Urban Planning
sara mirzaei; Ali Zanghiabadi
Abstract
Introduction Existence of urban facilities and infrastructures is one of the effective factors in creating a happy city because without leisure spaces, public spaces where people are present and communication is increased and without cultural, educational, health, Sports facilities and services, ...
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Introduction Existence of urban facilities and infrastructures is one of the effective factors in creating a happy city because without leisure spaces, public spaces where people are present and communication is increased and without cultural, educational, health, Sports facilities and services, as the basic needs of the citizens, a happy city cannot be created. Tourism is also one of the most important areas of life that creates happiness and therefore overall life satisfaction. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to study the urban development indices related to tourism, to determine the status of Shiraz city in terms of these indices as effective indicators in creating a happy city. Shiraz Urban development has taken a linear form and the location of urban land use has been largely inappropriate and out of science. Shiraz, as the international tourism counter, the third shrine of Ahl al-Bayt, and as the third Iranian tourist city, needs dynamic, happy and vital citizens. Happy citizens have a better interaction with tourists and pilgrims, thereby increasing their satisfaction and attracting more tourists. Since the most important step in development planning as well as the realization of a happy city is to reduce imbalances and inequality, it will be possible to diagnosis the direction and type of development by determining the degree of development of each of the urban zones of Shiraz. Research questions are: 1. How is the development status of Shiraz zones in terms of the indicators that are effective in achieving the happy city? 2. What are the Priority variables affecting the balance of urban space?A happy city is a city with a high quality of life that is the result of meeting the needs of inhabitants in the best possible way and tourism is one of the most important areas of life that creates happiness and thus overall life satisfaction. In the new geography, justice and injustice cannot be confined to measuring economic inequalities, because space is a fundamental dimension of human society, and justice and injustice appear in space. Environmental justice is equality of people by their needs, abilities, efforts and impact on the production of society, so it is treated equally with all residents wherever they live. In urban planning, the physical-spatial distribution of urban elements and services is balanced and commensurate with the needs of citizens in each neighborhood and urban area. Harvey has identified need as the most important criterion of justice. The basic needs that are nowadays called essential services in urban planning and management can be the basis for measuring spatial justice. In order to achieve balance and equilibrium in each city, studies are needed to identify the current status of the city and to resolve failures, deprivation, and equitable distribution of facilities and services. This can be a step towards making the city happy. One of the most important theories that relates place to happiness is the need / livability theory. This theory considers happiness as a result of objective living conditions and meeting needs, and states that improved objective conditions such as urban and physical or economic conditions will lead to greater happiness. Many cities are not livable, because of city problems such as poverty and crime; but even successful cities are not livable in many ways. There is also lack of nature and recreational spaces in cities. Finally, most people cannot afford good housing, especially in the largest cities. Others live somewhere on the fringes and commute long hours. Commuting is the worst thing that reduces happiness. Large cities are less livable than smaller ones. More precisely, cities are less acceptable to most people; the rich can afford a good life in a city. Therefore, access to urban amenities and services is an important factor in the livability of cities and the happiness of citizens. In some cases, when basic needs are met, more money does not bring more happiness. Likewise, spending is a poor way to buy much more happiness. So how can lasting happiness be achieved? We need to buy experiences (e.g., holidays, recreation centers), not things (e.g., a luxury home or car). According to this theory, leisure spaces for people and tourists should be created and city facilities and infrastructures should be balanced at city level, especially in big cities. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The Modified Numerical Taxonomy, WASPAS & MABAK methods were used for statistical analysis. Softwars used for data analysis included WASPAS, Taxonomy Solver, Excel and Arc GIS. In this study, urban land uses and services have been studied. Results & Discussion Based on the taxonomy analysis based on all the indices studied, it was found that none of the Shiraz zones were included in the developed level. Zones 8 & 1 are relatively developed. Zones 2, 3, 6 and 10 are in the third level, i.e. relatively deprived. Zones 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11 are in the lowest level and are among the deprived areas in terms of Indicators of urban development in related to tourism. In general, whether we move away from the city center, the zones become deprived. The zones around zone 8 are in the higher ranks, Then, the northern and southern zones are in the lower ranks, respectively. Conclusion The results showed that the Shiraz is not in a good condition in terms of physical characteristics of urban development and tourism infrastructure. Distributive justice for different land uses has not been regarded and most of them are concentrated in some urban zones. In fact, the lack of proper distribution of urban land uses and their concentration in some areas, especially in the central part of the city, has caused the zones to be in poor condition for all indicators and therefore none of the zones are in good condition.
Climatology
Naser Mansourei Derakhshan; Bohlol Alijani; Majid Azadi; Mehry Akbary
Abstract
Introduction The weather fronts are known for their large vorticity, dense, moisture, and statical Stability gradients, and their longitudinal scale is one unit greater than their width. The width of the front is known as the baroclinical zone, in which the front lines have a very large ...
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Introduction The weather fronts are known for their large vorticity, dense, moisture, and statical Stability gradients, and their longitudinal scale is one unit greater than their width. The width of the front is known as the baroclinical zone, in which the front lines have a very large temperature gradient, which is determined by the angle between pressure and temperature lines. Position of a front is located in warm side of the extreme temperature gradient, inside the heat transfer zone and intensity of the front is determined by the size of the horizontal or quasi-horizontal temperature gradient.Even the numerous expert synopticians disagree with each other in the position of the fronts, their types and intensity, in the manual drawing method of the fronts. So their drawn fronts are very different While objective front is based on numerical methods and its purpose is to avoid applying people''s tastes in their manual method. The advantages of objective front metod in comparison with subjective front method are high speed front detection, the possibility of determining front frequeny, moving, and feedback of fronts with land side effects. So far, various methods have been developed for objective front method. They performed objective front method using numerical methods and the first and second derivatives of the temperature parameter on a regular grid points with a relatively low resolution of about 100 km. Inside the country, there has been no study about automatic and numerical front methods. On the other hand more than 90 percent of heavy rainfall in the tropics is associated with the fronts. Therefore, considering Iran''s location in the middle latitudes, it is very necessary to study and identify the fronts. So the climatological study of the manual front detectin is very time consuming, expensive and practically impossible. Therefore, in this research, the, automatic and numerical front detection have been discussed for the first time in the country. Methodology In this study, grid point data from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) of type (ERA - Interim) is used with gaussian grid points. In this centre, different types of data are classified into different formats and in different time intervals and different grid resolution. In order to study of the fronts, isobaric level data with 6 hour intervals and resolution of 0.75 × 0.75 degrees with grib format is used. This grid resolution is set in a regular 61×61 matrix with a grid distance of 83 km. Different quantities can be used to select the appropriate parameter to detection of fronts such as temperature, humidity, wind direction and wind speed, vorticity, thickness and thickness changes ,and temperature is on of the most important of them. On the other hand, detection of the exact location of the extreme temperature gradient, which is accompanied by the effects of heating on the warm convergence belt in the warm side of the front leads to warm weather, can be identified only by using the equivalent potential temperature. Results and Discussion The main idea for identifying frontal areas is to use a temperature parameter in two-dimensional horizontal coordinates. The line representing the front in these areas is identified using a frontal identification function. In order to identify the front, the masking conditions are applied once or several times. In other words, in this equation, the horizontal gradients of the equivalent potential temperature are used, which should not be less than the value of the K-threshold value. >K . Several indicators are considered to identify the front. The first of them is that the front must be at a turning point in the curvature of the temperature lines which is along the temperature gradient. The second indicator is the location of the maximum values of temperature gradient,and the third criterion is the point where the second derivative of the temperature gradient is zero. Various experiments have shown that the smaller the temperature derivative of the front temperature parameter, the less error there will be (J. Jenkner, 2009). Thus, the Front Termal Parameter (TFP), invented by Renard & Clarke (1965), was used as the main method of frontal reconnaissance. TFP = In this equation, second derivative of the temperature parameter has been used, which has converted the temperature gradient, which is a vector quantity, to a scalar quantity. Conclusion Examination of the results of objective fronts showed that the detection of fronts near the ground due to the interaction between the boundary layer and the fronts is very erroneous and the fronts are practically indistinguishable. On the other hand, at higher levels, shallow fronts at numerical output are not detected. Therefore, the appropriate level for automatic identification of fronts in the study area, 700 hPa level was selected. Examining the results, it is inferred that cold and warm fronts are often found at the bottom of the ridge and above the ridge of the upper surfaces, and these fronts, during the formation stage, are often discontinuous and gradually evolve during the developmental stages. Strengthening the front will take a more integrated form. Studies have shown that cold fronts produce stronger frontogenesis than warm fronts. Also, the output of objective fronts showed that TFP is a good parameter for detecting the front in this region and with the results of previous studies such as Hewson (1998: 49), Jenkener et al. (2010: 9), they show a good match. The results of this study can be used in the discussion of climatology and forecasting of fronts and can be helpful in the discussion of flood management due to heavy rainfall on the front.
Urban Planning
Samad Medadi Heris; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Mirsattar Sadre Mousavi; Shahrivar Rostaei
Abstract
Introduction On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and ...
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Introduction On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and its resulted effects as fallowing to apply machine in human societies and using electronic devices resulted from this revolution we were witness of accelerating resource consumption from one hand and on the other hand with development of medical science and applying technology in manufacturing medical devices, deaths have been decreased and subsequently population has increased. With high rate of fertility and immigration from rural to city areas, especially cities of developing countries in recent decades have been expanded dramatically. At civil levels, with economic, social and cultural evolution of 19th and 20th centuries affected from modernism is caused genesis of metropolises and generated fundamental changes in the their structure and spatial-physical organization. Looking at this situation, a new approach for sustainable development has been proposed at international level that controlling development and determining restrictions are among its objectives align with human society welfare and controlling damages to the environment. Given to the course of the evolutions in the theoretical and practical domain of the cities under the influence of new paradigm, meeting needs is a requisite for life environment in addition personal welfare and high quality of life are required and necessary too. Considering to sustainable development theory, some emphasize confidently that environment, society and economical subjects should be considered for the unpredictable future of the environment. Data and Method The current study is descriptive- analytical which has been conducted using effective indicators in sustainability of residential environment using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and entropy Model. Available methods and models for selection and evaluation are categorized in two general groups: 1- flat models 2- hierarchical models. One of the models in this regard is fuzzy analytic hierarchy model. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy approach is an expanded AHP approach. Table No. (1): Expert weighting of indicators and criteria In this study various data from different aspects of the sustainable (environmental, economic, social and physical) development has been collected. In scientific studies one of the well-known methods that is widely used to solve multi criteria decision making problems is fuzzy AHP. Accordingly, if fuzzy values were triangular numbers which are shown as (mi, li, ui) then it can be calculated using below equation.Entropy in data theory is a measure of unreliability which is specified with probability distribution (p < sub>i) and measuring this unreliability () by Shanon has been stated as below in which the greater dispersion in the values of an indicator, the more important that indicator is. Results and Discussion Due to the importance of sustainability in development and sustainable development in recent years, so many investigations have been done in various domains and in dimensions such as economical, environmental and physical ones. According to the results obtained from this study, physical criterion which includes (construct, accessibility and vicinity) is the main criterion considered by experts with numerical weight of 0.544. Social, economic and environmental dimensions are respectively at next level of priority. For the same reason physical dimension is emphasized as the main influential factor in Tabriz sustainable development in this study. At the next step dimensions of sustainable development were analyzed and the role that each dimension plays on civil areas was studied and below conclusions were obtained: Of 66 indices for analysing sustainable development dimensions in Tabriz city, 7 indices belonged to economic dimension, 14 to social dimension, 8 to environmental dimensions and remaining are applied for physical dimension that the obtained results are summarized as below: At economic dimension districts 4, 1 and 2 with scores of 6.14, 5.46 and 4.95 scores obtained first, second and third scores of indicators and district 10 gained the lowest score. Conclusion Sustainable development is the dominant paradigm in the third millennium. This theory has been expanded in proposed period of time with a glance to environmental discussion and with the aim of preventing environmental deterioration and has been drawn to different discussions after passing a short time. Sustainable development encounters with inappropriate production, distribution and nature destructive pattern that its final purpose is to control environmental damages and increasing the quality of life. This study has been conducted with the aim of prioritizing sustainable development dimensions at the first stage and weighting civil districts based on the same dimensions. The results obtained from this study indicated that physical dimension is at the first priority among other dimensions.
