Research Paper
Rural Planning
Mahbob Babae; Hamid Jalalian; Hasan Afrakhtehh
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the last two decades, the villages around Lake Urmia have undergone fundamental changes both in terms of agricultural income and population structure due to the decrease in the water level of the lake and the limitation of agricultural water abstraction. The aim of this study was to ...
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IntroductionDuring the last two decades, the villages around Lake Urmia have undergone fundamental changes both in terms of agricultural income and population structure due to the decrease in the water level of the lake and the limitation of agricultural water abstraction. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the resilience of rural livelihoods in the region.Data and MethodThis research is an applied one in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical based on method. The statistical population of the study is 2101 households in the villages around Lake Urmia within the Urmia County. The sample size is 363 households that were selected by proportional assignment to the population of each village and by simple random sampling method.Results and DiscussionA researcher-made questionnaire was the main instrument of the research whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.820) to the desired level. Data analysis was performed using mean comparison with T-Test and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in SPSS.22 software. The normality of the data and the determination of the type of statistical test were determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the relationship between livelihood resilience and livelihood capital with Spearman Correlation Coefficient was obtained. The results showed that nine components (3 components in economic dimension, 2 components in social dimension, 2 components in physical and environmental dimension and 2 components in institutional dimension- Organizational) are effective.ConclusionThe average numerical desirability of livelihood resilience factors in the target population shows that the economic factor ranks first (4.18), the physical-environmental factor ranks second (4.11), the institutional-organizational factor ranks third (3.93), and the social factor ranks third (3.93). The fourth (3.87), are located.
Research Paper
Climatology
Naser Jafarbegloo; Ali Mohammad khorshiddoust; majid rezaei banafsheh; Hashem Rostamzadeh
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Today, pre-risk awareness has become an integral part of the national development management and planning system in many countries (Civiacumar et al., 2005). Agriculture is inherently sensitive to climatic conditions. The minimum temperature, which has been identified as the most vital ...
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INTRODUCTION
Today, pre-risk awareness has become an integral part of the national development management and planning system in many countries (Civiacumar et al., 2005). Agriculture is inherently sensitive to climatic conditions. The minimum temperature, which has been identified as the most vital determining factor in the distribution of plant species on the planet, can be both a limiting factor and a factor in the spread and species distribution (Rodrigo, 2000: 155). Therefore, in this study, we examined the changes in minimum temperatures in the statistical period (1980-2010) and predicted these changes in the 2050s (2065-2046) in the Northwest of the country using the LARS-WG microscale method and model output. Atmospheric pairings of HadCM3 and MPEH5 were addressed. The prediction of minimum temperature variations to determine the extent of its future changes and considering the necessary measures to minimize the adverse effects of climate change on agricultural products were of great importance. In this regard, general atmospheric circulation models (GCMs) are designed that can simulate climatic parameters.
DATA AND METHODS
In the present study, the output data of two HadCM3 and MPEH5 general circulation models based on two scenarios A2 and B1 were analyzed by LARS-WG statistical method in 21 synoptic stations located in the Northwest of the country. The results were monthly and periodic on the base period (1980-1999) and the 2050s (2046-2065), thereby the minimum temperature was evaluated and analyzed. In assessing the LARS-WG model, the observational and simulation error data were evaluated using MSE, RMSE, MAE and R2, and the model was evaluated for the appropriate region. The results showed that the minimum temperature in the future period will increase compared to the base period in the study area. This increase in air temperature at the study area is based on the HadCM3 and MPEH5 models, on average, 1.9 and 1.7 degrees Celsius to 2065 horizons compared to the base period. The north-eastern part of the northwestern region of Iran will have higher temperatures than the semi-southern regions. In fact, the cooler regions of the high latitudes will face more incremental changes in the amount of minimum temperatures. The results and achievements of this research are important for long-term plans for adaptive measures in the management of fruit gardens, agricultural products and water resources management. In order to calibrate and ensure the accuracy of the LARS-WG microscale model, the model was first implemented for the basic statistical period (1980-2010); then the minimum temperature output and its standard deviation were compared with the observational data of the studied stations, which indicated a small difference between the observed and simulated values and also deviated from their criteria.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of evaluation of observational and simulated data by LARS-WG microscale model using RMSE, MSE and MAE error measurement indices for the studied stations indicate that there is a significant difference between the simulated values and the values of the observed observations. There is no critical 0.05 significance levels, and Pearson correlation values between simulated and real data are acceptable at the significance level of 0.01. The obtained results show that the accuracy of the model varies in different stations. In general, the results of error measurement indices indicate that the LARS-WG model is of good accuracy for micro-scaling the parameters under study. In order to better represent and ensure the accuracy of the prediction as well as to investigate the uncertainties in the studied models, the simulated values were compared and observations were made on a long-term average during the base period in the studied stations using comparative graphs. As can be seen, the observed and generated values in the base period at all stations are very close to each other and the LARS-WG model has been successful in simulating the studied parameter. After evaluating the LARS-WG model and ensuring its suitability, the data predicted by the model for two scenarios A2 and B1 using HadCM3 and MPEH5 models and were examined on a monthly and long-term basis. The study of the status of minimum temperature changes of the studied stations in the future period (2065-2056) shows that the minimum temperature is based on both scenarios and in all months and stations compared to the period, the base has increased. Due to the large number of study stations, only stations located in provincial centers of this study are listed.
CONCLUSION
Cold and frost are one of the most significant climatic hazards on fruit trees. This type of climate risk affects different parts every year, especially the cold regions of the northwest of the country. Studies show that in recent years, the rate of economic damage to fruit trees in this region has increased, so in this study, the outlook for changes in minimum temperatures in this region using the LARS-WG statistical microscale model and output two HadCM3 global model and MPEH5 were introduced in the 2050s (2065-2046). For accuracy and precision of the models, error measurement indices and coefficients of determination and correlation were used. The results showed that the LARS-WG model has a good ability to simulate the studied variables in the study area. The results of long-term prediction of the studied models show that the minimum temperature values will increase in all study stations, which is based on HadCM3 and MPEH5 models on average. In the 2050s, and it will be 1.9 and 1.7 respectively, compared to the base period. The results of the studies of Kayo et al. (2016), Sharma et al. (2017), Khalil Aghdam et al. (2012), Qaderzadeh (2015), Sobhani et al. (2015) and Khalili et al. (2015) were confirmed. In general, based on the studied scenarios and models, the minimum temperatures are expected to increase in the study area in the future. By increasing it, the yield of some crops that need cold during the growing and productive period would decrease. It can also reduce snowfall, followed by frost on crops and lack of water in dry seasons. Therefore, due to the fact that following the climate changes, the conditions of the agricultural climatology are also changing, it is necessary for the relevant officials and planners in the agricultural sectors to adopt the necessary strategies to reduce the consequences and adapt to the new climate.
Research Paper
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
ZAHRA PISHGAHI FARD; keramat ranjbar dastenaei
Abstract
Introduction
Geography explains the man-environment relationships and the geographical environments and spaces need the political organization of space is needed for optimal governance. It is impossible or it will be accompanied by many difficulties to manage space without political management and to ...
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Introduction
Geography explains the man-environment relationships and the geographical environments and spaces need the political organization of space is needed for optimal governance. It is impossible or it will be accompanied by many difficulties to manage space without political management and to define clear boundaries by dividing space into local, national and regional dimensions. Thus, political geography examines the effect of political decisions on the environment and geographical space and human relations. If sovereignty arises from the nation, political decisions have acceptability and legitimacy. In this geographical debate, elections as a branch of political geography examine the proportionality or disproportion of electoral areas' seats to the population, as well as the manipulation of electoral areas' boundaries (Gerrymandering) that leads to the continued victory of a person or political faction. The Islamic Consultative Assembly is considered as the main and most important decision-making element in the Islamic Republic of Iran, which periods have passed since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, and according to the existing laws (Article 64 of the Constitution), each area can change according to decreasing or increasing the number of members of parliament in each ten-year period and the geographical boundaries, which necessarily leads to changes in the boundaries of the electoral area and manipulation of the boundaries, in the meantime, the examination of voting patterns and voting and ballots can manipulate and change boundaries in favor of one person or party, and lead to continued victory in electoral areas. On the other hand, if there is a mismatch between these manipulations with the proportion of the population and electoral seats call into question spatial justice and democracy, so political geographers, especially election geographers, examine these issues and analyze electoral areas
Materials and methods
In the present study, the dispersion and deviation from the criteria and division of electoral areas has been investigated using library resources, approvals of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Statistics Center of Iran, field observation, interviews with representatives and using Spss v22 software, as well as electoral areas maps in different periods are examined using the GIS software geographic information system, and the maps of each electoral area are drawn before and after the changes, and based on one or more of six methods, Gerrymandering is discovered as follows.
Obvious declared method 2. Conditions generality method 3- The evaluation method of the border change process 4- The inspection method 5- The preliminary comparison method 6- Clear superiority method and accordingly the division in the electoral areas of East Azerbaijan province is in the following categories.
