Rahmatollah Farhudi; Seayed mosa Pourmosavi; Seayad Ali Hosseini; Seayed Mohammad Hosseini
Volume 18, Issue 50 , February 2015, , Pages 259-280
Abstract
Urban spatial growth and its patterns is one of the most important issues in urban planning. During the time, the patterns of spatial distributions which are called urban form are changing because of urban dynamics. Urban sprawl is one of the most unstable forms the cities have ever experienced. ...
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Urban spatial growth and its patterns is one of the most important issues in urban planning. During the time, the patterns of spatial distributions which are called urban form are changing because of urban dynamics. Urban sprawl is one of the most unstable forms the cities have ever experienced. The city of Mashhad as the second metropolis of Iran and the case study of this research is not exceted of these problems. Various methods such as aerial photographs, maps of the organizations, soil and topographic maps, GIS and SPSS software are used in this research. The result of survey showed a rapid and unplanned sprawl growth has happened for the Mashhad city in the recent decades (1956-2006) that have had some adverse effects on soil resources.
The results show from 1956 to 2006 around 27747.8 hectares of Mashhad suburb lands from different classes were changed into urban landuse for good. Actually, this rapid and unplanned urban growth of Mashhad has destroyed 10,288 ha (37 percent) in class I, 6233 ha (22%) in class III, 9089 ha (33%) in Class IV and 2,147 ha (7.7 percent) in Class VI.
Urban Planning
mehdi nejati; pegah Bavaghar zaimi; abdolmajid jalaee
Volume 23, Issue 69 , December 2019, , Pages 259-282
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most important of the metropolises of Iran. The problems are become to one of the most important obsessions of the diplomats that cause climate conditions change in global, territorial and local scale. In order to management and pollution decline planning is required the congition ...
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Air pollution is one of the most important of the metropolises of Iran. The problems are become to one of the most important obsessions of the diplomats that cause climate conditions change in global, territorial and local scale. In order to management and pollution decline planning is required the congition of the mutual relation between pollution emission level and economic pollution decline of the different activities. The aim of this study is energy consumption and production growth impact investigate on co2 emission in economic different parts of Iran (such as Industry, agriculture, transportation services , oil) over the period 1996 2014 by using a SUR model. The result show that the energy consumption has a positive relation with co2 emission and energy consumption in different parts hasn't equal effect on pollution. according to SUR calculation there is a reverse N relation between pollution and productions growth in economic parts. Nonetheless co2 emission of GDP can be introduced as verse U Because totally GDP left side is very little . reverse N curve significants environment destruction starts to decrease again after increasing in Particular level. Because of there is a Kuznets curve reverse U in Environmental Kuznets curve reverse N. we have been investigated if there is N curve for co2 in different Parts?
Volume 16, Issue 42 , March 2013, , Pages 261-274
Climatology
abdolreza kashki; sayed mohammad hosseini; farahnaz khoramabadi
Volume 23, Issue 67 , April 2019, , Pages 263-286
Abstract
Global warming is one of the current and future challenges for humankind which can have an impact on agriculture, transportation, water resources, energy production, architecture, heating and cooling needs of the building, plant phenology, etc. In this research, for the spatio-temporal analysis, the ...
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Global warming is one of the current and future challenges for humankind which can have an impact on agriculture, transportation, water resources, energy production, architecture, heating and cooling needs of the building, plant phenology, etc. In this research, for the spatio-temporal analysis, the need for cooling day was used from daily data of minimum temperature and maximum temperature of 16 stations in the north east of the Iran during the period of 20 years (1996-2015). First, data matrices were created in the MATLAB software with an S-dimensional array (7035*16), where are the rows, representing time (day) and columns, representing the locations (stations). Finally, it was calculated of cooling degree day per month and plotted spatial mapping in ArcGIS. The results showed that significant and reverse correlation between altitude and latitude with cooling day requirements in all warm months of the year, also according to the need for cooling degree day, the Khorasan area can be divided into six climatic groups. The most need for cooling with more than 500 degrees of day is in the southern and lowlands of the area and the least need for cooling are located in the northern and highlands part. So that the highest percentage of need for cooling day degrees in April and May white %27.5, related to the semi-cold climate group; In June with %24.5; in July %23.7; in august %22.4 and in September whit %22.5, Belongs to the cold climate group. Also, the study of the process of cooling needs suggests that in April most of the stations lack a significant trend, and only stations in the north and south of the region have a declining trajectory. In September, there is also a drop in cooling needs at most stations.