Urban Planning
Alireza Novin; Karim Hossienzadeh Dalir; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction Since the second half of the twentieth century, the tourism industry is known as the third economic industry due to the globalization and development of modern transportation and communication means (Oila et al., 2012: 596). Therefore, in 2005, the World Bank considered this industry a dynamic ...
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Introduction Since the second half of the twentieth century, the tourism industry is known as the third economic industry due to the globalization and development of modern transportation and communication means (Oila et al., 2012: 596). Therefore, in 2005, the World Bank considered this industry a dynamic industry by creating 214 million job opportunities and producing 10.5% of the global GDP (Choi and Sir Kaya, 2006: 127). Furthermore, in the past decades, cities were considered as one of the most significant tourism destinations among tourists (Edvard et al., 2008: 1032), following which, urban tourism was investigated by many scholars (Potof, 2006:15). The historical-cultural contexts in the cities make these centers one of the main tourism destinations. The old and ancient context of the cities has an exclusive place in the urban space and functional structure due to the historical value and historically valuable elements, the proper transportation position, and location in the city’s main bazaar and its economic core, etc. (Pourahmad et al., 2010: 74). Considering the architectural, social, and environmental conditions of the city, the historical centers indicate a community's social and cultural life (Moosavi, 2011: 111). The Iranian cities with the historical- traditional contexts, are considered the undeniable fact that enjoys a historical background; an element and area of the city that lived not a long time ago and welcomed the travels and material and spiritual exchanges of people back then (Habibi, 2010:55). Since the economy of the historical center of the city is formed and revived by tourism activities, the regeneration of the historical centers and bringing back the superior and excellent functions to these spaces is necessary with respect to the regeneration approach (Azimi et al., 2011: 76). Regeneration has been emerged as a response to the reduction of urban issues and is applied in the areas that are being destroyed (Egercioglu et al., 2015: 330). Nowadays, due to the lack of urban life, most of the historical contexts of Iran are being demolished.
Methodology The current study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of nature. The data collection method is also the documentary-survey method. By studying the research literature and the relevant texts to the regeneration of the cultural-historical texture, the considered criteria were extracted. Then, the effect of the functional-space variables of the regeneration of the cultural-historical context in the tourism development was gathered using the survey method (distributing questionnaire). Using the Friedman Ranking Test, One-sample T-test (to prioritize the study indicators and their effectiveness in the tourism development), and Multivariate regression tests and path analysis (to evaluate and predict the effects of indicators in the tourism development in the future as well as the direct and indirect effects of the functional-space indicators of the regeneration in the tourism development), the impact of the functional-space variables of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context in tourism development was evaluated. Also, to calculate the data reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was used for its popularity, and the alpha coefficient was obtained at 0.756. It is noteworthy that the statistical population of research consists of the managers and experts of the urban issues of District 8 and other municipalities of Tabriz Metropolitan (1400). The sample size was obtained 220 using Cochran’s formula p=q=0.5 and an error value of 0.06 (d). The results obtained from data analysis show that the most functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development are as follows: conservation and restoration of the historical area (conservation of the valuable body and facades, restoration and reconstruction of the entrance gates), restoration of the man structure of the historical center (the main squares, streets, symbolic buildings, etc.); the use of the proper materials and colors regarding the texture, increasing the safety in context and historical buildings with the numerical average of 4.73, 4.54, and 4.37, and the ordinal average of 19.63, 17.43, and 16.07, respectively. The Chi-square test also indicates the correlation of the studied variables at the confidence level of 99%. Multivariate regression method was used to identify and predict the functional-space impact of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on the urban tourism development. According to R or multiple correlation coefficient in the Table below, it can be said that there is a considerable correlation between the variables. R Square or determination coefficient is the squared correlation coefficient that indicates the variance and the variations of the dependent variable by a set of independent variables. The value of this coefficient is also between zero to 1 variable. The more it declines towards 1, it indicates that the independent variables have been able to explain a large amount of variance of the dependent variable. According to the above, the value of the determination coefficient value is acceptable in the present equation as it indicates the variance of the dependent variable. On the other hand, based on its value, it can be said that it can explain the variance of the dependent variable to a great extent. Adjusted R square in the Table below indicates that 6 variables are appropriate in this model to evaluate the functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development. For example, the adjusted coefficient value in improving the quality of the space organization and physical structure of the context explains 90% of the urban tourism development, and the rest of these variations is the result of the external factors of the model, known as the square error. Discussion and Conclusion District 8 of Tabriz Municipality, as the old and historical area of Tabriz Metropolitan, must be considered as a symbol to preserve the Iranian and Islamic culture and civilization and history of Tabriz and Iran due to the historical mosques and buildings as well as the Grand Bazaar of Tabriz with the age of more than thousands years. To improve the cultural-historical spaces in line with urban tourism development, nowadays, the regeneration of the contexts plays a significant and influential role. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development. The results indicate that improving the quality of the space organization and physical structure of the texture, the organization of the land uses of the area considering its function and role, and development of green public transportation are the most significant functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the cultural-historical context of Tabriz metropolitan on the urban tourism development. Also, the secondary indicators affecting the urban tourism development influenced by the functional-space impact of regeneration are as follows: physical conservation and restoration of the historical area, the restoration of the main structure of the historical texture, the use of the materials and colors in proportion with the texture, increasing the safety in context and historical buildings. Therefore it can be said that the regeneration of the historical-cultural context with an emphasis on the functional-space indicators is the influential factor in the urban tourism development of Tabriz Metropolitan, leading to improving the place and quality of the environment of the historical neighborhoods in the vicinity of Bazaar through directing the interventions in two external (urban edges) and internal (residential structure) levels to attract the tourist, establishing a physical-space and communication relationship between the neighborhoods and the commercial centers and creating the walking paths for tourists’ access to the commercial centers and tourism elements, activating the internal core by creating the new activities and spaces and not merely restoration of some buildings to specify the indicators of the tourism elements, creating the compatibility between the activities with respect to the context and tourism development, and completing the infrastructural network and tourism infrastructures. The regeneration cannot be realized depending on the measures of the public sector and to achieve sustainability and development of urban tourism due to the regeneration of the studied texture, the participation of the private and public sector along with the public sector is one of the most important strategies to achieve success in this field. Comparison of the research results with other studies indicates that the most similar research to the current research is a research conducted by Tissel (1996) and Gominska (2015) that addressed restoration strategies of the historical contexts to achieve sustainability in terms of different indicators. Other conducted studies either described the features and issues of cultural and heritage tourism or addressed historical tourism quality in different places.
Urban Planning
Rasoul Gorbani; Razieh Teymouri
Abstract
The development of green space due to increasing population and urban constructions and human necessary need to green spaces is vital for balance in social, physical, spiritual and also cities ecology. This article with structural view intends to analyze all of factors that contribute in the development ...
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The development of green space due to increasing population and urban constructions and human necessary need to green spaces is vital for balance in social, physical, spiritual and also cities ecology. This article with structural view intends to analyze all of factors that contribute in the development of urban green spaces. Andby using the relationships between these factors, extract the key factors that are the most important factors for the optimal development of urban green spaces.This study with descriptive - analytical method and with applied purpose, and using futures studies view, try to provide strategies for structural and ecological development of green spaces in the city of Tabriz. In order to achieve this goal, by using environmental scanning and analysis of extracted factors in MICMAC software, the relationship between contributed factors in the development of green spaces in the city of Tabriz analyzed and eventually the key factors identified. Therefore ten following factors have been determined as key factors for the development of Tabriz green spaces; "Locating for development of ecological green spaces, optimal access for all citizens, green spots physical connections, sustainable water resources, maintenance and protection of green spaces, dense vegetation planting, restoration of abandoned land, green spaces diversity functions, biodiversity and green spaces Beautify designing ". The systematic application of these factors in the planning of urban green spaces, can be strategies for improve the current and future situation of these important urban spaces.
Climatology
Younes Nikookhesal; ali akbar rasoli; Davod Mokhtari; Khalil valizadeh kamran
Volume 26, Issue 80 , August 2022, , Pages 327-317
Abstract
IntroductionInvestigating the effect of drought on water resources of countries plain is high important at optimal management of water resources in the agriculture and natural resources part. The phenomenon of climate change, affects the amount of water existence in aquifer by changing amount of precipitation. ...