1- Very high negative difference 2- High negative difference 3- Low negative difference 4- Very low negative difference 5- Normal 6- Very low positive difference 7- Low positive difference 8- High positive difference 9- Very high positive difference
Results and Discussion
The study of the variance of constituencies indicates that a very sparsely populated constituency with a large and representative Shahin Dej constituency and a densely populated and under-represented constituency of Urmia and Khoy and Charpareh do not have a suitable share ratio.
The variance of the constituencies of West Azerbaijan province compared to the national average shows that the constituency of Urmia is underrepresented and this should beconsidered in future studies. Examining the proportionality of the share in the constituencies of West Azerbaijan province confirms that there is less spatial justice in terms of population and number of seats. The provincial average population of constituencies is 272,101; the sum of its variance is equal to 6.31 and its average variance is equal to 63. Percent. And for the total population of the province, 11.37 representatives are assigned. In examining the manipulations carried out at the borders of some constituencies, especially at the time of the separation of Shahin Dej, Takab and Miando Ab, the proportionality of population sharing has been disturbed. Therefore, in future revisions, this disproportion should be considered and spatial justice Replace with disproportionate sharing. On the other hand, the manipulations in the constituencies should be done with careful and expert attention, and the investigation of Jerry Mandering in this province shows that Jerry Mandering has not taken place.
Conclusion
Analysis of the population and number of seats in West Azerbaijan Province shows that the three constituencies of Urmia, Khoy and Charpareh and Miando Ab are under-represented constituencies and the two constituencies of Shahin Dej and Salmas are among the most representative constituencies, although According to the 2016 census, most of the constituencies are in the normal range, but in some constituencies, the disproportion of distribution is obvious.
The suggestions that can be made about this province are as follows. With the increase in the population of Urmia constituency, this constituency has the potential to increase the representative to 4 seats, which can be considered in future decisions due to the increase in population from 2016 until now. Other constituencies, without considering this important component, will face more gaps in any change, intrusion, occupation, limitation, and increase of the share and spatial justice.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Reza Jahanbin; Freydoun Babaei Agdam; Shahrivar rostaei; Akbar Asghari Zamani
Abstract
Introduction
As a visible manifestation of urban poverty and spatial inequality, all human populations live in multidimensional poverty conditions in informal settlements. According to conducted studies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to the risks and harms of informal ...
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Introduction
As a visible manifestation of urban poverty and spatial inequality, all human populations live in multidimensional poverty conditions in informal settlements. According to conducted studies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to the risks and harms of informal settlements. Therefore, the United Nations has declared women's empowerment on a large scale as one of the critical objectives of the Third Millennium development. In this study, women’s empowerment in informal settlements has been investigated from stereotyping perspective (gender stereotypes). According to the micro-level research conducted, the main challenge is culturally restrictive settings for the women's group. In these settlements, women are exposed to poverty and gender discrimination more than men. This often stems from the imposition of gender stereotypes. Gender Stereotyping is an obstacle for women to have a social activity that prevents mobility and presence of women in society and imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.), and ignores or reduces the women. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment in informal settlements in Ilam as well as to assess the relationship between women's empowerment and contextual variables to answer the question; what is the relationship between gender stereotypes as well as the contextual characteristics of women and their empowerment? The research hypothesis is: there is a significant relationship between gender stereotypes and contextual variables with women's empowerment.
Data and Methods
The present research is of a fundamental-applied nature and has used survey as a method. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized .The research population is women, 18 years of age and older, residing in informal settlements in Ilam seleced through random sampling. Based on the Cochran's formula 377 women were selected. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through content validity and its reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha (0.89). Data were analyzed using SPSS and running Analysis of Variance (F), Pearson correlation test, T-test, and regression analysis. AMOS was used also for the structural equation modeling (SEM). In this study, women's decision-making in both individual and family domains through a Likert scale with 16 items to measure their empowerment; the gender stereotype variable was measured with 17 items. In this study, in addition to the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment, the relationship between contextual variables such as age, marital status, education, immigration, and employment with empowerment is studied.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this study, the role and position of women's empowerment in informal settlements in terms of cultural factors and the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment have been examined. Also, the research hypothesis was confirmed following data analysis. According to Pearson test results (R-value = -0.174 and significance level = 0.001), there is a significant and indirect relationship between belief in gender stereotypes and women's empowerment at confidence level. The more women believe in gender stereotypes, the less their empowerment is, and vice versa. Research findings also show that contextual variables such as education level, employment, marital status, age, and migration positively affect women's empowerment. In this study, six independent variables were introduced in the regression table, whose multiple correlation coefficient (R) with women's empowerment was equal to 0.474, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was equal to 0.225. Based on this coefficient, about 0.23, i.e., 23% of the dispersion for the women's empowerment variable is explained by independent variables in the experimental research model, and the rest of the dispersion is explained by variables not introduced in this study. Among the independent variables, the education level of = 0.350 has the greatest effect on the women's empowerment. Then, employment status of =- 0.306, immigration of = -0.217, marital status of = -0.160, Gender stereotypes of =-0.157 and finally age of = -0.002 have been effective in explaining the dependent variable. In this study, structural equation modeling (SEM), as one of the new methods for examining the causal relationships between variables, was used through AMOS software, where the structural equation analysis of the proposed model was performed. According to the goodness of fit index, the research model is relatively good.
Results
As the half population of the society and their roles in the development, women’s empowerment in informal settlements can be a pragmatic and realistic approach in dealing with these challenges and reminding women’s role in the society. Gender stereotyping imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.) and ignores or reduces the women’s role. It also keeps women in inferiority and deprives them of decision-making within and outside the family. According to this study, rising education-centered gender stereotypes can free women from a passive person who needs others’ attention and turns them into an energetic and capable body in society and makes the basis for their local social capacity and the culture of local participation. Considering international references and firm views and theories, women play a central role at home and outside the home. To create women’s real, active and effective role-playing, it is needed to look at their potentials and abilities and overcome pure gender stereotypes.
Research Paper
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
negin hosseinimand; Masoomeh yaghoobi; Habib Shahhosseini; Ali Javan Forouzandeh
Abstract
Introduction
Natural environments - including open spaces and green spaces - have wide-ranging benefits for urban populations. Providing open and green space under conditions of dense development is one of the important challenges of cities and a wide range of studies related to the subject ...
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Introduction
Natural environments - including open spaces and green spaces - have wide-ranging benefits for urban populations. Providing open and green space under conditions of dense development is one of the important challenges of cities and a wide range of studies related to the subject of green spaces. On the other hand, quality green space is increasingly recognized as an important factor for quality of life in urban areas and a key component for sustainable urban planning and design. Researchers believe that the quality of green space can be a better predictor of health (compared to its quantity). Public open spaces with good design and quality can attract more users to the space and provide a wide range of activities, unlike low quality spaces. In the meantime, visitors' perception of urban green space and the characteristics of green space is a key factor in understanding the mechanism of how the tangible and intangible benefits of urban green space ecosystems are. The results of studies show that the higher the residents' perception of the qualities of green space, the higher the mental and physical health scores. Therefore, by examining the effect of perceived qualitative components of the park on the satisfaction and vitality of residents, its effective components on health and healthy lifestyle can be Identified by creating a sense of satisfaction and vitality in people living in the surrounding areas. This research is done to answer the following two questions: 1. What are the qualitative / perceptual components of green spaces in promoting the sense of satisfaction and vitality of the residents of the neighborhoods around Eligoli Park and Valiasr Park? 2. What are the predictions of the qualitative / perceptual components of urban green spaces in the case studies of this article and what interpretations can justify them?
Data and Method
Considering the crystallization of positive qualities of urban green spaces in two characteristics of perception of vitality and satisfaction of its users; In this article, the subjective components of satisfaction and vitality in relation to intrinsic sub-qualities and sub-qualities related to use in green space in the neighborhoods adjacent to Elegli Park and Valiasr Tabriz were evaluated by quantitative survey method. A survey is conducted among the adjacent residents of Eilogli and Valiasr parks in Tabriz using a questionnaire. The questionnaire form is set in both face-to-face and online in which the various characteristics of the park environment, including: physical characteristics, naturalness, openness, tranquility, facilities, historical-cultural value and security, accessibility, Usability, variety of activities, maintenance and attachment to the park environment are questioned. Sampling was done randomly and 388 residents answered the questionnaire. The structural equation model is used in Amos Graphic software to analyze the data.
Results and Discussion
The results of structural equation model analysis show that usability, accessibility and tranquility of the park environment have a significant positive effect on residents' satisfaction in the two parks, but the facilities of the park environment have a significant effect on dissatisfaction. Also, the openness of the park environment has a significant positive effect on the vitality of residents. It was expected that more components would have a significant effect on the satisfaction and vitality of the residents adjacent to Elegli and Valiasr parks in Tabriz, but as can be seen, the results of studying the effect of other components of green space on satisfaction and vitality To a large extent, it did not meet expectations. Possible reasons for the lack of significant components of naturalness, historical-cultural value and security, maintenance, diversity of activities and attachment to satisfaction and vitality are stated in the discussion section of the article. In addition, a wide range of predictions, from cognitive to non-cognitive components, affect the perception and evaluation of satisfaction and vitality in Elgoli and Valiasr parks of Tabriz, because studies show that evaluation in Contrary to conscious judgment, satisfaction is based on general and inaccurate evaluation. Non-cognitive components such as accessibility components (generalized emotional beliefs), emotional components (attachment), and commitment components (degree of participation) lead to an overall assessment of satisfaction and vitality.
