial development and optimal management of brown lands. Therefore, maintaining coherent and desirable patterns of urban development in order to manage lands incompatible with urban function is one of the main problems of land use management and endogenous development of this city. This study seeks to explain and analyze the opportunities that can be developed within the city by using the components of interdependent development and brown land management approaches of the present study. Therefore, a preliminary review of the research literature in this field shows that the activity that seeks to provide the desired model of intermediate development in the form of grounded theory has not been presented so far and the studies are general approaches, and only preliminary explanations of Indicators and effective factors in development have been intermittent. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explain mesenteric development by adopting an approach based on data foundation theory in the field of brown land management. Therefore, the main question of the research is, what is the optimal model of mid-term development based on the components of brown land management in the metropolis of Tabriz? Methodology The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data were collected by library and field studies based on an expert questionnaire. The statistical population of the study includes the residents of Tabriz, but due to the specialization of the subject, the statistical population of experts using the Delphi method has been used to distribute the questionnaire. The method of sampling snowballs is 30 people. For data analysis, one-sample t-test and path analysis in the form of DPSIR model with the help of SPSS software were used. Results and Discussions The results of quantitative and field studies showed that the population dynamics component with a factor of 0.26 has a very small role in intermediate development. In contrast, urban planning and legal criteria with a coefficient of 5.42 have a significant impact on this issue and for the optimal management of brown lands and achieving the desired pattern of intermediate development, special emphasis should be placed on this concept and criterion. In addition, the analysis of indicators in the form of DPSIR model showed that the "response" component with a coefficient of 3.3 received the highest score. Therefore, according to the group of experts in the statistical community, for the development of the desired intermediate in the metropolis of Tabriz, special emphasis should be placed on the response forces (such as: security; pollution; environmental health; urban space formation). Because, these factors can provide more operational models and strategies to organize and exit the current trend. In contrast, the impact component with a coefficient of 2.73 received the lowest score. On the other hand, the study of components with path analysis test showed that the "pressure" index with a total effect coefficient of 0.623 has the greatest impact and causal relationship with the favorable pattern of interstitial development and brown land management. On the other hand, the "response" components with a total effect factor of 0.591; "Impact" with a total effect factor of 0.556; "Status" with a total effect factor of 0.547; And "driving force" with a total effect factor of 0.537. Conclusion Finally, according to the obtained results, in order to achieve the optimal and desirable pattern of intergenerational development and management of brown lands, it is necessary to observe the following: Development of tax rules and mechanisms for brown and polluting lands in order to oblige owners of brown lands to change the required land uses of the city Organizing the city structure and using the land use capacities and improving the access distance Transfer of non-urban uses such as military barracks, and change of use of agricultural lands to green space and parks and change of industrial uses to required general uses Regulating the urban road network and increasing the capacity of the road network, especially in the central urban context in order to increase access and reduce traffic Strengthen the quality of housing by monitoring construction and providing facilities to citizens Upgrading environmental capacity to rejuvenate the living space away from any pollution
Urban Planning
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Hossein Karimzadeh; ozra fazaeli kelvanaq
Abstract
Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. ...
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Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. Though, the growth of the capitalist relation in cities has turned the land economy and the resulting surplus value to the means of gaining economic benefit, which is created by supply constraints and increasing demand; in such a way that this surplus value inspires citizens to change their land-use even illegally and replace it with profitable uses proportionate with this value. This change eliminates the user-functional inconsistencies in the detailed plans and it causes unrest in cities. If the increase in land value in parts of this area and the resulting rent intensify the incentives to trade in the land market, district 1 of Tabriz, as an economically active district and one of the commercial centers of the city, will probably not be an exception to this rule. Data and methods The current article is applied research based on the purpose of research, in terms of nature and data collection it is descriptive-analytical. The land price in the neighborhoods of district one of Tabriz is the independent variable and land-use change based on a detailed plan is the dependent variable. Land-use changes in the area are harvested in the field and land prices by neighborhoods are also obtained through real estate agencies. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the two variables and the hotspot analysis function was used to determine the distribution of changes in the range. The kernel function is also used to examine the relationship between the changes and the access network. Results and Discussion Land prices for the two periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2015 and land-use changes in the District through field harvesting and in the neighborhoods of the district were collected and to determine the relationship between price and the amount of change, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used in SPSS software. Its result for the first period is 0.840 and the second period is 0.853. Likewise, the hotspot analysis model has been used to analyze the distribution and focus of changes in the GIS environment. The results indicate a positive and high correlation between price variables and the amount of change in the neighborhoods of the District so that the highest concentration of change is seen in neighborhoods with more land prices. About 96% of the total change occurred within a hundred meters of the road network, of which 52.6% was within 25 meters of the main roads. Abbasi Street along the east and west, Abersan crossroads to Pasdaran Highway, and most parts of Valiasr are areas prone to change. In this case, the role of economic centrality and the existence of uses with regional and supra-regional functions can be considered as the causes of this phenomenon. One of the economic components that can affect the land use planning process in cities; is the price of land. In some parts of the city, the existence of some benefits increases the price of land and creates additional value for them, and thus affects the decision of property owners in the type of use. Regarding the hypotheses and analyzes, the results reveal that land price is not only a factor but also a qualitative factor and a high-impact economic component that results from various physical and environmental factors to government policies. It is the reason for land-use change and material benefit can be a robust stimulus for any change, whether positive or negative, towards society. The economic value of land in the study area has had a high impact on the formation of land-use change in this area and changes have occurred mostly in areas where land prices are high. Hotspot analysis on changes indicates a major accumulation of changes in areas where the land value is high and there is a direct relationship between land-use change and access network.