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IntroductionInvestigating the effect of drought on water resources of countries plain is high important at optimal management of water resources in the agriculture and natural resources part. The phenomenon of climate change, affects the amount of water existence in aquifer by changing amount of precipitation. The occurrence of consecutive climate droughts affects ground water resources. Knowing and awareness of the effect of time between two phenomenon of drought and hydrological drought, can help managers and planners of the water sector. Over the years, the effect of drought on ground water resources less attention has been paid. In order to understand the state of groundwater resources and optimum management, it is necessary to carry out a thorough study of groundwater fluctuations. In this research, Marand plain is the purpose of this study. Marand Plain is poor in rainfall and has a rainfall of 450 mm / year and at least 150 mm / year which varies in the plains and mountainous regions. In this research, we have tried to investigate the effect of atmospheric drops, including rainfall, on ground water level in the Marand watershed.MethodologyThe Marand plain with 45 °, 15 to 50 minutes east longitude and 37 ° 7 'to 38 ° 56' north latitude and with an area of 42.517 square kilometer is one of the vast plains in the northwest of East Azarbaijan province. Which is selected as the study area. In this study, in order to study the trend of ground water level changes in the Marand Plain, the static surface data of 23 piezometric wells was used during the 2000 to 2016. First, a common statistical period was chosen to analyze the data series (2000 to 2016). Then in order to reconstruct the statistical defects, the correlation between stations and piezometric wells and linear regression method was used. The IDW method was used to calculate the average rainfall of the plain. Finally, the standard water level index (SWI) and the SPI index for the studied basin were calculated and analyzed. Discussion The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of climate drought on the fell of groundwater level in the Marand plain using SPI and SWI indices. Meteorological drought conditions in the Marand plain were calculated using the SPI index on a 12-month time scale. The results and drought accuracy of the rain gauge stations in the studied basin showed that during the study period, the first period of drought since 2005 started gradually with decreasing atmospheric precipitation and continued until 2007 and after a period of humidity short-term, again, a short period of drought from 2008 to 2009 has been on the ruling area. The SWI index was used to survey the status of groundwater level. This indicator also showed that in terms of time and place, the drought based on this index corresponded to the drought caused by the SPI index.Conclusion Using the SPI index, the drought trend was studied in the region. The results showed that during the study period (2000-2016) three drought periods from winter 2005 to beginning of 2009, summer of 2011 to the end of 2012 and winter of 2015 to summer of 2016 occurred. Drought affected areas included the east and center of the study area and the west of the region witnessed more atmospheric precipitation. The SWI index was used to survey the status of groundwater level. The index showed that in terms of time and place, the drought based on this index corresponded to the drought caused by the SPI index. Data analysis showed that these two indices with a time interval of one season had a correlation of 1%. This means that the hydrological drought after a season has a direct impact on the surface of the water. In general, we can conclude from the results of this study that the trend of ground water surface changes has been consistent with the drought and weathering changes in the region. Therefore, the fall of the ground water level of Marand plain can be largely influenced by weathered droughts.
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 345-362
Abstract
A
Abstract
Scientific capacity is one of the key factors contributing to sustainable development in a country. The development of scientific capacity requires improvement in scientific publication and productions. This study aimed to investigate the publishing ...
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A
Abstract
Scientific capacity is one of the key factors contributing to sustainable development in a country. The development of scientific capacity requires improvement in scientific publication and productions. This study aimed to investigate the publishing condition of the articles in the Journal of Geography and Planning during 2010-2014. The study adopted a descriptive method and survey design. The results showed that the Journal has published a number of 201 articles over the studied period. Of the published articles, 87% were co-authored by multiple writers. The co-authorship was mostly in the form of intra-institutional contribution. The mean score of collaboration degree was 0.87 while the mean score of collaboration index was shown to be 2.53, which indicates strong co-authorship relations among the Journal contributors. The highest collaboration percentage was observed between two and three authors. With 97 articles, the authors affiliated with Tabriz University published about 50% of articles in the Journal. Thus, Tabriz University was the most prolific institution.
Keywords: Journal of Geography and Planning, Scientific production, Scientometrics, Co-authorship.
Urban Planning
Amer Nikpour; Morteza Rezazadeh; Fatemeh Allahgholitabar Nesheli
Abstract
Introduction One of the most important urban problems is the formation of a phenomenon called urban poverty. Urban poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, and urban dwellers suffer from many disadvantages, including lack of access to employment opportunities, housing and infrastructure, lack of social ...
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Introduction One of the most important urban problems is the formation of a phenomenon called urban poverty. Urban poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, and urban dwellers suffer from many disadvantages, including lack of access to employment opportunities, housing and infrastructure, lack of social security, and access to personal health, education, and security, urban poverty is not limited to these characteristics and refers to unstable conditions, which can lead to vulnerabilities and disability. Living in impoverished cities means an economy that is produced to survive. Urban poverty is the transmission of a huge economic shock that usually occurs through the labor market and job loss. Poverty scope should be defined as the spatial representation of poverty in urban areas. Today, in trying to achieve human development, measuring and determining urban poverty is an issue that is pursued in policy-making and human development management in many countries, and this requires the adoption of scientific methods, especially in the geographical determination of urban slums and it’s through the use of statistical methods and the definition of appropriate indexes to determine the different dimensions of urban poverty. Therefore, in this study, while trying to define urban poverty and its main dimensions, we try to obtain an accurate knowledge of the geographical features of urban poverty and its dimensions in the study area. Methodology The present type of research is applied and in compiling this research, documentary method, library study to collect existing views, theories and experiences and descriptive-analytical method to study the spatial pattern of poverty in Babol have been used. The data used from the statistical blocks of 1390 were obtained from the Statistics Center of Iran. GIS software has been used to extract and classify the data of this research. In this study, 25 indexes related to urban poverty have been used in two levels of neighborhoods and urban blocks. The indexes used in this study are examined in three economic, social and physical dimensions. In order to identify poverty zones, the desired indexes were first calculated at the level of statistical blocks. Then, all statistical blocks were examined according to the desired field through Hot Spot Analysis tool from Spatial Statistics Tools and based on it, spatial analysis of urban poverty indexes was performed on the scale of statistical blocks. Results and discussion Spatial analysis of urban poverty: The economic dimension of poverty The results of spatial analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the city did not have a specific order. The central part of the city, especially neighborhoods 6, 16 and the western part of the city (neighborhood 15) are in the most favorable conditions in terms of economic welfare. In contrast, the north-west and southeast of the city suffer from widespread poverty. The findings also show that more than 23% of the city's population is in relative poverty and 1.7% is in absolute poverty, with a population of 19,5880 in 19.4% of the city's area. In general, the population living in poor economic conditions and experiencing some form of poverty is slightly higher than those in relative or absolute welfare. The social dimension of poverty The findings show that more than 36 percent of the city's area is socially poor and relatively poor, accounting for about 29.9 percent of the city's population. Spatially, this amount of population often resides on the northeastern, southern and southwestern margins of Babol. Like the economic dimension of poverty, in the social dimension, the central districts of the city are in a better position than in other areas; In contrast, neighborhoods No. 22, 19, 18 and 5 (Map No. 3) are among the neighborhoods with high poverty rates. The physical dimension of poverty The results showed that the southern and northeastern margins of the city, such as economic and social dimensions, are in unfavorable conditions. In terms of spatial dominance, neighborhoods 19, 18 and 11 are in poor physical condition. In contrast, neighborhoods 6, 8, 16 and 13, which are located in the central part of the city, are in relatively good condition. On a city scale, more than 35 percent of the city's population lives in areas of the city that have relative or absolute physical poverty. This population lives in 45.4% of the city's area. The final pattern of urban poverty The final model of poverty to identify the main areas of poverty in the city of Babol is the result of spatial integration of 25 indexes in the three dimensions of economic, social and physical. The results showed that small areas of poverty can be seen in the northern and northwestern areas of the city, but the main areas of poverty can be seen in the northeastern, southeastern and western areas. Poverty in the city of Babol has a population of 47,140, or 35.2% of the total population. In terms of area, these areas cover more than 43% of the total area of the city. In contrast, most of the city's central areas, such as neighborhoods 6, 8, and 16, are in good economic, social, and physical condition. It should be noted that only 28.3% of the city's population and 21.34% of the city's area are in good condition, which indicates that most of the city's space is facing many problems in various economic, social and physical fields. Conclusion The complexity of urban systems and the relationships and interactions between them lead to the formation of various phenomena in urban and metropolitan areas. Spatial inequality is one of these urban phenomena, examples of which are urban poverty. This article identifies the spatial pattern of different dimensions of poverty in the city of Babol. The results of spatial analysis of urban poverty indexes in the city of Babol showed most of the city of Babol is facing many problems in various economic, social and physical fields.
Geomorphology
mojtaba yamani; mosa abbasi
Abstract
Introduction Hard floods increase the strength of canals, erosion rates and sedimentation in the rivers. Late in the evening and early morning of April 26, 2016, the Gadar basin experienced lightning and hard storms directly across the basin, causing only a few hours of rainfall in the basin. Due to ...
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Introduction Hard floods increase the strength of canals, erosion rates and sedimentation in the rivers. Late in the evening and early morning of April 26, 2016, the Gadar basin experienced lightning and hard storms directly across the basin, causing only a few hours of rainfall in the basin. Due to the high rainfall of April 1976 with a maximum of 197 mm, the soil was saturated and caused direct runoff to the canals. The flood caused significant biological and geomorphic disturbances in the riverbeds, which caused complete loss of vegetation in some parts of the river. Even in the areas where the alluvium was left, many plants were destroyed. The floods caused major changes in the morphology of the Gadar main waterways and rivers, which have been unprecedented in recent decades. This study aimed to provide a model to determine the amount of geomorphic turbulence caused by catastrophic flood in the Gadar River during the flood event of 96 years. Data and Methology The data were collected from library methods, statistical data, imagery and field surveys. Aerial photographs were selected to determine the extent of geomorphic perturbations caused by the catastrophic flood at 35 km from the main river before and after the flood. Post-flood morphological changes using aerial imagery revealed that digitizing the area where catastrophic flood perturbations occurred along the Gadar River was clearly visible. For the essential management using the Mitsen model, recurrent periods including 100 and 500 years flood bed and flood plain were used to determine the geomorphic turbulence of the river. In the disturbance area of the riverbank, the highest amount of disturbance was in group 4 (10965793 m 2) and the lowest was in group 5 (657247 m 2). These large-scale patterns are also consistent with increasing river distances for 100- and 500-year flood return periods. The highest amount of geomorphic perturbation was related to Class D covering a total of 4972105 square meters, while Class B perturbation with an area of 578969 square meters covered the least perturbation. The highest amount of geomorphic perturbations belonged to Group A for flood bed area with 46.58% covering an area of about 1694712 m 2 while the lowest D perturbation was with Group 57 with 3.57%. The total area is 178931 square meters. For the 100 and 500 year floodplains, similar to the floodplain area, the highest and lowest turbulence rates belonged to Group A and B, respectively. Results and Discussions Most of the perturbations and locations with maximum geomorphic perturbations were caused by catastrophic flooding of the Gadar River. within the flood bed area and these perturbations for all groups of the river bed and geomorphic The distance from the river and the movement to the 100- and 500-year floodplain returns decreases. This trend is particularly evident in most of the river and geomorphic turbulence. There is a particular trend between groups 1, 2 and 3 of the perturbation and the geomorphic groups B and C that place the subduction sites in this perturbation group. Floods have the capacity and ability to transport moderate amounts of sediment or moderate erosion, but as a large force that can completely erode alluvial riverbeds and remove vegetation, it is not sufficient so it will be just outside the flood plain erosion threshold This is probably due to increased plant resistance and root reinforcement and its effect on floodplain roughness and decreased bed flow velocity. Most floodplain erosion occurred in the bed and adjacent to the canal of the study. Since floodplain erosion involves the riverbank and geomorphic sections, the most severe type of D-group geomorphic perturbation process was approximately 58% with two groups of 4 and 5 rivers, respectively, as partial and complete flood plain erosion, respectively. By comparing the native Gadder model with the Mitzen model, it can be seen that the Gadar River indigenous classification model is similar in some respects to that of the Mitzen, but also has some differences. In the Mitzen model, the topographic features, river cover, anthropogenic disturbance and the geomorphic disturbance of the bed sediment and the morphology of the river are not fully considered while in the Gadar basin the presence of lands adjacent to the riverbed. The river bed with different coverages along with the sediment type of the bed and banks plays an important role in the extent of flood control or expansion. Conclusion Most of the disasters caused by the catastrophic floods in the Gadar River include Group 5 for river disruption and Group D for geomorphic disruption, which occurred mainly in the floodplain area, which is confined to all river banks and geomorphic section distances from the river. And the movement toward the 100- and 500-year flood plain return periods has declined. In group 5, 90.2% of the turbulence occurred in the floodplain, while only 8.6% occurred in the 100-year floodplain and 0.6% in the 500-year floodplain. Similarly, in Group D, 92% of the geomorphic turbulence occurred in the floodplain, and only 8% of the turbulence occurred in the other floodplain groups, so most of the severe turbulence was in the canal bed and less severe turbulence mainly in the The 100- and 500-year flood plain return periods are located outside the flood plain.