Conclusion
The analysis of the results of this study emphasizes the importance of perceptual dimensions versus physical dimensions of green spaces in urban design and planning. It is suggested that designers and planners of urban green spaces, in addition to using the qualitative/ perceptual components approved in this research in design and planning, To promote the satisfaction and vitality of the residents around the parks, take measures so that other identified components can play a more effective role in future parks. One of the limitations of the present study is the impossibility of studying seasonal and climatic effects, which is one of the limitations of cross-sectional studies. It should also be noted that this study and the intervals intended for people over 16 years.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Jalil Khatibi; Rahim Sarvar; Bakhtyar ezatpanah
Abstract
IntroductionThe issue of housing development and planning for it in the form of urban development plans with minimal costs and minimum interventions to create optimal living conditions in urban space, is one of the ideal goals of urban management. On the other hand, the realization of the goals of urban ...
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IntroductionThe issue of housing development and planning for it in the form of urban development plans with minimal costs and minimum interventions to create optimal living conditions in urban space, is one of the ideal goals of urban management. On the other hand, the realization of the goals of urban development plans depends on the development of sustainable and quality housing. In terms of form, beautiful and in accordance with environmental conditions, with a long shelf life and longevity, compliance with construction standards, high safety and low energy consumption. Therefore, the process of rehabilitation, improvement and modernization and production of housing in urban centers, especially dilapidated structures, is multifaceted, which has an undeniable role in population and socio-economic stability in sustainable neighborhood development. The present study tried to evaluate the role of urban plans in housing development interventions by analyzing and implementing urban development plans in the field of housing planning and meeting the needs of the housing sector in District 3 of Zanjan. In this regard, studies show that achieving the goals of urban development projects depends on the development of sustainable and quality housing. In terms of form, beautiful and in accordance with environmental conditions, with a long shelf life and longevity, compliance with construction standards, high safety and low energy consumption.Data and MethodThis article seeks to explain and analyze the role of urban development plans on housing development policies with a descriptive-analytical method with a future research approach in Region 3 of Zanjan. Data collection was done by field and library studies. The statistical population includes a group of urban experts who were selected for the Delphi panel by snowball sampling method. For data analysis, factor analysis, multiple linear regression test and interactive interaction analysis approach were used with the help of SPSS and Scenario Wizard software. First, by factor analysis, the common variance of one variable with other variables was investigated and minor variables were removed.Results and DiscussionThe correlation between "urban development plans" and "housing development" in region 3 of Zanjan city was analyzed by multiple linear regression test. Finally, by using interactive interaction analysis based on possible component relationships and experts' evaluation of possible future trends, by explaining the relationships between the factors of an impact network, desirable and sustainable patterns of housing development in the form of urban development plans are identified and analyzed. Took.Quantitative and analytical studies showed that the correlation and causal relationship between "housing production" and "urban development projects" is equal to 0.539. On the other hand, "urban development plans" justify 43% of the variable "housing production". In addition, the "management" index with a coefficient (β = 0.444) had the highest correlation with "urban development plans". On the other hand, the most important model of housing development and production in the form of urban development plans with the approach of balancing interaction analysis based on the sixth scenario with a total impact factor of 57 and a stability value of 1 is the physical components of the housing quality index with coefficient Impact 9+; Economic on housing price index with an impact factor of +3; Social on poor housing index with an impact factor of +3; Environment on environmental health index with an impact factor of +2; And management emphasizes the index of resolving property legal disputes with an impact factor of +1.ConclusionThus, studies show that the quality of housing in terms of strength, age, type of materials and compliance with urban planning and building engineering criteria to produce sustainable housing, along with solving the problem of common ownership and lack of ownership certificate of most dilapidated housing, as well as compliance with criteria. Environmental health, especially how to dispose of sewage, as well as controlling housing prices by producing cheap housing and controlling the stock market in the city can be effective in achieving housing production goals in urban plans. In view of the above, in order to achieve the desired pattern of housing development and production in the form of urban development projects in Region 3 of Zanjan, it seems necessary to observe the following:Granting facilities in order to reduce the poor housing ratio in the regionPer capita infrastructure improvementRegulate informal sales and chartersUpgrading housing production capacityDevelop legal rules and requirements for resolving legal and property disputesObservance of housing quality criteriaProviding a favorable pattern in the field of facade and exterior of the building
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Akbar Rahimi; Ramin Nagshbandi
Abstract
Introduction
The growing trend of urbanization in developing countries like as Iran has led to a threefold increase in the urban population, with 54% of the world's population living in cities and projected to reach 66% by 2050. From 1950 to 2014, the world's population increased by 423 percent. The ...
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Introduction
The growing trend of urbanization in developing countries like as Iran has led to a threefold increase in the urban population, with 54% of the world's population living in cities and projected to reach 66% by 2050. From 1950 to 2014, the world's population increased by 423 percent. The willingness towards machine life is the rapid development of construction in urban areas, causing psychological pressures along with physical pressures on the living environment in urban spaces) and can be said that construction without limitation in cities has a negative impact on urban landscape preferences. Also, rapid population growth in cities has a negative reflection on the environment and urban the pollution of cities, environmental degradation, also the ecological balance of the environment, destruction Cover plants of urban and suburban areas (farmland, gardens) and the conversion of natural ground cover to the impermeable surfaces. It also has an impact on the urban ecosystems. The sequence of that urban dispersal takes place. Extravagant use of suburban lands has led to dramatic changes in the landscape of suburbs and city entrances. Today's entrances, which serve as only an element to determine the city's boundaries, are decorative elements that are located in the middle of the city's entryway and can be said to have no identity. Some of the most important actions carried out in the field of organization of entrance gates in Iranian cities are the construction of the Boulevard and the Blvd and often has been added to the problems of these fields. The lack of proper city management, on the other hand, has led to undesirable uses at the entrance of cities that limit the attractiveness of tourism and the use of natural elements and make visual and environmental disturbances more evident.
The importance of urban landscapes has been revealed to everyone with its many benefits, so planning for urban landscape design is one of the most important issues in ecology and urban landscape. Landscapes are important in human life activities and how they affect the quality of our life. However, strategies for urban landscape management have been developed by experts and the perception of people from the urban landscape is often ignored. The European Landscape Convention (ELC) mentioned that people’s perceptions are the main factor in the assessment and planning of the landscape because general people think in a different way than experienced designers’ do. Studies show that human judgment is instinctive so that prospects for suitable for survival are more preferred. These responses are usually unconscious and immediate. So, in planning and managing public spaces, they need to be considered and understood by users of these.
The need to integrate public perception and expert approaches into landscape management processes can help improve the urban because the use of urban sights is a expect if the reality is not coordinated, it leads to incompatibility between space and citizens. It is obvious that recognizing the desires of people and their preferences is not only an educational challenge, but also vital for policymaking and implementation, and in addition to creating more attractive neighborhoods and promoting environmental services. In this way, urban spaces can be gained better acceptance and satisfaction by people of society. Evidence shows that in Iran, public perception of urban landscapes, especially at city entrances, has not been addressed at all, and therefore, this study attempts to examine the perceptions of people who use the entrances to Saqqez city in order to improve their perceptions. Environmental quality from the perspective of the indigenous peoples of Saqez, travelers, and tourists.
Materials & Methods
study area
The city of Saqqez is located in the northwest of Sanandaj City (center of the province) and approximately 190 kilometers. The city of Saqqez has located between orbit 36 degrees 13 minutes to 36 degrees 16 minutes north latitude and 46 degrees 14 minutes 46 degrees 17 minutes east longitude. The city of Saqqez, with a population equal to 168.258, has also been divided into 22 neighborhoods and 8 districts.The city of Saqqez has 4 entrances; it has one entrance to Sanandaj to the south-east, 1 to Boukan to the north, 1 to Baneh to the west and 1 inlet in the northwest of the city where this entry is a rural entrance, which in this study will examine three main entrances of the city Used.
Questionnaire Structure
The questionnaire is divided into three sections. The first section contains demographic information. Before scoring each landscape scene, the participants had to indicate their personal socio-demographic information; marital status, age, education level, monthly income, and city of residence. Finally, the third section deals with the independent and dependent variables of the research. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert spectrum and is structurally closed.
Scene Evaluation
The studies’ photographs were collected during the summers of 2018. All photographs in the studies were taken on sunny to partly sunny days from 10 am to 4 pm to avoid large differences in lighting. They were taken from approximately 5 feet above the ground from streets or sidewalks. A total of 40 images were selected and presented as a booklet. All 12 pictures related to one entrance and 2 photos of the beginning of each section and 2 final pictures were not considered in the analysis. participants were asked to evaluate the images on a 5-Point Likert-type Scale (Very nice + 2, beautiful +1, normal 0, ugly -1 and very ugly -2). The purpose of having two extra scenes at the beginning was to make the participants familiar with the photo rating procedure, whereas the two extra photos at the end of the photo-questionnaire served to prevent the participants from anticipating, which could render them easier. Finally, the images were calculated using the formula below.