Urban Planning
ali akbar taghipour; Hossien Rostami
Abstract
Introduction Security has always been one of the most important issues facing human beings. Throughout history, man has sought to have security through various defending instruments. This defense has two types including military and civil defense called respectively, active defense and passive defense. ...
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Introduction Security has always been one of the most important issues facing human beings. Throughout history, man has sought to have security through various defending instruments. This defense has two types including military and civil defense called respectively, active defense and passive defense. Passive defense is a strategic plan requiring direct management and planning of expert human forces including instruments, enginery, organization, training, and management of forces (Taghvayi and Jozi Khamselouyi, 2012:17). Considering the high volume of capitalization and establishment of many installations as well as economic tools and most importantly, high population residences, cities have significant financial and bodily vulnerabilities in case of the outbreak of war. Due to its strategic status, Tabriz city, as a metropolitan in the northwest part of Iran, faces various human threats. This city is one of the five regions of Iran facing ethnic regionalism (Mohammadi et al., 2008:60). According to the geographical, geopolitical, political, and economic conditions of Tabriz, it has been sometimes recognized as the economic center of Iran, and sometimes at least in the north-west region of the country (currently), it has been identified as the first pole of industry, trading, and commerce (GHorbani, 2003:123). The existence of important economic, military and political centers has made the discussion of the passive defense subject of this city an important issue. Data and Method The purposeful article was developmental-applied in terms of policy-making, and it was analytical-descriptive in terms of the design of the study. To collect the literature of the subject and theories of the study, library and documentary method was utilized. Moreover, Arc Gis, version 10, software was used to analyze the data and provide the required maps, which had an important role in the advancement of the study after collecting various layers since they showed different terms. Among the most important utilized criteria and indexes for the analysis, urban electrical substation privacies, urban gas pressure reduction substation privacies (Siami et al., 2013:31), gas and petrol station privacies (Valipour et al., 2014:174), military center privacies, distance from hospitals, distance from main streets (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2010:111), water sources privacies (Ministry of energy, 2014:161), distance from firefighting centers (Azizim Bornafar, 2012:132) and distance from open and green spaces (Razavian, 2002:142) could be highlighted. Results and Discussion Having accomplished the standardization of layers, their integration was the second part of the research. To this end, and for determining their importance and the weight of each layer, a hierarchal analysis method was utilized for such samples whose criteria number was high. The target Expert Choice hierarchal analysis model was determined in specific software and the final weight of each layer was calculated. As the weight of each layer was obtained, they were integrated using GIS, thus the final map of vulnerability status was shown. The results of zoning indicated that some parts of Tabriz city, especially regions from the center of the city to the eastern parts and northern parts, were the most suburbanite fabrics of the city and had higher densities; moreover, some of the newer fabrics in the western parts of the city had higher vulnerabilities. Besides, moderate and high vulnerabilities could be observed around the main streets of the city and highroads due to the importance of these infrastructures and the establishment of other related infrastructures related to transportation services. Conclusion The results of this study were somehow in line with the studies conducted by Siami et al., (2013) since both of the studies showed that regions having high population densities that needed various infrastructures had high vulnerabilities. Moreover, the hierarchal analysis method indicated that the vulnerability of infrastructures in Tabriz included respectively, military centers, electronic, telecommunication, streets, gas, and hospital infrastructures. Besides, having a view on the population and building density map and their adjustment with the vulnerability of infrastructures, it could be stated that most of the areas having high vulnerability were located in these overgrown regions, thus, the populated regions would have more vulnerability in crisis time; this fact makes the subject of crisis management and serving an important issue. In central parts of the city, the vulnerability was low due to the lack of vital installations (lack of empty lands), however, the vulnerability of infrastructures was high in suburbanite regions.
Urban Planning
mina Piran Heris; Akbar Abdollahzadeh Taraf
Abstract
Introduction Children, as a significant part of the urban population, play a major role in the use of urban spaces. Nowadays, paying attention to this part of society has been considered by urban planners and stakeholders since the number of children in urban areas of the world is growing (Kiani and ...