Rural Planning
saeid nasire zare; vahid riahei
Abstract
Introduction Inequality in access to and distribution of services is common in most rural and urban areas of developing countries. This leads to spatial displacement and mass migration of rural groups to cities in the hope of having a variety of facilities and more suitable living facilities. Given this ...
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Introduction Inequality in access to and distribution of services is common in most rural and urban areas of developing countries. This leads to spatial displacement and mass migration of rural groups to cities in the hope of having a variety of facilities and more suitable living facilities. Given this knowledge, the study argues that rural settlements, like urban settlements, should have some socio-economic functions in addition to residential function. These functions are in the form of distribution of services, the desired access to which will guarantee the stability and stability of the rural system. In this regard, proponents of service development theory also believe that improving access to services and facilities is one of the basic requirements for achieving rural development. The study of this necessity in mountainous areas has been one of the most important measures due to the fact that the welfare of its inhabitants is highly dependent on it due to access restrictions. Tarom city is located in a mountainous area and a large part of its population and rural areas are located in mountainous areas. Many of its rural areas are sparsely populated and scattered due to their mountainous nature, which has also had an impact on the establishment of the service delivery model. Therefore, preliminary studies in the field of research indicate challenges in access to services in rural areas. Needs attention to effective factors to determine the appropriate model of service delivery in rural areas of the city. Data and Method Establishment of activities and establishment of rural service centers in suitable places will achieve high efficiency and economic justification of services and ensure their sustainability in the future. The basic step to achieve this is to determine effective and appropriate priorities for it, which should be in accordance with the conditions of the study area. First, the effective factors on the access of rural residents to rural service centers were determined based on the researcher's field knowledge of the study area, experts' opinions and similar research in three factors and 12 sub-criteria. Then, after determining the degree of importance of the criteria and sub-criteria, the weight of each of them was determined on the zoning map and the appropriate areas were determined. Finally, in order to determine the suitable rural areas for the establishment of rural service centers, the conditions of each rural area were ranked according to the sub-criteria and the villages with priority were ranked in the Vikor model. Results and Discussion According to the research findings, human, physical and natural factors are the most important factors for the establishment of rural service centers. Population density and concentration is also the most important sub-criterion. Sub-criterion of population density in rural areas, because most of the population is scattered and sparsely populated, has a high priority to determine the most suitable village for service centers and therefore more population will have access to it. According to another study, only 6% of The area of the study area is quite desirable due to its serviceability. There are 20 rural points in this area, each of which has suitable conditions for providing services to the villages in their area of influence in the countryside. According to Vicor score of 20 rural points, 3 rural points for each village were determined as the most suitable central village for rural services. Selected rural areas have a positive population and growth rate and high employment. These areas are located in suitable communication routes in each village and the distance of all rural areas to these rural centers is appropriate. In terms of service stability, these areas are at a good distance from the fault line (earthquake risk) and waterway lines (flood risk) and since these areas are located in low and flat areas, they also have more services in terms of Economic justification and construction costs are appropriate for the development of services. Conclusion The need to pay attention to the rural areas of the country and provide appropriate and sufficient services and facilities to activate rural units, either due to the need to expand production activities (agricultural sector) in these areas or due to proper organization of housing and population stabilization in these areas due to widespread migration , Is a serious and inevitable thing. In connection with this issue, one of the first steps is to recognize the capacities and capabilities of rural areas and to properly regulate and organize the provision of services in order to rationally use these capabilities, which must be firmly and steadily taken. In the study, rural areas that were suitable in terms of factors and conditions were identified. These areas have a good justification for establishing rural service centers. There fore, by determining the appropriate areas and areas for rural service centers, it is possible to provide the necessary conditions for the growth of services in these areas and with proper access to all rural areas studied to these services, rural development can be achieved.
Climatology
Mostafa Karimi; Elahe Ghasemi
Abstract
General circulation models (GCMs) are an important tool in the assessment of climate change. These numerical coupled models represent various earth systems including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and sea-ice and offer considerable potential for the study of climate change and variability. However, ...
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General circulation models (GCMs) are an important tool in the assessment of climate change. These numerical coupled models represent various earth systems including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and sea-ice and offer considerable potential for the study of climate change and variability. However, they remain relatively coarse in resolution and are unable to resolve significant subgrid scale features such as topography, clouds and land use. Bridging the gap between the resolution of climate models and regional and local scale processes represents a considerable problem for the impact assessment of climate change. Thus, considerable effort in the climate community has focussed on the development of techniques to bridge the gap, known as ‘downscaling’. In this study two statistical downscaling techniques (lars WG and SDSM) and Proportional Downscaling method have been sued , which are combination to TOPSIS approach.The result shows SDSM is more ability technique of downscaling. And climate change will reduce monthly rainfalls up to 39% and increase the temperatures up to 2 °C.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Hosein Yazdani; Ebrahim Firoozei Majande
Abstract
Uneven and unequal distribution of public land has been one of the consequences of libertine urban growth in the recent decades that has led to an unbalance in the distribution of urban public lands. This has had enormous implications, one of them being the lack of equal access to municipal services ...
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Uneven and unequal distribution of public land has been one of the consequences of libertine urban growth in the recent decades that has led to an unbalance in the distribution of urban public lands. This has had enormous implications, one of them being the lack of equal access to municipal services for citizens. Due to political and political developments in Ardabil during the recent decades this city achieved a massive physical growth so that this libertine physical growth has led to an unbalanced distribution of public land and caused forming a bipolar wealthy and deprived city. Accordingly this study aims at investigating and analyzing the public land distribution manner to evaluate the distribution of public utility and to grade and determine wealthy and deprived urban regions. This study employs descriptive-analytical method and essentially could have applied nature. To collect data the library method was used. To achieve study objectives two hypotheses were designed, in order to test the first one spatial autocorrelation analysis tools and the nearest neighbor index and to test the second one Kernel density function were used.
Urban Planning
ESMAEL NASIRI HENDEH KHALEH; parasto mohammadibalini
Abstract
Introduction The city is a cultural-physical complex that is formed based on the needs, activities and behaviors of its inhabitants (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2015: 30). Urban spaces are one of the areas of manifestation of human behavior (Bardi Anna Moradnejad and Makran 20: 1398). Attention is paid to ...
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Introduction The city is a cultural-physical complex that is formed based on the needs, activities and behaviors of its inhabitants (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2015: 30). Urban spaces are one of the areas of manifestation of human behavior (Bardi Anna Moradnejad and Makran 20: 1398). Attention is paid to the links between spatial changes in the city and people's behavioral patterns (Abdolhahi Turkmani et al., 2012: 211). It also includes any activity or action that a living being performs, such as "a reflection or set of values based on a person's situation." D (Saeidian, 1382: 52) During the process of socialization, behavior is influenced by culture and by this process; language, customs and traditions, values and expectations are taught (Namazian, 1: 1397) Bahraini states that activities Humans rely on culture, culture creates a pattern of behavior, and this "behavioral pattern determines and expresses how people use spaces" (Bahraini, 2011: 43) Environment of artificial, natural and Their composition is composed. (Farhang Doostfard, 2000, 1997). Data and Method In order to have a normal data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Independent variables of this study include indicators of diversity, flexibility, permeability, visual fitness, readability, sensory richness and variable and behavioral patterns of citizens. . The selection of these variables was done to measure based on theoretical literature and the sources of existing research, as well as interviews with experts in the field of urban planning. In order to measure the questions related to the effect of physical-environmental components on the behavioral pattern of citizens, the Cronbach's alpha obtained is 0.76 and since this value is higher than 0.7, it indicates that the questions related to the variables have a good reliability. The statistical population of this study is the beneficiaries of the use of the space of 30 Tir Street, who have been present at the place of residence from 10:00 AM to 10:00 PM. The sampling method was also random, using cluster sampling with a simple random sampling of 384 people. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, a prototype included 30 over-tested questionnaires. Then, using Cronbach's alpha method, its reliability was checked. This figure was obtained for independent variables of 0.787 and for 0.77 variables, which indicates the necessary reliability of the questionnaire. Results and Discussion The Pearson coefficients correlation matrix between the components of physical components with behavioral patterns can be observed. The results show that there was the highest correlation coefficient between the dimensions of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens between permeability (P <0.01, r = 0.0579) and the lowest correlation coefficient between sensory richness and behavioral patterns. . (P <0.01, p = 0.142) In this study, multiple regression analysis between the components of physical components was used as a predictor variable and behavioral patterns were used as a criterion variable by simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficients indicate that in general, there is a direct relationship between the components of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens and significant statistical continuity. (599R =, 01 / 0sig =). In addition, the correlation coefficient shows that by changing the status of physical components, the behavioral patterns of their citizens also increase. 0) and visual fit (0.187) is clearly evident, but in terms of the impact of sensory richness in the study area, this impact on citizens' behavioral patterns has been largely indirect. The value of F is equal to 984.764 and its significance is equal to 0.000 and since it is less than 0.05, its significance is obvious and shows that the dimensions of the independent variables in this study can change the dependent variable. Express. Therefore, considering the calculated value for F at the 99% confidence level, it can be said that the linear composition of the independent variables in this study are also significant and as a result, they are able to predict the variable changes Conclusion The Pearson coefficients correlation matrix between the components of physical components with behavioral patterns can be observed. The results show that there was the highest correlation coefficient between the dimensions of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens between permeability (P <0.01, r = 0.0579) and the lowest correlation coefficient between sensory richness and behavioral patterns. . (P <0.01, p = 0.142) In this study, multiple regression analysis between the components of physical components was used as a predictor variable and behavioral patterns were used as a criterion variable by simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficients indicate that in general, there is a direct relationship between the components of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens and significant statistical continuity. (599R =, 01 / 0sig =). In addition, the correlation coefficient shows that by changing the status of physical components, the behavioral patterns of their citizens also increase. 0) and visual fit (0.187) is clearly evident, but in terms of the impact of sensory richness in the study area, this impact on citizens' behavioral patterns has been largely indirect. The value of F is equal to 984.764 and its significance is equal to 0.000 and since it is less than 0.05, its significance is obvious and shows that the dimensions of the independent variables in this study can change the dependent variable. Express. Therefore, considering the calculated value for F at the 99% confidence level, it can be said that the linear composition of the independent variables in this study are also significant and as a result, they are able to predict the variable changes.