Survey Population and Sample Size
The most relevant formula and a suitable solution would be the formula proposed by Mitra and Lankford (1999). This formula significantly prevents error by reducing the sampling error and increasing the confidence level, while at the same time reducing the non-sampling error. We assumed the standard deviation to be equal to 2.88, with the sampling size amounting to 300 persons. as a result, the sampling size amounted to 300 persons.
e = √ (P (1-P)/n); P = 50% and e = 2.88% 2.88% = √ (50 %( 1-50%)/n) → n = 300
Sampling Method, Survey Duration and Data analysis
During the spring months 2018, 300 entrance in Saqqez City users, aged 18 to 75, were randomly selected to answer a questionnaire containing 20 questions, using the booklet. The questionnaire was distributed every day at 8 am to 8 pm. These hours constitute the most frequently visited times of urban entrance. The data collected from the questionnaire survey were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), no. 20.
Discussion of Results
Examine people's preferences
The mean of the dependent variables of the research required to create an appropriate environment and to improve the quality of the environment are "public service, tourist, traffic, law enforcement, and green space. Green space with a mean of 4.40 was the top priority, and tourist destinations with a mean of 4.23 were.
Prioritizing independent variables from people's perspective
Friedman's test was used to prioritize independent variables from the viewpoints of indigenous people, travelers, and tourists in Saqqez City. Prioritizing independent variables is the indicator that it can have a positive impact on different applications within the city's entry range of those users. Green walkways in the range with an average rating of 8.20 as the first proper use of the entrance axis could have the most impact, creating parks or recreational or resorts with an average rating of 8.12 was the second most preferred, but there are repair shops and industrial applications with a mean rating of 2.62 was the lowest preference. The results also showed that the priority of independent variables of people is completely different and not at a level where the mentioned test was significant at the error level of 0.05 (P < 0.05).
People's preferences for independent variables according to demographic characteristic
People's preferences for independent variables were adjusted according to age, education level, marital status and residence in the form of sequential variables. Kruskal-Wallis test for age and level of education was used to compare the independent variables of the study, and the Mann-Whitney test for marital status and residence was used to compare the independent variables of the study. The results show that the choice of some variables (95% and 99% confidence level) was significant, which means that people with age, education, marital status, and different residence have the same priority in relation to variables. Top of form
Mean Description of Preference
Respondents' preferences at the entrances to Saqqez show That scenes 12, 16, and 34 are the most preferred scenes for the City entrances Saqqez. Sanandaj entrance Scene 12 (M = 3.50, SD= 1.050, pt=269) followed by bukan Entrance scene 16 (M = 4.08, s. d= 0.943, pt=324) and baneh Entrance scene 34 (M =4.06, SD= 0.929 pt=319). The favorable criteria natural landscapes, wide visibility, the presence of green spaces, Plant, elements and urban signs and service use in the desirability of spaces are important factors. But at the entrance to Sanandaj Scene 2 (M = 1.32, SD= 0.173, pt=-503) followed by bukan Entrance scene 15 (M = 1.40, s. d= 0.767, pt=-480) and baneh Entrance scene 32 (M =1.151, SD= 0.832 pt=-448) have the least preferred.The presence of visual turbulence by the waste collection center, range vendors and industrial applications, environmental degradation, lack of green space and lack of identity were the least effective preference. Bottom of Form
Conclusions
According to the results obtained from the present study, suitable land uses have been selected by the people from the perspective of Green walkways as the first priority of land use planning. In this regard, various studies show that green walkways or green trails contribute to the provision of multiple ecosystem services, protection, and conservation of biodiversity in cities. Tourists and travelers in the city of Saqqez have chosen the parks or recreational parks as a second priority in landscaping the entrances. Urban parks have been one of the most important cities. Top of form bottom of Form Urban parks are the main points of the cities. Green spaces, especially urban parks, give the community a wide range of environmental, psychological, social and economic benefits depending on their performance. The third priority of the people to use in landscaping entrances is "health centers". Health is one of the first basic needs of human societies for health and can be said to be an important part of one's social needs. Therefore, equal access to the primary health services for all social and economic groups of security and control with the aim of improving the quality of life and health of citizens is of the most important duties of Governments.
The lowest priority of the people is among the users from the perspective of entrances to "repair shop and industrial applications". Research has shown that the establishment of industrial and repair shops at the entrance axis is unauthorized due to the visual pollution they create, and it is suggested that they are transferred to the second layer. Or that these observations are covered with vegetation. Previous studies have demonstrated that different people could have different perceptions of landscape visual quality. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics significantly affect individuals’ preferences. Landscape preferences show in the entrances of cities, the existence of handmade objects such as houses, buildings in agricultural farms and index changes affect the preference of negative impact, but water, plant cover, shrubs, and trees have a positive impact on the viewpoint and study of verification of this issue.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Fereshte Rezaee; JAMILE TAVAKOLINIA; Mozaffar Sarrafi
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. ...
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IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. Today, as a metropolitan city that is supposed to play an international role in the region and a national role in the country, Tehran is facing numerous problems and issues that stem from underdeveloped local communities and absence of good urban governance. Consequently, the present study seeks to address the role of NGOs as an institutional capacity in realizing and improving the governance process in line with increasing the participation of local communitiesMethodologyConducted with the purpose of examining the role of NGOs in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city, this research employed the survey method and field studies. Data collection was carried out via distributing questionnaires among the sample population. The hypotheses of the study were then tested using statistical softwares such as the SPSS. The questionnaire included 35 items, out of which 10 and 25 items were specified to measure variables of NGOs and good urban governance, respectively. In this regard, 5 items were considered for each component of good urban governance which included participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The scale of the study was validated by extracting the components of variables under measurement from the existing literature. Subsequently, they were localized using the comments of experts. Content validity and measurement scale were evaluated through qualitative reasoning. That is, the questionnaire used in this study had 3 content validities as the variables under measurement were derived from related research and constructs in questionnaires were correctly perceived by the sample population. To pretest the designed questionnaire, they were distributed among 10 experts and professors; next, following the correction and balancing of a few points, they were distributed among 30 individuals within the initial sample population; given the comments of this group, the relevancy of questions was ensured in relation to the sample population. Ultimately, the final questionnaire was designed and used for data collection.Results and DiscussionThe hypotheses were examined and the results are explained below:In the main hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that in order to realize good governance in cities as local environments, it is necessary to utilize capacities present in the constitution, century-long experiences of consultative localism (city association, Islamic council), and global experiences in the area of NGOs. Indeed, addressing the management of cities through a participatory approach requires an efficient framework which, according to the experiences of developed countries, is the good urban governance; an approach that is recommended by the UN as the global policy trustee in line with offering development. Accordingly, by increasing the social capital and accountability of local managers, emotional refining of the citizens, attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, and providing social solidarity in Tehran metropolitan city, NGOs have provided the means for realization of good urban governance.In the first secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “participation” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of participation in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. In affairs such as participation and delegation of authorities, urban management needs to mitigate legal ambiguities and increase localized educational and research centers. Subsequently, the government can play an effective role in this process by carrying out a set of sociocultural actions such as producing educational contents for schools and universities, instructing teachers, judges, government staff, and law enforcement personnel, teaching the principles and frameworks on the importance of utilizing the participation of NGOs through media and particularly the IRIB, reviewing the current rules and regulations in Iran, and modifying bureaucratic procedures. Governments can also increase the authorities of civil institutions such as the NGOs and mitigate urban management issues with the help of the local citizens as local governments, using the indices of good urban governance.In the second secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “reliability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of reliability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that NGOs currently do not occupy a suitable position in Iran; accordingly, any collective movement considered as voluntary activities are at a declining level throughout the society. Therefore, despite the considerable willingness of individuals to participate in such activities, factors such as low levels of trust and reliability in the society and absence of common positive values has resulted in these activities to remain as mere mental desires rather than practical, objective actions. In these circumstances, NGOs cannot be expected to be significantly effective on the area of reliability.In the third secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “transparency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of transparency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. There is an insignificant percentage of individuals within NGOs who believe in the effectiveness of these organizations on the transparency of the authorities; subsequently, an inconsiderable extent of willingness is shown to carry out activities in NGOs in line with establishing transparency among government authorities. It appears that in the current conditions, NGOs do not have a considerable effectiveness in realizing good urban governance due to issues that obstruct their activities along with the risks of engaging in political areas. As a result, to achieve success in increasing transparency, the entire government and non-government bodies and sectors including schools, universities, newspapers, the IRIB, and other mainstream media should work in harmony.In the fourth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “accountability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of accountability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. By attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, NGOs have managed to elevate the spirit of questioning among the members of the society; in addition, these elite individuals have managed to get their questions across to the government using modern communication tools including social networks. This has led to urban authorities to be held accountable, hence properly realizing this important aspect of good governance.In the fifth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “efficiency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of efficiency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Such lack of effectiveness can be attributed to a number of reasons including structural inadequacies in NGOs, weak social trust in these organizations, economic issues present in voluntary activities, and absence of professional functions in NGOs in shaping the civil society.ConclusionResults showed that in general, NGOs do play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city; however, despite their effective roles in actualizing components of participation and macro accountability, they do not seem to have an adequate role in realizing components such as reliability, transparency, and efficiency. Ultimately, it should be pointed out that the structure of urban management in Tehran at local levels requires enhancing the role of NGOs and participation of local communities and multilevel and multi-agent governance in line with efficient and effective urban management whilst reinforcing indices of good urban governance including participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Reinforcing good urban governance against a government-centered urban management approach requires a strong political will at the higher echelons of governance, particularly their belief in such pattern of administration.