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Introduction Children, as a significant part of the urban population, play a major role in the use of urban spaces. Nowadays, paying attention to this part of society has been considered by urban planners and stakeholders since the number of children in urban areas of the world is growing (Kiani and Esmailzadeh, 2012: 51). Children in urban areas have problems such as lack of safe, creative, and lively spaces, environmental pollution, high density of buildings, and lack of security and clearance. Besides, due to lifestyle changes in recent decades, children often live in small residential units, and have no option for entertainment except watching television, playing computer games, playing with siblings or neighbors’ children, and sometimes reading books in the dark or noisy space of the building (Shia, 1391: 44). These issues reduce the presence of children in the urban spaces, leading to serious damage in their growth and social development. Based on a common and widespread belief, the child is defined as a member of society who still does not have an effective role in social organization due to not being equipped with the social skills (Kermani and Ebrahimabadi, 2014: 7). Children have four growth dimensions: physical development, emotional development, cognitive development and social development (Nowruz and Nastaran quoted by Rice, 2014: 5). This study tried to deal more accurately with the issue of children's social development in urban spaces in the neighborhood scale along with the importance of other aspects of children's development. The neighborhood is the first scale of public space in which children experience life and extend their learnings to larger urban environments. Social development is related to the process of socializing a child for communicating with others, from family members to friends and peers. The presence of children in the public environment can have further benefits such as social understanding, the sense of trust, and mutual support (Tranter and Pawson, 2001). In the first step, this research tried to compile a guide for the design or renewal of neighborhoods that "social sense" can be promoted. Therefore, the main question of the research was: "Which characteristics of a neighborhood can promote the children's social sense?" In the second step, a neighborhood in Tabriz city (Rushdiyeh neighborhood) was selected to examine that guide. The current study aimed to develop a guide for designing child-friendly urban neighborhoods focusing on the sense of community development. Research methodology The methodology of this research, which was based on the paradigm of realism, deals with the objective characteristics of the environment to advance the goals of the research. Regarding the qualitative research method, questionnaire techniques, interviews (individual and group), and cognitive maps were used to extract more information. The statistical population included preschool children (5-7) and primary school children (7-12) and their parents in Rushdiyeh neighborhood. A total of 60 children and 25 parents were surveyed as a statistical sample from the neighborhood. The method of collecting information is documentary and field. In order to know the case sample, first, the required maps were prepared based on the subject and after a complete knowledge of the range, the case sample was analyzed. Then, based on the research problem and the points we obtained from the theoretical foundations, the knowledge and analysis of the scope, design, and presentation of the proposal was done. Finally, based on the findings and theoretical framework of the research, an urban design guideline was developed to strengthen the sense of community of children in the neighborhood. Discussion According to the theoretical foundations and studies of child development and child-friendly city, the concept of sense of community and the development of this concept for children, we summarized, concluded, and developed a framework for designing a child-friendly neighborhood based on the sense of community; We also tried to answer the research questions by recognizing and analyzing the case study. In the context of the child-friendly city, more has been done to meet the basic needs and rights of children and to keep their social and emotional development low. In modern cities, it has caused less interaction between residents and people by eliminating or reducing public spaces, and this in itself has reduced the sense of community among communities, which also applies to children. Children need to be part of the group and influence this group and establish a common emotional bond with them and try to meet the needs of the group. If they can experience social sense during this period, they will build a better society in the future, which will lower social norms in the future and strengthen the social and emotional development of children. In today's modern cities, children have little presence and interaction in the neighborhood and urban space, which in turn causes psychological and social harm to children, which may lead to various anomalies in the city community in the future. Children currently have to be with their parents to attend the neighborhood or city, and this allows parents to accompany their children only on holidays due to their busy schedules, and on other days of the week, children are either at home or in kindergarten. Also, they spend the day at school and have fewer games and social interactions at the neighborhood and city level. In this regard, the following fifteen principles were argued to create a child-friendly neighborhood for the development of the sense of community: Principle 1: In designing neighborhood spaces, informal spaces for the presence of children (alleys, streets, etc.) are as important as the designed formal spaces (for example, play spaces in parks). Principle 2: The design should be based on passive supervision to ensure the safety of children when in public. Principle 3: Children use the potential of any activity to engage in social interactions, so it is important to pay attention to all three types of activity (necessary, social, and selective). Principle 4: Public walkways in the neighborhood should be designed based on speed C (traffic calming) to provide the necessary safety for the presence of children. Principle 5: Designing special traffic lines that end in primary schools provides sufficient security for children to have personal access to school. Principle 6: Public spaces, especially alleys, provide physical flexibility for a variety of children's play. Principle 7: Children's play spaces should be combined with other spaces such as the elderly to sit to improve social sense by understanding other cycles of life. Principle 8: Design of retail activities in the special movement paths of children to schools. Principle 9: Combining children's spaces with green spaces. Principle 10: Design a neighborhood based on specific (implicit or obvious) edges to better understand boundaries. Principle 11: The existence of spaces in which children can interact with children in other neighborhoods through play. Principle 12: Designing a neighborhood center based on the scale of the child and the presence of the child in it as one of the basic neighborhoods for socialization. Principle 13: The existence of institutions such as libraries and cultural centers with appropriate functions for children in the neighborhood. Principle 14: Climatically protected play spaces for attendance at different times of the year. Principle 15: Organizational management of the neighborhood for greater participation of children in the neighborhood and matters related to their management. On the other hand, assuming the desired principles and based on different dimensions of child development, it is possible to provide a suitable urban design guide for the child-friendly neighborhood. Based on the fifteen principles and also the design guide, the necessary arrangements regarding Rushdiyeh neighborhood are as follows: 1. Creating a sidewalk and bicycle path for children on the way to school; 2. Equipping parks and green spaces to create official play spaces and their appropriate distribution in the neighborhood, as well as creating new parks such as adventure and intellectual parks; 3. Creating an excuse for children to be together, such as a wall for children to paint; 4. Planting plants in places built by children; 5. Creating a library for children; 6. Creating sports and cultural spaces; 7. Creating sports fields for group sports; 8. Placing urban furniture for children in spaces; 9. Adaptation of public spaces for the presence of children in them; 10. Increasing the education per capita in the area; 11. Locating small businesses near and along the school route.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar Roustaei; Behzad Ranjbarnia; Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction Since the 1990s, after both economy and society moved from Fordism to post-Fordism, a new paradigm emerged from the beginning of the new century. Due to the impact of the knowledge economy on urban communities, this paradigm known as knowledge-based urban development emerged in the late ...
