saeed jahanbakhsh; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Hamid Mirhashemi
Abstract
Introduction Due to their height, geometry and orientation, the mountains affect the atmospheric currents. Therefore, mountains cause the formation, intensification or weakening of many atmospheric phenomena. One of the most obvious of these phenomena is lee cyclogenesis whose formation and evolution ...
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Introduction Due to their height, geometry and orientation, the mountains affect the atmospheric currents. Therefore, mountains cause the formation, intensification or weakening of many atmospheric phenomena. One of the most obvious of these phenomena is lee cyclogenesis whose formation and evolution is subject to interaction between mountains and atmospheric currents. The lee sides of mesoscale or large-scale mountains, such as the Alps, Rocky Mountains, the East Asian mountains and the Andes, are favorable regions of cyclogenesis. This type of cyclogenesis is known as lee cyclogenesis, and can be defined as the formation of a cyclone with strong positive vertical vorticity or an appreciable fall in pressure with a closed circulation formed in the lee of a mountain that then drifts away (Chung. et al, 1976). In this regard, most studies have been made about the lee cyclogenesis of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains. As a result, the general understanding of mechanism of lee cyclogenesis is derived from studies conducted on these two mountains and partially due to the Alpine Experiment (ALPEX) field project held in 1982. In other words, the general framework of the mechanisms that exists today about lee cyclogenesis is based on the results obtained from the study of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains. Methodology The variables used in this study are consists of horizontal wind speed (u and v), vertical wind speed vertical pressure coordinates (w), temperature (T) geopotential pressure levels (z). The data variables used 1 and 0.5 degrees in the horizontal and vertical distance of 50 hPa from 1000 to 200 hPa. The data were extracting from the archival database ECMWF ERA Interim version with six-hour monitoring. Preliminary investigations showed that unstable systems under certain elevation models are located in the middle of the atmosphere in the region of the west, northwest of the west and west to the upstream slopes of the Zagros Mountains. so that the study of middle - level maps showed how the trough and the ridge of such systems has played an important role in determining the direction and movement of these systems towards zagros because it is different in terms of the confluence or diffluence system, curvature and sheer vorticity advection and ageostrophic wind of the trough, and finally the direction in the trough. In general, the conditions prevailing on these systems and the it direction they pass through to the Zagros have an important role in how they interact with the zagros. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how these systems approach to Zagros. For this purpose, this important issue was further investigated using the ageostrophic wind equation. Because the ageostrophic wind indicates the imbalance of geostrophic, and in fact the change of wind both in space and time causes this imbalance of geostrophic and the creation of the ageostrophic wind (Lynch and Cassano 2006, 123). Also used curvature vorticity in the natural coordinates, quasi-geostrophic height tendency equation and divergence of the isallobaric wind. Results and discussion An examination of the maps of the lower atmospheric levels shows that in some cases the cyclones approaching the windward slopes of the Zagros, under the baroclinic wave’s atmosphere, lead to the formation of a secondary rotation in the lee ward Zagros. Therefore, it is necessary to have a primary cyclone on the windward slope of the Zagros Mountains to form the lee cyclone. So the detection of cyclone approaching windward of the Zagros Mountains shows that cyclones which move and even higher than the Mediterranean latitude to the east, would have approached the Zagros in a way that was accompanied by a pattern of confluence ridge - diffluence trough in the middle of the atmosphere. While the cyclones, accompanied by a trough, were moving northward along the path of their eastward before reaching the Zagros in the north east. On the other hand, the cyclons, formed in the Red Sea region or Sudan, were required to reach the Zagros Mountains (the maximum velocity at the base of the trough) or the diffluence trough to approach the zagros. At the same time, the cyclones that were located in the area were under a confluence trough, never moved to the Zagros Mountains. So, according to the latitude of the primary cyclone and how the stack - trough is the level of 500 hpa, the path of the approaching Zagros is different. However, in many cases the nature of the trough and the level of the level of 500 hpa on the path of the eastward movement changes from difflunce to confluence and vice versa, which occurs due to the changing location in the baroclinic wave Conclusion Because The Zagros Mountains create changes in approaching baroclinicity waves causes advent thermal anomaly and consequently cause the occurrence of cyclone, so, such cyclogenesis is interpreted adjust according to the theory modify baroclinicity waves. Because this theory clearly states that mountain lead to lee cyclogenesis by modify baroclinicity. It is worth noting that many of the much complexities of the relationship between the Zagros Mountains and baroclinicity waves that may cause the occurrence of cyclones are a variety of other theories proposed in the literature to be more consistent Atmospheric Sciences. In any case, this study is based on small portions and a special kind of cyclogenesis can be in the Zagros leeward.
Mohammadhossein Rezaei Moghadam; Nooshin Pirouzi Nejad
Volume 18, Issue 47 , April 2014, , Pages 109-132
Abstract
River channel change, such as bank erosion and accretion are natural processes in alluvial rivers. This paper aims to investigate migration and channel change plan form and effect on bank erosion and accretion done in Gamasiab River in Kermanshah Province. This study used aerial photography taken ...
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River channel change, such as bank erosion and accretion are natural processes in alluvial rivers. This paper aims to investigate migration and channel change plan form and effect on bank erosion and accretion done in Gamasiab River in Kermanshah Province. This study used aerial photography taken in 1955, 1969, 2003 and IRS satellite imagery of 2010 with a resolution of 5/8 m, aerial photographs were orthophoto in ARCMAP software based on 1/25000 topographic map. Shoreline was digitized and river was divided into 12 reaches. By comparing river in the sequence period investigated the positions have a change. Using the ARCMAP software to create polygons that represented the difference between two positions we calculated erosion and accretion separately for each side of the river. The area of bank accretion along the river had been 285.5 ha and from 1955 to 1969 this area had been 402.6 ha from 1969 to 2003 and the area of bank accretion was 112.9 ha from 2003 to 2010. Bank erosion had been 347 ha from 1955 to 1969, and this was been 414.17 ha from 1969 to 2003 and the area of bank erosion had been 138.2 ha from 2003 to 2010. Results show that the amount of bank erosion is more due to bank accretion in the Gamasiab River. Change and migration in river is the cause of the erosion. Some places in river show about 400 m of movement.
Fariba Karami
Volume 16, Issue 37 , November 2011, , Pages 111-131
Abstract
Tabriz plain has located in east of Urmia lack. In certent decades alternate and continued droughts have occured in the region and Tabriz plain. Contemporary ground watertable has decreased greatly. Therefore it seems there is a significant interaction between meteorological drought and fall of ground ...