Research Paper
Geomorphology
Mousa Abedini; biuk fathalizadeh; Masomeh Rajabi
Abstract
Introduction
When a natural process threatens human life or property, it is called natural hazard. Disasters’ statistics have shown that their effects are, considerably, increasing all over the world. Most of such disasters originate from geomorphological events. In fact, natural disasters have ...
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Introduction
When a natural process threatens human life or property, it is called natural hazard. Disasters’ statistics have shown that their effects are, considerably, increasing all over the world. Most of such disasters originate from geomorphological events. In fact, natural disasters have been a global concern and most of them have mainly been geomorphological. Hence, developing countries, in particular, are deeply influenced by such disasters. One way of decreasing damages caused by natural disasters is identification of disaster-prone areas and prevention of their development in such areas relying on land use planning. In this research, geomorphological hazards of flood, landslide and neotectonics were investigated in Zonouzchay catchment. The catchment in an area of 323 square km has been located in political-administrative zone of Marand county.
Methodology
The aim of the present study is to evaluate geomorphological hazards in Zonouzchay catchment through preparing zoning maps of flood, landslide and neotectonics hazards. Digital evaluation model images of height (DEM), geological maps and sentinel satellite images are the most important data used in the present study. For preparation of flood and landslide hazards’ map in Zonouzchay catchment, ten variables and effective parameters on flooding and flood spreading were combined in GIS environment. These variables are considered for zoning flooding hazard factors such as height, slope, convexity of the land surface, valley depth, lithological units, drainage density, distance from the main streams, height of the runoff, use and vegetation. For zoning landslide occurrence risk, the above mentioned variables (except for stream height, drainage density and valley depth) were used along with the three variables of distance from fault, slope direction and rainfall. ANP model in GIS was used in order to combine effective variables on flooding risk and landslide in Zonouzchay catchment. Moreover, zoning relative neotecnic activities for the underlying area was conducted by using relative tectonic activity index (Al Hamdouni, et al, 2008). Relative tectonics activity index (Iat) is developed by combination of other indexes. The index classifies the perspectives in four classes of relative tectonic activities:
Class 1: too high tectonic activities with values 1 < S/n < 1.5
Class 2: high tectonic activities with values 1.5 < S/n < 2
Class 3: medium tectonic activities with values 2 < S/n < 2
Class 4: low tectonic activities with values S/n < 2.5
Results and Discussion
Zoning Relative Tectonic Activity
Results of Iat index-basedzoning indicate that neotectonic activities in Zonouzchay catchment are, generally, medium to relatively weak. Field observations also indicate that erosive processes (in spite of resistant formations) are predominate in the study area. Lack or rare dispersion of neotectonic landforms, retreat and destruction of mountain fronts and widening of the valleys are among the reasons, which show relative weakness of the active tectonic in Zonouzchay catchment. The main part of the morpho-tectonic landforms of the catchment is in line with Zonouz-Harzand fault. For most of the sub-catchments Iat values are in classes 3,4, which shows average to weak status of the relative active tectonic in the catchment.
Zoning Flood Event Risk
ANP model-based results indicate that from among the employed variables, slope, distance from river and land surface convexity are, relatively, the most important variables with coefficients 0.23, 0.19 and 0.16. Findings of the study indicate that about 4% of Zonouzchay catchment area is in too high risk class, 7.4% in high risk class, 8.3% in medium risk, 21.7% in too low risk class and 58.6% is in too low risk class. Almost all upstream parts of the study catchment are in low risk to high risk classes. In the middle parts of the study catchment, flood zones are mostly bounded to two main valleys of the catchment. Width of the valleys has increased in different periods and, consequently, flood plains have been formed in the basin of such valleys. Some parts of Miyab and New Harzand villages have been located in this geomorphologic position. In the downstream parts of the catchment, width of Zonouzchay has increased considerably and also the two main streams of the study catchment join each other in this part. Presence of low slope lands, low relative height, adjacency to the main rivers, lower values of convexity index, higher density of drainage and the valley depth are considered as the most important effective factors of this part of the catchment in terms of flood event.
Landslide Risk Zoning
According to the results of ANP model, the three variables of slope with coefficient of 0.24, lithology with coefficient of 0.22 and rainfall with coefficient of 0.16 have the key influence on landslide occurrence in the study area. Hence, about 16.6 % of the catchment area is in too low risk class, about 38.1% is in low risk class, about 23% is in medium risk class, 15.8% is in high risk class and finally 6.5% is in too high risk class. Spatial distribution of the risk classes indicates concentration of high risk and too high risk classes in the middle arts of the study catchment. This can be related to various factors. Maybe, the most important reason is related to presence of geological formations prone to landslide and appropriate slopes for occurrence of such geomorphological process. In fact, in the middle parts of the study area dominance of slope 10%-40% , presence of high alluvial terraces , also occurrence of Marens , conglomerate formulations with Maren interlayers and dispersion of Flysch type have provided appropriate conditions for landslide.
Conclusion
Results of geomorphological indexes indicate that considerable part of anomalies of this index are originated from lithological differences of the area. Moreover, active tectonic zoning of the area shows relative weakness of neotectonic processes and movement of the area’s faults along with dominance of erosive processes. Regarding flood occurrence risk, results of ANP model indicated that the variables of slope, distance from river and convexity of the land surface have higher importance in flooding. From flooding occurrence perspective, about 4% of Zonouzchay catchment is in too high risk class and 7.4% is in high risk class. The dangerous zones are accordant to valleys’ bed of the two main streams of the catchment and hence, some parts of the residents in these valleys are exposed to destructive floods. Finally, based on results of ANP model results, three variables of slope, lithology and rainfall have higher importance in probability of landslide occurrence in the study area. About 16% of Zonouzchay catchment is in high risk class, and 7% of it is in too high risk class of landslide. Landslide occurrence in the middle parts of the catchment is highly expected due to a set of conditions such as vulnerable slope and geological formations.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Akbar Abdollahzadeh Taraf; samira sarvi
Abstract
IntroductionTraditional contextures and neighborhoods, as the primary residents center for urban residences, play a key role in the citizens’ life and one or more neighborhood center in its spatial structure cause the neighborhood spine to be more prominent. With the advent of modernism, such neighborhoods ...
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IntroductionTraditional contextures and neighborhoods, as the primary residents center for urban residences, play a key role in the citizens’ life and one or more neighborhood center in its spatial structure cause the neighborhood spine to be more prominent. With the advent of modernism, such neighborhoods could not find chance to conform themselves with the new conditions and they lost their coherent contexture gradually as a result of street making and the function of the neighborhoods’ centers became prone to destruction, changing into low prosperous environments for their residents and this caused the current social activities to be fade out in the neighborhood.Data and Methoddeveloping a strategy of regenerating spatial structure of current condition in the Hokmabad neighborhood to create a lively urban space.The research strategy is a cases study. Firstly, for identification of overall structure of the neighborhood, in addition to studying the neighborhood background and investigating library documents, we proceeded on studying and investigating aerial maps and field data. Then analyzing the available data, regeneration manual of the neighborhood centers and their indexes were explained and lastly, the objective-oriented regeneration model of the area was developed.Results and DiscussionNeighborhood center regeneration through exact identification of the neighborhood spine and generating new spaces in between traditional structure, relying on necessities and needs of time and past place of the neighborhoods might result in protecting their social and economic system and spatial organizing and this organizes spatial and physical structure of the neighborhood in accordance with its exclusive spatial and form features.Conclusion: Making change in the form-spatial structure and function of the Hokm Abad neighborhood centers seems necessary, because improvement of physical identity and liveliness revival in the neighborhood and organizing overall structure of the neighborhood will not be achieved without reviving centers of the neighborhood and its main street.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Akram Ali mohammadi; Sadra Motevalli; Azita Rajabi
Abstract
Introduction
The resilient internal transportation system network is a system that is able to absorb the negative effects of turbulences, reorganize them and continue their function. Resilience is directly related to sustainability. The inaccurate usage of available capacities may reduce its` resilience ...
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Introduction
The resilient internal transportation system network is a system that is able to absorb the negative effects of turbulences, reorganize them and continue their function. Resilience is directly related to sustainability. The inaccurate usage of available capacities may reduce its` resilience and provide environment with irrecoverable harms. The main purpose of this research is to recognize the most effective managerial strategies in the resilience of internal transportation network with the emphasis on accessing environmental sustainable development in Tehran region one and provide a schema for it.