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Introduction Since the 1990s, after both economy and society moved from Fordism to post-Fordism, a new paradigm emerged from the beginning of the new century. Due to the impact of the knowledge economy on urban communities, this paradigm known as knowledge-based urban development emerged in the late 20th century (Yigitcanlar et al., 2008a: 64). The knowledge-based urban development concept was considered as a practical management strategy for urban residents in various areas of sustainable social, economic, and urban growth along with the postmodern development of urban areas. Meanwhile, despite the benefits of superior information and communication technologies in urban areas and in particular the topics related to these technologies in accelerating the process of knowledge-based urban development, this factor can cause major challenges in balanced urban development. In this regard, one of the main obstacles in this area is the digital divide. The digital divide refers to the inequality in access of all members of society in terms of quantity and quality to information and communication technologies. In most societies, the right to create information is practically given to everyone, but distribution or sharing is taken away from them; hence, information resources are not used equally by society (Lievrouw and Farb, 2003: 414). Some societies deal with a deep digital divide in terms of information technology, which in turn impedes the realization of the city of knowledge. In various sources, the digital divide is mentioned as one of the barriers to a knowledge-based city (Butcher, 2009: 59 & Norris, 2001). Considering the above-mentioned cases, Tabriz metropolis needs to reach a variety of goals to become a knowledge-based city. One of these goals is identifying the impact of the digital divide on the concept of knowledge-based urban development. Therefore, the focus of this article is on the study of the effect of digital divide indicators on knowledge-based urban development variables in the city of Tabriz. Data and Methods In the present article, the structural equation model has been utilized to comprehensively study the conceptual model of the research. In this study, the opinions of 50 experts have been taken. To estimate the impact of digital development factors and gaps on each other, researchers created a 44X44 matrix by considering 32 knowledge-based urban development sub-indices in addition to the 12 digital gap variables within a system. Accordingly, after obtaining the outputs related to the expert’s opinions, these results were analyzed in MicMac software. Software outputs can greatly help to understand the dimensions and relationships of the system along with the way the system will work in the future in the various forms of tables and graphs (Rabbani, 2012). Results and Discussion According to the analytical results of this matrix, the variables including government influence, strategic planning, managerial interventions, broadband access, and social stability have the highest effect on the system. Furthermore, the most susceptible direct variables of the system include geographical location, urban competitiveness, foreign direct investment, economic status, research, and development. By observing the obtained results, it is easy to see the government’s role in positive or negative effectiveness in reaching the goals of digital city and knowledge-based urban development. Additionally, the results obtained from the distribution chart of variables have the following points: Determinants and influential variables (Located in the northwest of the Chart with High effectiveness and Low susceptibility): Management interventions, age, broadband access, cost of living, affordable housing, networking and strategic cooperation, justice, and social integration. Two-fold variables (located in the northeast chart - high effectiveness and low susceptibility): urban competitiveness, quality of life, government impact, e-government, strategic planning, urban branding, etc. Result variables (located in the southwest of the system- low effectiveness and high susceptibility): patent applications, worker knowledge pool, educational investment, basic professional skills, language skills, and socio-economic dependence. Independent variables (located in the southeast of the system - low effectiveness and susceptibility): cultural and social norms, disability and physical ability, social stability, unemployment, environmental impact, use of sustainable transportation, etc. Conclusion To achieve structural knowledge-based urban development, the influential factors within this type of development are considered as an interwind or structure (system) to measure their inter-relationships due to enabling users to extract key variables of the system. In the present study, a variety of indicators were assessed for tackling problems related to the digital divide within the city and altering it to digital equity in Tabriz city. Those variables with the maximum effectiveness along with two-fold indicators have been chosen as key factors. A brief look at the concepts used in this study indicates that there is a conflict between the concept of the digital divide and urban knowledge-based development. In this regard, to eliminate this conflict, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of some variables. These variables include improving existing management tools and policies, strengthening the existing infrastructure for easy access to ICT by citizens, increasing people's skills and awareness, and finally strengthening the people's economic status by turning the digital divide into an opportunity along with providing a basis for the successful realization of knowledge-based urban development.
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; Abolfazl Naeemi Peyvasti; Hasan Masoudi
Abstract
Introduction At present, the growth of the urban population of the world is faster than the world's largest, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. This fact has created many environmental and socio-economic problems on a large scale, especially in developing countries. Therefore, ...
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Introduction At present, the growth of the urban population of the world is faster than the world's largest, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. This fact has created many environmental and socio-economic problems on a large scale, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the high urbanization rate and the lack of urban infrastructure on the one hand, and the reduction of land with environmentally valuable land in the cities, on the other hand, reveals the need for a review of the process of change and the prediction of the expansion of cities in the coming years. Foresight science is an interdisciplinary knowledge that, in addition to analysing the trends of the past, has been able to discover, invent, and evaluate possible, probable and desirable future, and transformed the dispersed and inconsistent literature on planning for the future into scientifically codified with solid principles. In this regard, environmental futures research is a process of systematic and accountable effort to address the long-term future with the aim of identifying strategic research areas and the emergence of inclusive environmental technologies, which, while embracing the economic and social benefits of citizens, also minimize the potential for potential losses. Urban environment and provide favourable environmental scenarios, taking into account sustainable development patterns. This research has been designed with the aim of identifying the development indicators of the city of Sardrood including social, economic and environmental dimensions and defining the directions of the city development. During this process, the environmental consequences of its development will be explored with the future-oriented and futuristic approach in the event of its accession to the metropolis of Tabriz. Methods and material This research is based on the objective, applied and descriptive-analytical method. Initially, the required data and indices were prepared using library questionnaires and social, economic and environmental indicators. Then, in the MICMAC software designed for structural analysis, the impact of the indicators produced on each other and on the growth and development of the city was studied. Then, with