Research Paper
Urban Planning
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Hossein Karimzadeh; ozra fazaeli kelvanaq
Abstract
Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. ...
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Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. Though, the growth of the capitalist relation in cities has turned the land economy and the resulting surplus value to the means of gaining economic benefit, which is created by supply constraints and increasing demand; in such a way that this surplus value inspires citizens to change their land-use even illegally and replace it with profitable uses proportionate with this value. This change eliminates the user-functional inconsistencies in the detailed plans and it causes unrest in cities. If the increase in land value in parts of this area and the resulting rent intensify the incentives to trade in the land market, district 1 of Tabriz, as an economically active district and one of the commercial centers of the city, will probably not be an exception to this rule. Data and methods The current article is applied research based on the purpose of research, in terms of nature and data collection it is descriptive-analytical. The land price in the neighborhoods of district one of Tabriz is the independent variable and land-use change based on a detailed plan is the dependent variable. Land-use changes in the area are harvested in the field and land prices by neighborhoods are also obtained through real estate agencies. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the two variables and the hotspot analysis function was used to determine the distribution of changes in the range. The kernel function is also used to examine the relationship between the changes and the access network. Results and Discussion Land prices for the two periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2015 and land-use changes in the District through field harvesting and in the neighborhoods of the district were collected and to determine the relationship between price and the amount of change, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used in SPSS software. Its result for the first period is 0.840 and the second period is 0.853. Likewise, the hotspot analysis model has been used to analyze the distribution and focus of changes in the GIS environment. The results indicate a positive and high correlation between price variables and the amount of change in the neighborhoods of the District so that the highest concentration of change is seen in neighborhoods with more land prices. About 96% of the total change occurred within a hundred meters of the road network, of which 52.6% was within 25 meters of the main roads. Abbasi Street along the east and west, Abersan crossroads to Pasdaran Highway, and most parts of Valiasr are areas prone to change. In this case, the role of economic centrality and the existence of uses with regional and supra-regional functions can be considered as the causes of this phenomenon. One of the economic components that can affect the land use planning process in cities; is the price of land. In some parts of the city, the existence of some benefits increases the price of land and creates additional value for them, and thus affects the decision of property owners in the type of use. Regarding the hypotheses and analyzes, the results reveal that land price is not only a factor but also a qualitative factor and a high-impact economic component that results from various physical and environmental factors to government policies. It is the reason for land-use change and material benefit can be a robust stimulus for any change, whether positive or negative, towards society. The economic value of land in the study area has had a high impact on the formation of land-use change in this area and changes have occurred mostly in areas where land prices are high. Hotspot analysis on changes indicates a major accumulation of changes in areas where the land value is high and there is a direct relationship between land-use change and access network.
Research Paper
Rural Planning
habib aghajani; saeedeh cheshmaloos
Abstract
Introduction Poverty means the inability to meet one's basic needs and necessities of life such as food, clothing, housing, etc. The concept of basic needs varies based on time and place, and it includes the minimum needs to survive with an average standard of living. Poverty limits human development ...
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Introduction Poverty means the inability to meet one's basic needs and necessities of life such as food, clothing, housing, etc. The concept of basic needs varies based on time and place, and it includes the minimum needs to survive with an average standard of living. Poverty limits human development and has long-term and extensive harmful consequences (Arzerum Chiller, 2005). The poverty phenomenon has long accompanied mankind and has been one of the basic socio-economic issues of humans. In recent decades, despite the expansion of the implementation of economic reform, poverty and inequality are still seen in most countries. Also, due to their comprehensive consequences, poverty and inequality are nowadays the focus of international organizations, government officials, economists, and of course sociologists more than ever. The significance of poverty reduction has always been focused on in religious teachings. Besides, elimination of poverty and deprivation of members of society and ensuring their well-being has strong theoretical foundations in the Holy Quran and Islamic teachings. Therefore, reducing poverty and respecting human dignity must be operationally considered in economic and social plans (Hekmati Farid, 2013). Given these teachings and the importance of poverty reduction in the country's development, paying attention to the poor and supporting them can be seen in Articles 2, 3, 21, and 29 of the Constitution, as well as Article 43, which pays particular attention to erase poverty and deprivation from society. Data and methodology The general econometric model used for examining the impact of variables and factors affecting the rural poverty index with a focus on rural roads is described as follows: i=1,2,…,28 t=1,2,…,15 Where the variables are: Sen = Amartya Sen poverty index (rural); calculation of the Sen index for rural areas of Iranian provinces RAH = Existing rural road (km) of the Roads and Transportation Organization El = Number of villages receiving electricity recorded by the Statistics Center of Iran He = Number of rural health centers recorded by the Statistics Center of Iran Educ = literacy rate of the rural population AB = Number of villages with drinking water recorded by the Statistics Center of Iran In = average rural household income khc = Food expenditure of rural households AGG = Agricultural sector growth rate It must be mentioned that the model was estimated in two modes to examine the short-term and long-term effects of rural road development on the rural poverty index. Mode one occurs with the Rah and DRah variables, which represented the total number of the rural roads in the province in each year and the difference of rural roads in the province in each year, respectively. Mode one showed whether or not the development of rural roads each year has affected poverty. Also, the model was estimated in different modes with different variables to avoid the collinearity problem. This model was designed based on panel data and its coefficients were estimated using conventional panel data econometric methods. Analysis of findings and conclusion As mentioned earlier, in addition to the transportation of agricultural products, roads reduce the time of transportation and the final price of the produced goods. Safe and proper roads and transportation networks are essential for accessing other important centers of the country. Besides, according to many experts, the effect of this factor on the expansion of other developmental factors is undeniable and it paves the way for significant development in various ways. Providing physical infrastructures plays an important role in the economic development process and facilitates accessing infrastructures such as education and health facilities, water supply, supply of electricity, and transportation, which in turn enhances welfare. Because it seems that the development of infrastructures such as investments in healthcare services, electricity and water supply, development of irrigation and drainage networks, construction of rural roads, and establishment of educational centers in rural areas improve income distribution and decrease the poverty rate. According to the statistics of the National Roads and Transportation Organization, the length of rural roads (asphalt and dirt) was 100316 km in 2005, and it was increased to 128139 in 2016. Evidence obtained from comparing rural road expansion and poverty reduction showed that the development of rural roads can have a positive impact on poverty reduction. Based on the research findings, it could be concluded that the expansion of rural roads affected rural poverty. Results and Discussion According to the results of estimations, the expansion of rural roads could not influence poverty in short term, but it could have a diverse influence on poverty, in the long run, meaning that it could reduce poverty. The negative value of the constructed rural road coefficient indicated the negative effect of this variable on the Sen poverty index. In other words, an increase in the constructed rural road led to a reduction in rural poverty. The coefficient associated with the average rural income had a negative value and significance, which indicated that the increase in the income of rural households throughout the studied years reduced rural poverty. The coefficient related to investments in water resources had a negative value and was insignificant, which indicated that this type of investment did not have a direct effect on poverty reduction. The coefficient associated with the variable of the number of villages supplied with electricity was significant and had a negative value, which was an indication of the inverse effect of this variable on poverty. The coefficient of the effect of agricultural sector growth rate on rural poverty was insignificant, which was indicative of the direct effect of this variable on poverty.
Research Paper
Rural Planning
Mohsen Aghayari Hir; Mohammad Zaheri; Hossein Karimzadeh; reza talebifard
Abstract
Introduction Sustainable rural development based on information and communication technology can be realized as the enjoyment and use of ICT in the area of public services’ support, general management, and interaction between the planners and the rural community and it has to cause contingent participation ...
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Introduction Sustainable rural development based on information and communication technology can be realized as the enjoyment and use of ICT in the area of public services’ support, general management, and interaction between the planners and the rural community and it has to cause contingent participation of the villagers in the decision-makings, improvement of the social and economic development in the villages and protection of the natural resources for the future generations. On the other hand, the existence of spatial inequality in the enjoyment of the ICT-based facilities and services can cause diversion and imbalance in the development amongst the rural regions. In this regard and based on the investigations, it seems that Iran’s rural regions hence Jiroft County do not enjoy a so much optimal situation in terms of the ICT-based sustainable development indices despite possession of abilities like high populational potentials and agricultural economy. Therefore, the present study intends to adopt a novel approach towards ICT-based sustainable development concept for elaborating and valuating its indices in line with planning and achieving sustainable development; to do so, the position and the levels of rural region’s enjoyment in Jiroft County will be assessed and evaluated in terms of the distribution of the ICT-based sustainable development indices and an answer will be found to the following question: How is the status of the villages in Jiroft County in terms of the ICT-based sustainable development level? Data and Method The present study is applied research in terms of the objectives and it is descriptive-analytical research in terms of nature and method. For collecting the information and data, use has been made of the documentary and field methods. The study area of the present research includes the rural regions in Jiroft County. For selecting the sample volume from the study population, two sets of villages, one with and another without ICT centers, were taken into consideration. In sum, 19 villages were found having ICT centers in Jiroft County until 2016; efforts were also made to select another group of the villages by considering several important indices (number of households, the village’s distance to the center of the county, and the village’s elevation from sea level) and some conditions similar or in contrast to those of the villages from the first set. In a match with the total number of the sample villages’ households, i.e. 16170 households, the study sample volume of this group was selected equal to 376 households based on Cochran Formula and the share of the questioned cases was determined in proportion to the number of households in every village. After confirming the validity of the study’s operationalized framework, some elites’ ideas were gathered for determining the weight of the indices in proportion to the conditions of the country’s rural society. Next, COPRAS multiscale decision-making model was employed for analyzing the data and rating Jiroft County’s rural regions in terms of the ICT-based sustainable development. In the end, use was made of K-cluster analysis in SPSS Software’s environment for determining the homogeneous regions and, after determining the level of development in the studied villages, the weights obtained for every village were added within the format of a field to the layer of villages in ArcGIS Software and the results were offered in the form of a map. Results and Discussion In line with achieving the study’s objective and assessing the level of ICT-based sustainable development in Jiroft County’s rural regions, 17 indices were applied. The items related to each of the indices were measured in Likert’s scale and the mean of every index was considered according to the idea of the sample households in every village as a basis for the formation of a matrix indicating the status quo of the ICT-based sustainable development level and rating of the studied villages. In the second step and after the formation of the status quo matrix and to normalize the existent status quo matrix, the indices’ weight determination had to be seminally done. Based thereon, electronic instruction in the social aspect, electronic marketing in the economic aspect, and electronic risk management in the bioenvironmental aspect were found with the highest weights. Then, after finishing the calculational stages of the COPRAS decision-making model, the villages were rated based on Qj’s amount; this way, the villages with the highest amounts of Qj and Nj were found in the highest ranks of ICT-based sustainable development and, on the contrary, the villages with the lowest Qj, were found in the lowest development ranks. Moreover, use was made in this part of Nj for performing K-cluster analysis based on which the studied villages were categorized into five clusters in terms of ICT-based sustainable development level. Therefore, considering the results of the cluster analysis, it can be stated that 8 villages fall in the cluster “developed”, 11 villages in the “relatively developed” cluster, 6 villages in the cluster “intermediate (normal) development”, 8 villages in the “relatively deprived” cluster and, finally, 5 villages in the “deprived” cluster in terms of the ICT-based sustainable development. Conclusion The study results indicated that the rural regions of Jiroft County enjoy a different situation in terms of ICT-based development. Based on the study’s investigations and observations, it can be stated that villages like Dwolatabad Esfandagheh, Dowlatabad Markazi, Daryacheh, Doboneh, Poshtlor, Hosseinabad Dehdar, Ferdows and Saghdar that have the highest development levels under the current conditions enjoy auspicious environmental and spatial states like good position on the plain, high groundwater levels, suitable soil, closeness to the city center and appropriate connective routes and they have also accommodated more population. The aforesaid villages also have better situations regarding cases like ICT infrastructures and equipment, trained human workforce, and services offered in the area of ICT. In opposite, villages named Abshour, Kohan, Hishinsofla, Darrehroud, and Abbasabad that enjoy the lowest level of ICT-based development from the perspective of the study sample volume are small and distant villages usually located in mountainous regions and often with unstable populations. Weakness in access to ICT-based equipment, facilities, and services, as well, in the aforementioned villages is an evident phenomenon. The collection of these conditions have caused the witnessing of different levels of ICT-based sustainable rural development in the rural regions of Jiroft County. The collection of the indices offered in this research can be utilized as a pattern for analyzing the level of ICT-based sustainable development in the other rural regions; additionally, this collection can assist the rural development planners in offering development programs and policies.