Zohreh Maryanaji; shima Rezaeei; Hamed Abbasi
Abstract
Frost refers to conditions in which the air temperature reaches zero or zero degrees Celsius at an altitude of about one to two meters from the ground. Almost every part of the economy may be affected by unexpected frostbite And in most cases, freezing occurs negatively. Freezing temperatures are zero ...
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Frost refers to conditions in which the air temperature reaches zero or zero degrees Celsius at an altitude of about one to two meters from the ground. Almost every part of the economy may be affected by unexpected frostbite And in most cases, freezing occurs negatively. Freezing temperatures are zero or less than zero. The term "frost" means that the temperature is zero or less than that in a given region. Because of the importance and application of forecast freezing and regional economic development planning Attempts were made to investigate the changes and the beginning and end of the ice in the western regions of Iran during a twenty-year period, using the general data of the atmospheric circulation data and its changes.
Urban Planning
ali movahed; Zahra Sahraeyan; mohamad soleimani
Volume 23, Issue 68 , September 2019, , Pages 265-284
Abstract
Since the beginning of the present century, the changes in urbanization and its physical transformations have had unfavorable consequences on the structure of the Iranian city, so that the current city, without any attention to its initial construction and organization, has been characterized by disruption, ...
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Since the beginning of the present century, the changes in urbanization and its physical transformations have had unfavorable consequences on the structure of the Iranian city, so that the current city, without any attention to its initial construction and organization, has been characterized by disruption, irregular (uneven) development and Socio-economic inequalities. Therefore, the study of changes in the spatial and physical structure of urban environments and their orientation towards harmony and spatial equilibrium is necessary in various aspects of physical, social and economic and preventing spatial instability and inequality.Since it is difficult and impossible to understand the structure and frame of cities based on the analysis of all parts of the city. therefore, analyzing the spatial structure of cities in relation to urban development pattern needs to be able to respond to these spatial spatial complexities and help to understand the structure and spatial structure of modern cities .of theories and methods that study the structure and configuration of urban spac is space layout theory. based on this theory, the city structure and basics.
Rasoul Gorbani; Ahmad Asadi
Volume 19, Issue 51 , April 2015, , Pages 267-288
Abstract
Nowadays, the usage of bicycle is one of the main tools for gaining desirable cities. The increase of population in the third world cities and using of fuel in these countries has been intensified in last decades. For this, the usage of bicycle has been considered in transportation affairs. One of the ...
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Nowadays, the usage of bicycle is one of the main tools for gaining desirable cities. The increase of population in the third world cities and using of fuel in these countries has been intensified in last decades. For this, the usage of bicycle has been considered in transportation affairs. One of the main policies in attaining sustainable development in cities is the expansion of bicycle use. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of unwillingness to bicycle use in Zanjan city by using of questionnaires and library approaches. The results of this study have been analyzed by SPSS and Excel software. The main findings of this study indicate that the use of bicycle is very low in Zanjan city and only 8% of people use the bicycle in urban activities. The unwillingness to use the bicycle in urban activities can be resulted from advertising constraints, constraints of bicycle benefits, shortage of security for bicycle runs in city network and other cases such as unwillingness of managers to use bicycle in travels.
Urban Planning
Somayeh Alipour; abolfazl meshkini; Mohsen Ahadnejad roshti
Abstract
Introduction Housing is not just a shelter, but a set of physical elements and human values for life. Housing and shelter are the cornerstone of building human communities because they are the main building blocks of cities. The concept of suitable housing should be sought not only in physical and physical ...