the Scenario wizard software, the scenarios needed for key factors and driving force behind the development of the city were presented. Results and Discussion The initial variables affecting the future of the system were collected and analyzed using the Delphi technique, and finally, 59 variables were extracted in different dimensions. In order to analyze the effective variables, the structural analysis method was used using MICMAC software and the experts. The distribution of variables indicates that the system is unstable. The direct and indirect effects of variables on each other and on the future of the system were examined by experts and finally, 13 effective factors were obtained from a total of 59 primary factors. In this study, "the type of attitude in the annexation of the city of Sardrood to the metropolis of Tabriz" was identified as the most influential factor. In the final part of the study, a scenario was performed and for each of the key factors, the probable situations were identified. A total of 53 statuses were compiled and to examine the effect of each of the probable situations on other situations, the questionnaires were provided to the experts and entered into the scenario software for analysis of the results. Finally, there were three strong, more likely to occur scenarios, 9,999 poor scenarios, and 13 reasonable and believable scenarios by considering incredible scenarios, there are 169 statuses for them, of which only 24 are highly desirable and 44 are in a desirable process and the rest of the state is static, undesirable, or critical, which does not represent a desirable future for the future of the system. Conclusion This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the environmental consequences of the development of the city of Sardasht and its annexation to Tabriz's capital city. In the first step, by using the questionnaire tool, 59 factors were identified and evaluated by the experts on the future of the system in various dimensions and entered into the software to determine the key factors. Since the system software was identified as unstable, variables were classified into five general categories, which eventually identified 13 indicators out of 59 indicators as the main factors. In the following, 53 potential scenarios were designed for key factors that indicate the future of key factors. Then, to assess the impact and scenarios of these situations, they were compared through a questionnaire and their results were analyzed using the Wizard scenario software. The software provided 9,999 weak, 13 credible scenarios, and three strong scenarios. For credible scenarios, the status of the future of the ruling system is 169, of which 68 are favorable and 101 are unfavorable. Consequently, even in the case of favorable scenarios, the optimal future for the system is not expected.
Urban Planning
Samad Medadi Heris; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Mirsattar Sadre Mousavi; Shahrivar Rostaei
Abstract
Introduction On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and ...
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Introduction On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and its resulted effects as fallowing to apply machine in human societies and using electronic devices resulted from this revolution we were witness of accelerating resource consumption from one hand and on the other hand with development of medical science and applying technology in manufacturing medical devices, deaths have been decreased and subsequently population has increased. With high rate of fertility and immigration from rural to city areas, especially cities of developing countries in recent decades have been expanded dramatically. At civil levels, with economic, social and cultural evolution of 19th and 20th centuries affected from modernism is caused genesis of metropolises and generated fundamental changes in the their structure and spatial-physical organization. Looking at this situation, a new approach for sustainable development has been proposed at international level that controlling development and determining restrictions are among its objectives align with human society welfare and controlling damages to the environment. Given to the course of the evolutions in the theoretical and practical domain of the cities under the influence of new paradigm, meeting needs is a requisite for life environment in addition personal welfare and high quality of life are required and necessary too. Considering to sustainable development theory, some emphasize confidently that environment, society and economical subjects should be considered for the unpredictable future of the environment. Data and Method The current study is descriptive- analytical which has been conducted using effective indicators in sustainability of residential environment using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and entropy Model. Available methods and models for selection and evaluation are categorized in two general groups: 1- flat models 2- hierarchical models. One of the models in this regard is fuzzy analytic hierarchy model. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy approach is an expanded AHP approach. Table No. (1): Expert weighting of indicators and criteria In this study various data from different aspects of the sustainable (environmental, economic, social and physical) development has been collected. In scientific studies one of the well-known methods that is widely used to solve multi criteria decision making problems is fuzzy AHP. Accordingly, if fuzzy values were triangular numbers which are shown as (mi, li, ui) then it can be calculated using below equation.Entropy in data theory is a measure of unreliability which is specified with probability distribution (p < sub>i) and measuring this unreliability () by Shanon has been stated as below in which the greater dispersion in the values of an indicator, the more important that indicator is. Results and Discussion Due to the importance of sustainability in development and sustainable development in recent years, so many investigations have been done in various domains and in dimensions such as economical, environmental and physical ones. According to the results obtained from this study, physical criterion which includes (construct, accessibility and vicinity) is the main criterion considered by experts with numerical weight of 0.544. Social, economic and environmental dimensions are respectively at next level of priority. For the same reason physical dimension is emphasized as the main influential factor in Tabriz sustainable development in this study. At the next step dimensions of sustainable development were analyzed and the role that each dimension plays on civil areas was studied and below conclusions were obtained: Of 66 indices for analysing sustainable development dimensions in Tabriz city, 7 indices belonged to economic dimension, 14 to social dimension, 8 to environmental dimensions and remaining are applied for physical dimension that the obtained results are summarized as below: At economic dimension districts 4, 1 and 2 with scores of 6.14, 5.46 and 4.95 scores obtained first, second and third scores of indicators and district 10 gained the lowest score. Conclusion Sustainable development is the dominant paradigm in the third millennium. This theory has been expanded in proposed period of time with a glance to environmental discussion and with the aim of preventing environmental deterioration and has been drawn to different discussions after passing a short time. Sustainable development encounters with inappropriate production, distribution and nature destructive pattern that its final purpose is to control environmental damages and increasing the quality of life. This study has been conducted with the aim of prioritizing sustainable development dimensions at the first stage and weighting civil districts based on the same dimensions. The results obtained from this study indicated that physical dimension is at the first priority among other dimensions.
Urban Planning
ESMAEL NASIRI HENDEH KHALEH; parasto mohammadibalini
Abstract
Introduction The city is a cultural-physical complex that is formed based on the needs, activities and behaviors of its inhabitants (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2015: 30). Urban spaces are one of the areas of manifestation of human behavior (Bardi Anna Moradnejad and Makran 20: 1398). Attention is paid to ...