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Tabriz plain has located in east of Urmia lack. In certent decades alternate and continued droughts have occured in the region and Tabriz plain. Contemporary ground watertable has decreased greatly. Therefore it seems there is a significant interaction between meteorological drought and fall of ground watertable. The goal of this study is to do research on drought, to find precipitation trend, analyze groundwater hydrograph and the evaluation of meteorological to drought effects in the reduction of ground watertable using SPI index and bivariate regression in Tabriz plain. For this purpose, we used meteorological data (monthly precipitation) of Tabriz plain station for the time period 1351-1383 for determination of drought periods. Monthly data of watertable from observation and piedzometry wells for the 1370-1383 were used for the representation of ground watertable variation, by the use of Arc/GIS, Arc/View, Excel and Surfer. The results show that in recent decades precipitation trend has been negetive. Also ground watertable has decreased and the watertable has fallen around 3.94 m in time period of 1370-1383. Groundwater drought relative to meteorological drought occurs two months later in Tabriz plain
Mohamad Darand; Behrooz Ebrahimi
Abstract
To doing this research daily precipitation data from 162 synoptic, climatic and rain gauge stations in and out of province during 21/3/1961 to 31/12/2012 extracted from Kurdistan Regional Water Company and meteorology organizations. By geostatistic Kriging method daily precipitation interpolated on 6×6 ...
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To doing this research daily precipitation data from 162 synoptic, climatic and rain gauge stations in and out of province during 21/3/1961 to 31/12/2012 extracted from Kurdistan Regional Water Company and meteorology organizations. By geostatistic Kriging method daily precipitation interpolated on 6×6 kilometers and one digital map has been created for each days. Then data over province on the 811 pixels that covers whole of province extracted. A database was created in dimensions of 18914×811with time (day) on the rows and pixels (place) on the column. The average, high and low hresholds and standard deviation of waiting time duration calculated for each pixel during different months. To detection thresholds the t-student test has been applied. The thresholds calculated in 99% confidence level. The results showed that Mountains features have important effects on precipitation waiting time duration. The different precipitation waiting time duration observed over Kurdistan province during different months. The distribution of precipitation waiting time during the different seasons of the year shows route of Rain-bearing systems on Kurdistan province. In total, the cores of minimum precipitation waiting time are located on the North-West of province in spring, on the North and North-East of province in summer, and on the North-West and West of province in autumn and winter. The shortest and most prolonged precipitation waiting time is related to the months of February and September respectively. In February on the part of the western and northwestern parts of Kurdish province precipitation waiting time duration is about 3 days. While waiting period in September on the mentioned areas is more than 60 days.
Urban Planning
mostafa khazaee; Farzaneh Sasanpour
Abstract
AbstractCDS plans and strategic planning is the last version of the evolution of urban planning which with flexibility and participatory approach seeks to build consensus among citizens to create a future vision for urban development. The emphasis of the city development strategy is more on strengthening ...
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AbstractCDS plans and strategic planning is the last version of the evolution of urban planning which with flexibility and participatory approach seeks to build consensus among citizens to create a future vision for urban development. The emphasis of the city development strategy is more on strengthening economic competition, but it also covers poverty reduction, improving the structure of urban management, as well as increasing the quality of environmental aspects. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is based on descriptive-analytical method. The main purpose of this research is evaluating indicators of Mallard's City Development Strategy (urban good governance, livability, bankability and competitiveness). The statistical population of this study is a selection of citizens (380 people) and Mallard city managers (50 employees of the municipality and city council). Research data were collected based on a questionnaire and Cronbach's method was used to evaluate the reliability of the research tool. The results show that among the four-dimensional indicators of Mallard's city development strategy, the index "Security in banking systems to build trust between citizens" with 3.73 had the highest score and the index "Monitoring the maintenance of living standards (per capita income) and capital" with 3.40 had the lowest score. By comparing the four components, the "bankability" component had the best relative conditions and the "urban good governance" component had the worst conditions compared to the other components.Keywords: Urban Development, Mallard City, Strategic Planning, CODAS Model.
Yousef Zarei; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Majid Rezaeebanafshe; Hashem Rostamzadeh
Abstract
Climate change is one of the main problems on Earth today, so predicting these changes in the future and their impacts on water resources, the natural environment, agriculture, and environmental, economic and social impacts is of particular importance. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of ...
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Climate change is one of the main problems on Earth today, so predicting these changes in the future and their impacts on water resources, the natural environment, agriculture, and environmental, economic and social impacts is of particular importance. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of global climate change on different climatic regions of the country were studied in 12 climatic regions. In this study, NCEP data and climatic elements of precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature were used for statistical downscaling with SDSM model. And using the CanEMS2 model output under RCP scenarios for the three statistical periods of 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2099 annual climate change data were obtained. Correlation coefficient, determination coefficient and error indexes of RMSE, MSE and MAD were used to evaluate the performance of the model. However, the results showed that the accuracy of the model was different at different stations. In this way, each model performs better than rainfall in simulating minimum and maximum temperatures. The annual long-run results also show that precipitation will decrease in all climates studied in the coming decades, with the largest decrease occurring in semi-warm (35%) and very humid and temperate (32%) desert areas. But minimum and maximum temperature variations will be different in different climatic regions so that under RCP scenarios during all statistical periods at Sabzevar and Tabas stations minimum temperature changes will decrease but in other climatic regions the trend of minimum and maximum temperatures will be incremental. The highest minimum and maximum temperature increases based on RCP scenarios under RCP8.5 scenario during the period 2071-2099 in the cold mountain climatic region will be 3.03, 4.27 ° C, respectively.
Urban Planning
Saeed Hossein Abadi
Abstract
Introduction
In the last few decades, the number and use of motor vehicles have increased dramatically in cities across the world and urban spaces and mobility have been dominated by motor vehicles. Thistrend has made various environmental, social, and economic issues for cities and has threatened their ...
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Introduction
In the last few decades, the number and use of motor vehicles have increased dramatically in cities across the world and urban spaces and mobility have been dominated by motor vehicles. Thistrend has made various environmental, social, and economic issues for cities and has threatened their sustainable development. Therefore, in recent years, special attention has been paid to changing the mobility model as well as urban design and planning. So that the urban sustainable development paradigm and theories like New Urbanism emphasize the reduction of automobile dependence and increasing the walkability of urban space.