Currently, transportation used in urban communities is not stable due to the problems and challenges that occur in it. This instability has manifested itself in the first place in the excessive consumption of energy and fuels, then in the reduction of resources and finally in the increase of air pollution, even globally. Also, major problems and inadequacies in urban transportation affect the economy, society and urban environment as the main indicators of sustainability, which has made it more necessary to pay attention to the issue of sustainability and resilience of urban transportation. Given the existing problems with intercity transportation and low resilience at the city level; The present article seeks to achieve resilience methods of urban transportation by using management strategies to achieve sustainable environmental development in area one of Tehran in 1399.
Method
The method of present study is survey analytic and the sample group were 100 managers and experts of internal transportation network in Tehran region one during 2019 that were participated in purposive sampling method in the study. The data was gathered through researcher self-made questionnaire; through the factor analysis five factors of 1. Organizational capacity improvement (5 items) 2. Systematic management (9 items) 3. Risks` reduction (4 items) 4. Subtraction utilization (5 items) and 5. Information technology usage (3 items) were recognized and afterward, managerial strategies schema in internal transportation system network of Tehran region one was designed and based on that, it is possible to accurately and efficiently plan to improve managerial strategies and functions in internal transportation system network and environmental sustainable development.
Discussion and Results
The current transportation system of region one of Tehran has major limitations such as low share of public transportation, high share of single-passenger cars, increasing distance between business and non-business trips, and inadequate structure and quality of the road network for pedestrian or use transportation. It suffers from cycling, which has led to complications such as traffic congestion, lack of stops, increased pollution, reduced mobility, increased fuel consumption and wasted energy. Policies and measures taken in response to the problems have had little success, mainly due to inconsistencies in planning and implementation on the one hand and a lack of comprehensiveness and foresight on the other. In addition, due to its high population density, the concentration of most administrative and economic centers in it and its special position in terms of geology, this region is one of the most sensitive areas in Tehran. Given the exposure to the threats posed by its location in the region, identifying the most effective strategic management indicators in transport network resilience necessitates research. Considering the current environmental situation of this region, such as the reduction of green space and open spaces, uncontrolled and non-standard construction, increasing the types of environmental pollution in this study has tried to examine and identify the most important and effective indicators. Strategic management strategies in the resilience of the intra-city transportation network In order to achieve sustainable environmental development, a model should be designed to measure and evaluate the resilience of intra-city transportation.
Conclusion
This paper was presented with the title of strategic management model of resilience of urban transportation network with emphasis on achieving sustainable environmental development in area one of Tehran in 1399. In this paper, preliminary indicators were extracted according to the studies, including research background, concepts and theoretical foundations related to the subject, criteria and components of resilience, sustainable environmental development, urban transportation network, and by interviewing elites and Specialists in transportation, traffic and urban management and the use of factor analysis techniques, five criteria: organizational capacity improvement, system management, risk reduction, use of alternative vehicle infrastructure, increasing the use of information technology were identified and prioritized. The results of this research are based on the theories of Cohen's development model with three economic dimensions with the aim of progress, social with the aim of equality and poverty reduction, ecological with the aim of natural resources and prismatic model of sustainability, sustainable development in four dimensions: environmental-economic-social and physical. Emphasizes on reducing ownership and use of personal vehicles, reducing fuel consumption, reducing traffic congestion and various pollutions.
Research Paper
Rural Planning
Mansour Ghanian; Omid M. Ghoochani; latif mohammadzadeh
Abstract
IntroductionClimate change is one of the main environmental challenges facing the world today and the results of studies and forecasts indicate that it is ever expanding. These changes, in addition to the environment, directly and indirectly affect the social, cultural and economic sectors of the countries ...
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IntroductionClimate change is one of the main environmental challenges facing the world today and the results of studies and forecasts indicate that it is ever expanding. These changes, in addition to the environment, directly and indirectly affect the social, cultural and economic sectors of the countries of the world. In recent years due to observing evidences of climate change in hydrological variables, concerns have been arisen regarding variations of renewable water resources under climate change in developing countries. Among various types of economic sectors, agriculture is one of the most sensitive economic sectors in terms of climate change phenomena such as temperature rise and evapotranspiration, decreasing precipitation and melting, reducing surface and underground water resources, and etc. Therefore, the effects of climate change on agriculture have become one of the hottest academic topics around the world. In this regards, farmers are always considered as the most vulnerable groups against global climate change, and the vulnerability of them to the region and even beyond them can be examined. Therefore, this study, with a sociological approach, attempted to identify factors affecting the intention of farmers to adapt to climate change. In this regard, due to the role of traditional beliefs in the management of agricultural affairs in rural communities of Iran, a conceptual framework was designed combining two theories PMT and cultural values.MethodologyA survey was conducted to address the main goal of the present study from July 2018 through February 2019 in Marvdasht Township. The farmers of Marvdasht Township considered as the statistical population of this study, which among them 256 farmers selected based on Cochran formula as the statistical sample using simple random sampling method. The research’s instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which its reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the main scales of the questionnaire (α = 0.70 to 0.83) and also, its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts (faculty members of rural developments, agricultural extension, agro-ecology and agro-climate specialists) prior to the launch of the study. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS (V20) and AMOS (V20) software.Results and discussionThe results showed that proposed theoretical framework of this study has a good fit with data and has the predication potential of famers’ adaptation intention towards climate-change. According to the literature review in can be understand that combination of two both theories (protection motivation theory and cultural theory), is suitable for investigating the underlying factors influencing farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change. For example, Hemayatkhah and Ghorbani (2016), explained 28 of the farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change using the cultural values theory. Also, Azadi et al., (2014) showed that the protection motivation theory can predict 34% of the farmers' adaptation behavior in confronting climate change. Therefore, it is suggested that in the future studies, the conceptual model of this study should be used to assess farmers' adaptation intentions towards climate change. The results revealed that egalitarianism has a positive influence on farmers’ belief in climate change. Although fatalism has a negative effect on farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change. This illustrates the contradiction between these two groups of people as well as the accountability of egalitarianism people and the lack of accountability of fatalism people to climate change. The results also, showed that individualism have a negative impact on subjective norms of farmers towards climate change. The results indicated that, adaptation intention of farmers towards climate change is affected by belief in climate change and the adaptation assessment positively, whilst maladaptation to climate change has a negative effect on farmers’ adaptation intention. Moreover, belief in climate change has a positive impact on farmers’ maladaptation to climate change. In this regard, it could be argued that, farmers who have personal experience of the negative consequences of climate change-related events, such as drought, or have seen farms that have been affected by climate change phenomena with severe product cuts, will try to prevent the occurrence of these incidents for themselves by applying adaptive practices.ConclusionThere is a consensus that awareness of farmers' intentions against climate change in order to understand the factors affecting their intention to adapt to environmental threats, such as climate change, in government policies and programs. In other words, recognizing the intentions of farmers as a management element can help planners of various executive sectors, especially the agricultural sector in a sustainable management. Iran experienced an extensive climate change and drawdown trend of the water level in recent years which poses negative impacts on the environment and agriculture. In this way, understanding the farmers’ adaptation intention to climate change can help to generate suitable policy solutions. Based on the results, belief in climate change has the most positive effect on the farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change. In fact, information is crucial in shaping farmers’ perception of climate change risk and the effectiveness of adaptive measures. Incorrect information may lead to maladaptation which, in turn, influences the adaptation intention and behavioral response. As such, agricultural extension services are important in supporting farmers with technical knowledge of adaptive measures. Also, according to the results, it is important use of farmland visits, training courses on climate change threats, how to adapt to this challenge, and farm management. The lack of timely adaptation in agriculture may hamper prosperous farm developments by neglecting risks and opportunities emerging from climate change. It is also suggested that agricultural extension agents, using cultural values of farmers try to better understand the relationship between farmers and the environment and use it in their work plans. Because each of the groups has separate and unique needs and perhaps their educational and extensional methods are also very different.
Research Paper
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Samira Fallah Zolleh; Alireza Ildoromi; Hamid Nouri
Abstract
Introduction
In recent years, the impact of climate change and drought forecasting on water resources planning and management has received much attention. In the present study, probable climate change on Malayer basin temperature and precipitation over the period 2014-2014 was investigated and monthly, ...
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Introduction
In recent years, the impact of climate change and drought forecasting on water resources planning and management has received much attention. In the present study, probable climate change on Malayer basin temperature and precipitation over the period 2014-2014 was investigated and monthly, seasonal and annual forecasts for the near future (2030-2011) under three scenarios A2, B1 and A1B using HadCM3 general circulation model The LARS-WG model was used for performing and exponential micro-scale.