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Introduction Housing is not just a shelter, but a set of physical elements and human values for life. Housing and shelter are the cornerstone of building human communities because they are the main building blocks of cities. The concept of suitable housing should be sought not only in physical and physical dimensions, but also in terms of its biological, cultural, social, security and economic needs. The issue of housing is one of the challenges and problems that urbanization has long been facing and is not only as a basic human need, or because of its strong link with other aspects of life but also due to its complexity and multifaceted nature, the center of attention is a variety of scientific disciplines. After food and clothing, housing is the third most important need of the community, which is important for the preservation of the individual and society. It is one of the most important human needs in the stage of responding to the basic needs of society and one of the most essential needs of a person and somehow one of the rights The primary is the human being that is planning to meet this basic need of citizens from the tasks that governments have put in place. Housing relative to other goods due to characteristics such as the inalienability of being capital, durable, costly and immovable cannot be a major factor in inequality and yet social solidarity. Housing ownership is a clear indication of the improvement of living standards. Methodology The type of research, applied-development, and according to the research objectives, is the analytical -descriptive nature. The statistical population of the research is Karaj city and its 120 neighborhoods. Data collection is also done by reviewing the available resources and articles and the detailed information of the Population and Housing Census of the Statistics Center, especially the data of the housing sector in 2011. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in Karaj city were extracted from raw data and then comparative comparisons were made with global standard indicators (Hebiate). Integrated indexes were also obtained from the data and analyzed in the process of work. Data analysis and analysis has also been performed using a multi-criteria decision making model to select or prioritize. In this process, the multi-criteria decision making models and SANNA-based system for prioritizing or ranking 120 neighborhoods based on quantitative indices And a qualitative analysis that has been adapted to the status of the study area. A decision with multiple criteria for MCDM is a topic that addresses decision-making processes in the presence of different and sometimes contradictory criteria. Despite the widespread use of those common concepts, there are all issues. Each issue can have multiple goals or multiple criteria. Criteria may conflict with each other. Different goals and criteria may also vary in measuring scales. This method is capable of handling discrete criteria of both quantitative and qualitative in nature and provides complete ordering of the alternatives. Results and discussion In this part of the study, the findings are presented, as well as their evaluation and evaluation. The findings of the research on housing information in 120 neighborhoods of Karaj with qualitative and quantitative indicators of the global governor and in line with the study area were carried out by survey of population and housing census statistics for 2011 in Karaj. Indicators of the indicators include: household size, population density in residential unit, number of household densities in residential unit, average density of room in residential unit, density in room, average density of room in unit, average room of each household and area. Qualitative indicators such as property type, low housing, leasing, ownership, infrastructure, facilities, facilities, and type of building structure. After selecting the indicators, they are ranked in order of importance and using the opinions of the experts in the field of housing and the importance of each of the following criteria is determined according to the subject of the research. In the following, using a ranking model that has the ability to integrate a large number of criteria with each other, the model used is the ELECTRE III model, one of the MCDM models based on SANNA software. Conclusion The analysis and analysis of the findings with the model process and the ranking of 120 neighborhoods finally showed that the neighborhood 4 of the 5th zone is ranked first in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators. In the next ranking, the neighborhood 5 is from the 5th district and the third rank 2 is the 2nd area. Which ranked first to third. At the end of the ranking, neighborhood 2 is also from area 11. In a general conclusion, it can be said that in the ranking of each neighborhoods and the regional integration of the district 5 in the first place and the first and second regions with a small difference in the next rank in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Also, the findings show that there is a significant difference between neighborhoods of Karaj city and neighborhoods in a region, which indicates that the neighborhoods with appropriate and inappropriate analgesics are in line with each other in terms of the indicators. Since Karaj is a migratory metropolis and is growing every day without planning, we are witnessing the setting up of weedy or weaved textiles of very low quality near the neighborhoods with the principles of engineering construction, which requires serious attention to this area. And balancing between neighborhoods. In this regard, suggestions are made: Residential land supply with respect to urban plans, support for the restoration of worn-out housing, the application of decentralization policies and the prevention of inadequate growth and preparation policies as a fundamental approach and in providing housing for different classes. People, adopting optimal technologies for professional construction, etc., which can be a good way to get out of housing problems.