Walkability refers to the extent to which an environment is suitable for walking. There are various environmental, social, and economic benefits for walkability in urban spaces. Therefore, recognizing the various factors affecting the walking of citizens, including physical-spatial indicators and planning to improve these indicators can be effective in the sustainable development of cities. Consequently, in the study, the relationship between physical indicators of urban space and citizens' walking rate in Qaen city neighborhoods is analyzed.
Data and Method
The general approach of the present study is descriptive-analytical. This research is applied research and correlational research that seeks to investigate the relationship between a set of variables. The data collection method is library and field study. Statistical population is the inhabitants of Qaen city, that are about 43,000 people. The sample size is 360 people and the sampling method is simple random. The share of each neighborhood in this sample size was determined based on the population share of that neighborhood from the whole city. The dependent variable in this study is citizens' walking rate and the independent variable is composed of the physical-environmental factors, such as access to diverse land uses(land use mix), visual quality of urban spaces, quality of sidewalks, and connectivity of the street network. Multiple regressionhas been used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.
Results and Discussion
The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between the level of land use diversity and the rate of citizens' walking. So it can be expected that with the increase in the land uses diversity in urban neighborhoods, the probability of walking will increase. The land uses diversity and proximity of residential units to various urban and neighborhood activities (commercial, office, green space, schools, parks, restaurants etc.) makes less need to use motor vehicles and instead, walking is considered as a basic mode of mobility within neighborhoods. On the other hand, the mixture and diversity of land uses in an urban area can cause more people to be present in urban spaces and this presence increases the sense of security that encourages walking.
Another finding is that the connectivity of the street network has a positive effect on the level of citizens’ walking. In fact, the connectivity of streets, based on the frequency of intersections and their short distance from each other in a range, helps to connect multiple paths and, on the other hand, reduce the speed of vehicles. This makes it possible, firstly, to select a variety of routes for walking within the neighborhood, and secondly, due to the close distance of the intersections in reducing the speed of motor vehicles, the safety of walking increases.
The results also showed that the effect of sidewalk quality is significant on people's walking rate. Thus, it can be said that improving the quality of sidewalks can increase the desire of citizens to walking. However, the relationship between visual quality and walking in the neighborhoods of Qaen city was not conformed. So the visual quality of urban spaces (beauty, cleanliness, lighting, etc.) has not affected the level of citizens’ walking.
Conclusion
The study examined four important physical indicators of walkability to determine how much it affects walking in Qaen city. According to the findings, 3 indicators including diversity of land use, connectivity of the street network, and sidewalk quality have a positive and significant effect on the amount of walking, but the visual quality indicator does not have a significant effect on people's walking. Thus, it can be said that by improving these three indicators along with social and cultural planning, citizens' walking rate is expected to increase in this small city.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Bagher Khoshnavaz; Mir saead MOusavi; Shabnam Akbari Namdar
Abstract
The waste management without considering the role of people who are the main waste manufacturers, will be impossible. In our country, in discussion of waste management and collection, repulsion and recycling in terms of type and quality of wastes, is diffrent from other countries of the world and has ...
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The waste management without considering the role of people who are the main waste manufacturers, will be impossible. In our country, in discussion of waste management and collection, repulsion and recycling in terms of type and quality of wastes, is diffrent from other countries of the world and has different nature and taking action from any method and technology without examining and recognizing materials and compatibility of local factors, especially the issue of citizens' participation, will not be feasible.The present research with an explanatory approach has been addressed to the issue that the capacity of citizens participation in each dimensions of managerial decision making is to be explored. The results of 24 items in the form of 385 questionnaires in 10 municipalities showed that the score obtained in the Likret scale equals 3.08 . The highest extractive averages is related to areas 1, 2, 9 and 5 are 3.15, 3.13, 3.12 and 3.11, and the lowest average is associated to area 4 equals 3.03. Despite the fact that these areas are at the average of the Likert spectrum, there is a possibility of instability in this section due to the low levels of Urban mismanagement in this section.The study 44 Index of Waste sphere and Urban Management with opinion apply of 50 Related Experts to determine the importance of factors using interaction analysis method / structural in Mic MacFase software demonstrated that the most influenced direct factors of the system are: Creating social capacity, Active participation of beneficiaries people, Social trust, Social capital, Institutions and civil, society,organizations (CSO), Interaction and balance between participater and participating,Education of citizenship rights and NGO assignments. The effects obtained showed the role of social factors, cultural infrastructure and the role of beneficiaries.
Climatology
Hashem Rostamzadeh; majid rezaei banafsheh; Akbar hosseinnejad
Abstract
Introduction
The global warming of the Earth due greenhouse gases diffusion (GHGs) is undeniable now; over the past century, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased significantly and caused an increase in global temperature of 0.44 ° C compared to Pre-industrial era. The Intergovernmental ...
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Introduction
The global warming of the Earth due greenhouse gases diffusion (GHGs) is undeniable now; over the past century, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased significantly and caused an increase in global temperature of 0.44 ° C compared to Pre-industrial era. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) shows that there is a positive correlation between the amount of CO2 and global temperature rise. Today, climate change has attracted many scientists and researchers. The reason for this is the huge impact this phenomenon has on life on Earth. Potentially, climate change can endanger drinking water supplies, food production, and sustainable development in many parts of the world, For this reason, the International Committee of Climate Change (IPCC) calls for studies on climate change at the regional and local scale. Studies have shown that the mean temperature of the Earth has increased by about 0.18 ± 0.74 °C during the twentieth century And an increase in the temperature of the 21st century is estimated to be 1.8 to 4 degrees centigrade.
materials and methods
In this study, the three-hour temperature data of the synoptic station of Tabriz for the statistical period of 67 years (2017-1951) was prepared. Using Matlab's coding, seasonal and annual time series were prepared for each synoptic. Then, in order to provide the seasonal and annual time SYNOPs for the daily and night temperatures, the data are divided into two groups of nightly temperatures (including mean SYNOPs temperatures from 00:00, 03:00, 18:00 and 21:00) and daily temperature (including average SYNOPs temperatures at 06:00, 09:00, 12:00 and 15:00).
Discussion and results
Temperature is one of the most important elements in climatic zonation and classification, and it plays an important role in the distribution of other climatic elements. Accordingly, fluctuations and temperature changes are very important. In recent decades, the applied results of temperature analysis have led to a study of its long-run fluctuations, especially in the global arena. Therefore, in this study, the temperature fluctuations of three hours (SYNOPs), night temperature and daily temperature of the synoptic station of Tabriz during the statistical period of 1951-2017 and the seasonal and annual time scale were studied.