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Introduction The city is a cultural-physical complex that is formed based on the needs, activities and behaviors of its inhabitants (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2015: 30). Urban spaces are one of the areas of manifestation of human behavior (Bardi Anna Moradnejad and Makran 20: 1398). Attention is paid to the links between spatial changes in the city and people's behavioral patterns (Abdolhahi Turkmani et al., 2012: 211). It also includes any activity or action that a living being performs, such as "a reflection or set of values based on a person's situation." D (Saeidian, 1382: 52) During the process of socialization, behavior is influenced by culture and by this process; language, customs and traditions, values and expectations are taught (Namazian, 1: 1397) Bahraini states that activities Humans rely on culture, culture creates a pattern of behavior, and this "behavioral pattern determines and expresses how people use spaces" (Bahraini, 2011: 43) Environment of artificial, natural and Their composition is composed. (Farhang Doostfard, 2000, 1997). Data and Method In order to have a normal data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Independent variables of this study include indicators of diversity, flexibility, permeability, visual fitness, readability, sensory richness and variable and behavioral patterns of citizens. . The selection of these variables was done to measure based on theoretical literature and the sources of existing research, as well as interviews with experts in the field of urban planning. In order to measure the questions related to the effect of physical-environmental components on the behavioral pattern of citizens, the Cronbach's alpha obtained is 0.76 and since this value is higher than 0.7, it indicates that the questions related to the variables have a good reliability. The statistical population of this study is the beneficiaries of the use of the space of 30 Tir Street, who have been present at the place of residence from 10:00 AM to 10:00 PM. The sampling method was also random, using cluster sampling with a simple random sampling of 384 people. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, a prototype included 30 over-tested questionnaires. Then, using Cronbach's alpha method, its reliability was checked. This figure was obtained for independent variables of 0.787 and for 0.77 variables, which indicates the necessary reliability of the questionnaire. Results and Discussion The Pearson coefficients correlation matrix between the components of physical components with behavioral patterns can be observed. The results show that there was the highest correlation coefficient between the dimensions of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens between permeability (P <0.01, r = 0.0579) and the lowest correlation coefficient between sensory richness and behavioral patterns. . (P <0.01, p = 0.142) In this study, multiple regression analysis between the components of physical components was used as a predictor variable and behavioral patterns were used as a criterion variable by simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficients indicate that in general, there is a direct relationship between the components of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens and significant statistical continuity. (599R =, 01 / 0sig =). In addition, the correlation coefficient shows that by changing the status of physical components, the behavioral patterns of their citizens also increase. 0) and visual fit (0.187) is clearly evident, but in terms of the impact of sensory richness in the study area, this impact on citizens' behavioral patterns has been largely indirect. The value of F is equal to 984.764 and its significance is equal to 0.000 and since it is less than 0.05, its significance is obvious and shows that the dimensions of the independent variables in this study can change the dependent variable. Express. Therefore, considering the calculated value for F at the 99% confidence level, it can be said that the linear composition of the independent variables in this study are also significant and as a result, they are able to predict the variable changes Conclusion The Pearson coefficients correlation matrix between the components of physical components with behavioral patterns can be observed. The results show that there was the highest correlation coefficient between the dimensions of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens between permeability (P <0.01, r = 0.0579) and the lowest correlation coefficient between sensory richness and behavioral patterns. . (P <0.01, p = 0.142) In this study, multiple regression analysis between the components of physical components was used as a predictor variable and behavioral patterns were used as a criterion variable by simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficients indicate that in general, there is a direct relationship between the components of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens and significant statistical continuity. (599R =, 01 / 0sig =). In addition, the correlation coefficient shows that by changing the status of physical components, the behavioral patterns of their citizens also increase. 0) and visual fit (0.187) is clearly evident, but in terms of the impact of sensory richness in the study area, this impact on citizens' behavioral patterns has been largely indirect. The value of F is equal to 984.764 and its significance is equal to 0.000 and since it is less than 0.05, its significance is obvious and shows that the dimensions of the independent variables in this study can change the dependent variable. Express. Therefore, considering the calculated value for F at the 99% confidence level, it can be said that the linear composition of the independent variables in this study are also significant and as a result, they are able to predict the variable changes.
Urban Planning
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Shahrivar Rostaei; Mohammad Ali Koushesh Vatan
Abstract
Introduction Land use planning, especially land subdivision, plays a key role in making a decision on how to properly use the land and subdivide it. That is why such planning influences the state of the environment and can have positive and negative effects (Metternicht, 2018: 3). In simple words, with ...