Climatology
Rasool Mirabbasi Najafabadi; yaghoob Dinpashoh
Volume 19, Issue 52 , June 2015, , Pages 277-301
Abstract
The aim of this study is the analysis of surface wind speed in monthly and annual times scales in Iran using four different versions of the Mann-Kendall method: i) conventional Mann-Kendall method (MK1); ii) Mann-Kendall method following removing the effect of significant lag-1 auto-correlation (MK2); ...
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The aim of this study is the analysis of surface wind speed in monthly and annual times scales in Iran using four different versions of the Mann-Kendall method: i) conventional Mann-Kendall method (MK1); ii) Mann-Kendall method following removing the effect of significant lag-1 auto-correlation (MK2); iii) Mann-Kendall method after the removing the effect of all significant auto-correlation coefficients (MK3); and Mann-Kendall method with considering the Hurst coefficient (MK4). Data used here are wind speed records in both monthly and annual time scales in the period of 1966-2005. For this purpose, 22 stations were selected across Iran’s area. Nonparametric Sen’s method was used for estimation of wind trend line slope. Results showed that although a combination of positive and negative trends observed both in monthly and annual time scales, however, the number of stations having the negative trends were more than that of the positive trends. In the annual time scale, the strongest negative trend line slope was -0.074 ms-1y-1 belonging to Fasa station, and the strongest positive trend line slope was 0.141 ms-1y-1 belonging to Zabol station. In monthly time scale, the strongest negative trend line slope was -0.1 ms-1y-1 observed in Fasa station and the the strongest positive trend line slope was 0.18 ms-1y-1 observed in Zabol station. Results showed that the median of the trend line slopes for all months (except February and November) was negative. Therefore, in general, it can be concluded that in the most of stations in Iran wind speed trend in all months (except February and November) was negative.
Urban Planning
saber Mohammadpour; Nader Zali; sara amiri
Abstract
Introduction Strategic planning includes strategies and goals that operate in a creative and sustainable manner in order to manage, maintain and finance the transportation system. The goal of the strategic plan is to promote a balanced transport system that offers sustainable choices; On the other ...
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Introduction Strategic planning includes strategies and goals that operate in a creative and sustainable manner in order to manage, maintain and finance the transportation system. The goal of the strategic plan is to promote a balanced transport system that offers sustainable choices; On the other hand, this issue makes it necessary to address the approaches that lead transportation towards social, economic and environmental sustainability, and one of these approaches is the integration of transportation. Methodology The present study is an applied research for the purpose that Strategic planning of regional transport integrated development in Kerman province. It also in nature and method ,is exploratory-descriptive-prescriptive. Access to information is mainly through a documentary procedure, namely referring to existing texts, textbooks, documents and papers. Also, field methods such as the use of questionnaires and interviews Through the Delphi model are used to complete the information. The study area is Kerman province and interviewees are from a number of Specialists, experts And managers (Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization, Department of Roads and Urban Development, Management and Planning Organization, Department of Environment) and professors of universities in Kerman province. Questionnaires were distributed and collected in two round. After obtaining the required information using strategic planning models, data has been analyzed by using strategic planning models. In fact, after Preparation the Vision, the objectives, the main and most important strategic factors of the external environment (opportunities and threats) and the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) of the Kerman province's transport sector, to evaluate external and internal factors respectively External Factor Evaluation (EFE) and Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrices are used. The external and internal factor analysis (IE) matrix is then compiled based on the findings of the two IFE and EFE matrices to determine the best strategy. In the following have been Preparation strategies for integrated regional transport development in Kerman province using the SWOT matrix. Results and discussion What is stated in this part of the article It includes Preparation a vision, Preparation goals, evaluating the external environment, evaluating the internal environment, analyzing matrices of internal and external factors, Preparation strategies and executive planning in order to integrate regional transportation in Kerman province. Given that the sum of the final scores of the EFE matrix is 2.622 and the sum of the final scores of the IFE matrix is 2.56, and as shown in the IE matrix, the offensive strategy (SO) is the superior strategy. Then, strategies related to the integrated development of regional transportation in Kerman province have been developed using the SWOT matrix. Therefore, according to the priority of offensive strategies, a number of policies, action plans and projects have been presented in connection with these strategies. Conclusion Strategic planning brings many opportunities for an organization, including facilitating the analysis of past practices using a methodical approach, providing a way to prioritize organizational needs and goals, and providing information that will help resource prioritize. The benefits of using strategic planning in the field of transportation include promoting economic growth, improving the quality of the environment, strengthening the integration and cooperation between different modes of transportation, maintaining the transportation system at an efficient level and improving the level of services, improving safety and much more. In fact, strategic planning includes the principles of sustainability, integrity and comprehensiveness, and is promising to address the problems of urban and regional transportation planning in relation to the hierarchical system of programs, inter-organizational coordination, implementation, public participation and sustainable development; Therefore, in order to methodize the analysis of past performances and prioritize the needs of the transportation sector in Kerman province, the strategic plan for the integrated development of regional transportation in Kerman province has been carefully studied.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
maryam kianisadr; Mehrdad Azani
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 279-298
Abstract
The increasing waste production and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges facing human societies which has increased the focus on Retrieve and recycling of raw materials One of the ways to recover and recycle municipal solid wastes (MSW), composting from organic materials. ...