The results of the study show that SYNOPs, (3:00 pm local time), have more severe changes than other SYNOPs, which in summer increases at 0/66 °C per decade. Most annual changes are related to SYNOP 00:00 (an increase of 0.47 °C). Seasonal variations in daily and nightly temperatures also indicate that the highest changes in the night temperature were observed in summer (an increase of 0/62 °C), and the highest daily temperature changes were observed in spring and summer (an increase of 0.3 °C) Is.
the findings of this study are largely consistent with the findings of other studies in the study area. For example, Dinpajoh et al. (1394) obtained the same results by analyzing the process of weather parameters in Tabriz, indicating an increase in the minimum, maximum and average temperature in Tabriz. The results of the study, Sari Sarraf et al. (1394), also show that in the Urmia Lake basin, the minimum, maximum and average temperature has experienced an increasing trend in the annual and seasonal scale. Jahanbakhsh Asl et al. (1396) also studied the trend of variations in the average monthly cold-year average temperature in the northwest of Iran, with the result that the average minimum temperature in most parts of the northwest is increasing. Therefore, the results of this research and previous studies indicate that the temperature in the study area is increasing. The important thing about this research and its difference with previous studies is the use and application of temperature data. So, using daily temperature data (SYNOPs), the temperature changes were dealt with, while in other studies, the average temperature or minimum and maximum temperature parameters were used, so the results of this study could be information It will provide a more accurate description of the process of temperature variation in the Tabriz Synoptic Station.
Conclusion
According to the results, it can be said that the signs of climate change in Tabriz city, especially in terms of temperature, are visible. Considering the role of temperature in increasing evapotranspiration and urban energy consumption, over the next decade, there should be solutions to better manage water and energy resources, especially heat energy during the warm season.
Urban Planning
mina Piran Heris; Akbar Abdollahzadeh Taraf
Abstract
Introduction Children, as a significant part of the urban population, play a major role in the use of urban spaces. Nowadays, paying attention to this part of society has been considered by urban planners and stakeholders since the number of children in urban areas of the world is growing (Kiani and ...
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Introduction Children, as a significant part of the urban population, play a major role in the use of urban spaces. Nowadays, paying attention to this part of society has been considered by urban planners and stakeholders since the number of children in urban areas of the world is growing (Kiani and Esmailzadeh, 2012: 51). Children in urban areas have problems such as lack of safe, creative, and lively spaces, environmental pollution, high density of buildings, and lack of security and clearance. Besides, due to lifestyle changes in recent decades, children often live in small residential units, and have no option for entertainment except watching television, playing computer games, playing with siblings or neighbors’ children, and sometimes reading books in the dark or noisy space of the building (Shia, 1391: 44). These issues reduce the presence of children in the urban spaces, leading to serious damage in their growth and social development. Based on a common and widespread belief, the child is defined as a member of society who still does not have an effective role in social organization due to not being equipped with the social skills (Kermani and Ebrahimabadi, 2014: 7). Children have four growth dimensions: physical development, emotional development, cognitive development and social development (Nowruz and Nastaran quoted by Rice, 2014: 5). This study tried to deal more accurately with the issue of children's social development in urban spaces in the neighborhood scale along with the importance of other aspects of children's development. The neighborhood is the first scale of public space in which children experience life and extend their learnings to larger urban environments. Social development is related to the process of socializing a child for communicating with others, from family members to friends and peers. The presence of children in the public environment can have further benefits such as social understanding, the sense of trust, and mutual support (Tranter and Pawson, 2001). In the first step, this research tried to compile a guide for the design or renewal of neighborhoods that "social sense" can be promoted. Therefore, the main question of the research was: "Which characteristics of a neighborhood can promote the children's social sense?" In the second step, a neighborhood in Tabriz city (Rushdiyeh neighborhood) was selected to examine that guide. The current study aimed to develop a guide for designing child-friendly urban neighborhoods focusing on the sense of community development. Research methodology The methodology of this research, which was based on the paradigm of realism, deals with the objective characteristics of the environment to advance the goals of the research. Regarding the qualitative research method, questionnaire techniques, interviews (individual and group), and cognitive maps were used to extract more information. The statistical population included preschool children (5-7) and primary school children (7-12) and their parents in Rushdiyeh neighborhood. A total of 60 children and 25 parents were surveyed as a statistical sample from the neighborhood. The method of collecting information is documentary and field. In order to know the case sample, first, the required maps were prepared based on the subject and after a complete knowledge of the range, the case sample was analyzed. Then, based on the research problem and the points we obtained from the theoretical foundations, the knowledge and analysis of the scope, design, and presentation of the proposal was done. Finally, based on the findings and theoretical framework of the research, an urban design guideline was developed to strengthen the sense of community of children in the neighborhood. Discussion According to the theoretical foundations and studies of child development and child-friendly city, the concept of sense of community and the development of this concept for children, we summarized, concluded, and developed a framework for designing a child-friendly neighborhood based on the sense of community; We also tried to answer the research questions by recognizing and analyzing the case study. In the context of the child-friendly city, more has been done to meet the basic needs and rights of children and to keep their social and emotional development low. In modern cities, it has caused less interaction between residents and people by eliminating or reducing public spaces, and this in itself has reduced the sense of community among communities, which also applies to children. Children need to be part of the group and influence this group and establish a common emotional bond with them and try to meet the needs of the group. If they can experience social sense during this period, they will build a better society in the future, which will lower social norms in the future and strengthen the social and emotional development of children. In today's modern cities, children have little presence and interaction in the neighborhood and urban space, which in turn causes psychological and social harm to children, which may lead to various anomalies in the city community in the future. Children currently have to be with their parents to attend the neighborhood or city, and this allows parents to accompany their children only on holidays due to their busy schedules, and on other days of the week, children are either at home or in kindergarten. Also, they spend the day at school and have fewer games and social interactions at the neighborhood and city level. In this regard, the following fifteen principles were argued to create a child-friendly neighborhood for the development of the sense of community: Principle 1: In designing neighborhood spaces, informal spaces for the presence of children (alleys, streets, etc.) are as important as the designed formal spaces (for example, play spaces in parks). Principle 2: The design should be based on passive supervision to ensure the safety of children when in public. Principle 3: Children use the potential of any activity to engage in social interactions, so it is important to pay attention to all three types of activity (necessary, social, and selective). Principle 4: Public walkways in the neighborhood should be designed based on speed C (traffic calming) to provide the necessary safety for the presence of children. Principle 5: Designing special traffic lines that end in primary schools provides sufficient security for children to have personal access to school. Principle 6: Public spaces, especially alleys, provide physical flexibility for a variety of children's play. Principle 7: Children's play spaces should be combined with other spaces such as the elderly to sit to improve social sense by understanding other cycles of life. Principle 8: Design of retail activities in the special movement paths of children to schools. Principle 9: Combining children's spaces with green spaces. Principle 10: Design a neighborhood based on specific (implicit or obvious) edges to better understand boundaries. Principle 11: The existence of spaces in which children can interact with children in other neighborhoods through play. Principle 12: Designing a neighborhood center based on the scale of the child and the presence of the child in it as one of the basic neighborhoods for socialization. Principle 13: The existence of institutions such as libraries and cultural centers with appropriate functions for children in the neighborhood. Principle 14: Climatically protected play spaces for attendance at different times of the year. Principle 15: Organizational management of the neighborhood for greater participation of children in the neighborhood and matters related to their management. On the other hand, assuming the desired principles and based on different dimensions of child development, it is possible to provide a suitable urban design guide for the child-friendly neighborhood. Based on the fifteen principles and also the design guide, the necessary arrangements regarding Rushdiyeh neighborhood are as follows: 1. Creating a sidewalk and bicycle path for children on the way to school; 2. Equipping parks and green spaces to create official play spaces and their appropriate distribution in the neighborhood, as well as creating new parks such as adventure and intellectual parks; 3. Creating an excuse for children to be together, such as a wall for children to paint; 4. Planting plants in places built by children; 5. Creating a library for children; 6. Creating sports and cultural spaces; 7. Creating sports fields for group sports; 8. Placing urban furniture for children in spaces; 9. Adaptation of public spaces for the presence of children in them; 10. Increasing the education per capita in the area; 11. Locating small businesses near and along the school route.