Data and Method
ARIMA multiplication time series and AIC and SBC criteria and Pert-Manto test in predicting precipitation and SPI and SDI indices have been used to predict drought for the period (1397-1418) of Merville, Pihan and Wasjeh hydrometric stations.The results show an increase in precipitation and temperature in all three monthly, seasonal and annual scales in the coming period, and Shows that the largest meteorological drought for the base period in 1998-1999 is -1/96 and In the coming year 1418-1418 there was adecrease of -2/4. Surveys show that moderate and severe droughts will increase in the coming statistical period at the Mervil, Peyhan and Vasge stations.
Results and Discussion
Drought occurrence reduces discharge and hydrological drought. The results show that due to variability of precipitation and mean air temperature, the trend of drought changes is not the same in different months. Therefore, the duration, severity and frequency of droughts vary from month to year.
Conclusion
Investigation of correlation (r) and mean error (MSE) values between observed and calculated values of discharge and precipitation at the stations under study indicate the high capability of ARIMA model in simulating monthly discharge. And it can be used in other parts of the country.
Research Paper
Geotourism
Ali Modabber Khaknezhad; Karim Hosseinzadeh Dalir; Bakhtyar ezatpanah
Abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, tourism is one of the most dynamic industries in the world, which has a great impact on the economic growth and dynamism of countries and has become one of the most complex human businesses in many countries. This industry is considered as a multifaceted activity of a ...
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Introduction
Nowadays, tourism is one of the most dynamic industries in the world, which has a great impact on the economic growth and dynamism of countries and has become one of the most complex human businesses in many countries. This industry is considered as a multifaceted activity of a mechanism to increase employment, earn income and attract foreign exchange; according to the latest statistics, one out of every 10 important jobs in the world has been related to the tourism industry. Therefore, different countries are looking for solutions to develop tourism; in particular, countries with weak economies in transition are more focused on developing the industry as a way to grow and develop as well as currency. On the other hand, given that the amount of value added and income from the development of tourism, has a major role in GDP and citizens to have a sustainable livelihood; therefore, nowadays, attention to the formation of tourism in its various forms has been considered by different countries. Considering the importance of tourism development in the present era and the place of historical-cultural contexts in achieving this, the purpose of this study is to identify the management drivers affecting the development of historical and cultural tourism in Tabriz metropolis. The historical context of Tabriz, despite its potential, currently does not have the desired environmental and spatial quality. Therefore, paying attention to this context in order to recreate it and also the development of tourism is one of the priorities of city officials.
Data and Method
The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose, survey in terms of implementation method and cross-sectional in terms of time. For this purpose, first the required indicators have been extracted in the form of documents and referring to tourism-related researches, and in order to measure the effective management impulses on tourism development, managers, officials and experts of Tabriz Historical-Cultural Region (Region 8) have been questioned. Therefore, the statistical population of the study is the managers, officials and experts of the municipality of Tabriz historical-cultural region (about 300 people) and the sample size is estimated based on the Delphi method of 100 people, which the method of accessing the sample size is based on a targeted model. Also in order to analyze the data, has been used of structural equation modeling method in Amos software.
Results and Discussion
Findings indicate that the most important management drivers affecting the development of tourism in the historical-cultural context are extra-organizational capacities, intra-organizational capacities and project criteria and definitions, for which the coefficient of the structural model has been 0.71, 0.63 and 0.56, respectively. Also, among the sub-variables, the most influential are related to the variables of forming institutional interaction with other public and private organizations in order to develop historical-cultural tourism, the ability to strengthen local mechanisms to develop historical-cultural tourism and targeted understanding of historical context and flexibility in historical texture programs for tourism development with coefficients of 0.77, 0.72 and 0.65, respectively.
Conclusion
Over the past few decades, tourism has undergone a variety of continuous changes and has become one of the largest economic sectors. One of the most important factors in the development of sustainable tourism in any region is how to manage related activities. Thus, the discussion of management is an important part of planning and as the basis of work, which is the act of directing and controlling a task or organization. Management also includes a systematic approach in which the dynamics of tourism in the context of supply and demand is considered with emphasis on economic sustainability and utility and the social consequences of tourism. On the other hand, due to the extensive changes in today's cities and the lack of coherent planning, especially in the historical-cultural contexts, it has been marginalized by these valuable contexts that play a pivotal role in tourism development. Considering the importance of tourism discussion and the important role of historical-cultural contexts in this field, the purpose of this study is to identify impacts of the management drivers on development of historical-cultural tourism in Tabriz metropolis. The results indicate that in the first place, the most effective drivers of external capacities (external capacity building), in the second place, institutional capacity drivers (internal institutional capacities), and finally, the third most effective drivers are criteria and definition of projects through factors such as emphasis on public development. And pedestrian-centered, purposeful knowledge of historical context issues with a future research approach, careful monitoring of compliance with bylaws and sections and emphasis on multidimensional goals (social, economic, physical) will promote the historical context and consequently the development of tourism.
Research Paper
Climatology
Parichehr mesri alamdari; seyed Hassan rasouli
Abstract
Introduction
With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in 1830 and the growing growth of human knowledge, various changes have taken place in human life and human needs for energy and consumption of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas have led to a sharp increase in materials such as ...
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Introduction
With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in 1830 and the growing growth of human knowledge, various changes have taken place in human life and human needs for energy and consumption of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas have led to a sharp increase in materials such as Carbon dioxide has been released into the atmosphere. Increasing its population exacerbates this phenomenon. All of these changes have caused the weather to change. The phenomenon of climate change, which is mainly related to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, is a clear example in this field. This phenomenon causes many current problems such as gradual warming of the climate, melting of ice, rising sea levels, torrential rains, increasing drought, acid rain and threats to human health. And wildlife species in different regions of the earth (Atabi et al., 2007: 146). The development of urbanization and migration of rural residents to cities to enjoy the benefits of civilization, especially in the second half of the twentieth century led to the overdevelopment of cities (Alijani et al., 2010: 541). The desirability and quality of urban areas make a difference in the value of land use. Knowledge of how urban temperature patterns are distributed allows planners to manage the construction of urban green space to adjust the temperature. Also, by studying the relationship between user patterns and the distribution of thermal patterns, it is possible to provide programs to change and relocate these uses to improve environmental conditions. Despite the year-on-year changes in the average temperature due to the natural variability of the climate, increasing trends in the average annual temperature are evident in most parts of Iran, including the city of Sari. These increasing trends are mainly due to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (due to the burning of fossil fuels and changes in the surface characteristics of urban areas (Alizadeh Chobari et al., 2016: 571 and 572). In this regard, the city Sari is located in a dense area of activity and residential centers and with its various capabilities has been able to enjoy a special position in the province.This city due to its strategic location and suitable climate and location Tourism and unique agricultural capabilities are facing population growth and increased migration. Considering the challenges such as the increasing growth of the urban population, the uneven expansion of cities, the destruction of the environment, etc., which has reduced the quality of life and created heterogeneous uses in different urban areas; As a result, the climatic parameters of the region are also subject to change. In this regard, the effect of these changes on the city of Sari and solutions to deal with it have been studied.
Methodology
The present research is applied-developmental for the purpose and is descriptive-analytical according to the method of work. In this study, in order to measure the spatial distribution of population in the eleven districts of Sari, data under the Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used. In order to investigate the spatial distribution of population in each area of Sari, the Shannon relative entropy model has been used and to calculate the maximum thermal island intensity, the Oke numerical-theoretical equation has been used. Sari, the capital of Mazandaran province in northern Iran, is one of the largest and most populous cities in Mazandaran province and the north of the country, which is located at 53 degrees and 37 minutes east longitude and 34 degrees and 36 minutes north latitude. In terms of natural location, this city is located in the south of the Caspian Sea and in the plains of Sari city and only its southern and southwestern parts lead to mountains and low satellite hills. The height of the city from the sea level is 18.5 meters and the difference in its area to the coast of the Caspian Sea is 24 kilometers. The general slope of the city is from south to north and is very gentle (Sari Master Plan Studies, Mazand Tarh Consulting Engineers, 2015).
Results and Discussion
In the present study, the relationship between the spatial distribution of the population and the creation of thermal islands in the city of Sari has been investigated. After examining the spatial distribution of population and the intensity of changes in thermal islands, it is concluded that there is a relative relationship between the two indicators of spatial distribution of population and the intensity of changes in thermal islands in Sari. In region 2 of region 3 of Sari city, which had the lowest equilibrium in the spatial distribution of population, the intensity of changes in thermal islands was also low, and in areas where the spatial distribution of population was semi-balanced (region one of region one, regions 1 and 2 from region 2, and region 1 from region 3 of Sari city), the intensity of thermal island changes was low. Also, in the areas where the spatial distribution of the population was balanced (areas 2, 3 and 4 of area one, areas 3 and 4 of area 2 and area one of area 4), the intensity of thermal island changes was low and moderate.