Research Paper
Climatology
kobra baharvandi; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Mojtaba Nassaji Zavareh
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study is to analyze the temperature trend in Khorramabad station, and an attempt has been made to provide a suitable method to ensure the accuracy of the data, which is the first time that this station is used. The statistical years (2013-2013) have been that the data ...
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Introduction The purpose of this study is to analyze the temperature trend in Khorramabad station, and an attempt has been made to provide a suitable method to ensure the accuracy of the data, which is the first time that this station is used. The statistical years (2013-2013) have been that the data in these years have been recorded in a coherent and regular manner and this data has been easier to access. In view of the above, this study intends to identify and modify possible inhomogeneity as much as possible in the first stage while examining the accuracy of data homogeneity before analyzing the trend. In the second stage, the analysis evaluates the trend of minimum temperature over 30 years. Data and Method The SNHT (Standard Normal Homogeneity Test) method is one of the most common methods for examining the homogeneity of temperature and precipitation data, which has been used by many researchers around the world. This method has been proposed by various researchers and for more accurate detection of atmospheric fluctuations from heterogeneity by non-atmospheric factors, this test is used by considering the reference series. In this method, the tested time series is based on the stability of the difference of parameter d between the temperature in the tested station and the reference series. Heterogeneity in the test series is revealed by changes in the d series. To reduce the spatial effect on temperature values, the relation (t ˍˍ t is used, where t is the average temperature value and r is the correlation coefficient between the subject and reference station (for example (t io ˍˍ to) and t jr ˍˍ tj)), respectively, temperature values It is in the test station and in each reference station. The parameter d in each time step i for k reference station is calculated based on the following equation. This test is performed by two methods of absolute standard normal homogeneity and relative normal standard homogeneity. Here, considering that only the time series of a station is examined, the absolute standard normal homogeneity method is used. In fact, this method is a necessity for climate research that must be done before any calculations, and after confirming the homogeneity of the data by the test, the rest of the research studies can be continued (Nassaji Zavareh, 1392: 58). Results and Discussion In this study, due to the lack of adjacent stations during the statistical period in the region, the absolute standard normal homogeneity method has been used to examine the homogeneity of the data. This test was used for monthly time series. The test results showed most of the monthly time series were homogeneous. In a number of months, heterogeneity was observed in the time series. Because the type of test used was an absolute test and the metadata did not confirm this heterogeneity, these heterogeneities could be attributed to natural atmospheric fluctuations. This result is consistent with the research of Peterson et al. (1998). Analysis of the plotted graphs shows that there is no heterogeneity based on this test, which is also confirmed by the metadata in Table (4). Because the meteorological station of Khorramabad city has been moved from the city centre to outside the city since 1981. Therefore, the data recorded from 1981 onwards are standard and acceptable. In this study, the length of the statistical period under study begins in 1984 and ends in 2013. Data homogenization results were performed by absolute homogeneity test for each month separately for 30 years. Altogether two results are obtained from the analyses: Two results are obtained: 1- The temperature of the minimum statistical period of thirty years has acceptable homogeneity. 2. Some inhomogeneity observed in April, May, June and July are due to weather conditions. Conclusion 1. The results of the SNHT test on the data showed that a series of heterogeneity is seen in the data process over 30 years, but it is not related to the displacement of the station, and it is related to the weather conditions. 2 - The results of non-parametric I-Kendall test on the data and during the 30 years of the statistical period showed that the value of T-statistic is significant in most months and the trend is also positive. 3- According to the T-statistic of the non-parametric method I-Kendall, the trend of glacial intensity in Khorramabad station is decreasing, i.e. the days we had in this glacial station are decreasing and it shows the fact that the weather in Khorram-abad city has an increasing trend. The results of this study are consistent with the research of other researchers such as Rahimzadeh (2011), and Shiravand et al. (2010). In relation to answering the research questions, it should be stated that this research, according to its title, is an analysis of the trend of minimum temperature and frosty days during 30 years. It is hoped that in other studies, researchers will address this issue in a more comprehensive manner, and these responses have only been proven using the statistical methods studied, if in addition to other atmospheric factors, factors such as The heat island in the city centre, the reduction of green space, the increase of carbon dioxide, etc. have always affected the climate of different regions. Therefore, all factors should be considered in the study of climate change in a region, which in this study, according to its title, is not an opportunity to research and describe the mentioned factors.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
ali akbar taghipour; Hossien Rostami
Abstract
Introduction Security has always been one of the most important issues facing human beings. Throughout history, man has sought to have security through various defending instruments. This defense has two types including military and civil defense called respectively, active defense and passive defense. ...
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Introduction Security has always been one of the most important issues facing human beings. Throughout history, man has sought to have security through various defending instruments. This defense has two types including military and civil defense called respectively, active defense and passive defense. Passive defense is a strategic plan requiring direct management and planning of expert human forces including instruments, enginery, organization, training, and management of forces (Taghvayi and Jozi Khamselouyi, 2012:17). Considering the high volume of capitalization and establishment of many installations as well as economic tools and most importantly, high population residences, cities have significant financial and bodily vulnerabilities in case of the outbreak of war. Due to its strategic status, Tabriz city, as a metropolitan in the northwest part of Iran, faces various human threats. This city is one of the five regions of Iran facing ethnic regionalism (Mohammadi et al., 2008:60). According to the geographical, geopolitical, political, and economic conditions of Tabriz, it has been sometimes recognized as the economic center of Iran, and sometimes at least in the north-west region of the country (currently), it has been identified as the first pole of industry, trading, and commerce (GHorbani, 2003:123). The existence of important economic, military and political centers has made the discussion of the passive defense subject of this city an important issue. Data and Method The purposeful article was developmental-applied in terms of policy-making, and it was analytical-descriptive in terms of the design of the study. To collect the literature of the subject and theories of the study, library and documentary method was utilized. Moreover, Arc Gis, version 10, software was used to analyze the data and provide the required maps, which had an important role in the advancement of the study after collecting various layers since they showed different terms. Among the most important utilized criteria and indexes for the analysis, urban electrical substation privacies, urban gas pressure reduction substation privacies (Siami et al., 2013:31), gas and petrol station privacies (Valipour et al., 2014:174), military center privacies, distance from hospitals, distance from main streets (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2010:111), water sources privacies (Ministry of energy, 2014:161), distance from firefighting centers (Azizim Bornafar, 2012:132) and distance from open and green spaces (Razavian, 2002:142) could be highlighted. Results and Discussion Having accomplished the standardization of layers, their integration was the second part of the research. To this end, and for determining their importance and the weight of each layer, a hierarchal analysis method was utilized for such samples whose criteria number was high. The target Expert Choice hierarchal analysis model was determined in specific software and the final weight of each layer was calculated. As the weight of each layer was obtained, they were integrated using GIS, thus the final map of vulnerability status was shown. The results of zoning indicated that some parts of Tabriz city, especially regions from the center of the city to the eastern parts and northern parts, were the most suburbanite fabrics of the city and had higher densities; moreover, some of the newer fabrics in the western parts of the city had higher vulnerabilities. Besides, moderate and high vulnerabilities could be observed around the main streets of the city and highroads due to the importance of these infrastructures and the establishment of other related infrastructures related to transportation services. Conclusion The results of this study were somehow in line with the studies conducted by Siami et al., (2013) since both of the studies showed that regions having high population densities that needed various infrastructures had high vulnerabilities. Moreover, the hierarchal analysis method indicated that the vulnerability of infrastructures in Tabriz included respectively, military centers, electronic, telecommunication, streets, gas, and hospital infrastructures. Besides, having a view on the population and building density map and their adjustment with the vulnerability of infrastructures, it could be stated that most of the areas having high vulnerability were located in these overgrown regions, thus, the populated regions would have more vulnerability in crisis time; this fact makes the subject of crisis management and serving an important issue. In central parts of the city, the vulnerability was low due to the lack of vital installations (lack of empty lands), however, the vulnerability of infrastructures was high in suburbanite regions.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
mina Piran Heris; Akbar Abdollahzadeh Taraf
Abstract
Introduction Children, as a significant part of the urban population, play a major role in the use of urban spaces. Nowadays, paying attention to this part of society has been considered by urban planners and stakeholders since the number of children in urban areas of the world is growing (Kiani and ...