Climatology
Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Soodabeh Namdari
Abstract
Introduction In recent years because of decrease of precipitation, use of water for agriculture, construction of hydraulic structures and etc, Urmia Lake surface area has been decreased. Considering the salinity of Urmia Lake and direction of wind, the costal and even further area of Urmia Lake is seriously ...
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Introduction In recent years because of decrease of precipitation, use of water for agriculture, construction of hydraulic structures and etc, Urmia Lake surface area has been decreased. Considering the salinity of Urmia Lake and direction of wind, the costal and even further area of Urmia Lake is seriously in danger of salt intrusion. Then knowledge of the spatial-temporal distribution of aerosol characteristics is critical for quantification of salt intrusion impacts. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a column-integrated measure of extinction coefficient, representing the attenuation of solar radiation by aerosol scattering and absorption. Satellite images of AOD are useful for studying dust storms owing to the large spatial nature of such plumes. Lack of an AERONET station makes studying dust storms difficult in this area. The present study was conducted to understand spatial AOD patterns and the variability and intensity of inter- and intra-annual MODIS AOD for the longest possible period of 14 years (2000–2015). Methodology In this study, monthly AODs from average MOD08 are used to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of dust storms over Urmia lake for the period between 2000 and 2015. Monthly average MOD08 product files are available at spatial resolution of 1 degree by 1 degree (http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/data). This study focuses on AOD at 550 nm over land, as this is close to the peak of the solar spectrum and is, therefore, associated with major radiative effects (Papadimas et al. 2009). MODIS data are compared to AERONET data at the nearest station (Kuwait University) for the period between 2005 and 2014 (http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/aerostat/). The AERONET site shows better AOD correspondence with MODIS Terra (RMS = 0.028, R = 0.916) than with MODIS Aqua (RMS = 0.166, R = 0.646); therefore, hereafter AOD data are discussed from Terra. In this study, monthly mean aerosol optical depths (AODs) from MODIS are used to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of aerosol in these affected areas (2000-2015). The monthly and annual mean AOD trends has been extracted. With the aim of displaying and analyzing the spatial distribution of particulate matter concentrations, the mean change map was extracted and each map was classified according to the standard deviation method. Using the standard deviation method, the amount of change in each of the pixels can be determined from the mean of the region. Results and discussion The changes in dust concentrations for shows that in June, July and April, there is the most similarity is between the trend of change in order in West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan. There are two provinces under study, and in February, November and December there is the most differences between the two provinces, which has declined sharply since 2009. Also, the trend of changes in all months shows that the slope of AOD changes has been increasing during the study period. Most monthly AOD fluctuations are seen in January, February and December during different years; It is worth noting that in these months, in terms of dust concentration, AOD also shows low values. The increasing trend of fine dust is much more pronounced at the end of the warm season and the beginning of the cold season (August, September, October and November). Most AOD values are observed in spring and early summer, ie in March, April, May, June and July. Until 2008, the amount of AOD in the southwestern part of the study area was high, indicating that fine dust observed in the southwestern part of the region could be carried by westerly winds from the deserts of neighboring countries during these years. From 2009 to 2014, the average amount of fine dust in Pixel of including Lake Urmieh, increased sharply over the entire region, which cannot be attributed to dust carried by western winds due to the AOD status in the west and southwest of the lake. Conclution In this study, annual and monthly averages were used to examine how dust changes in the last 16 years in the provinces of East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan, which are adjacent to Lake Urmia. One of the main objectives of this study was to monitor the oscillations of fine dust in the area of Lake Urmia and its adjacent areas to show the presence of salt dust in Lake Urmia, which has been the result of the drying up of large parts of the lake in recent years. The monthly and annual mean AOD trends show the increasing trend in AOD values. Then to show the spatial distribution during the period of study, mean annual maps for each year was extracted. Results show there is two seperated period in area of study for AOD spatial pattern. First during 2000 to 2009 there is higher AOD in south-western part of area and the existence of Urmia lake had caused reduction in AOD in western part of lake. Second period started from 2010 there is significant high AOD above Urmia lake. This fact shows the lake as a source of aerosols. In next step to show the spatial distribution of AOD changes during time, based on AOD value two years with high (2014) and low (2004) AOD was selected. The difference between these two years shows the most changes in area of study has occurred over Urmia lake and also around the lake. Based on the result of this study the increase of salty aerosols that originated from Urmai lake is one of major aspect of drought of the parts of lake and must be considered.
Rural Planning
Mahbob Babae; Hamid Jalalian; Hasan Afrakhtehh
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the last two decades, the villages around Lake Urmia have undergone fundamental changes both in terms of agricultural income and population structure due to the decrease in the water level of the lake and the limitation of agricultural water abstraction. The aim of this study was to ...
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IntroductionDuring the last two decades, the villages around Lake Urmia have undergone fundamental changes both in terms of agricultural income and population structure due to the decrease in the water level of the lake and the limitation of agricultural water abstraction. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the resilience of rural livelihoods in the region.Data and MethodThis research is an applied one in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical based on method. The statistical population of the study is 2101 households in the villages around Lake Urmia within the Urmia County. The sample size is 363 households that were selected by proportional assignment to the population of each village and by simple random sampling method.Results and DiscussionA researcher-made questionnaire was the main instrument of the research whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.820) to the desired level. Data analysis was performed using mean comparison with T-Test and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in SPSS.22 software. The normality of the data and the determination of the type of statistical test were determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the relationship between livelihood resilience and livelihood capital with Spearman Correlation Coefficient was obtained. The results showed that nine components (3 components in economic dimension, 2 components in social dimension, 2 components in physical and environmental dimension and 2 components in institutional dimension- Organizational) are effective.ConclusionThe average numerical desirability of livelihood resilience factors in the target population shows that the economic factor ranks first (4.18), the physical-environmental factor ranks second (4.11), the institutional-organizational factor ranks third (3.93), and the social factor ranks third (3.93). The fourth (3.87), are located.
Urban Planning
Mohsen Ahadnejad reveshty; MOHAMAD TAGHI HEYDARI; Saeed Najafi
Abstract
IntroductionThe critical discourse approach as a emerging discourse trying to link between power and the dominant ideologies of actors in social contexts. Problematic settlements as a serious challenge to countries, have been hidden power relations objective experience of actors that the contribution ...
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IntroductionThe critical discourse approach as a emerging discourse trying to link between power and the dominant ideologies of actors in social contexts. Problematic settlements as a serious challenge to countries, have been hidden power relations objective experience of actors that the contribution of each of them in the production of these space have been different. therefore the purpose of the present study is explain the effects of actors' activities on the production of the text of problematic urban settlements with a critical discourse and right-to-city approaches.Data and MethodResearch method of the present study in terms of nature is qualitative and in terms of the type is analysis method.For explaining the text / space in problematic settlements was used a combination of qualitative-quantitative methods.Then the research variables were extracted and tested with Delphi technique that the 50 experts selected them.The effects of the indicators were evaluated by a one- sample t-test in Spss software and for the link the power and ideology of the actors was used in the production of text /space of problematic settlements with Mactor software.Results and DiscussionAccording to experts idea, findings showed that life experience of residents in the form of concepts such as poverty, neglect, backwardness, invisible forces, conflict of interest, ambiguity in fate, distance between claim and action, distance between us and them, duality and conflict and personal interests not common good, has found meaning. Concepts show the confrontation of government/urban management space strategies against the space tactics of weak people with naturalization of the dominant ideologies and the lack of awareness and economic weakness of the rsidents of these settlements. The role of middle management as a link between government and local management have been significant in the production of text / space of problematic settlements.Conclusion recognizing the rights of the users of these settlements with decryption of hidden meaning behind the apparent meaning, it can be increased the conditions of domination of the main actors at different levels in the form of self-Administered and self-management.
Climatology
Naser Jafarbegloo; Ali Mohammad khorshiddoust; majid rezaei banafsheh; Hashem Rostamzadeh
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Today, pre-risk awareness has become an integral part of the national development management and planning system in many countries (Civiacumar et al., 2005). Agriculture is inherently sensitive to climatic conditions. The minimum temperature, which has been identified as the most vital ...
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INTRODUCTION
Today, pre-risk awareness has become an integral part of the national development management and planning system in many countries (Civiacumar et al., 2005). Agriculture is inherently sensitive to climatic conditions. The minimum temperature, which has been identified as the most vital determining factor in the distribution of plant species on the planet, can be both a limiting factor and a factor in the spread and species distribution (Rodrigo, 2000: 155). Therefore, in this study, we examined the changes in minimum temperatures in the statistical period (1980-2010) and predicted these changes in the 2050s (2065-2046) in the Northwest of the country using the LARS-WG microscale method and model output. Atmospheric pairings of HadCM3 and MPEH5 were addressed. The prediction of minimum temperature variations to determine the extent of its future changes and considering the necessary measures to minimize the adverse effects of climate change on agricultural products were of great importance. In this regard, general atmospheric circulation models (GCMs) are designed that can simulate climatic parameters.
DATA AND METHODS
In the present study, the output data of two HadCM3 and MPEH5 general circulation models based on two scenarios A2 and B1 were analyzed by LARS-WG statistical method in 21 synoptic stations located in the Northwest of the country. The results were monthly and periodic on the base period (1980-1999) and the 2050s (2046-2065), thereby the minimum temperature was evaluated and analyzed. In assessing the LARS-WG model, the observational and simulation error data were evaluated using MSE, RMSE, MAE and R2, and the model was evaluated for the appropriate region. The results showed that the minimum temperature in the future period will increase compared to the base period in the study area. This increase in air temperature at the study area is based on the HadCM3 and MPEH5 models, on average, 1.9 and 1.7 degrees Celsius to 2065 horizons compared to the base period. The north-eastern part of the northwestern region of Iran will have higher temperatures than the semi-southern regions. In fact, the cooler regions of the high latitudes will face more incremental changes in the amount of minimum temperatures. The results and achievements of this research are important for long-term plans for adaptive measures in the management of fruit gardens, agricultural products and water resources management. In order to calibrate and ensure the accuracy of the LARS-WG microscale model, the model was first implemented for the basic statistical period (1980-2010); then the minimum temperature output and its standard deviation were compared with the observational data of the studied stations, which indicated a small difference between the observed and simulated values and also deviated from their criteria.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of evaluation of observational and simulated data by LARS-WG microscale model using RMSE, MSE and MAE error measurement indices for the studied stations indicate that there is a significant difference between the simulated values and the values of the observed observations. There is no critical 0.05 significance levels, and Pearson correlation values between simulated and real data are acceptable at the significance level of 0.01. The obtained results show that the accuracy of the model varies in different stations. In general, the results of error measurement indices indicate that the LARS-WG model is of good accuracy for micro-scaling the parameters under study. In order to better represent and ensure the accuracy of the prediction as well as to investigate the uncertainties in the studied models, the simulated values were compared and observations were made on a long-term average during the base period in the studied stations using comparative graphs. As can be seen, the observed and generated values in the base period at all stations are very close to each other and the LARS-WG model has been successful in simulating the studied parameter. After evaluating the LARS-WG model and ensuring its suitability, the data predicted by the model for two scenarios A2 and B1 using HadCM3 and MPEH5 models and were examined on a monthly and long-term basis. The study of the status of minimum temperature changes of the studied stations in the future period (2065-2056) shows that the minimum temperature is based on both scenarios and in all months and stations compared to the period, the base has increased. Due to the large number of study stations, only stations located in provincial centers of this study are listed.