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Introduction Land use planning, especially land subdivision, plays a key role in making a decision on how to properly use the land and subdivide it. That is why such planning influences the state of the environment and can have positive and negative effects (Metternicht, 2018: 3). In simple words, with different street network patterns, land subdivision creates various lots in different shapes and with various advantages. In other words, at the execution stage, land subdivision affects the land price. So, some lots will have a higher value due to their advantages compared to some other lots (Evans, 2004: 75). Considering what abovementioned, this comparative study aims: 1 – To evaluate the quality of the existing land subdivisions in the planned texture, worn-out texture, and informal settlements using the current land subdivision standards; 2 – To assess the correlation between the opinions of experts, real estate agents, property owners, and non-owners on the quality of land subdivision with the current status of the land subdivision based on research indicators; 3 – To evaluate the impact of human-managerial factors and the land value in the land subdivision process. Data and Method To collect data, a field study was used. To select blocks randomly as research sample, the Fishnet tool in ArcMap software was used. Totally, 353 blocks in district one and 386 blocks in district three were selected as research samples. To collect data on the status of the land subdivision in the selected blocks, a database was constructed for the study areas using the indicators of area, number of frontages, building orientation, chamfer or fillet, street width, street function, lot shape, aspect ratio, and distance to different land-uses, then the required analyses were performed. In the next step, using a researcher-made questionnaire, the three groups of experts, real estate agents and property owners, and non-owners were surveyed to align the observed advantages and disadvantages with the opinions of the three abovementioned groups. The validity of the questions was estimated using face validity. Its Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.76, which was within the acceptable range. The statistical population included the total population of the two studied districts (n=448,121 people) and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula at 95% confidence level and with a 5% error. Also, SPSS software was used for questionnaire analysis. Results and Discussion According to the analysis carried out for the first aim, the obtained averages revealed the inappropriate residential and commercial subdivisions. In this issue, streets play a very important role, because different street network patterns significantly affect the characteristics of lots. As observed, for residential and commercial land-uses in both districts, the average width of the streets and the adaptation level of land-uses with the street function were below the standards, which also reduced the quality of access. According to the analysis performed for the second aim, it was found that experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Also, property owners and non-owners on five cases in district three and two cases in district one were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Real estate agents' opinions on one case in each district were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. For the third aim, it was found that the respondents in district one and district three considered the land value and human-managerial factors as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions, respectively. In other words, it can be said that the land value and human-managerial factors, along with the lack of efficient solutions and proper surveillance of land subdivision, are considered as factors for inappropriate land subdivision in the study area. In addition, with an average of 3.5 in district one, experts and real-estate agents have assessed the land value more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the property owners and non-owners. Also, with an average of 3.7 in district three, experts and property owners and none property owners have assessed the human-managerial factors more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the real estate agents. Conclusion Findings showed that according to the land subdivision indicators used in our research, residential and commercial land-uses don’t meet the land subdivision standards. In this case, streets play the more dominant role than other factors. Measuring the alignment of experts, real estate agents, property owners and non-owners' opinions on the quality of land subdivision with its current status based on research indicators showed that with the highest frequency, experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three are significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Finally, according to the three abovementioned groups' opinions, the land value in district one and the human-managerial factors in district three were evaluated as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions.
Urban Planning
Ahmad Pourahmad; rahmat alah farhudi; Saeid Zangane Shahraki; Tahoura Shafaat Gharamaleki
Abstract
Introduction
Historical texture includes various spiritual, symbolic, and aesthetics aspects. It also indicates the regions as evidence of urban civilization because it is reflecting the city identity. There are various approaches for sustainable regeneration in the cities. An approach can create sustainability ...
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Introduction
Historical texture includes various spiritual, symbolic, and aesthetics aspects. It also indicates the regions as evidence of urban civilization because it is reflecting the city identity. There are various approaches for sustainable regeneration in the cities. An approach can create sustainability for the city that not only can implement reconstruction in physical dimensions but also can lead to the sustainable economic, social and cultural-identity performance of the texture. Regeneration with the tourism development approach can lead to texture sustainability. The historical context of Tabriz, with its many historical monuments, is an attractive area with many potential assets that can be used for tourism development. While the historical context of Tabriz has long been a center of production and trade, the city has lost much of its main attraction due to a wide range of social, cultural, economic, and physical issues. Research suggests that urban regeneration is the dominant theory for intervening with problems of historical and worn-out textures. It also shows that efforts to develop tourism can lead to the regeneration of historical textures. In this study, the impact of tourism on regeneration has been investigated, and its purpose is to analyze the relationship between tourism and urban regeneration in economic, socio-cultural, physical, and environmental dimensions.
Methodology
The current research is an applied study, and the research method is analytical-descriptive. The study area is the historical texture of Tabriz City. The statistical population is the residents of the historical texture of Tabriz, which is 115580, according to the statistics in 2016 (Statistics Center of Iran, 2016). The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula, which is 383. It must be mentioned that the proper sampling method in the current study is the cluster sampling method. A number of questionnaires were completed by the residents of the historical texture. The questionnaires were prepared using a five-point Likert scale. The research results were analyzed using SPSS software and the Chi-square test.
Results and Conclusion
According to the conducted studies, tourism development leads to employment, increasing income, and investment in the texture, and results in the economic growth of the texture. This growth solves the social issues caused by the internal economic decline in society. On the other hand, one of the attractions of using tourism as an element in urban regeneration is its economic justification, which can be provided for the improvement and physical regeneration of the worn-out urban center. Environmental improvement in the historical texture can create positive feelings, resulting in the visitors’ satisfaction and loyalty. This is also followed by more serious support of the tourism development. The studies indicate the relationship between tourism development and urban regeneration in the texture. The total impact of the economic factor on the regeneration pattern of the historical texture of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 4.37, which is at a significant desirable level. It was revealed that most of the historical texture residents of Tabriz consider this texture valuable for investment (Public and private) and believe that the urban tourism development can lead to economic growth in the historical texture. Also, they consider economic growth a preventive factor of the migration of the youth and economic activists. In terms of the social-cultural aspect, the total impact of the social and cultural dimension on the regeneration pattern of the historical texture of Tabriz with tourism development equals 3.49, which is at a significant and relatively desirable level. Urban tourism development in the area increases the behavioral settings, the tendency to be present in the society, and improves the social relations and welfare and entertainment facilities, and leads to improving the living and security standards level for the women, children, and reducing the crime in the city. The total impact of the physical aspect on the regeneration pattern of the historical textures of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 2.64, which is at a significant and relatively desirable level. The urban tourism development leads to eliminating the ruined spaces and improving the access to the recreational centers and urban spaces, and enhancing the physical quality of the urban spaces and historical monuments. Moreover, improving the urban infrastructures will be followed by the improvement in the quality of the public services and urban landscape. However, tourism development will have less impact on the texture traffic and the number of parking lots. The total impact of the environmental aspect on the regeneration pattern of the historical textures of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 3, which is at the significant and relatively desirable level. Tourism development leads to improving the environmental situation and reducing environmental pollutions, and increasing the green space per capita in the city.