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Introduction Children, as a significant part of the urban population, play a major role in the use of urban spaces. Nowadays, paying attention to this part of society has been considered by urban planners and stakeholders since the number of children in urban areas of the world is growing (Kiani and Esmailzadeh, 2012: 51). Children in urban areas have problems such as lack of safe, creative, and lively spaces, environmental pollution, high density of buildings, and lack of security and clearance. Besides, due to lifestyle changes in recent decades, children often live in small residential units, and have no option for entertainment except watching television, playing computer games, playing with siblings or neighbors’ children, and sometimes reading books in the dark or noisy space of the building (Shia, 1391: 44). These issues reduce the presence of children in the urban spaces, leading to serious damage in their growth and social development. Based on a common and widespread belief, the child is defined as a member of society who still does not have an effective role in social organization due to not being equipped with the social skills (Kermani and Ebrahimabadi, 2014: 7). Children have four growth dimensions: physical development, emotional development, cognitive development and social development (Nowruz and Nastaran quoted by Rice, 2014: 5). This study tried to deal more accurately with the issue of children's social development in urban spaces in the neighborhood scale along with the importance of other aspects of children's development. The neighborhood is the first scale of public space in which children experience life and extend their learnings to larger urban environments. Social development is related to the process of socializing a child for communicating with others, from family members to friends and peers. The presence of children in the public environment can have further benefits such as social understanding, the sense of trust, and mutual support (Tranter and Pawson, 2001). In the first step, this research tried to compile a guide for the design or renewal of neighborhoods that "social sense" can be promoted. Therefore, the main question of the research was: "Which characteristics of a neighborhood can promote the children's social sense?" In the second step, a neighborhood in Tabriz city (Rushdiyeh neighborhood) was selected to examine that guide. The current study aimed to develop a guide for designing child-friendly urban neighborhoods focusing on the sense of community development. Research methodology The methodology of this research, which was based on the paradigm of realism, deals with the objective characteristics of the environment to advance the goals of the research. Regarding the qualitative research method, questionnaire techniques, interviews (individual and group), and cognitive maps were used to extract more information. The statistical population included preschool children (5-7) and primary school children (7-12) and their parents in Rushdiyeh neighborhood. A total of 60 children and 25 parents were surveyed as a statistical sample from the neighborhood. The method of collecting information is documentary and field. In order to know the case sample, first, the required maps were prepared based on the subject and after a complete knowledge of the range, the case sample was analyzed. Then, based on the research problem and the points we obtained from the theoretical foundations, the knowledge and analysis of the scope, design, and presentation of the proposal was done. Finally, based on the findings and theoretical framework of the research, an urban design guideline was developed to strengthen the sense of community of children in the neighborhood. Discussion According to the theoretical foundations and studies of child development and child-friendly city, the concept of sense of community and the development of this concept for children, we summarized, concluded, and developed a framework for designing a child-friendly neighborhood based on the sense of community; We also tried to answer the research questions by recognizing and analyzing the case study. In the context of the child-friendly city, more has been done to meet the basic needs and rights of children and to keep their social and emotional development low. In modern cities, it has caused less interaction between residents and people by eliminating or reducing public spaces, and this in itself has reduced the sense of community among communities, which also applies to children. Children need to be part of the group and influence this group and establish a common emotional bond with them and try to meet the needs of the group. If they can experience social sense during this period, they will build a better society in the future, which will lower social norms in the future and strengthen the social and emotional development of children. In today's modern cities, children have little presence and interaction in the neighborhood and urban space, which in turn causes psychological and social harm to children, which may lead to various anomalies in the city community in the future. Children currently have to be with their parents to attend the neighborhood or city, and this allows parents to accompany their children only on holidays due to their busy schedules, and on other days of the week, children are either at home or in kindergarten. Also, they spend the day at school and have fewer games and social interactions at the neighborhood and city level. In this regard, the following fifteen principles were argued to create a child-friendly neighborhood for the development of the sense of community: Principle 1: In designing neighborhood spaces, informal spaces for the presence of children (alleys, streets, etc.) are as important as the designed formal spaces (for example, play spaces in parks). Principle 2: The design should be based on passive supervision to ensure the safety of children when in public. Principle 3: Children use the potential of any activity to engage in social interactions, so it is important to pay attention to all three types of activity (necessary, social, and selective). Principle 4: Public walkways in the neighborhood should be designed based on speed C (traffic calming) to provide the necessary safety for the presence of children. Principle 5: Designing special traffic lines that end in primary schools provides sufficient security for children to have personal access to school. Principle 6: Public spaces, especially alleys, provide physical flexibility for a variety of children's play. Principle 7: Children's play spaces should be combined with other spaces such as the elderly to sit to improve social sense by understanding other cycles of life. Principle 8: Design of retail activities in the special movement paths of children to schools. Principle 9: Combining children's spaces with green spaces. Principle 10: Design a neighborhood based on specific (implicit or obvious) edges to better understand boundaries. Principle 11: The existence of spaces in which children can interact with children in other neighborhoods through play. Principle 12: Designing a neighborhood center based on the scale of the child and the presence of the child in it as one of the basic neighborhoods for socialization. Principle 13: The existence of institutions such as libraries and cultural centers with appropriate functions for children in the neighborhood. Principle 14: Climatically protected play spaces for attendance at different times of the year. Principle 15: Organizational management of the neighborhood for greater participation of children in the neighborhood and matters related to their management. On the other hand, assuming the desired principles and based on different dimensions of child development, it is possible to provide a suitable urban design guide for the child-friendly neighborhood. Based on the fifteen principles and also the design guide, the necessary arrangements regarding Rushdiyeh neighborhood are as follows: 1. Creating a sidewalk and bicycle path for children on the way to school; 2. Equipping parks and green spaces to create official play spaces and their appropriate distribution in the neighborhood, as well as creating new parks such as adventure and intellectual parks; 3. Creating an excuse for children to be together, such as a wall for children to paint; 4. Planting plants in places built by children; 5. Creating a library for children; 6. Creating sports and cultural spaces; 7. Creating sports fields for group sports; 8. Placing urban furniture for children in spaces; 9. Adaptation of public spaces for the presence of children in them; 10. Increasing the education per capita in the area; 11. Locating small businesses near and along the school route.
Research Paper
Climatology
Zeynab Jawanshir; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Ali Akbar Rasuly; Hashem Rostamzadeh
Abstract
Introduction Water management has always emphasized the need to abandon water storage in reservoirs and pursue a policy of limiting water consumption. Spatial-spatial information on evapotranspiration helps users understand the evacuation and depletion of water due to evaporation and establish the relationship ...
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Introduction Water management has always emphasized the need to abandon water storage in reservoirs and pursue a policy of limiting water consumption. Spatial-spatial information on evapotranspiration helps users understand the evacuation and depletion of water due to evaporation and establish the relationship between land use, water allocation, and water consumption. Evapotranspiration is the second element of the water cycle (after precipitation) and its accurate estimation on a regional scale is necessary to design appropriate management strategies. Evapotranspiration is a function of the amount of energy available for vegetation and its exchange. Because of this dependence, it can be estimated using the principle of energy conservation. Due to the limited number of meteorological stations in the country and the high cost of collecting ground data, the cost-effectiveness of the use of satellite data is one of its advantages, and the possibility of retrieving data from all levels of the region at one time is its next advantage. Having timely information makes horizontal monitoring of meteorological and environmental parameters possible. The ability of remote sensing to measure some terrestrial parameters has had an important effect on estimating actual evapotranspiration. The SEBAL model is one of the remote sensing algorithms that calculate plant evapotranspiration based on the momentary energy balance at the level of each pixel of a satellite image. The study area of the current research was the eastern cities of Lake Urmia. The reason for studying this section was the impact of recent droughts on these areas and the reduction of surface and groundwater, which has increased the need to manage water resources in these areas. Methodology In the first step of radiometric corrections, the amount of spectral radiance in the thermal band and at the next step, the reflectance in the visible bands, near-infrared, and short-wavelength infrared bands were calculated. As mentioned above, in the SEBAL model, actual evapotranspiration is calculated through satellite imagery and meteorological data is calculated using the surface energy balance. When satellite imagery provides information for its transit time, SEBAL calculates the instantaneous evapotranspiration flux for that time. Landsat 8 images for 2017-2016-2014-2013 years and meteorological data such as Minimum temperature, maximum temperature, dew point temperature, evaporation pan data, sunny hours, and wind speed were analyzed using ENVI 4.8 - Excel 2013- Arc GIS 10.3 software. Results and Discussion SEBAL is an image processing model that measures evapotranspiration and other energy conversions on the Earth's surface using digital data measured by remote sensing satellites that emit visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared radiation. This method uses surface temperature, surface reflection, and normalized plant differential index (NDVI) and their internal relationships to estimate surface fluxes for different types of land cover. In this section, using the values obtained from latent heat flux and evaporation heat flux, first, the amount of instantaneous evapotranspiration for each pixel was calculated. Then, using Ref_ET software, the total 24-hour evapotranspiration was calculated and the daily evapotranspiration rate was obtained for the whole image. Conclusion The results showed that there was a good correlation between the values estimated by the remote sensing algorithm (SEBAL) and the FAO-Penman-Monteith method as well as the evaporation pan method. The difference between the amount of SEBAL and the FAO-Penman-Monteith method in the reference plant was less than 4.21 mm/day; the largest difference was related to the 22nd of October. In total, SEBAL and Penman-Monteith methods had an average absolute difference of 4.28 mm/day. According to the results of this study, it can be observed that using the SEBAL model, the actual evapotranspiration and water needs of crops and even orchards and rangelands can be calculated on a large scale. This case could prove the suitability of this model for estimating actual evapotranspiration at different levels of the farm and irrigation networks. Therefore, remote sensing has a very high potential to improve the management of irrigation resources in very large areas using various algorithms and providing an estimate of the amount of ET with minimal use of ground data. Using remote sensing technology and GIS, acceptable results can be obtained in estimating the actual evapotranspiration rate, especially in large areas. If the parameters of the energy balance equations and Penman-Monteith could be calculated from satellite images spatially, with a suitable plant coefficient, the two methods would have similar results in estimating the rate of evapotranspiration. Using this method, the plant coefficient, which is one of the important factors in calculating the evapotranspiration of plants, can be accurately determined.
Research Paper
Climatology
Saeed jahanbakhsh; saeideh ashrafi; Hosein Asakereh
Abstract
Introduction Cyclones constitute one of the major factors determining climatic conditions, especially precipitation in the middle latitudes. Changes in the properties of cyclones in a region may lead to variations in the precipitation conditions of that region. Therefore, studying major aspects in cyclones ...