CONCLUSION
Cold and frost are one of the most significant climatic hazards on fruit trees. This type of climate risk affects different parts every year, especially the cold regions of the northwest of the country. Studies show that in recent years, the rate of economic damage to fruit trees in this region has increased, so in this study, the outlook for changes in minimum temperatures in this region using the LARS-WG statistical microscale model and output two HadCM3 global model and MPEH5 were introduced in the 2050s (2065-2046). For accuracy and precision of the models, error measurement indices and coefficients of determination and correlation were used. The results showed that the LARS-WG model has a good ability to simulate the studied variables in the study area. The results of long-term prediction of the studied models show that the minimum temperature values will increase in all study stations, which is based on HadCM3 and MPEH5 models on average. In the 2050s, and it will be 1.9 and 1.7 respectively, compared to the base period. The results of the studies of Kayo et al. (2016), Sharma et al. (2017), Khalil Aghdam et al. (2012), Qaderzadeh (2015), Sobhani et al. (2015) and Khalili et al. (2015) were confirmed. In general, based on the studied scenarios and models, the minimum temperatures are expected to increase in the study area in the future. By increasing it, the yield of some crops that need cold during the growing and productive period would decrease. It can also reduce snowfall, followed by frost on crops and lack of water in dry seasons. Therefore, due to the fact that following the climate changes, the conditions of the agricultural climatology are also changing, it is necessary for the relevant officials and planners in the agricultural sectors to adopt the necessary strategies to reduce the consequences and adapt to the new climate.
GIS&RS
Najma Esmailpoor; fatemah esmaeilpoor; mojtaba yami; hosein amirazodi
Abstract
Introduction
The phenomenon of Thermal Island as one of the urban hazards is the result of the way of activity and physical development of cities as well as extensive changes in the land use pattern around cities. The surface temperature of the earth is not only affected by the amount of energy received ...
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Introduction
The phenomenon of Thermal Island as one of the urban hazards is the result of the way of activity and physical development of cities as well as extensive changes in the land use pattern around cities. The surface temperature of the earth is not only affected by the amount of energy received by the sun, but also by the environmental conditions of the place, especially the reduction of suburban arable land, vegetation degradation and increasing impermeability levels and potentially prone to heat production and pollution. Heated island is a term used to describe the warmer atmosphere and higher temperatures of cities compared to non-urban areas. Determining the geographical distribution and nature of UHI, as well as the factors influencing its occurrence or severity, is something that is now efficient, fast, and inexpensive using satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques. Ahvaz is one of the metropolises with ethnic diversity and mixed subcultures that has experienced a large and rapid increase in population and area over the last three decades and the city has expanded in different directions from south to southwest and north to northeast Has found. One of the prominent consequences of this issue is the emergence and strengthening of the Heated island in this city.
Data and Method
To determine the spatial-place changes of the heated islands of Ahvaz and also to determine its relationship with land use changes, first the Landsat satellite TM sensor images in the last 30 days and Envi software were used and the following main steps were performed:
Stage 1 - Preparation of thermal map of the city: To calculate the temperature of the single channel algorithm (SCA) in order to extract LST, an extended infrared thermal band was used and to calculate it, Equation 1 was used.
Ts = γ {𝜀1- (YLsensor + Ψ2) + Ψ3} + δ
Here are five essential steps you can take to begin the process of preparation for mediation.
To calculate each of the parameters in the equation below 5 consecutive steps as described in the headings
The first step is to calculate the spectral radius
The second step is to calculate the light temperature of the sensor
The third step is to calculate the radiative power
Step 4, calculate the values of γ and δ
Step 5, calculate atmospheric parameters
Stage 2: Prepare a land use map using the decision tree: The function of the model is a branch that consists of three levels of decision making and finally to determine the six layers of land cover (including agricultural land, rangeland, irrigated land, heights (Topography), land with little vegetation and built-up lands.
In the model run, after applying the preprocessors to the Landsat images, the corresponding images were created for classification using NDVI, DEM, NDWI and LST indices. Setting a threshold for the NDNI index (NDVI> 0.26) vegetation is isolated from other data. In the correct branch, the next node was isolated using NDWI index (NDWI≤0.0) and determination of rangeland class threshold, agricultural land and water. In the third decision-making branch, based on the thresholds defined in the image indices (DEM≥40), DEM topography was determined, Were introduced.
Results and Discussion
Statistical study of the trend of change in land surface temperature and construction index and the ratio of change of other carabis to urban land uses showed that the trend of change is the average construction of the ascending course and the average temperature of the ascending course and the trend of changes with the transformation process With the expansion of the city of Ahvaz, their vegetation and land have been destroyed and turned into urban lands, and now the thermal island has been directed from the inside of the city to the outskirts. The temperature increase ratio of the urban area was higher than the whole study area.
Conclusion
Based on the results, the temperature of Ahvaz city increased from 282.96 degrees to 287.02 degrees Kelvin between 1988, which shows a growth of 2% and an increase of 4 degrees. Spatially, the highest temperature increase in the city is related to the east and southeast of the city, where agricultural lands and lands with little vegetation have been converted to industrial town and industrial uses and become a source of heat production in this metropolis. Has been. Also in the western part of the city, due to the further expansion of the city and the implementation of residential preparation projects - the NDBI index confirms the same - there has been an increase in temperature. Other influential factors in the spatial change of temperature in these parts of Ahvaz city are the existence of main roads such as Ahvaz-Abadan highway (southern part of the city), Ahvaz-Bandar Imam Khomeini highway (eastern part). Due to the asphalt cover of these routes and more vehicle traffic, they have caused an increase in the thermal map of the region.
The lowest temperature in 2020 is related to the areas around the Karun River. Among the factors that have caused the low temperature in this place compared to other parts of Ahvaz in 2020, we can see the existence of the government park, Shahid Chamran University with a lot of green space and low-density residential texture and more open and green space than they mentioned other parts of the city as well as the wetlands of the last two years.
Analysis of the trend of UHI changes and increase in construction using Landsat time series images showed an increase in urban temperature compared to the surrounding area in 1988. This shift in 2020 was due to an increase in regional temperature compared to the city due to river flooding. , Increase in construction and industrial activities in and around the city.
Due to the environmental dangers of the Heated island, which directly and indirectly affect urban air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, disrupt thermal comfort, increase water and electricity consumption, and exacerbate diseases such as asthma They leave, It is necessary to prevent the change of agricultural use to urban areas, and within the city, between dense textures and industrial areas, by creating vegetation in the form of parks and gardens, tried to prevent the rise in surface temperature.
Urban Planning
mohsen ahadnejad reveshty; Mehdi Eshlaghi
Abstract
IntroductionUrbanologists have long held the view that the physical and social dynamics of public space play a central role in shaping public affairs and public culture. Identity of place is a prerequisite and precondition for sustainable planning and management for the value chain, social cohesion, ...
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IntroductionUrbanologists have long held the view that the physical and social dynamics of public space play a central role in shaping public affairs and public culture. Identity of place is a prerequisite and precondition for sustainable planning and management for the value chain, social cohesion, formation and strengthening of civic and democratic culture, creating vitality and urban life at the level of individual and social actions of citizens in space. All of which are the building blocks of a good city and a meaningful urban identity. The purpose of this article is a comparative study of the components of identity of place in Abresan and Shariati street spaces of Tabriz.Data and MethodThe present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data were collected using documentary sources (libraries) and field studies (researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population of this study included the total users of both streets studied, in which 400 people were identified as the sample size. The research samples were selected using simple random sampling method in Abresan and Shariati street spaces. Two samples of Leven test and t-test were used to analyze the data.Results and DiscussionFindings show that in total, Shariati Street in nine of the ten variables studied means the aesthetic and visual quality of space with an average (3.85), mental image of space with an average (3.78), the quality of city furniture with an average (3.75) ), The feeling of security in the street space with an average (3.66), the sense of belonging to a place with an average (3.60), the experimental and psychological space of people with an average (3.83), the lifestyle of residents with an average (3.54), the variety of people's activities in space With average (3.52), accessibility and permeability (3.50), sociability and population with average (3.35) have higher mean than water supply, respectively, the only variable in which Abresan has the upper hand, the variable of accessibility and permeability with average (3.75) in favor of Abresan Street and (3.50) in Shariati. In other words, such an arrangement is in fact the rank of each variable in Shariati and Abresan streets, which is based on the opinions of their street users..Conclusion The general results of this study showed that of the three components in the form of ten categories studied identity of place, in general, Shariati Street in the traditional context of Tabriz produces more identity than modern Abresan in the modern context.
Urban Planning
ferydoun babai aghdam; hadi hakimi; nader tabei
Abstract
IntroductionInclusive city approach seeks to increase citizens' access to urban services and infrastructure through targeted and accessible investments.The city of Tabriz facing a major challenge in terms of the three basic dimensions of the inclusive city (spatial, social and economic inclusion); Because ...