The results indicate the fact that there is a direct relationship between net residential density and the intensity of changes in thermal islands in the city of Sari. As the net residential density increases, the intensity of changes in thermal islands in Sari city increases, and as the net residential density decreases, the intensity of thermal island changes decreases. Based on the findings of the survey of Sari city areas and analysis of the spatial distribution of population and the maximum intensity of thermal island changes, it is concluded that there is a relative relationship between these two indicators in Sari city areas. In the areas that had the lowest equilibrium in the spatial distribution of the population, more intensity changes were observed in the thermal islands and in the areas where the spatial distribution of the population was semi-balanced and balanced, the intensity of changes was less in the heat islands. On the other hand, according to the results of Spearman correlation coefficient, it can be said that the most important effective factor in the maximum intensity of thermal island changes, which is inversely related to this phenomenon, is the net residential density. Areas in Sari that have the highest intensity of thermal island changes
They also had the lowest net residential density. Therefore, it is necessary to apply appropriate policies such as revising and improving management in the way of population loading in various urban development plans and planning for the management and organization of urban structures in relation to the intensity of changes in thermal islands. Can be effective. It can also provide favorable grounds for guiding the development of population policies in various urban development plans to create a balance with sustainability in the city of Sari.
Research Paper
Climatology
Seyed Hossein Mirmousavi; Zahara Taran
Abstract
Introduction
Dust is one of the most common climatic phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions of the world The phenomenon of dust is a natural occurrence and occurs in areas with vast areas of arid and desert areas, Lack vegetation and other surface coatings. Due to its presence in the arid and semi-arid ...
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Introduction
Dust is one of the most common climatic phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions of the world The phenomenon of dust is a natural occurrence and occurs in areas with vast areas of arid and desert areas, Lack vegetation and other surface coatings. Due to its presence in the arid and semi-arid belt of the world, Iran is constantly exposed to local and synoptic dust and dust systems. In recent years, the phenomenon of dust in the Middle East has been increasing, Because it is one of the five regions of the world that has the highest dust production . Long periods of drought and inappropriate interventions in nature can increase the likelihood of this phenomenon.
In recent years, the trend of dust events in the west and south of Iran, especially in the spring and summer, has increased dramatically .This phenomenon is affected by certain atmospheric conditions and its distribution can affect the temperature, temperature, precipitation and atmospheric circulation conditions of the area during the months of the year.
Materials and methods
In this study, data of 56 years old (during 1961-2016) precipitation, temperature and dust on daily scale from 30 synoptic stations in the west and southwest of Iran were obtained from the country's meteorological organization. In line with this study, MATLAB, ArcGIS and SURFER softwares have been used. In order to analyze the information, recognition of fluctuations and the relationship between dust, temperature and precipitation have been used.
Results and discussion
Recognition of fluctuations and the relationship between dust, temperature and precipitation are investigated using regression, spectral analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient. Then it is represented by trend maps, cycles, and correlation tables. The results for the West and Southwest of Iran have been obtained and explained in detail.
Conclusion
The study of the spatial distribution of the trend shows that most of the stations studied in the dust and rainfall have an increasing trend and have been in a decreasing trend temperature. Spectral analysis of dust, dry days, and temperature showed that short-cycle cycles in addition to the most frequent distribution, showed a higher probability of occurrence than long-term periods. In most of the stations studied, the correlation of dust with temperature and dry days has a positive and direct, relationship with the rainfall has a negative and inverse relationship. The local mororan analysis for the spatial autocorrelation of dust with dry days in the western, northwest, northern and parts of the east of the study area has shown a high value cluster pattern (positive spatial autocorrelation). The spatial autocorrelation of dust with precipitation in the northeastern, eastern, and small parts of the southeast and west of the study area has a high cluster pattern (positive spatial autocorrelation). The spatial autocorrelation of dust with temperature in the eastern, western, and small parts of the south of the range has a high cluster pattern (positive spatial autocorrelation).
Research Paper
Geotourism
Hamid Nazari sarmazeh; Skandar Seidaiy
Abstract
Introduction
The tourism industry, as one of the strategies for rural development, has many capabilities for innovation and entrepreneurship; on the other hand, the development of entrepreneurship in low-income communities is an acceptable strategy to fight against poverty. This enterprise is due to ...
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Introduction
The tourism industry, as one of the strategies for rural development, has many capabilities for innovation and entrepreneurship; on the other hand, the development of entrepreneurship in low-income communities is an acceptable strategy to fight against poverty. This enterprise is due to various factors and the whole process cannot be considered without respecting the factors affecting it. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting tourism entrepreneurship and how they interact with each other to develop a roadmap and tourism policy.
Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province is recognized as one of the main natural tourism centers of Iran. Understanding the factors affecting entrepreneurship in the tourism industry is important for two reasons in this province and the county of Koohrang: First, the province is now one of the main destinations for rural tourism and tourism, and the lack of a decent policy about tourism entrepreneurship has led to the huge potential of tourism to be used in the development of employment in a small way. On the other hand, one of the most important strategies in the development perspective of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province has been developed based on the tourism industry. Knowing the factors that affect entrepreneurship and considering all its aspects, can provide a desirable platform for the development of the tourism industry and the formulation of micro and macro policies. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer these questions: What are the fundamental factors in the development of tourism entrepreneurship? And which forms of combining these factors can have a greater impact on the development of tourism entrepreneurship?
Methodology
This study was of an applied type, nature and method were descriptive-survey. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 5 components and it's content and face validity were approved by experts and its reliability was determined: the socio-cultural index: 0.75, economic: 0.84, environmental: 0.68, infrastructure: 0.71, and for tourism entrepreneurship: 0.77 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The fs/QCA fuzzy set comparative analysis was used for the analysis. The population of the study is Koohrang county residents over 20 years. By using Sample power SPSS software, 254 cases were selected according to the purpose of the study and case study were selected by stratified random sampling.
Results
According to the results of the study, 88% were men and 12% were women. Their average age was 38 years; in terms of education, the highest number of people had diplomas with 33.2 and about 24.3% of the studied sample had a university education. Employment status: The highest number of jobs were in agriculture and herdsman with 35.2% and about 28.1% were unemployed. Condition and result in the analysis were conducted by using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy set and the analysis steps were applied as follows: After calibrating and standardizing the data, the analysis was continued by using the truth table algorithm, classification of conditions and finally X, Y To terminate the schematic, the effect of the sum of the conditions on the desired result in fs / QCA software was terminated.
Conclusion
The results showed that different causal paths and different educational indicators influenced the development of rural tourism entrepreneurship, but the type and extent of their effects are different. Among the proposed conditions, the infrastructural conditions have the most support and accompaniment with the development of tourism entrepreneurship. The findings of the study on the development of the county development landscape, especially the issue of entrepreneurship and tourism entrepreneurship are important. Understanding the various influencing factors will help to make the right planning and policy for the development of tourism entrepreneurship. On the other hand, considering that tourism is a community and people-oriented trade, policy-making, in order to prepare the necessary socio-cultural, economic, infrastructural and environmental contexts, can provide a clear perspective for tourism entrepreneurship in Koohrang County.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
elnaz hadi; mohammadreza pourmohammadi; hadi hakimi; elham hadi
Abstract
Introduction
Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the ...
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Introduction
Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the major causes of damages and casualties caused by the earthquake, in addition to the negligence and nonchalance in observing the safety standards of structures, can also be resulted from the lack of appropriate urban development principles and plans. It is noteworthy that one of the issues of urbanization and urban planning that can be effective in reducing the earthquake effects and incrementing the urban Resilience is the compatibility of various forms of urban usages versus each other.
Data and Method
The term resilience is derived from the Latin word "Resilio" which means “to return (or to bounce back) suddenly”. The concept of resilience has undergone many changes throughout the time. Although the existing interpretations for this term are complex and diverse, but what is certain is that there is a close relationship between disaster risk, resilience and the built environment. In this context, consideration of resilience as the ability to organize the threats posed by accidents as well as the ability to attract people and resistance against disasters- while still retaining essentially the same function - is particularly concerning. Thus, it can be concluded that the characteristic of returning to the situation that existed before the disturbance occurred, and also improving the situation, for further development of the system, is called resilience.
By compatibility factor in planning, we mean the land use compatibility, which means that the use of lands that are within the sphere of influence of each other, should be consistent with each other in terms of compatibility, stability and activities and do not cause problems for one another or impede others from accomplishing their activities.
Results and Discussion
In this study, considering the proximity of urban usages relative to each other and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the urban usage compatibility of district 4 in Tabriz was assessed. For this aim, first all urban usages in the study area were classified in 10 classes and the compatibility of each usage relative to other usages were studied. Then the usage layers were combined in GIS software by AHP model and finally, the compatibility map of urban usages for district 4 was obtained.
Conclusion
The results show that 5.9 % of the urban land usages in district 4 are totally incompatible with each other and 43.9 % of the urban usages are completely compatible with each other in the case of an earthquake. In general it can be said that most parts of the district 4 of Tabriz are in good condition in terms of the index of the urban land use compatibility and in case of an earthquake, less damage will be imposed on this area. Only the lands used for industries and workshops as well as municipal, administrative and military facilities are not in proper conditions in terms of the compatibility factor. So, on the basis of GIS-generated maps, because of incompatibility of industrial, municipal, administrative and military land uses, it is necessary to take effective measures in order to create a favorable environment in the city; because neglecting and disregarding the importance of the compatibility of these land uses can be dangerous for the surrounding area and it can increase the casualties caused by the earthquake in an area.