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Introduction Cyclones constitute one of the major factors determining climatic conditions, especially precipitation in the middle latitudes. Changes in the properties of cyclones in a region may lead to variations in the precipitation conditions of that region. Therefore, studying major aspects in cyclones can clarify variations in precipitation conditions. In this research, changes of cyclones associated with precipitation in the Zard Rud basin (a Sub-basin of Jarahi basin in khozestan) has been reviewed decadal during a period ranging from the hydrological year of 1976-1997 to 2013-2014. In this research, daily precipitation maps during the studied period (13879 days) by using kriging method has been provided. Data and methods So the long-term precipitation mean of all days were extracted and by using 50 percentile, rainfall season detected. Upon identifying the precipitation season, Cyclones detected for this period. For identifying cyclones 1000 hPa hourly maps (NCEP/NCAR) were utilized. Two conditions were used to detect available cyclones: (1) the height values in each pixel of the 1000 hPa height map should be smaller than those of it 8 neighboring pixels and (2) the gradient mean of the height of the selected pixel and its 8 neighboring ones that was equal or smaller than 100 m/1000 km was regarded as the cyclone center. After identifying the cyclones on the map, the center of each cyclone was identified in consecutive maps to track the cyclone path. It was hypothesized that precipitation in the basin of the Zard Rud would be affected by the cyclones dominating the area as well as the trough of the cyclones that were far from the area, but could influence the region. Discussion Cyclones associated with precipitation in the basin were identified in the light of the presence of the cyclone or its troughs over the region during the occurrence of a precipitation. The results show that The extent of the area and frequency of cyclones in studied decades and consequently frequency of cyclonic rainy days and annual cyclonic precipitation in Zard Rud basin have decreased. Reduction in the frequency of cyclonic precipitations can be attributed to the place where the cyclones are formed. Indeed, in comparison with the past, a larger number of cyclones are formed over Saudi Arabia and Iraq, a phenomenon which has led to the entrance of dry or less humid air into the studied region. Masoudian (2012: 15-33) also indicated that a cyclonic center was formed over Iraq. Results Longitudinal extent area of cyclones decreases from 72.5˚ in first decade to 55˚ in fourth decade and Latitudinal extent decreases from 30˚ in first decade to 25˚ in fourth decade. Annual review on cyclones entry point to Iran show that minimum latitudinal extent from 1986-1987 hydrological year and maximum latitudinal extent from 1991-1992 hydrological year had fluctuation. So that, in 2011-2012 hydrological year, latitudinal extent of cyclones entry to Iran has reached the narrowest of its paths. Examining mean differences in the cyclone frequency of two halves of period (first half: 1976-1977 to 1994-1995 hydrological year and second half: 1995-1996 to 2013-2014 hydrological year) also revealed a noticeable shift in cyclones frequency. Result of surveying of cyclonic precipitation show that cyclonic total precipitation decreased during the studied decades. However, frequency of cyclones is less than first decade but second decade has the maximum amount of precipitation. It is may resulted of continuity of cyclones in this region. Taken together, a change was observed in geographical extent and frequency of cyclones associated with precipitation in the Zard Rud basin, which in turn affected precipitation in the area
Research Paper
Geomorphology
Leila Khodaei Geshlag; shahram roostaei; Davod Mokhtari; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introduction Risk management and landslide assessment begin with a comprehensive identification and monitoring of their movements and mapping them, which can be used as a basis for achieving knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution. The integrated vision of the radar remote sensing images ...
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Introduction Risk management and landslide assessment begin with a comprehensive identification and monitoring of their movements and mapping them, which can be used as a basis for achieving knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution. The integrated vision of the radar remote sensing images has made them a powerful tool for preparing distribution maps, assessing the risk of landslides, and evaluating the instabilities reoccurring at various time intervals. Therefore, this study aimed to identify, monitor, and measure the extent to which the region is at the risk of slope instabilities in the period of 2009-2011 in the Ahar-Varzeghan region in the Ahar Chay heights using the Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique. Data and Method The studied area is a part of Ahar Chay watershed with an area of 1593 km2, which makes it the largest watershed in the East Azerbaijan province. The said area has an east longitude of 35´ 46° to 10´ 47° and north latitude of 20´ 38° to 45´ 38°. This area is located on northern slopes at an altitude of more than 2730 m, and in the Alpaut and Chaligh areas with an altitude of less than 1260 m. Various types of data were used in this research, including radar imagines, ENVISAT-ASAR, and data captured by Global Positioning System (GPS) in field research. Besides, topographic maps of 1.25000 associated with the country's land surveying organization and geological maps of 1:250000 related to the country's geological and mineral exploration organization were used to examine the area's geology and morphology. Besides, SAR scape ENVI4.8 and Arc/GIS software environments were used to prepare and process radar images, and provide the displacement maps associated with the landslides. INSAR is a remote sensing technique developed to study the earth's surface movements in the 1992 Landers, California earthquake. When this technique is adopted, two or more SAR images are used to generate a digital elevation model or prepare a map of the movements of the earth's surface. Also, this technique measures the phase difference between two different waves, and this phase difference is attributed to the change in the distance between the sensor and the earth target or the movements of the earth's surface. SAR images show the movements of the earth's surface in the direction of the satellite's line of sight. However, SAR images can be used in both ascending and descending modes, which enable them to measure the earth's surface movements in three directions: vertically, from the north, and east. The following steps must be taken to measure the movements of the earth's surface and/or develop a digital elevation model using the InSAR technique: SAR image formation: - Interferogram generation - Ambiguous phase extraction - Phase recovery in the generated interferogram - Elimination of the effect of the topographic phase on the interferogram - Displacement phase extraction Results and Discussion The InSAR technique has been used in this study to identify the range of slope instabilities and the rate of displacement of unstable landslides. Based on the research findings, radar images and differential interferometry processing methods could potentially identify unstable active areas and calculate the rate of displacement. In this study, the results of the ASAR radar image processing were used to calculate the rate of displacement from 2009 to 2011. Figure 9 showed the displacement rate for the period of 2006-2011. It should be noted that positive and negative numbers in this figure indicated the rate of upward and downward movements, respectively. According to this figure, the highest and lowest rates of downward movements were associated with 2009 and 2011, respectively. In other words, the rate of downward movements had decreased by 2011. However, the rate of upward movement in the region was the highest for the years 2009 and 2010. Also, the lowest rate of upward movement recorded for this area was in 2011. Conclusion The present study utilized the InSAR technique to identify the range of landslides and to estimate the displacement of unstable landslides. The results of this study showed that radar images and differential interferometry processing methods could potentially identify unstable active areas and calculate the rate of displacement. In this study, the results of the ASAR radar image processing were used to calculate the rate of displacement between 2009 and 2011. Then, the validity of the results of the InSAR technique was measured by adapting the displacement maps to field operations and Google Earth. According to the research findings, the highest rate of fall or downward movement occurred in approximately 8 cm in the southern areas. Moreover, the highest rate of elevation or upward movement occurred in about 5 cm in the east northern areas in 2009. The highest rate of falls in this year was associated with areas with old landslides, among which the villages of Depigh, Nasirabad, and around Sariaraghan were more affected than other areas. These instabilities in the village of Depigh were mostly located around the bed of the Ahar Chay river, in a way that severe landslides in this area caused enormous rocks to accumulate on the surface of the river bed.
Research Paper
Climatology
Yagob Dinpashoh; Saeid Jahanbakhsh-Asl; Leyla Mosavi Jahani
Abstract
Introduction One of the standard models for estimation of ET0 that accepted by all hydrologists and climatologists is the FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO56PM) method. Although this model is accurate in ET0 estimation, however, it has some limitations. The main limitation of this method in in its need for various ...
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Introduction One of the standard models for estimation of ET0 that accepted by all hydrologists and climatologists is the FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO56PM) method. Although this model is accurate in ET0 estimation, however, it has some limitations. The main limitation of this method in in its need for various meteorological data, including the solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, wind speed and actual vapor pressure. Unfortunately, all of these parameters are not readily available in all the conditions. In this regard, many researchers interested to find a simple method for accurate ET0 estimation (Sentelhas et al., 2010; Dinpashoh, 2016; and many others). Based on our best knowledge there is no comprehensive study conducted in Urmia Basin for finding a simple and accurate method that needs less weather parameters for ET0 estimation. Therefore, the main aim of this study is estimation of ET0 that needs less weather parameters in Urmia Lake basin. Materials and Methods The area under study is the Urmia Lake Basin, located in North-West of Iran. This basin is approximately lied between the 35⸰ 40´ E to 38⸰ 29´ E latitudes and 44⸰ 07´ to 47⸰ 53 longitudes. The area of this basin is about 51700 km2 which is equal to about 3.2 percent of Iran's area. Data used in this research are the daily recorded values of maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, wind speed at 10 m height, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and some geographic information such as altitudes, latitudes and longitudes. The nine stations were selected from different points of the basin in this study. The FAO56PM method (Allen, 1998) was selected as the bench mark for ET0 estimation in all the stations. In this method the following equation was used for ET0 in the chosen sites. (1) where ET0 is the reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day), Rn is the net solar radiation at crop surface (MJ m-2 day-1), G is the soil heat flux (MJ m-2 day-1), T is the mean air temperature at 2 m height (°C), u2 is the wind speed at a 2 m height (m/s), the term (es-ea) is the saturation vapor deficit (kPa), Δ is the slope of the vapor pressure curve at the point of air temperature (kPa/°C) and g is the psychometric constant (kPa/°C). In order to convert U from 10 m height to u2 the following equation was used (Nandagiri and Kovoor, 2005; Sentelhas et al., 2010; Dinpashoh et al., 2011): (2) where Uz is the wind speed (m/s) at z m height, and zw is the height (m) at which wind speed measured. In this study, in order to find an alternative model, which uses less weather data in estimation of ET0 the three empirical models namely Hargreaves (HG), Kimberly Penman (KPM), Priestly Taylor (PT), and Multivariate Linear and non-linear regression were used. Evaluation of the models performed using the three metrics, coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Results and Discussion Results showed that, the median of the R2 values for KP was more than 0.986. The median of the R2 values for PT and HG models were found to be equal to 0.902 and 0.40, respectively. The median of RMSE for HG model was about 0.9 (mm day -1). This value for KPM and PT models were about 1.3 and 2.1 (mm day -1). The median of MAE for the selected stations for KPM was less than 1 (mm day -1). This value for HG was equal to 0.7 (mm day-1) and in the case of PT was more than 1.5 (mm day -1). Therefore, considering the MAE values and RMSE, the HG model was detected to be the suitable method foe ET0 estimation in Urmia Lake basin.