Urban Planning
Ahmad Pourahmad; Heydar Salehi Mishani; Leyla Vothoogi; Ahmad Roomiani
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 83-103
Abstract
Increase in urban population changes agricultural lands to residential, commercial and industrial uses. These changes have unfavorable consequences including loss of vegetation cover on the urban environment. Ambient temperature and high-quality agricultural lands have been destroyed. In In this regard ...
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Increase in urban population changes agricultural lands to residential, commercial and industrial uses. These changes have unfavorable consequences including loss of vegetation cover on the urban environment. Ambient temperature and high-quality agricultural lands have been destroyed. In In this regard one of the strategies that optimizes the physical fabric of urban and reduces environmental damage is the use of modern techniques of remote sensing which plays an effective role in the management and the improvement of urban land use. This paper aimed to evaluate and optimize physical growth of Urmia to maintain vegetation and agricultural lands developed. Therefore, changes in land use Urmia, between 1985 and 2011 were calculated. Reviews indicate a sharp decline in agricultural lands and orchards in the area. So as using AHP descriptive model we found that in order to satisfy the requirements of urban development five categories should be considered: From very suitable to very poor groups. The results showed that over 21.5ha of the area, (i.e. 5.08%) have suitable conditions for the intended purpose.
Climatology
Hasan Zolfagari; Bahman Farhadi; Hamid Rahimi
Volume 20, Issue 56 , August 2016, , Pages 89-105
Abstract
The evaluation of environmental conditions in particular climatic conditions of crops such as soybean that have a great economic importance for the country. In this regard, climate regions, with a minimum requirement of soybean cultivation were identified. By choosing a 20-year period from 1989 to 2008 ...
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The evaluation of environmental conditions in particular climatic conditions of crops such as soybean that have a great economic importance for the country. In this regard, climate regions, with a minimum requirement of soybean cultivation were identified. By choosing a 20-year period from 1989 to 2008 and precipitation map of Iran on the basis of all available stations over 20 years of daily data completed, three regions with annual rainfall of over 500 mm in the North, West and South West were then determined. To increase precision, creating a virtual stations on the basis of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, areas outside of the internal parts were removed and each of the relevant area, was approved to determine the ultimate potential. Using CGMS software, the minimum temperature, maximum vapor pressure, sunshine hours and wind were estimated for rainfall estimation from Completely Regularized Spline (CRS) method, and Spline Regularize (SR) method was used to estimate relative humidity. In the next phase, the mean rate of deficit in soybean yield in dry land conditions was determined using the CROPWAT. Then, three valuable layers of precipitation, relative humidity and maximum temperature were explained by the use of AHP to determine the weight of each layer which was overlapped. The results showed that in the West and South West regions, with the percentage deficit crop yield of over 50%, conditions are low to moderate but the western half of the country's northern region can be considered suitable for soybean cultivation. Calculations showed that the deficit efficiency of the crop in this region, was less than 10 percent and thus has good potential for rain-fed soybean cultivation. It also became clear that to start rain-fed soybean cultivation in all regions, the month of Ordibehesht was more suitable than other months.
Geotourism
Esmaeil Pishbahar; Rogaye Parcham; Hossin Yadavar
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the influence of different types of tourism in Aras Free Zone (AFZ). The tool of this research is questioner that data were collected by simple random sampling from 70 tourists and it have been analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach. The results ...
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This study was performed to investigate the influence of different types of tourism in Aras Free Zone (AFZ). The tool of this research is questioner that data were collected by simple random sampling from 70 tourists and it have been analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach. The results indicate that there is the correlation between ecotourism and historical tourism. In the other words, an increase in historical tourism increases the ecotourism and vice versa. For increase, historical tourism must increase satisfaction of historical attractions of "Chopan churches", "Caravanserai of KhwajaNazar". For increase, the ecotourism must increase satisfaction of the natural attractions of the "Aras", "Mill Ruins", Villages Ashtbyn", "Plain Gordian" and "Plain Aynalo". The increase of satisfaction of tourists of village "Ashtbyn", satisfaction of tourists from "Holy Muhammad Agha" increases. The only factor affecting the on trade tourism is the satisfaction of variety of goods or in other words to increase the satisfaction of trade tourism must increase the variety of goods. Therefore, restoration of historic and religious buildings and development projects, business tourism, natural and historical and policies encouraging exports and imports in Aras Free Zone is proposed
Rural Planning
Hossein karimzadeh; Mohsen Aghayari Hir; Mohammad Mohsenzadeh
Abstract
Food security and nutrition are the main themes of national development that new attitudes, necessities and priorities have been revealed at the policy-making level and have become one of the challenges of the 21st century in recent years. The current study is practical and in terms of nature and methodology ...