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The increasing waste production and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges facing human societies which has increased the focus on Retrieve and recycling of raw materials One of the ways to recover and recycle municipal solid wastes (MSW), composting from organic materials. The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) is a partially new method which is particularly advantageous over others, as it provides a transparent and permanent record of analytical process while simultaneously organizing the EIA procedure, which in turn significantly reduces the time taken for EIAs. In order to weighting of impacts, the FANP method was used and the RIAM method was used to analyzing and scoring. The results show that among all the identified impacts, 19 environmental impacts of factory operations are harmful. But for the other six environmental impacts, it has had a positive result and therefore it has very beneficial effects on the regional scale and, in some cases, has national positive result.
Urban Planning
farzin mahmodi pati; zohre bolori
Volume 22, Issue 66 , January 2019, , Pages 281-305
Abstract
The growth of increasing citizenship aspects and the formation of the new values from the city growth during the recent years caused that the contemporary city and city making face to a novel challenging as the study of social domains have a great importance in recent years .The main case of this research ...
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The growth of increasing citizenship aspects and the formation of the new values from the city growth during the recent years caused that the contemporary city and city making face to a novel challenging as the study of social domains have a great importance in recent years .The main case of this research is the study of the relationship components affecting on the amount of social interactions.The current research method is analytical -descriptive and it is applied in purpose. The statistical population studied is people who live in Aspeh Kola Amol with 1773 household which were selected among 375 families using the simple random sampling. The reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire calculated by 0.849 Cronbach's alpha. and the analysis of the data was done by Structural Equations for the scientific measuring, reliability surviving and accesing of the model. The outcoming result show that there are relationship among the components of framework structure, enviromental understanding and the amount of social interactions. in addition to the above relationships, it is confirmed that there are relationship between political culturl- social structure and the environmental framework structure with the amount of social interactions with interfacing of environmental understanding.
Volume 17, Issue 45 , November 2013, , Pages 283-294
mir Sattar Sadrmousavi; Hossein Karimzadeh; Mohsen Aghayari Hir; aghil khaleghi
Abstract
Introduction Evaluation is one of the important stages of development planning and structural critique and evaluation of the country's rural development programs are one of the well-known scientific methods to show the idea, method, and management of sustainable rural development planning in the process ...