Research Paper
Geomorphology
Masoumeh Rajabi; shahram roostaei; Mohsen Barzkar
Abstract
Introduction Rivers are one of the best geomorphic landscapes in which the connection between the system of forces and the forms of unevenness can be clearly understood (Chorley et al., 2000: 163). Various sites, especially sedimentology, are important. Zab River is one of the most water-rich rivers ...
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Introduction Rivers are one of the best geomorphic landscapes in which the connection between the system of forces and the forms of unevenness can be clearly understood (Chorley et al., 2000: 163). Various sites, especially sedimentology, are important. Zab River is one of the most water-rich rivers in the country, which due to the high discharge, causes a lot of damage annually due to floods on agricultural lands located in the river. This river, by changing its course in the bed and creating erosion along the bed, exposes the lands around the bed to destruction, and considering that the farmers of the region use the river water for agriculture, it is of great economic importance for them.Therefore, it is necessary to classify and determine the boundaries of the riverbed and thus understand the existing processes and morphological knowledge of it. Therefore, it is necessary to classify and determine the boundaries of the riverbed and, as a result, to understand the existing processes and its morphological knowledge. Data and Method River classification according to Rosegan method: Rosegan classification is divided into four levels: In this research, for the morphological classification of Zab river, first by scrolling along the study area, an almost uniform set of geomorphic units is identified. Then, using GPS in three paths upstream, middle and downstream of the study area were segmented. After intercepting the river route and then entering the required data into the WMS9.1 and HEC-RAS software environment and executing the hydrological model, the geometric properties of 24 transverse sections of the total sections in all intervals The studied route was extracted and all the parameters required for classification and geometry of the duct in those intervals were calculated. To determine the overflow discharge of the intervals, the discharge with different return periods obtained from the relationship between Fuller and smada software with The prepared sections were given to HEC-RAS software and then based on one of the methods to determine the full cross section (level at which the ratio of width to depth to depth in an orthogonal device is minimized) the overflow flow is determined Took. Accordingly, in each cross section of the curve, the ratio of width to depth of flow versus depth for each section was plotted and the minimum point on the curve was selected as the discharge of the full section. After determining this discharge in each transverse section, using frequency analysis, the full section discharge has been determined for the whole river. Finally, by introducing flow characteristics, geometric characteristics and manning coefficient of each section in HEC-RAS software, flow simulation was performed and data related to cross-sections and water surface profiles including width to depth ratio, indentation index Bed, cross-sectional area in overflow, overflow width, maximum depth, flood plain width and water level slope, etc. were calculated. The implementation steps of the HEC-RAS model are shown in Figure 2. Results and Discussion According to field and laboratory studies, Zab River is in the alluvial group in terms of classification based on the type of bed sediments (rocky and alluvial). In summer, due to dehydration, fine-grained sediments are placed on coarse-grained sediments, as a result of which sand particles get stuck between the sand particles and cause the bed to solidify. These sediments are sandy but in winter Due to the flood, fine particles are displaced along with the flood and large particles remain at the bottom of the bed, so the type of sediments on the bottom of the Zab River are sandy. To obtain the average size of duct material, 15 samples were taken along the river at different distances and granulated in the laboratory. Due to the fact that the intervals 4 in the upstream and 11 in the middle part of the studied route have a mixed bed of irregular rapids or erosion basins and the bed (profile) and sides are relatively stable and have a limited sediment transport system with type B Roses are compatible. Also, moderate roughness and narrow valleys with a gradual slope are other reasons for confirming this claim. Intervals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 upstream, 10, 12, 13, 14 in the middle and 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 downstream of the studied route with respect to stability They and their sediment load and limited transport are Type C compliant. The predominant morphological feature of these areas is wide valleys with alluvial terraces associated with the flood plain, which are again the characteristics of this type. Section 18 is located in the downstream part of the studied route in type D, which is witnessed by the following reasons. The river is arterial in this area and rock fragments are rarely seen in the bed. The ducts also have erodible edges and high suction load. The morphological appearance of most areas has this type of wide valleys with alluvial and clovial cones. Interval 12 is located in the middle part of the studied route in type E. Here the ducts show significant sinusitis and the ratio of width to depth is low. The river is stable in this area and one of the reasons is the development in the floodplain with dense grass cover on the vertical shore of the duct. The predominant morphological feature of this section is the type of wide valleys with grasslands. Conclusion The characteristics of these intervals indicate their conformity with the Rosgen model. High instability of the riverbed in the range of intervals of types C and D is a threat to agricultural lands and surrounding structures. The results of evaluating the stability conditions of the intervals of the study area in the third level of Rozgan showed that in the upstream path of the study area, the intervals of 2, 5, and 8 intervals have more stable conditions at a good level than other intervals. Flow conditions in the intervals 1, 3, 6, 7 are at the intermediate level and in the interval 4 are at the weak level, which have more unstable conditions. In the intermediate path, the range 11 is better and more stable, and the 10, 12, 13, and 15 ranges are at the intermediate level, which is less stable. In the downstream direction, the studied areas are intervals 19, 21 and 22 at a good level and with more stable conditions, intervals 18, 20, 23 and 24 at a medium level and range 17 at a weak level and instability conditions. The results of Zab River evaluation based on Rozgan classification system at levels two and three showed that the canal patterns in Zab River and consequently the effective parameters in classifying and separating the canals are consistent with Rozgan system. However, there are differences in the values and parameters that are due to specific conditions of local influencing factors. However, the Rozgan system is responsible for the morphological knowledge of the Zab River and similar fluvial systems. کرد. Therefore, this model has the ability to quantitatively predict the geomorphism of the Zab River and rivers with similar conditions.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Shahrivar Roustaei; Behzad Ranjbarnia; Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction Since the 1990s, after both economy and society moved from Fordism to post-Fordism, a new paradigm emerged from the beginning of the new century. Due to the impact of the knowledge economy on urban communities, this paradigm known as knowledge-based urban development emerged in the late ...
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Introduction Since the 1990s, after both economy and society moved from Fordism to post-Fordism, a new paradigm emerged from the beginning of the new century. Due to the impact of the knowledge economy on urban communities, this paradigm known as knowledge-based urban development emerged in the late 20th century (Yigitcanlar et al., 2008a: 64). The knowledge-based urban development concept was considered as a practical management strategy for urban residents in various areas of sustainable social, economic, and urban growth along with the postmodern development of urban areas. Meanwhile, despite the benefits of superior information and communication technologies in urban areas and in particular the topics related to these technologies in accelerating the process of knowledge-based urban development, this factor can cause major challenges in balanced urban development. In this regard, one of the main obstacles in this area is the digital divide. The digital divide refers to the inequality in access of all members of society in terms of quantity and quality to information and communication technologies. In most societies, the right to create information is practically given to everyone, but distribution or sharing is taken away from them; hence, information resources are not used equally by society (Lievrouw and Farb, 2003: 414). Some societies deal with a deep digital divide in terms of information technology, which in turn impedes the realization of the city of knowledge. In various sources, the digital divide is mentioned as one of the barriers to a knowledge-based city (Butcher, 2009: 59 & Norris, 2001). Considering the above-mentioned cases, Tabriz metropolis needs to reach a variety of goals to become a knowledge-based city. One of these goals is identifying the impact of the digital divide on the concept of knowledge-based urban development. Therefore, the focus of this article is on the study of the effect of digital divide indicators on knowledge-based urban development variables in the city of Tabriz. Data and Methods In the present article, the structural equation model has been utilized to comprehensively study the conceptual model of the research. In this study, the opinions of 50 experts have been taken. To estimate the impact of digital development factors and gaps on each other, researchers created a 44X44 matrix by considering 32 knowledge-based urban development sub-indices in addition to the 12 digital gap variables within a system. Accordingly, after obtaining the outputs related to the expert’s opinions, these results were analyzed in MicMac software. Software outputs can greatly help to understand the dimensions and relationships of the system along with the way the system will work in the future in the various forms of tables and graphs (Rabbani, 2012). Results and Discussion According to the analytical results of this matrix, the variables including government influence, strategic planning, managerial interventions, broadband access, and social stability have the highest effect on the system. Furthermore, the most susceptible direct variables of the system include geographical location, urban competitiveness, foreign direct investment, economic status, research, and development. By observing the obtained results, it is easy to see the government’s role in positive or negative effectiveness in reaching the goals of digital city and knowledge-based urban development. Additionally, the results obtained from the distribution chart of variables have the following points: Determinants and influential variables (Located in the northwest of the Chart with High effectiveness and Low susceptibility): Management interventions, age, broadband access, cost of living, affordable housing, networking and strategic cooperation, justice, and social integration. Two-fold variables (located in the northeast chart - high effectiveness and low susceptibility): urban competitiveness, quality of life, government impact, e-government, strategic planning, urban branding, etc. Result variables (located in the southwest of the system- low effectiveness and high susceptibility): patent applications, worker knowledge pool, educational investment, basic professional skills, language skills, and socio-economic dependence. Independent variables (located in the southeast of the system - low effectiveness and susceptibility): cultural and social norms, disability and physical ability, social stability, unemployment, environmental impact, use of sustainable transportation, etc. Conclusion To achieve structural knowledge-based urban development, the influential factors within this type of development are considered as an interwind or structure (system) to measure their inter-relationships due to enabling users to extract key variables of the system. In the present study, a variety of indicators were assessed for tackling problems related to the digital divide within the city and altering it to digital equity in Tabriz city. Those variables with the maximum effectiveness along with two-fold indicators have been chosen as key factors. A brief look at the concepts used in this study indicates that there is a conflict between the concept of the digital divide and urban knowledge-based development. In this regard, to eliminate this conflict, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of some variables. These variables include improving existing management tools and policies, strengthening the existing infrastructure for easy access to ICT by citizens, increasing people's skills and awareness, and finally strengthening the people's economic status by turning the digital divide into an opportunity along with providing a basis for the successful realization of knowledge-based urban development.
Research Paper
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Shohreh Abdoalmohamdi; Alireza Ildoromi; Mosayeb Heshmati
Abstract
Introduction Land use change generally has a serious impact on the rate Organic matter and other properties Physical and chemical soils.So that today, the study of the effects of land use change on soil characteristics in watersheds is one of the important and important topics for researchers. ...