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Food security and nutrition are the main themes of national development that new attitudes, necessities and priorities have been revealed at the policy-making level and have become one of the challenges of the 21st century in recent years. The current study is practical and in terms of nature and methodology is descriptive and analytical. For collecting data, (questionnaire, interview, and observation) has been used. The context of study is Heris and Bostanabad Counties in East Azerbaijan city.Three factors were considered in selecting the sample villages in the above-mentioned cities; 1) Geographical distribution in rural areas, 2) Topographic factor and altitude, and 3) Number of rural population and households (villages with more than 50 households), and thus 18 villages from Bostanabad county and 10 villages from Heris county were selected for research. The statistical population consists of heads of rural households. The selected villages have a population of 26,087 people and 7,574 rural households, of which 392 households were selected using the Cochran's formula. In order to analyze the data, sample t-tests, SAW technique, Kendall, Kruskalovalis, etc. were used. The results showed that the status of all food security indicators (access, access, consumption method and stability) in the study area was evaluated favorably and the villages of Jigheh, shirvanehdeh and Charmkhurane-Sofla are in the first to third ranks in terms of food security and food security is high compared to other villages studied. Meanwhile, the villages of Khashndarq, Ein al-Din and Baroug are in the last ranks in terms of food security in the study area and in these villages, food security is low compared to other villages. Also, economic factor (income, employment, production, exploitation, economic diversification, etc.) has been identified as the most important factors in increasing food security in rural areas from the perspective of research respondents.
Karim Hosseinzadeh Delir; Haniyeh Yousefishahir
Volume 18, Issue 48 , June 2014, , Pages 97-121
Abstract
In historical-cultural tourism discussions, vicinity applications of historical places are important in terms of the interaction of tourist with the place. In most cases the surrounding applications of historical places have less compatibility with historical spaces and result in conversion of the valuable ...
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In historical-cultural tourism discussions, vicinity applications of historical places are important in terms of the interaction of tourist with the place. In most cases the surrounding applications of historical places have less compatibility with historical spaces and result in conversion of the valuable historical places to the separated places and free from the spaces connected to them especially in terms of spatial function. This paper is based on evaluating the compatibility rate of the surrounding applications of historical works in cultural-historical area of Tabriz with the aim of attracting tourists. In order to do this the needed data have been collected from tourists by using questionnaire, and the statistical calculations are made to find the relationships between the variable using SPSS software and chi-square tests. The results show that changing the application patterns of surrounding spaces of historical works would increase the residence period of tourists and visitors of historical places.
Therefore there should be an effective planning to provide supportive and service spaces surrounding the historical places. On the other hand considering the tourism paths and designing the connecting rings in the distance between historical spaces, along with special facilities, can create a strong incitement for generating new spaces in historical textures and make them desirable and lively places.
Geomorphology
mehdi Saghafi; abolgasem amirahmadi; maryam rabiei
Abstract
Alluvial fans as one of the major geomorphological forms of water reservoir are very important, such that most of urban and rural centers of Iran, especially in central and eastern sections are located on alluvial fans. They are usually controlled by geomorphological forms of tectonic activity along ...
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Alluvial fans as one of the major geomorphological forms of water reservoir are very important, such that most of urban and rural centers of Iran, especially in central and eastern sections are located on alluvial fans. They are usually controlled by geomorphological forms of tectonic activity along with climate change. Alluvial fans are located in the southern half of the drainage basin of Birjand. Due to their proximity to the city and the residential areas, they are very important. BagheranMountains in the south part of Birjand are part of Sistan area. The most important rock units in the upper Cretaceous include ophiolitic mixture, flysh, congelomerate and the oldest unit is related to that era. In this study the geomorphology evidence of the area has been used to investigate the morphotectonic activity. In order to do this purpose, we used sime indices. Review of the samples of sediment aggradation and drainage network on alluvial fans show how climate and tectonic have influenced them. Field observations and sediments granolometry have been used for this purpose. The results of the analysis also show young tectonics and dynamic processes of external activities intensity performance in the region. Also granolometery analysis of the area as evidence of tectonic activity result in alluvial fans landforms transitional to the bajada plains indicated that climate change and wind erosion have higher intensity on landforms.
Geotourism
Mohammadrahim Rahnama; Mahdi Abdolahzadeh
Abstract
In this research, factors influencing the advancement of local participation culture in tourism development planning in Maku free zone were evaluated.Research method used was descriptive – analytical and practical. The population studied in this research includes people living around Maku free ...
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In this research, factors influencing the advancement of local participation culture in tourism development planning in Maku free zone were evaluated.Research method used was descriptive – analytical and practical. The population studied in this research includes people living around Maku free zone with 183,453 persons, among whom 383 persons were chosen based on Cochrane formula. To gather data for the present study, questionnaire was used which is designed based on 38 questions (4 general questions, and 34 special questions); and to determine its validity and reliability, content validity and Cronbach''s alpha coefficient were used. Obtained alpha was 0.824. The Sample population was selected through simple random sampling, cluster sampling and Stratified sampling. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (methods such as regression and path analysis) were used. Based on the results obtained from path analysis and conceptual model test, empowerment of local communities resulted in the strengthening of local social capital, and high level of social capital leads to the increase in local participation culture in planning and development of tourism. Furthermore, comprehensive planning of tourism development provides legal framework for the strengthening of social capital and persuasion of investment in social capacity, and facilitates empowerment of local community.
Urban Planning
Kiumars Habibi; Mohammad Ezzati; Kamal Torabi; Bakhtiar Ezzat Panah
Abstract
Considering high construction and population density, unstable structures, narrow streets, and high rate of inclusion in cities, it is necessary to plan and carry out researches to minimize vulnerabilities caused by natural events. To accomplish this, one of the important efforts can be identifying effective ...
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Considering high construction and population density, unstable structures, narrow streets, and high rate of inclusion in cities, it is necessary to plan and carry out researches to minimize vulnerabilities caused by natural events. To accomplish this, one of the important efforts can be identifying effective factors in reducing vulnerabilities of cities against earthquake. Recognizing and investigating the vulnerability of urban areas, particularly within the context of the old fabrics and informal settlements, is of great importance. By specifying vulnerable areas against earthquakes, with an awareness of the damage they may suffer, cities can be planned and designed in a way that the least damage during an earthquake is received. In this paper, by picking several indicators such as land use, street width, number of floors, rate of inclusion, population density, fabric segmentation, occupied space, floor-area ratio of buildings, built quality, structure type, building age, access to open spaces and distance to the main seismic belt and by employing the MIHWP model along with the capabilities of the Arc GIS software and by multiplying and overlaying the data layers of indexed indicators, the seismic vulnerability of the region 10 of Tabriz has been represented. The results conclude that the buildings with low width streets, high number of floors and high value of enclosure, less lot areas, high occupied space and building and population density, low built quality, unstable structures, old buildings, more distance to open space and proximity to major seismic belts, have been rated as high vulnerable areas. Within the region, moving from the North West to the center and North East, vulnerability considerably increases
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Ahmad hami
Volume 22, Issue 65 , November 2018, , Pages 101-116
Abstract
The relationship between plants and perceived safety in residential areas has been argued by landscape researchers, but there is inadequate or no relevant literature available on the effect of plants in urban parks’ safety. Therefore, a photo-questionnaire survey was conducted among urban park ...