Conclusion
This case study shows that the historical properties and tourism potentials can have a significant impact on urban regeneration or lead to their possibility in terms of social, economic, physical, and environmental aspects. However, measures must be taken into account to reduce the negative impacts of the tourism development, such as lack of access to parking, lack of possibility to pass due to high traffic, and increase in costs, so that the tourism development leads to urban regeneration. The main issue in the Iranian cities is the fact that urban regeneration and tourism development are implemented by two different organizations. Therefore, tourism development cannot contribute to regenerating the historical textures. Urban regeneration with tourism development will be possible when integrated planning is conducted.
Urban Planning
Asghar Zarrabi; shayesteh abbassi; abolfazl meshkini
Abstract
Introduction
Informal settlements are home to about one billion people in the world. In other words, about one-seventh of the world's population and one third of the world's urban population live on margins. In our country, informal settlements have been officially interpreted more rapidly than urban ...
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Introduction
Informal settlements are home to about one billion people in the world. In other words, about one-seventh of the world's population and one third of the world's urban population live on margins. In our country, informal settlements have been officially interpreted more rapidly than urban growth, and it is estimated that one-fifth of urban populations are located in such settlements. The emergence of informal settlements reveals the existence of structural barriers and inefficiencies in the current policies in providing the necessary housing and services for the low-income urban population at macro level. The 2002 United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development emphasized that contemporary cities are sustainable if they resist natural disasters. Today, the crossroads of environmental, economic, social, and urban spontaneous settlements on a global scale have attracted attention to the urban widespread approach with a more comprehensive look at previous approaches such as crisis management in these settlements and in The world agenda has been considered. In fact, "Resilience as a framework is about a concept that can easily be associated with all stages and sections of disasters and crisis management, and has been introduced with four institutional, social, economic, and infrastructure dimensions. Sanandaj is one of the middle cities that has been growing fast over the last few decades, along with many parts of the country. This rapid growth has led to the formation of automobile neighborhoods in different parts of the city. The purpose of this article is to investigate and evaluate resilience indices in these settlements. In this regard, the main research question is what is the status of resilience of informal settlements in Sanandaj? And how important are the resilience indicators and dimensions?
Methodology
the type of research is applied-development and its method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of information acquisition method, it is located in the field of library-field studies. The data needed for research is obtained through library and field methods. In the library method, internal and external articles and books were used. In the data collection section, data were collected from the statistical blocks of the Population and Housing Census of 1395, Statistics Center of Iran, experts' questionnaire, comprehensive and detailed plans of Sanandaj city, household questionnaire, and so on. In this research, internal and external library studies were used for extraction of indicators. In this study, internal and external library studies were used to extract the indices and the experts were provided with a questionnaire. AHP test was used to analyze the questionnaires and the scores were analyzed in Expert Choice software. In the next step, in order to study the indicators in the area of informal settlements of Sanandaj, a household questionnaire was prepared and according to Statistical Society (30539 families), based on the Cochran formula, 379 questionnaires were completed from the households in the study area. The questionnaire was based on the six-level Likert scale. Reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.73 which indicates the reliability of the questionnaire.
One-sample t-test was used to measure resilience. The one-sample t-test (the test of comparing the mean of a population with a number) is one of the tests used in most applied research. This test determines whether the observed average is significantly different from a specified value or a standard value. Confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software was used to determine the impact of resilience dimensions. In confirmatory factor analysis, the researcher seeks to develop a model that is assumed to describe, describe, explain, or justify empirical data on the basis of relatively few parameters.
Results and Discussion
According to the AHP test, the highest weight was found to be 0.593 in human dimension and the lowest weight was 0. 113 in natural dimension. The findings indicate that the level of resilience is 3.03 in the area, which is less than the mean of 3.50, but it can be said that the informal settlements is not resilient. In terms of dimensions, only the socio-cultural dimension with 3.72 is higher than the average of 3.50 and is resilient. The lowest level of resilience related to the economic dimension at 2.47, followed by the managerial dimension with 2.66. also, Physical dimension is not resilient to have an average of 3.28. According to the studies, the total level of resilience in the informal settlements of Sanandaj was 3.11 and below 3.50. Factor analysis of factors affecting resilience showed that social factors with 0.81 had the most effect and economic factors with 0.50 had the least effect.
Conclusion
Research results in these settlements indicate that the level of resilience is at a low level. Among the different dimensions of resilience, the social dimension has a better status than other dimensions. In the economic field, due to the low level of income of the residents, the lack of insurance, the low level of savings, the lack of job security, the volatility in income, the seasonal nature of the occupation of many residents and ... has led to a low level of economic resilience. Organizational-administrative dimensions also have very low resilience. The lack of institutions at the local level, the weakness of the relationship between managers and the local population, lack of training in preparation for crisis is the reason for the low level of institutional resilience in these settlements. Physically, due to low level of resistance of residential units, lack of proper access to infrastructure, lack of suitable open spaces in neighborhoods, low strength of infrastructures, etc., has led to a decrease in the level of physical resilience.