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IntroductionInclusive city approach seeks to increase citizens' access to urban services and infrastructure through targeted and accessible investments.The city of Tabriz facing a major challenge in terms of the three basic dimensions of the inclusive city (spatial, social and economic inclusion); Because access to affordable infrastructure, land and housing (spatial dimension), the right to the city and participation in the urban management process (social dimension) and access to equal opportunities has become a major issue for urban development managers. Therefore, considering the issues and problems raised, the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the inclusion of the city of Tabriz, to level the ten regions in terms of indicators.Data and MethodThe research method is descriptive-analytical. The steps and methods of conducting research, can be summarized in three steps. In the first step, the Delphi method has been used to identify the key factors of inclusive city. In the second step, Vensim model was used to find the cause and effect relationship between key factors. Then, VIKOR model was used to identify areas in terms of having the characteristics of an inclusive city and their ranking.Results and DiscussionBased on the Delphi model, the key and influential factors on the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of Tabriz by thematic axes are presented in the table below.Table 1-1. Factors affecting the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of TabrizAxisKey factorsSpatial scaleLocalNationalInternationalEconomicEconomic reconstruction * Employment * Informal employment* Economic replacement* Inclusive growth* Distribution of opportunities* SocialMigration * Mobility* access to information** Feeling of security* Citizenship rights** Right to the city* Smart City* Sustainable Development***Social Equality* Quality of Life* Social Justice** EnvironmentalResilience** transportation planning* Infrastructure** Environmental sustainability** Reduce water loss* Make up for lost water* Waste Management* Natural quality of urban space* Water saving* PoliticalGovernance** Innovation* Stability** Political participation** political power** SpatialAffordable housing* Public spaces* Spatial justice* Land Use* Source: Results of the author's studiesAfter identifying the effective factors and confirming their relationship to the formation of the inclusive city, these factors were modeled through Vensim software. The purpose of this software is to find optimal solutions in different situations that need to be analyzed. This software has the ability to simulate the dynamic behavior of systems by identifying causal loops and finding leverage points. Then, in order to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship (factors extracted in the Delphi model), key factors were entered into the relevant software. Findings obtained from Vensim model, show the effectiveness of two factors of spatial justice and resilience in the inclusive development of Tabriz.Then, in order to ranking the ten districts of Tabriz, the VIKOR model was used. Research indicators have been extracted according to the review of theoretical foundations and studies conducted in the field of inclusive city and urban sustainability. Therefore, after collecting the data and combining them, the raw data matrix of each criterion was defined in the study area. The decision matrix consists of options (rows) and criteria (columns). Our options are the ten districts of Tabriz metropolis and our criteria are 14 criteria that are given in the raw data table. The results of VIKOR model indicate that the comprehensiveness indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas according to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators. Areas 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.ConclusionThe study of inclusive cities, requires study the city in all economic, social and spatial dimensions. Accordingly, the Delphi model was used to investigate the factors affecting the inclusiveness of the city of Tabriz. The results of the Delphi model show that the main factors of the inclusiveness of Tabriz city, can be divided into four main categories. Part of the factors is related to the economic situation of the city (or community) which includes economic growth, unemployment, land and housing prices and other economic and financial factors. Another part is related to structural issues, laws and regulations and general policies and even infrastructures and popular institutions that affect the formation of an inclusive city in the city of Tabriz. Social and environmental causes are other factors that affect the future of these developments. In order to identify the most influential factors and cause and effect relationships between factors, the Venice model was used. The results of Vensim model show that the two factors of resilience and spatial justice have the greatest impact on leading the city of Tabriz to inclusiveness. The results of VIKOR model show that the inclusive indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas with respect to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators and regions 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.
Geotourism
Majid Dadash Pour Mogaddam; Hassan Ahmadzadeh; Reza Valizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionInterest in urban tourism since the early 1980s has greatly changed the trend and methods of tourism (Cianga & Popescu, 2013: 34). Thus, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Cities, as a collection of components, ...
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IntroductionInterest in urban tourism since the early 1980s has greatly changed the trend and methods of tourism (Cianga & Popescu, 2013: 34). Thus, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Cities, as a collection of components, spaces, cycles and governing laws, regardless of their current relationships, as the most attractive tourist places, can provide various manifestations of beauty, services and peace for local residents and visitors. Therefore, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Therefore, one of the most effective processes of sustainable urban development is tourism, which can become the most important economic poles of cities. However, in the last two years, the corona virus epidemic has directly affected cities and its developments. The present study evaluates the tourism potential of Tabriz metropolis for the development of this industry with a branding approach for the post-epidemic period of Covid-19 with a macro and comprehensive management perspective based on spatial information system, reference location factors and spatial analysis.Data and MethodThe research process is based on data, GIS and hybrid modelling approach. First, 18 social, environmental, meteorological and physical factors affecting the potential of urban tourism were selected and the data became a place from a non-spatial dimension. Data localization process was done in ArcGIS 10.5 software and 18 raster factors were produced. After that, Pearson's correlation was used to ensure the absence of a linear relationship between the factors and the independent effect of each of them. Then, based on the impact of each of the factors, their standardization was done using the increasing and decreasing method in a binary way.Results and DiscussionIn the present study, all linear correlations are less than 0.7 and all factors will have a unique impact on the modelling output. Also, the density factors of single citizens (0.154), population density (0.153), density of married citizens (0.151) and density of employees (0.135) are of the highest importance and are key factors affecting the development of urban tourism, respectively. Although social factors have a higher impact, all factors have weights higher than 0 and a significant impact. The output maps of the two models used in this study indicate the high potential of tourism in areas 2, 3, 6 and 7.ConclusionHigh-risk areas with high impact of the epidemic have a higher potential for tourism. Using the branding approach, an exciting and attractive atmosphere can be created to attract domestic and foreign tourists.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
ZAHRA PISHGAHI FARD; keramat ranjbar dastenaei
Abstract
Introduction
Geography explains the man-environment relationships and the geographical environments and spaces need the political organization of space is needed for optimal governance. It is impossible or it will be accompanied by many difficulties to manage space without political management and to ...
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Introduction
Geography explains the man-environment relationships and the geographical environments and spaces need the political organization of space is needed for optimal governance. It is impossible or it will be accompanied by many difficulties to manage space without political management and to define clear boundaries by dividing space into local, national and regional dimensions. Thus, political geography examines the effect of political decisions on the environment and geographical space and human relations. If sovereignty arises from the nation, political decisions have acceptability and legitimacy. In this geographical debate, elections as a branch of political geography examine the proportionality or disproportion of electoral areas' seats to the population, as well as the manipulation of electoral areas' boundaries (Gerrymandering) that leads to the continued victory of a person or political faction. The Islamic Consultative Assembly is considered as the main and most important decision-making element in the Islamic Republic of Iran, which periods have passed since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, and according to the existing laws (Article 64 of the Constitution), each area can change according to decreasing or increasing the number of members of parliament in each ten-year period and the geographical boundaries, which necessarily leads to changes in the boundaries of the electoral area and manipulation of the boundaries, in the meantime, the examination of voting patterns and voting and ballots can manipulate and change boundaries in favor of one person or party, and lead to continued victory in electoral areas. On the other hand, if there is a mismatch between these manipulations with the proportion of the population and electoral seats call into question spatial justice and democracy, so political geographers, especially election geographers, examine these issues and analyze electoral areas
Materials and methods
In the present study, the dispersion and deviation from the criteria and division of electoral areas has been investigated using library resources, approvals of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Statistics Center of Iran, field observation, interviews with representatives and using Spss v22 software, as well as electoral areas maps in different periods are examined using the GIS software geographic information system, and the maps of each electoral area are drawn before and after the changes, and based on one or more of six methods, Gerrymandering is discovered as follows.
Obvious declared method 2. Conditions generality method 3- The evaluation method of the border change process 4- The inspection method 5- The preliminary comparison method 6- Clear superiority method and accordingly the division in the electoral areas of East Azerbaijan province is in the following categories.
1- Very high negative difference 2- High negative difference 3- Low negative difference 4- Very low negative difference 5- Normal 6- Very low positive difference 7- Low positive difference 8- High positive difference 9- Very high positive difference
Results and Discussion
The study of the variance of constituencies indicates that a very sparsely populated constituency with a large and representative Shahin Dej constituency and a densely populated and under-represented constituency of Urmia and Khoy and Charpareh do not have a suitable share ratio.
The variance of the constituencies of West Azerbaijan province compared to the national average shows that the constituency of Urmia is underrepresented and this should beconsidered in future studies. Examining the proportionality of the share in the constituencies of West Azerbaijan province confirms that there is less spatial justice in terms of population and number of seats. The provincial average population of constituencies is 272,101; the sum of its variance is equal to 6.31 and its average variance is equal to 63. Percent. And for the total population of the province, 11.37 representatives are assigned. In examining the manipulations carried out at the borders of some constituencies, especially at the time of the separation of Shahin Dej, Takab and Miando Ab, the proportionality of population sharing has been disturbed. Therefore, in future revisions, this disproportion should be considered and spatial justice Replace with disproportionate sharing. On the other hand, the manipulations in the constituencies should be done with careful and expert attention, and the investigation of Jerry Mandering in this province shows that Jerry Mandering has not taken place.
Conclusion
Analysis of the population and number of seats in West Azerbaijan Province shows that the three constituencies of Urmia, Khoy and Charpareh and Miando Ab are under-represented constituencies and the two constituencies of Shahin Dej and Salmas are among the most representative constituencies, although According to the 2016 census, most of the constituencies are in the normal range, but in some constituencies, the disproportion of distribution is obvious.
The suggestions that can be made about this province are as follows. With the increase in the population of Urmia constituency, this constituency has the potential to increase the representative to 4 seats, which can be considered in future decisions due to the increase in population from 2016 until now. Other constituencies, without considering this important component, will face more gaps in any change, intrusion, occupation, limitation, and increase of the share and spatial justice.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi; masoumeh ayashm
Abstract
IntroductionUrban branding is a well- meaning concept with at the same time as the globalization approach and has increased competitiveness between cities at national and international levels. Place branding is a strategic tool and method about sharing a competitive advantage and the city index to be ...
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IntroductionUrban branding is a well- meaning concept with at the same time as the globalization approach and has increased competitiveness between cities at national and international levels. Place branding is a strategic tool and method about sharing a competitive advantage and the city index to be on the path to future development. The most important principle in urban branding is to highlight the historical values, natural beauties, cultural, economic and social infrastructure of cities. Conscious branding gives cities a new identity. In the modern age of globalization of symbols and places, cities make efforts to describe their distinctive feature. In addition to the factors of urban economy and development of urban infrastructure, factors such as: quality of life of citizens, urban aesthetics and planning for local development are among the development criteria. Brand City is a placeholder image and package that emphasizes the unique features of the city; So that the city can be ahead of other competitors in the competition. but this does not seem to be a new phenomenon, and historical cities in Iran have always tried to traditionally use the capacity of the titles to advance their own goals.Data and MethodThe hypothesis in this study is: "assigning titles to ancient Iranian cities in previous periods has had a similar effect and effect, such as the concept of place branding in the urban structure". The method of the research, the historical-interpretive research method and the information gathering tool were library, documentary and based on content analysis and historical texts. For a closer examination of the subject, the city of Tabriz with the title of Dar-ol-saltaneh's in the Qajar period was selected which this title turned Tabriz city to a place for crown prince and Tabriz got a better political position after Tehran.Results and DiscussionTabriz political Importance along with the Spatial-Geographical Importance of the city, due to the East-West trade route, Dar-ol-saltaneh of Tabriz, was turned the gateway to the arrival of modernity and communication with the overseas. In order to evaluate the research hypothesis, at first studied the place branding, the components and the criteria for evaluating its effects in the city and in the following, a case study has been reviewed and evaluated. A case study analysis was in the form of place branding components, it should be extracted from the theoretical framework of the research. The components of location branding in the present research model include four axes: Imagery, Identity and Related Issues, Environmental Qualities, especially Urban Qualities, and finally Socio-Cultural Issues. The imagery component focuses on information and advertising around the site in question. The identity component in the urban context address issues arising from the context and affecting identity. In this component, special emphasis is given to the particular distinction that exists in place and which forms part of the identity of the people and the identity of the place. The component of environmental quality, especially urban quality, studies the physical characteristics and physical elements that influence the structure of the city. Finally, the component examines socio-cultural issues, cultural and social contexts, special events and events, and seeks to promote and present them as an important and influential component.ConclusionIt is imperative to point out that all of these components do not require at first; urban branding is a time-consuming process that begins with a set of capacities and potentials in the context of the study, and over time other values and components are added to it. The results of the research show that in the historical cities of Iran, got a title has the similar effects to the Iranian cities with the place branding effect and and show the validity of the research hypothesis. Increasing the environmental qualities, especially urban qualities in the city of Tabriz, establishing socio-cultural issues and the manifestation of these developments in the late Qajar, improving the quality of mental image of individuals and identity in the Qajar period and finally desirable illustrations of the Qajar city of Tabriz in documents Foreign and Iranian are among the important events and developments. In other words; Dar Al-Saltanah brand in the Qajar period in the city of Tabriz caused significant changes and changes that the environmental qualities, socio-cultural issues, identity and imagery in this city grew and developed.