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The relationship between plants and perceived safety in residential areas has been argued by landscape researchers, but there is inadequate or no relevant literature available on the effect of plants in urban parks’ safety. Therefore, a photo-questionnaire survey was conducted among urban park users in Tabriz, Iran to gauge the perceived safety of landscape scene with diverse types of texture to discover its effectiveness, especially in relation to the content of the scene. The survey was composed of 296 participants in November, 2012. The result suggested that landscape scene with vast aspect and physical access was perceived safer than the scene with crowded plants and blocked view. The findings demonstrated that a scene without lawn and water is perceived to be less safe than a scene with lawn and features of water. Moreover, landscape scene with more plant species was unsafe as compared to a scene with fewer plant species. This study proved that a landscape designed with ground cover such as lawn, grass and water feature implies increment of perceived safety in urban parks. Likewise, landscape designers should avoid crowded planting in areas, which obstructs visibility in urban parks and reduces perceived safety
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
yagob Dinpazhouh
Abstract
The aim of this study is trend analysis of streamflows of east Azerbaijan using the non-parametric methods. For this purpose the information of consentration of water quality ions (Ca, Mg, Cl, Na, HCo3, pH, So4, TDS, EC, SAR, Total Cations, Total Anions and Na%) of ten hydrometric stations (1983-2008) ...
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The aim of this study is trend analysis of streamflows of east Azerbaijan using the non-parametric methods. For this purpose the information of consentration of water quality ions (Ca, Mg, Cl, Na, HCo3, pH, So4, TDS, EC, SAR, Total Cations, Total Anions and Na%) of ten hydrometric stations (1983-2008) were used. To test trends the Mann-Kendal scheme after removing all significant autocorrelation effects from the data were used. To estimate trend line slope the non-parametric Sen´s estimator method was used. Results showed that trends of positive ions and EC were upward for most of the stations. Those stations which had negative trend in streamflow also exhibited positive trend in concentration of chemical elements of surface water. Furthermore, investigation of streamflow water quality using the Wilcox on method showed that the quality of water declined comparing the last decades. The reason of such declination attributed to the decreasing trend of streamflow and conveying pollutant materials into the rivers.
Rural Planning
hamdollah sajasi geidari; reyhaneh saadati
Volume 23, Issue 69 , December 2019, , Pages 105-126
Abstract
Rural youth migration can Underlie different economic, social and ecological crisis in both migration origin and destinations. Increase Satisfaction of life, considered as an important way to reduce the rate of youth migration. Accordingly; the present study aimed to investigate the affecting factors ...
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Rural youth migration can Underlie different economic, social and ecological crisis in both migration origin and destinations. Increase Satisfaction of life, considered as an important way to reduce the rate of youth migration. Accordingly; the present study aimed to investigate the affecting factors on rural youth Place belonging. To do this and reaching to the research goal; descriptive - analytical methodology based on documentary study and survey through questionnaires was used. The sample consisted of 127 rural households (Focused on the youth of each family) of Neishabour Fazl rural district. To collect data; Stratified random sampling and the questionnaire based on 4 dimensions’ components and indicators used. Instrument reliability was approved by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0/944). By considering T-test results, the findings indicated that all investigated components were significant at the alpha level 0/05, and the average is higher than the theoretical one. The highest average was referred to economic component with rural employment and living expenses indicators. The regression results confirmed the T-test results, and based on the obtained Beta, it was shown that the economic component has the most effect on rural youth Place belonging. Based on COPRAS Model; the highest level of rural youth Place belonging referred to Adg village.
Climatology
Majid Rezaei Banafsheh; fatemah jafarishandi; Fereshteh Hossien alipour Jazi
Abstract
Introduction In this study, to analyze the effect blocking system on the precipitation during 1379 Sample rain, the weather maps of mean sea level pressure, geopotential height at 500 hpa level, wind components, moisture flux convergence and were analyzed. The data of daily precipitation were analyzed ...
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Introduction In this study, to analyze the effect blocking system on the precipitation during 1379 Sample rain, the weather maps of mean sea level pressure, geopotential height at 500 hpa level, wind components, moisture flux convergence and were analyzed. The data of daily precipitation were analyzed for meteorological stations by using Environmental approachto circulation during 1951 to 2013.The results suggest that three patterns have been effective in a rain storm and the establishment of Scutoff low in the Wast North West Iran and its associated trough displacement and ground accompaniment, which have provided the conditions for the creation of heavy rainfall. Because heavy rainfall is a type of atmospheric anomaly, many researchers are looking at how it occurs in abnormal weather patterns, including blocking patterns and other unusual synoptic patterns. Systems that are cut from the main west turn are called blocking systems (Habibi, 2006: 70). Researchers who have studied blocking systems such as Silman (2008) using the atmospheric-ocean output model, Kumar et al. (2008) using the air forecasting model, Timevios et al. (2010) using the Self Orgnizing Map (SOM), Caspar and Muller (2010) used the clustering method of hierarchy and Hang et al. and Yarahmadi and Marijanji (2011) by studying the low pressure system on the earth's surface, the atmosphere of the mid-atmosphere and the rise of cold weather And Gavidel (2014) have studied blocking system with the occurrence of blocking at 500, 600 and 700 hectopascal levels. Methodology In this study, High-level atmospheric data for rainfall analysis of days that have been rainy for more than 1 day include altitude geopolitical data of 500 HPL (meter potential), Uwind and Vwind (meters per second) and special humidity (grams per kilogram). These data are from 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 Greenwich Mean Time in the range of 0 to 80 degrees north and 0 to 120 degrees east with a spatial resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 degrees. It has been extracted from a database (NCEP / NCAR) affiliated with the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. First in the form of an environmental approach to circulation, Rainfall of more than one day in the spring during 62 years of statistics, which is 1379 days, was extracted. From these 1379 rainy days, based on the base index of 99th percentile, precipitation of more than 25.88 mm was selected. Therefore, 58 days of precipitation became the basis for the study of heavy spring rains. Because the purpose of the work is to check the blocking, the period of precipitation should be more than one day to determine the cause of heavy precipitation based on blocking or other systems. Then, using cluster analysis, the clustering of these 58 rainy days was studied. The results showed that three pressure patterns are effective in creating rainfall in Tabriz. For each of the patterns, a representative day with a correlation threshold of 95% was calculated and analyzed. Results and discussion At the time of pressure pattern 1, the Siberian high-pressure range stretched from 45 to 55 degrees north latitude to the west to the northern latitudes of Iran, and with low pressure on Turkey, provided thermal gradient. At the pressure pattern 2, a strong high-pressure nucleus with about 1032 HPL was formed in northern Mongolia. The tabs on this core, along with the high-pressure tabs of Siberia, have created extremely stressful conditions at the site of the low-pressure collision on northwestern Iran and Turkey. At the time of the establishment of the pressure pattern 3, tabs of the high-pressure system of the Scandinavian islands were drawn from the Black Sea to northwestern Iran. On the other hand, the whole of Iran is covered by the low pressure spread by Saudi Arabia. These conditions have led to an increase in the temperature and the provision of fronts and instability in Tabriz. In this way, the heavy rainfall that can be seen in the depths of the heart of this instability can be justified. Conclusion The results of synoptic analysis of pressure patterns related to blocking effective on the occurrence of heavy rainfall in Tabriz area indicate the formation of blocking phenomenon of high pressure type on the region. This system stops the movement of air circulation patterns, during which the patterns governing the atmosphere remain in place for several days. In the face of this system, the waves of the western winds are divided into two branches, north and south. This allows the waves to travel further north or south.