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Introduction Land use change generally has a serious impact on the rate Organic matter and other properties Physical and chemical soils.So that today, the study of the effects of land use change on soil characteristics in watersheds is one of the important and important topics for researchers. Pichakd, (2017) Khatir Pasha et al. (2017) examined the effect of land use change on soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics in Qalaq forest of the city.The results showed that the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil were significantly different between different uses and the dynamics of nitrogen could be affected by changes in forest uses. Data and colleagues (2015) concluded by examining the characteristics of sodium soils and organic carbon components in various uses in northwestern India That's in all usesAs the depth increases, bulk density, the amount of silt and clay, and the pH and electrical conductivity of the soil increase The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of land use change on the physical and chemical properties of soil in the Kermanshah Helshi watershed. Methodology The Halshi watershed is part of the Qarasu basin with an area of about 7356.65 hectares, which is located 30 km southeast of Kermanshah..In this research, first, using topographic maps of the region and satellite images, the land use map of the region was prepared in three classes of agriculture, forest and rangeland.In the next step, based on land use maps, topography (slope, direction, height), geology, soil hydrology, land capability, erosion of soil sampling points in the study area in Arc GIS 9.3 software environment are specified and according to the conditions. Homogeneity and area of each land use at a shallow depth of about 0-20 cm 38 soil samples including 18 samples in agricultural lands, 10 samples in rangeland lands and 10 samples in Forest lands Accidentally harvested and the geographical characteristics of each soil sample were recorded by GPS. The soil samples were then transferred to the laboratory after drying in the open air and the physical and chemical properties were evaluated using one-way variance (ANOVA) and SAS software. Discussion and results According to the results of statistical analysis and the meanings obtained from clay, silt and sand ratio in the samples of soil tested, the type of soil texture in agricultural use is more than clay and loamy-clay type, rangeland lands with loamy texture and lands. It is a clay-silty forest, Due to land use change, soil texture has changed from clay-silt in the forest to clay in agriculture.Reducing the stability of aggregate in agricultural use compared to two uses Rangelands and forests can be considered due to tillage operations and reduction of soil organic matter, which indicates unsustainable use in these lands.Average pH in agricultural use, Rangelands and forests show that these parameters do not change significantly in different uses and are the same.The existence of geological formations, especially lime and carbonates (karstic lime), and climatic conditions, physicochemical decomposition and material erosion, has increased and concentrated the amount of surface lime.The results show that forest use has the highest amount of organic carbon than both agricultural and rangeland use. The percentage of nitrogen in the surface layer in agricultural and rangeland use is lower than forest use, indicating that land use change from forest to agricultural reduces soil nitrogen.The average amount of potassium that can be absorbed by the surface layer of rangeland is higher than that of agriculture and forestry. But this difference was not statistically significantBased on the results of the Mean Comparison Test (ANOVA), it shows that land use change has led to changes in soil quality and some physical and organic carbon parameters of the soil. Results In general, the results of this study showed that conversion and change Land, especially from Rangelands and forests to agriculture and consequently Continuous cultivation on these lands leads to the destruction of some of the optimal physical and chemical properties of the soil.According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that land use change can reduce the appearent specific weieght in agricultural lands, increasing the amount of sand used. Rangelands, increasing the aggregate stability and organic carbon soils in forest lands, reducing the amount of organic matter in arable land, increasing potassium Rangelands, increased phosphorus in arable land, increased organic carbon in the forest, increased electrical conductivity in agricultural use.The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the change in rangeland and forest use had the greatest impact on soil characteristics and the stability of aggregate aggregate stability and organic carbon in forest use made the most difference .Therefore, land use change, especially from Forest andRangelands To Agriculture affects soil properties and leads to soil degradation and reduction of nutrients.
Research Paper
Climatology
Ali Ghasemi Beqtash; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introduction Today, there are many factors involved in air pollution. PM10 is one of the significant elements influencing air pollution in the city. Due to their fineness, these particles can travel to high altitudes and long distances. The metropolis of Tabriz is known as one of the polluted cities ...
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Introduction Today, there are many factors involved in air pollution. PM10 is one of the significant elements influencing air pollution in the city. Due to their fineness, these particles can travel to high altitudes and long distances. The metropolis of Tabriz is known as one of the polluted cities whose air pollution is caused by burning a huge amount of fossil fuels, lack of green space and topographic and climatic conditions. Given that the purpose of synoptic studies is to explain the key interactions between the atmosphere and the surface environment, and synoptic climatology pursues a major goal and that is to find the relationship between atmospheric circulation and the surface environment. Given the importance of the phenomenon of dusty air pollution and on the other hand its widespread spatial expansion in recent years in the northwest, the need for this research was felt more than ever; Therefore, in this study, suspended particles in the atmosphere have been analyzed as one of the most important air pollutants in Tabriz Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of active pressure patterns on pollution in Tabriz metropolis, the synoptic analysis method was used. In order to influence the meteorological conditions on increasing and decreasing pollution, pressure gauging meters have been used in connection with the main PM10 pollutant. To achieve this goal, the average daily data of PM10 in the years 1992-2010 in Bagh Shomal station and meteorological data of Hamidid station in Tabriz have been used. The method was as follows: the data were first entered into Excel software and based on the standard table of air quality, the standard limit of pollutants was determined. Extreme contaminated days were filtered and extracted by Excel. Polluted days with dangerous conditions on March 15-16, 2009 and to May 6 the same year. Then using the surface pressure data, the level of 500 hPa of pressure patterns on the infected far days were analyzed. The study of air quality index showed that the highest number of polluted days occurred in 2008 and the lowest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in 2006. In addition, the highest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in March, May, April and June. The results of the study of synoptic patterns show the existence of a weak pressure cells at the level of 500 and the dominance of a strong low pressure system at ground level and the distribution of temperature along with the hot core over the region. Also, the effect of the condition of the upper levels of atmosphere on the contaminated days by drawing synoptic maps of 500 hPa on the polluted days were examined. The Lund correlation method was used to select the representative days of the groups obtained from the classification of atmospheric pressure data. In this way, to select the representative day, the day that has the most similarity with the most number of group days was selected. Findings and Discussion The correlation coefficient represents the degree of similarity of the patterns of the two maps with each other. To do this, a certain threshold correlation coefficient must be accepted. The value of correlation coefficient in such cases typically varies between 0.5 to 0.7. Representative days were extracted based on a threshold of 0.5. Thus, the day that has a correlation coefficient of 0.5 with more days was selected as the representative day. The 500 hPa pattern, which has changed the climate of Northwestern Iran, is a Rex-type blocking system. Such a system is called lateral lifting Rex. After re-combining the western current in the east of this system, hot and dry conditions are applied to the area under their coverage. From the Northwestern region of Iran, in the impact basin of the low eastern part of this Rex system, which is mentioned outside the combined flow; Therefore, the unstable conditions in the study area are due to the positive rotating tawny wind of this arrangement from the lateral Rex system. In the case of west and east winds, the type of flow is important because their flow can be orbital or meridional. The wave motion of the winds in the meridional direction causes cold air to accumulate and fall inside the vessels within the higher latitudes to the lower latitudes, and vice versa, in the ridges, the warm air of the lower latitudes ascends to the higher latitudes. Orbital component maps show the direction of the wind (if the direction of the wind is negative and if it is positive in the direction of the west) and the speed of the orbital winds. The meridional component shows the wind speed in the north direction (if the wind speed values are positive) and south (if the wind speed values are negative). The wind map on the first day of pollution shows that the current The wind blows in a counter-clockwise direction in the low-lying center of the Mediterranean and at the same time in Northwestern Iran it moves in a counter-clockwise direction (anticyclonic) and increases pollution in the metropolis of Tabriz, but on the last day it gets west-east and The severity of pollution in Tabriz metropolis is gradually decreasing. Conclusion Given the importance of the phenomenon of dusty air pollution and on the other hand its widespread spatial expansion in recent years in the Northwest, the need for this research was felt more than ever; Therefore, in this study, suspended particles in the atmosphere, which is one of the most important air pollutants in Tabriz, has been analyzed. Examination of the air quality index of Bagh Shomal station in a period of study showed that the highest number of polluted days occurred in 2008 and the lowest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in 2006; but based on the persistence index and the average, days polluted with the dangerous condition of suspended particles were analyzed. According to the air quality index, the highest number of dangerously polluted days occurred in 2008 and in March, May and April. The hot core is on the area. Also, the effect of the condition of the upper levels of atmosphere was studied by drawing synoptic maps of 500 hPa on the polluted days. From the polluted middays, the two time periods of March 15 to March 17, 2008 and May 15 to May 17, 1988 were analyzed due to the continuity of the three days and the results indicated that there was a direct correlation between airborne synoptic circulation patterns and the polluted days in Tabriz. The main source of dust entering the metropolis of Tabriz during two periods with severe pollution of the deserts of Central Asia and Afghanistan. In addition this study showed that high air pressure, especially in the morning in autumn, causes an increase in the density of pollutants on the ground.
Research Paper
Rural Planning
Yousef ghanbari; Razieh Rahimi; hamid barghi
Abstract
Introduction According to villagers' perspective on creative tourism, the common definition is that local residents should be proud of the creative space of the village, accept active participation in tourism development programs, and have an appropriate hospitality with regard to tourism. The purpose ...