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Introduction Evaluation is one of the important stages of development planning and structural critique and evaluation of the country's rural development programs are one of the well-known scientific methods to show the idea, method, and management of sustainable rural development planning in the process of programs. Rural development has a different place in economic, social, and cultural development programs, and therefore rural communities are often affected by the same five-year plans, and Varzeqan county is no exception, and therefore, the rural community of the study area, often It is affected by planning damage. It seems that the lack of a local intellectual basis due to lack of proper management and the non-participation of stakeholders in the first stage of planning continues all stages of planning to the detriment of the rural community and causes serious problems in the rural community. Accordingly, because of the issues and issues raised, the present study aims to analyze the barriers to intervention in the effectiveness of rural development planning in Varzeqan city to the pathology of rural development programs. Methodology The present research is philosophically based on the pragmatism approach, in terms of purpose it is related to applied research and in terms of nature and method, it is of descriptive-analytical type (mixed method). Library and field studies have been used to collect data and information. The realm of research space is Varzeqan county. In the quantitative method, the data were collected from local experts by a researcher-made questionnaire and 150 questionnaires were distributed, which were coded by deducting the returned and distorted questionnaires and 132 questionnaires for analysis and analysis in the SPSS software. Responsible local experts include knowledgeable individuals with relevant disciplines and specializations in the development, rural, planning, and sociology of rural development. Using LISREL graphic software to perform structural equations to structurally evaluate the barriers to the effectiveness of rural development programs. In the qualitative method, grounded theory has been used to achieve the desired result. Results and discussion In the results of the structural equation model, the fitness table shows the fitness of the drawn model and shows that the results of this study can be generalized to other statistical communities; Covariance analysis of independent variables shows that all independent variables concerning each other with the standard error of 0.5 have significance and interaction. The lisrel output interpretation shows that all the variables extracted from theoretical foundations with different impact coefficients are effective factors in development programs. All the various latent variables are effective in generating damage to development programs in the development, compilation, content, and implementation of development programs, which are ranked higher than the other variables: - "Weak information structure, statistical and inappropriate information system", "rapid change of discourse and dominant slogans in society" and "severe dependence of the economy on oil revenues" in the requirements of the development plan; - "Non-participation of stakeholders in development programs", "inflexibility and instability" and "Lack of attention to real and executive constraints" in the development of development programs; - "The generality and interpretation of some materials and the extreme detail of some", "the lack of a clear pattern and causal relationship between the components of the program" and "the imbalance between cost and achievement of goals" in the content of the development program; And - "Ambiguities in the way reports are presented", "weak government administrative capabilities to implement extensive programs" and "low motivation of executives to enforce the law" in the implementation of the development program. At the same time, using a quantitative method, the theory of At the same time, using a quantitative method, the theory of fundamental theory has been used to investigate and create a deeper understanding of the subject of research. Using basic theory, information was collected, concepts and categories, and the main category were created. Due to the repetition of the category "program damage" in the information, this category was selected as the main phenomenon and a paradigm model was created. Grounded Theory has been used to investigate and create a deeper understanding of the subject of research. Using basic theory, information was collected, concepts and categories, and the main category were created. Due to the repetition of the category "program damage" in the information, this category was selected as the main phenomenon and a paradigm model was created. Conclusion The quantitative results show "weak information structure, statistical system and inappropriate information" in the requirements of the development plan; "Non-participation of stakeholders in development programs" in the development of development programs; "The generality and interpretation of the vector of some materials and the extreme detail of some" in the content of the development program; And "ambiguities in how reports are presented" in the implementation of the development plan are among the most important obstacles to the effectiveness of development programs in the study area; Qualitative results also show: decrease and increase in prices, lack of coordination between agencies, different decisions of governments, ignoring the capacities of the region, weak administrative system, ignoring knowledge, information and experience and especially the interests of stakeholders, not paying attention to sustainable rural development, lack of Attention to small-scale agriculture, use of regional facilities for the benefit of central regions, destruction of resources and mines in the region in favor of upstream and lack of attention to the future of the region and more attention to the city, insufficient attention to deprived villages and remote areas, different role of MPs Together with the government and the use of non-indigenous forces in civil works are some of the causal conditions: Strategies for villagers to participate in determining their own destiny, defining the right thinking about the village, defining a specific strategy for rural development, defining rural unit management and adopting a downward trend. Demands. Comparing the results of both quantitative and qualitative methods shows the common quantitative and qualitative results from local experts and local informed people.
sead Hosein Mirmousavi; Mina Mirian
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 295-315
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the geographical features of the pistachio tree planting, cultivation-prone are as in the province and zoning done. For this study, data from 12 synoptic meteorological stations, 5 climatologic and 15 rain gauge stations were used. Zoning of areas protoculture, the technique ...