Saeed Jahanbakhsh Asl; Ali . Mohammad Khorshiddoost; yaghoob Din Pazhooh; Fatemeh Sarafroozeh
Volume 18, Issue 50 , February 2015, , Pages 107-133
Abstract
Trend analysis of 27 indices related with extreme temperature and precipitation during 1961-2011 were conducted in Tabriz using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s Estimator Slope methods. Furthermore Generalized Extreme Value distribution fitted to observational extreme events. Values ...
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Trend analysis of 27 indices related with extreme temperature and precipitation during 1961-2011 were conducted in Tabriz using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s Estimator Slope methods. Furthermore Generalized Extreme Value distribution fitted to observational extreme events. Values of quantiles of the variables were estimated for different return periods. Results indicated that during the past half century, trends of indices for summer days, tropical nights and warm nights were upward and statistically significant. Trends of indices related to ice days and cool days were downward and significant. Minimum values of daily minimum and maximum temperature in year indicate significant increasing trends. Indices of number of days with precipitation greater or equal to 10 and 15 mm, consecutive wet days, total precipitation in wet days and total precipitation when rainfall is greater than 95 and 99 percentiles have experienced significant decreasing trends. After fitting GEV distribution to annual values of daily minimum and maximum temperature as well as daily maximum precipitation in Tabriz Growth curves and Q-Q plats were illustrated. Investigation of plots indicated that this distribution function has more capability in fitting of time series of extreme value even in tails of the distribution.
Saeed Jahahnbakhsh Asl; Hamid Mirhashemi; Masoomeh Tadayyon
Volume 19, Issue 51 , April 2015, , Pages 107-125
Abstract
In this study to identify the synoptic patterns causing heavy rainfall in East Azarbaijan province used with Environment- circulation pattern. Thus, beginning with the use of statistical methods limit type with return periods of ten-thousand-year, precipitation index for the 9 synoptic stations and climatology ...
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In this study to identify the synoptic patterns causing heavy rainfall in East Azarbaijan province used with Environment- circulation pattern. Thus, beginning with the use of statistical methods limit type with return periods of ten-thousand-year, precipitation index for the 9 synoptic stations and climatology located at the province was determined and finally 25 days was analyzed as day's high Heavy. The clustering of the 1000 hPa geopotential height level these days, were identified three patterns of spring cyclone, deformation and winter cyclone as the creator of this precipitation patterns. Synoptic analysis of this patterns showed that the low pressure at polar latitudes move to down and troughs on the Mediterranean and the Middle East that it has spread. Next to the tropical high pressure and subsequent ridge are moved to higher latitudes. There are conditions in the planetary patterns, increased temperature and pressure gradient zonal and meridional circulation of establishing Cut-off low and blocking high system is in the region. Research area within the affected system has been up and down simultaneously. Thermodynamic analysis using data from the radio station of Tabriz probe showed that the potential instability in the event of heavy rain on the atmospheric vertical profile has prevailed. In fact, because the study area in this period of low and high latitudes is dominated systems and the systems at different height levels of temperature and humidity differences are great together, a stratification of temperature, moisture in the atmosphere will be created and established conditions of potential instability
Yosef Ghavidel Rahimi
Volume 16, Issue 39 , May 2012, , Pages 109-127
Abstract
Abstract
In this study the data relating to the maximum daily temperatures of Tehran Mehrabad synoptic station during the statistical period of 1951-2010 (60 years) have been analyzed. The regression models along with Mann-Kendal statistic were employed for detecting the significance of trend in temperature ...
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Abstract
In this study the data relating to the maximum daily temperatures of Tehran Mehrabad synoptic station during the statistical period of 1951-2010 (60 years) have been analyzed. The regression models along with Mann-Kendal statistic were employed for detecting the significance of trend in temperature series.
Considering the long-term average high extreme temperatures and compared with the average six decades in the statistical series revealed those three decades of temperature 50, 80 and 90 are below the 60 years long-term average and instead of three decades of 60, 70 and the first decade of the 21st century, temperature changes are higher than from long term average.
In this regard the decade 80 is the coldest and the first decade of the 21st century, according to the minimum and the higher range of 60 and 70 decades are the warmest decades of Tehran Mehrabad station. Overall results of this study revealed the existence of seasonal fluctuations in the high extreme temperatures series of Tehran which do not have significant trend. Trend of high extreme temperature changes of Tehran was positive, meaning the increasing the intensity of summer warming.
The results of high extreme temperatures forecasting indicated that the high extreme temperatures in Tehran in years 2018 will lift up to the 43.25 degree of centigrade. The results of goodness to fit test proved that the Halt-Winters model is the appropriate model to forecasting of future high extreme temperatures of Tehran