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Introduction According to villagers' perspective on creative tourism, the common definition is that local residents should be proud of the creative space of the village, accept active participation in tourism development programs, and have an appropriate hospitality with regard to tourism. The purpose of this perspective is not considering local residents as a tourist destination and not assuming that only tourists can achieve a notable evaluation of the local creative space. Instead, residents should be considered as a group having an understanding of the originality of the creative space in their living place which will explain their attitude to the environment and be better hosts for tourists. In other words, tourist destination should not be regarded as a commercial package being sold to the tourist and causing destruction in the space (i.e. the sold out products). Cultural and legal discourse, as well as the attitudes and perceptions of the residents should be considered in this package. Preserving the natural environment of the living place is one of the concerns of residents in the villages of Iran and they expect tourists to pay more attention to creative tourism (cultural tourism, village tourism, etc.) to protect the natural environment and consider other aspects. In addition, the status of host and the areas with better acceptance are of great importance in the villages of Isfahan province, being visited by many tourists. In this regard, the present study pursues two main objectives. The first goal is to cluster tourism villages based on behavioral and environmental factors and the second goal is to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral and environmental factors on hospitality by residents being tested using the structural equation approach. Methodology The present study was survey in terms of method. The main tool was a questionnaire in which the scoring method was adjusted based on five-option Likert scale ranging from very high to very low. Amos software was used for modeling and k-means clustering analysis was used for separating the target villages. The obtained data were displayed in the Scatter plot. The statistical population included the residents of the target villages of Isfahan province. A number of 187 subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method and the questionnaires were distributed randomly. Results The items related to "villagers’ attitudes" variables were higher than the average. In variable "participation", the items of participation in environmental preservation, participation in guidance, and interaction with tourists had a good average. In variable "perception ", all items gained a good average. In variable "physical infrastructure", the status of the target villages was acceptable and finally, the villagers were satisfied with hospitality. The results of clustering indicated that the villages of plain region (hot climate) including "Mesr, Garmeh, Bayazeh and Qortan" were placed in cluster 1 (higher average) and the villages of mountainous region including "Abyaneh, Asfarajan, Khafr and Nashlaj, Abyaneh" were placed in cluster 2 (lower average). Scatter plot indicated that environmental factor improved the behavioral factor. The coefficient of determination (R2) revealed that 79% of behavioral factor was explained by environmental factor and there was a good correlation between environmental and behavioral factors. Conclusion In summary, the research model suggested that if two factors of behavioral and environmental in the village have creative features, they will affect the hospitality by villagers. In addition, the effect of behavioral factor was reported. In other words, perception, attitude, and participation of villagers are good predictors for the realization of hospitality. However, the role of environmental factor was highlighted. Furthermore, the environmental features of villages such as cultural, physical and environmental space had a serious effect on hosting tourists. The maximum average of creative hospitality variables was reported in the eastern villages of Isfahan province (Plain region with hot climate) and the villages of Mesr, Garmeh, and Bayazeh had the best conditions. Such results can be interesting for researchers in behavioral geography. Considering the behavioral factor and rural originality will significantly improve the hospitality by villagers and the interaction with tourists. The importance of the present study on this point indicated that no negative effect was found on damaging the rural originality and identity in the target villages of Isfahan, being visited by a large number of tourists.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; Abolfazl Naeemi Peyvasti; Hasan Masoudi
Abstract
Introduction At present, the growth of the urban population of the world is faster than the world's largest, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. This fact has created many environmental and socio-economic problems on a large scale, especially in developing countries. Therefore, ...
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Introduction At present, the growth of the urban population of the world is faster than the world's largest, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. This fact has created many environmental and socio-economic problems on a large scale, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the high urbanization rate and the lack of urban infrastructure on the one hand, and the reduction of land with environmentally valuable land in the cities, on the other hand, reveals the need for a review of the process of change and the prediction of the expansion of cities in the coming years. Foresight science is an interdisciplinary knowledge that, in addition to analysing the trends of the past, has been able to discover, invent, and evaluate possible, probable and desirable future, and transformed the dispersed and inconsistent literature on planning for the future into scientifically codified with solid principles. In this regard, environmental futures research is a process of systematic and accountable effort to address the long-term future with the aim of identifying strategic research areas and the emergence of inclusive environmental technologies, which, while embracing the economic and social benefits of citizens, also minimize the potential for potential losses. Urban environment and provide favourable environmental scenarios, taking into account sustainable development patterns. This research has been designed with the aim of identifying the development indicators of the city of Sardrood including social, economic and environmental dimensions and defining the directions of the city development. During this process, the environmental consequences of its development will be explored with the future-oriented and futuristic approach in the event of its accession to the metropolis of Tabriz. Methods and material This research is based on the objective, applied and descriptive-analytical method. Initially, the required data and indices were prepared using library questionnaires and social, economic and environmental indicators. Then, in the MICMAC software designed for structural analysis, the impact of the indicators produced on each other and on the growth and development of the city was studied. Then, with the Scenario wizard software, the scenarios needed for key factors and driving force behind the development of the city were presented. Results and Discussion The initial variables affecting the future of the system were collected and analyzed using the Delphi technique, and finally, 59 variables were extracted in different dimensions. In order to analyze the effective variables, the structural analysis method was used using MICMAC software and the experts. The distribution of variables indicates that the system is unstable. The direct and indirect effects of variables on each other and on the future of the system were examined by experts and finally, 13 effective factors were obtained from a total of 59 primary factors. In this study, "the type of attitude in the annexation of the city of Sardrood to the metropolis of Tabriz" was identified as the most influential factor. In the final part of the study, a scenario was performed and for each of the key factors, the probable situations were identified. A total of 53 statuses were compiled and to examine the effect of each of the probable situations on other situations, the questionnaires were provided to the experts and entered into the scenario software for analysis of the results. Finally, there were three strong, more likely to occur scenarios, 9,999 poor scenarios, and 13 reasonable and believable scenarios by considering incredible scenarios, there are 169 statuses for them, of which only 24 are highly desirable and 44 are in a desirable process and the rest of the state is static, undesirable, or critical, which does not represent a desirable future for the future of the system. Conclusion This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the environmental consequences of the development of the city of Sardasht and its annexation to Tabriz's capital city. In the first step, by using the questionnaire tool, 59 factors were identified and evaluated by the experts on the future of the system in various dimensions and entered into the software to determine the key factors. Since the system software was identified as unstable, variables were classified into five general categories, which eventually identified 13 indicators out of 59 indicators as the main factors. In the following, 53 potential scenarios were designed for key factors that indicate the future of key factors. Then, to assess the impact and scenarios of these situations, they were compared through a questionnaire and their results were analyzed using the Wizard scenario software. The software provided 9,999 weak, 13 credible scenarios, and three strong scenarios. For credible scenarios, the status of the future of the ruling system is 169, of which 68 are favorable and 101 are unfavorable. Consequently, even in the case of favorable scenarios, the optimal future for the system is not expected.
Research Paper
Geomorphology
Davod Mokhtari
Abstract
Introduction Along with geotourism,the scientific community is still in search of answers suitable for the purpose, why travel to the geotouristic areas, interests and motivations, needs and desires and demographic characteristics of geotourists. On the other hand, there are different interpretations ...
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Introduction Along with geotourism,the scientific community is still in search of answers suitable for the purpose, why travel to the geotouristic areas, interests and motivations, needs and desires and demographic characteristics of geotourists. On the other hand, there are different interpretations and the plurality of opinions in this regard, some confusion in the literature is provided. Materials and Methods This article attempts to analyze and the expression of a range of dimensions and characteristics of a geotourist and collecting and providing comments and suggestions in the literature, Certain information from geotourists for researchers and practitioners in the field provided. The research method is descriptive content analysis. During this study, the position and status of theoretical foundations of geotourists have been described in terms of the nature and scope of geotourism. Discussion and Results Everyone, as the executive or audience of geotourism, is obligated to observe all its principles and dimensions. Minimizing the consequences, negating environmental and cultural awareness, creating positive experiences for visitors and hosts, attracting direct financial support for safeguards measures, creating financial rewards and empowering local peoples, enhancing the political, environmental, and social environment of host societies, supporting Citizenship rights are the most important of these principles. On the other hand, one of the goals of geotourism is to teach geosciences. Given the challenge, designing tools and providing solutions that can combine these two, namely, leisure and training, is necessary. Attention to the typology of geotourists leads to a better understanding of the dimensions of geotourism and contributes to the development and marketing of geotourism. It also provides some insight into the choice of tourism destination and the creation of a competitive atmosphere for these purposes. The experience of successful geotourism depends on the needs of the tourist and, in this case, it is more probable to re-visit geosite. Having a set of phenomena and tourist attractions with geological, geomorphologic, biological, heritage and cultural features is one of the most important features of each geotourist site. Therefore, offering a diverse set of attractions that is known in the literature of geotourism as "ABC[1]", and covers non-polluting phenomena (geological and geomorphological), living (animals and plants), and cultural (artificial attraction), from geotours side is necessary for geotourists. The development of geotourism should not affect the conservation of geotourist sites. Therefore, developers and land managers must, in any way, establish a balance between the conservation and development of geotourism. In the meantime, creation of geotourist training ground is one of the important tasks of geoscientists working in the field of geotourism. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to use simple and adaptive instruments for the geotourists to explain and teach geology and geomorphology for geotourists. This paper attempts to present an image of geotourists and their characteristics by reviewing resources and collecting globally written documents. The increasing trend of interest in visiting geotourist sites, increasing geological and geomorphologic information, visiting diverse cultures, enjoying outdoor activities, and settling in simple residences, in spite of the persuasion of tourists to geotourism, led the geotourists to take individual trips to instead of participating in the tour group. Perhaps because of this, the lack of such tours in Iran and even the world, or if they exist, will not meet the needs and aspirations of geotourists. Conclusions The results showed that the real geotourist is one who in order to geotourism purposes and proportionate to the nature and scope of it, protect and support the five key aspects of the geographical features of the area, the environment, culture, aesthetics, science and education and well-being of local people. This paper tries to provide researchers and practitioners with a geotourism perspective with comprehensive analysis of the dimensions and characteristics of a geotourist and the collection and presentation of ideas and suggestions in the subject literature. [1]-‘ABC’ attractions including Abiotic (non-living features such as geological attractions), biotic features (including fauna and flora) and Cultural (including built attractions).
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Samad Medadi Heris; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Mirsattar Sadre Mousavi; Shahrivar Rostaei
Abstract
Introduction On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and ...