Urban Planning
Reza Jahanbin; Freydoun Babaei Agdam; Shahrivar rostaei; Akbar Asghari Zamani
Abstract
Introduction
As a visible manifestation of urban poverty and spatial inequality, all human populations live in multidimensional poverty conditions in informal settlements. According to conducted studies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to the risks and harms of informal ...
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Introduction
As a visible manifestation of urban poverty and spatial inequality, all human populations live in multidimensional poverty conditions in informal settlements. According to conducted studies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to the risks and harms of informal settlements. Therefore, the United Nations has declared women's empowerment on a large scale as one of the critical objectives of the Third Millennium development. In this study, women’s empowerment in informal settlements has been investigated from stereotyping perspective (gender stereotypes). According to the micro-level research conducted, the main challenge is culturally restrictive settings for the women's group. In these settlements, women are exposed to poverty and gender discrimination more than men. This often stems from the imposition of gender stereotypes. Gender Stereotyping is an obstacle for women to have a social activity that prevents mobility and presence of women in society and imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.), and ignores or reduces the women. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment in informal settlements in Ilam as well as to assess the relationship between women's empowerment and contextual variables to answer the question; what is the relationship between gender stereotypes as well as the contextual characteristics of women and their empowerment? The research hypothesis is: there is a significant relationship between gender stereotypes and contextual variables with women's empowerment.
Data and Methods
The present research is of a fundamental-applied nature and has used survey as a method. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized .The research population is women, 18 years of age and older, residing in informal settlements in Ilam seleced through random sampling. Based on the Cochran's formula 377 women were selected. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through content validity and its reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha (0.89). Data were analyzed using SPSS and running Analysis of Variance (F), Pearson correlation test, T-test, and regression analysis. AMOS was used also for the structural equation modeling (SEM). In this study, women's decision-making in both individual and family domains through a Likert scale with 16 items to measure their empowerment; the gender stereotype variable was measured with 17 items. In this study, in addition to the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment, the relationship between contextual variables such as age, marital status, education, immigration, and employment with empowerment is studied.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this study, the role and position of women's empowerment in informal settlements in terms of cultural factors and the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment have been examined. Also, the research hypothesis was confirmed following data analysis. According to Pearson test results (R-value = -0.174 and significance level = 0.001), there is a significant and indirect relationship between belief in gender stereotypes and women's empowerment at confidence level. The more women believe in gender stereotypes, the less their empowerment is, and vice versa. Research findings also show that contextual variables such as education level, employment, marital status, age, and migration positively affect women's empowerment. In this study, six independent variables were introduced in the regression table, whose multiple correlation coefficient (R) with women's empowerment was equal to 0.474, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was equal to 0.225. Based on this coefficient, about 0.23, i.e., 23% of the dispersion for the women's empowerment variable is explained by independent variables in the experimental research model, and the rest of the dispersion is explained by variables not introduced in this study. Among the independent variables, the education level of = 0.350 has the greatest effect on the women's empowerment. Then, employment status of =- 0.306, immigration of = -0.217, marital status of = -0.160, Gender stereotypes of =-0.157 and finally age of = -0.002 have been effective in explaining the dependent variable. In this study, structural equation modeling (SEM), as one of the new methods for examining the causal relationships between variables, was used through AMOS software, where the structural equation analysis of the proposed model was performed. According to the goodness of fit index, the research model is relatively good.
Results
As the half population of the society and their roles in the development, women’s empowerment in informal settlements can be a pragmatic and realistic approach in dealing with these challenges and reminding women’s role in the society. Gender stereotyping imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.) and ignores or reduces the women’s role. It also keeps women in inferiority and deprives them of decision-making within and outside the family. According to this study, rising education-centered gender stereotypes can free women from a passive person who needs others’ attention and turns them into an energetic and capable body in society and makes the basis for their local social capacity and the culture of local participation. Considering international references and firm views and theories, women play a central role at home and outside the home. To create women’s real, active and effective role-playing, it is needed to look at their potentials and abilities and overcome pure gender stereotypes.
Urban Planning
Marziyeh Esmaeelpour; manijeh lalehpour; Samaneh Mamaghani
Abstract
IntroductionNatural hazards, with various types and extent, as recurring and destructive phenomena, have always existed throughout the life of the planet and have always been a serious threat to humans since the creation of mankind (Rajabi et al., 2018: 184). Among the natural hazards, earthquake ...
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IntroductionNatural hazards, with various types and extent, as recurring and destructive phenomena, have always existed throughout the life of the planet and have always been a serious threat to humans since the creation of mankind (Rajabi et al., 2018: 184). Among the natural hazards, earthquake is one of the most horrible ones in the history of mankind, which belongs in the category of immediate dangers. This natural phenomenon can be characterized by their high destructive potential and the brutal killing in a short time (Taghipour, 2016: 195).There are many definitions of vulnerability in the literature. Vulnerability is defined as “a state combining physical, economic and environmental factors, which increases system sensibility to danger” by the United Nations/International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (Peng, 2012: 95). One of the most effective strategies to reduce social and economic losses resulted from earthquakes is to mitigate the vulnerability of society to seismic hazards based on an accurate and scientific risk assessment (Wei et al., 2017: 1289). It is not possible to accurately predict the earthquake, but the earthquake can be studied from the following two aspects, so the casualties caused by the earthquake decrease as much as possible. First, seismic vulnerability should be assessed before the earthquake, and the construction of disaster prevention and reduction system should be strengthened in the regions with relative high vulnerability of population. Second, according to the estimated casualties, the reasonable rescue measures would be deployed to carry out the effective rescue (Zhang et al., 2018: 2).Data and MethodIn the present study, the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz due to its proximity to Tabriz fault has been assessed. District 10 is one of the northern areas of the city and its texture is mainly marginal, which increases the vulnerability to earthquake. Various factors affect the vulnerability of an urban area to earthquake including height and age of the buildings, the quality of materials, population density and distance to active faults (Khamespanah et al., 2016: 58). In the present study, 12 factor were applied to investigate the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz metropolis: slope, distance to fault, to hazardous installations, to the hospitals and fire stations, population density, residential density, access to open urban public spaces, number of building floors, building quality, materials and urban grain.In order to present the vulnerability map of district 10, thematic layers of the studied criteria were prepared and transformed into fuzzy. Decreasing and increasing linear functions were used to fuzzification the thematic layers. The five fuzzy operators i.e. and, or, product, sum and gamma can be used for combining thematic maps. The operator used in this study to integrate a fuzzy subject layer is the gamma operator. Also, the vulnerability coefficient of district 10 to the average earthquake intensity was calculated. The range of numbers obtained from the vulnerability coefficient is between 0 and 1, indicating lack of damage and a building collapse, respectively. (Ahadnezhad Reveshti et al., 2010: 182).Results and DiscussionIn order to assess the seismic vulnerability, it is necessary to generate a seismic micro zonation map for the study area. To this end, 3 steps were performed as follows:Thematic layers affecting seismic vulnerability were prepared in the GIS environment and their spatial distribution in the district 10 of Tabriz was evaluated.In this step, thematic layers were transformed into fuzzy using fuzzy functions.Fuzzy thematic layers were combined using a fuzzy operator and a seismic vulnerability map was prepared for district 10 of Tabriz.The results of seismic zoning of region 10 of Tabriz using fuzzy logic can be summarized as follows: - About 4.5% of the study area is in a very high vulnerability and 12.6% of its area is in a high vulnerability class. Also, the total area of low and very low vulnerability zones is about 64.9%. Very low vulnerable areas correspond to the barren lands, green spaces and all open spaces of the district. In addition, in Eram neighborhoods in the north of the study area, residential and population density are much lower than others. Some of the southern neighborhoods of this region, such as Sheshgalan and Daveh Chi, are less vulnerable to earthquakes due to the lower population and residential density, proximity to the hospital, to green spaces and less distance to the fire station. . - Neighborhoods such as Khalilabad and Ghorbani in the central parts of district 10, are among the most vulnerable ones to earthquakes. Factors such as high population and residential density, lack of access to urban open spaces are the most important reasons for the high vulnerability of these areas. The central neighborhoods of district 10 are the most vulnerable to earthquake hazard. Due to the high population density in these areas, a large earthquake can lead to severe damage and loss of life in these areas. The results of damage analysis in district 10 of Tabriz, considering a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10, show that the northern and southern parts of region 10 are in class D0 against a possible earthquake and will be without damage. About 6.4% of urban spaces in the study area are in Class D3, which will suffer significant to severe damage. Finally, about 0.6% of urban spaces in the study area are in class D5. This class includes part of the central neighborhoods and indicates the very high vulnerability of these areas to an earthquake.ConclusionFindings show that vulnerability is higher in the central neighborhoods of district 10. Factors such as high residential and population density, old tissue, distance to hospitals and lack of access to public open spaces are the most important factors that cause very high seismic vulnerability in this part of the city. District 10 of Tabriz is located near the large north fault of Tabriz and in this regard, the whole area is vulnerable to earthquake. However, proximity to the fault alone cannot be a measure of the vulnerability of urban buildings and structures, but planning and physical factors in the city can aggravate or, conversely, reduce seismic vulnerability. The results of the seismic vulnerability coefficient of the study area to a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10 show that the buildings located in the central neighborhoods of district 10 have the highest seismic vulnerability. Due to the high population and residential density in these areas, during an earthquake there will undoubtedly be very high and catastrophic casualties and financial losses.