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Introduction On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and its resulted effects as fallowing to apply machine in human societies and using electronic devices resulted from this revolution we were witness of accelerating resource consumption from one hand and on the other hand with development of medical science and applying technology in manufacturing medical devices, deaths have been decreased and subsequently population has increased. With high rate of fertility and immigration from rural to city areas, especially cities of developing countries in recent decades have been expanded dramatically. At civil levels, with economic, social and cultural evolution of 19th and 20th centuries affected from modernism is caused genesis of metropolises and generated fundamental changes in the their structure and spatial-physical organization. Looking at this situation, a new approach for sustainable development has been proposed at international level that controlling development and determining restrictions are among its objectives align with human society welfare and controlling damages to the environment. Given to the course of the evolutions in the theoretical and practical domain of the cities under the influence of new paradigm, meeting needs is a requisite for life environment in addition personal welfare and high quality of life are required and necessary too. Considering to sustainable development theory, some emphasize confidently that environment, society and economical subjects should be considered for the unpredictable future of the environment. Data and Method The current study is descriptive- analytical which has been conducted using effective indicators in sustainability of residential environment using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and entropy Model. Available methods and models for selection and evaluation are categorized in two general groups: 1- flat models 2- hierarchical models. One of the models in this regard is fuzzy analytic hierarchy model. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy approach is an expanded AHP approach. Table No. (1): Expert weighting of indicators and criteria In this study various data from different aspects of the sustainable (environmental, economic, social and physical) development has been collected. In scientific studies one of the well-known methods that is widely used to solve multi criteria decision making problems is fuzzy AHP. Accordingly, if fuzzy values were triangular numbers which are shown as (mi, li, ui) then it can be calculated using below equation.Entropy in data theory is a measure of unreliability which is specified with probability distribution (p < sub>i) and measuring this unreliability () by Shanon has been stated as below in which the greater dispersion in the values of an indicator, the more important that indicator is. Results and Discussion Due to the importance of sustainability in development and sustainable development in recent years, so many investigations have been done in various domains and in dimensions such as economical, environmental and physical ones. According to the results obtained from this study, physical criterion which includes (construct, accessibility and vicinity) is the main criterion considered by experts with numerical weight of 0.544. Social, economic and environmental dimensions are respectively at next level of priority. For the same reason physical dimension is emphasized as the main influential factor in Tabriz sustainable development in this study. At the next step dimensions of sustainable development were analyzed and the role that each dimension plays on civil areas was studied and below conclusions were obtained: Of 66 indices for analysing sustainable development dimensions in Tabriz city, 7 indices belonged to economic dimension, 14 to social dimension, 8 to environmental dimensions and remaining are applied for physical dimension that the obtained results are summarized as below: At economic dimension districts 4, 1 and 2 with scores of 6.14, 5.46 and 4.95 scores obtained first, second and third scores of indicators and district 10 gained the lowest score. Conclusion Sustainable development is the dominant paradigm in the third millennium. This theory has been expanded in proposed period of time with a glance to environmental discussion and with the aim of preventing environmental deterioration and has been drawn to different discussions after passing a short time. Sustainable development encounters with inappropriate production, distribution and nature destructive pattern that its final purpose is to control environmental damages and increasing the quality of life. This study has been conducted with the aim of prioritizing sustainable development dimensions at the first stage and weighting civil districts based on the same dimensions. The results obtained from this study indicated that physical dimension is at the first priority among other dimensions.
Research Paper
Rural Planning
saeid nasire zare; vahid riahei
Abstract
Introduction Inequality in access to and distribution of services is common in most rural and urban areas of developing countries. This leads to spatial displacement and mass migration of rural groups to cities in the hope of having a variety of facilities and more suitable living facilities. Given this ...
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Introduction Inequality in access to and distribution of services is common in most rural and urban areas of developing countries. This leads to spatial displacement and mass migration of rural groups to cities in the hope of having a variety of facilities and more suitable living facilities. Given this knowledge, the study argues that rural settlements, like urban settlements, should have some socio-economic functions in addition to residential function. These functions are in the form of distribution of services, the desired access to which will guarantee the stability and stability of the rural system. In this regard, proponents of service development theory also believe that improving access to services and facilities is one of the basic requirements for achieving rural development. The study of this necessity in mountainous areas has been one of the most important measures due to the fact that the welfare of its inhabitants is highly dependent on it due to access restrictions. Tarom city is located in a mountainous area and a large part of its population and rural areas are located in mountainous areas. Many of its rural areas are sparsely populated and scattered due to their mountainous nature, which has also had an impact on the establishment of the service delivery model. Therefore, preliminary studies in the field of research indicate challenges in access to services in rural areas. Needs attention to effective factors to determine the appropriate model of service delivery in rural areas of the city. Data and Method Establishment of activities and establishment of rural service centers in suitable places will achieve high efficiency and economic justification of services and ensure their sustainability in the future. The basic step to achieve this is to determine effective and appropriate priorities for it, which should be in accordance with the conditions of the study area. First, the effective factors on the access of rural residents to rural service centers were determined based on the researcher's field knowledge of the study area, experts' opinions and similar research in three factors and 12 sub-criteria. Then, after determining the degree of importance of the criteria and sub-criteria, the weight of each of them was determined on the zoning map and the appropriate areas were determined. Finally, in order to determine the suitable rural areas for the establishment of rural service centers, the conditions of each rural area were ranked according to the sub-criteria and the villages with priority were ranked in the Vikor model. Results and Discussion According to the research findings, human, physical and natural factors are the most important factors for the establishment of rural service centers. Population density and concentration is also the most important sub-criterion. Sub-criterion of population density in rural areas, because most of the population is scattered and sparsely populated, has a high priority to determine the most suitable village for service centers and therefore more population will have access to it. According to another study, only 6% of The area of the study area is quite desirable due to its serviceability. There are 20 rural points in this area, each of which has suitable conditions for providing services to the villages in their area of influence in the countryside. According to Vicor score of 20 rural points, 3 rural points for each village were determined as the most suitable central village for rural services. Selected rural areas have a positive population and growth rate and high employment. These areas are located in suitable communication routes in each village and the distance of all rural areas to these rural centers is appropriate. In terms of service stability, these areas are at a good distance from the fault line (earthquake risk) and waterway lines (flood risk) and since these areas are located in low and flat areas, they also have more services in terms of Economic justification and construction costs are appropriate for the development of services. Conclusion The need to pay attention to the rural areas of the country and provide appropriate and sufficient services and facilities to activate rural units, either due to the need to expand production activities (agricultural sector) in these areas or due to proper organization of housing and population stabilization in these areas due to widespread migration , Is a serious and inevitable thing. In connection with this issue, one of the first steps is to recognize the capacities and capabilities of rural areas and to properly regulate and organize the provision of services in order to rationally use these capabilities, which must be firmly and steadily taken. In the study, rural areas that were suitable in terms of factors and conditions were identified. These areas have a good justification for establishing rural service centers. There fore, by determining the appropriate areas and areas for rural service centers, it is possible to provide the necessary conditions for the growth of services in these areas and with proper access to all rural areas studied to these services, rural development can be achieved.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
ESMAEL NASIRI HENDEH KHALEH; parasto mohammadibalini
Abstract
Introduction The city is a cultural-physical complex that is formed based on the needs, activities and behaviors of its inhabitants (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2015: 30). Urban spaces are one of the areas of manifestation of human behavior (Bardi Anna Moradnejad and Makran 20: 1398). Attention is paid to ...
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Introduction The city is a cultural-physical complex that is formed based on the needs, activities and behaviors of its inhabitants (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2015: 30). Urban spaces are one of the areas of manifestation of human behavior (Bardi Anna Moradnejad and Makran 20: 1398). Attention is paid to the links between spatial changes in the city and people's behavioral patterns (Abdolhahi Turkmani et al., 2012: 211). It also includes any activity or action that a living being performs, such as "a reflection or set of values based on a person's situation." D (Saeidian, 1382: 52) During the process of socialization, behavior is influenced by culture and by this process; language, customs and traditions, values and expectations are taught (Namazian, 1: 1397) Bahraini states that activities Humans rely on culture, culture creates a pattern of behavior, and this "behavioral pattern determines and expresses how people use spaces" (Bahraini, 2011: 43) Environment of artificial, natural and Their composition is composed. (Farhang Doostfard, 2000, 1997). Data and Method In order to have a normal data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Independent variables of this study include indicators of diversity, flexibility, permeability, visual fitness, readability, sensory richness and variable and behavioral patterns of citizens. . The selection of these variables was done to measure based on theoretical literature and the sources of existing research, as well as interviews with experts in the field of urban planning. In order to measure the questions related to the effect of physical-environmental components on the behavioral pattern of citizens, the Cronbach's alpha obtained is 0.76 and since this value is higher than 0.7, it indicates that the questions related to the variables have a good reliability. The statistical population of this study is the beneficiaries of the use of the space of 30 Tir Street, who have been present at the place of residence from 10:00 AM to 10:00 PM. The sampling method was also random, using cluster sampling with a simple random sampling of 384 people. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, a prototype included 30 over-tested questionnaires. Then, using Cronbach's alpha method, its reliability was checked. This figure was obtained for independent variables of 0.787 and for 0.77 variables, which indicates the necessary reliability of the questionnaire. Results and Discussion The Pearson coefficients correlation matrix between the components of physical components with behavioral patterns can be observed. The results show that there was the highest correlation coefficient between the dimensions of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens between permeability (P <0.01, r = 0.0579) and the lowest correlation coefficient between sensory richness and behavioral patterns. . (P <0.01, p = 0.142) In this study, multiple regression analysis between the components of physical components was used as a predictor variable and behavioral patterns were used as a criterion variable by simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficients indicate that in general, there is a direct relationship between the components of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens and significant statistical continuity. (599R =, 01 / 0sig =). In addition, the correlation coefficient shows that by changing the status of physical components, the behavioral patterns of their citizens also increase. 0) and visual fit (0.187) is clearly evident, but in terms of the impact of sensory richness in the study area, this impact on citizens' behavioral patterns has been largely indirect. The value of F is equal to 984.764 and its significance is equal to 0.000 and since it is less than 0.05, its significance is obvious and shows that the dimensions of the independent variables in this study can change the dependent variable. Express. Therefore, considering the calculated value for F at the 99% confidence level, it can be said that the linear composition of the independent variables in this study are also significant and as a result, they are able to predict the variable changes Conclusion The Pearson coefficients correlation matrix between the components of physical components with behavioral patterns can be observed. The results show that there was the highest correlation coefficient between the dimensions of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens between permeability (P <0.01, r = 0.0579) and the lowest correlation coefficient between sensory richness and behavioral patterns. . (P <0.01, p = 0.142) In this study, multiple regression analysis between the components of physical components was used as a predictor variable and behavioral patterns were used as a criterion variable by simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficients indicate that in general, there is a direct relationship between the components of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens and significant statistical continuity. (599R =, 01 / 0sig =). In addition, the correlation coefficient shows that by changing the status of physical components, the behavioral patterns of their citizens also increase. 0) and visual fit (0.187) is clearly evident, but in terms of the impact of sensory richness in the study area, this impact on citizens' behavioral patterns has been largely indirect. The value of F is equal to 984.764 and its significance is equal to 0.000 and since it is less than 0.05, its significance is obvious and shows that the dimensions of the independent variables in this study can change the dependent variable. Express. Therefore, considering the calculated value for F at the 99% confidence level, it can be said that the linear composition of the independent variables in this study are also significant and as a result, they are able to predict the variable changes.