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This study aimed to identify the geographical features of the pistachio tree planting, cultivation-prone are as in the province and zoning done. For this study, data from 12 synoptic meteorological stations, 5 climatologic and 15 rain gauge stations were used. Zoning of areas protoculture, the technique of GIS in terms of Bolein models and model AHP were used. Accordingly, by the use of software Arc/GIS, maps were sprepared by value. Then the Bolein matrix of each layer of software Idrisi was drawn up in order of significance of each element. The final map was obtained by integrating maps in Arc/GIS. The results indicate that the ranges of northwest and northeast, including two stations of Abbar and Mahneshan, due to geographic conditions have limited cultivation of pistachio trees. Therefore, there is potential for cultivation in these areas. It was found that the AHP model for accuracy and attention to detail, gives better results than the Bolein model.
Jamal Mohammadi; Mehdi Ahmadian; Saeed Azadi Ghatar; Rahim Golamhoseyni
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 299-323
Abstract
Abstract
The present paper, seeks to analyze and ranking the cities of west Azerbaijan province in terms of urban services development indicators with regard to the inseparable linkage between balanced distribution of urban facilities and services with social welfare, social justice and urban sustainable ...
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Abstract
The present paper, seeks to analyze and ranking the cities of west Azerbaijan province in terms of urban services development indicators with regard to the inseparable linkage between balanced distribution of urban facilities and services with social welfare, social justice and urban sustainable development. This research was implemented with descriptive- analytical approach by using MCDM techniques. According to the SAW model results, the cities of Maku, Silvana, Sero, Urmia and Miandoab are placed within first to fifth ranking, respectively, and the cities of Bazargan, Nooshin, Mohammadyar, Mir Abad and Rabat are in the ranking of 32 to 36 across the province in terms of development of indicators and functions of urban services. In this regard, based on the VIKOR technique, according to the development of studied indicators the city of Silvana became the provincial superior and the cities of Sero, Maku, Urmia and Sardasht are in the 2nd to 5th rankings and the cities of Nalas, Shut, Qarazia’eddin, Mir Abad, Rabt and Mohammadyar are in the rank of 31 to the end. Combining the results of both Vikor and SAW models, displayed that the cities of Silvana and Maku together are in first ranking and the cities of Sero, Urmia, Mir Abad, Mohammadyar and Rabat are placed in the 2nd to end ranking. Finally, the province cities, according to the ranking of developing the urban services per capita, were classified in three levels using hierarchical cluster analysis. The research finding also indicated that there was no significant correlation between ranking of developing the urban services and province cities population ranking.
Volume 17, Issue 43 , October 2013, , Pages 327-340
Climatology
Ali Ghasemi Beqtash; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introduction Today, there are many factors involved in air pollution. PM10 is one of the significant elements influencing air pollution in the city. Due to their fineness, these particles can travel to high altitudes and long distances. The metropolis of Tabriz is known as one of the polluted cities ...
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Introduction Today, there are many factors involved in air pollution. PM10 is one of the significant elements influencing air pollution in the city. Due to their fineness, these particles can travel to high altitudes and long distances. The metropolis of Tabriz is known as one of the polluted cities whose air pollution is caused by burning a huge amount of fossil fuels, lack of green space and topographic and climatic conditions. Given that the purpose of synoptic studies is to explain the key interactions between the atmosphere and the surface environment, and synoptic climatology pursues a major goal and that is to find the relationship between atmospheric circulation and the surface environment. Given the importance of the phenomenon of dusty air pollution and on the other hand its widespread spatial expansion in recent years in the northwest, the need for this research was felt more than ever; Therefore, in this study, suspended particles in the atmosphere have been analyzed as one of the most important air pollutants in Tabriz Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of active pressure patterns on pollution in Tabriz metropolis, the synoptic analysis method was used. In order to influence the meteorological conditions on increasing and decreasing pollution, pressure gauging meters have been used in connection with the main PM10 pollutant. To achieve this goal, the average daily data of PM10 in the years 1992-2010 in Bagh Shomal station and meteorological data of Hamidid station in Tabriz have been used. The method was as follows: the data were first entered into Excel software and based on the standard table of air quality, the standard limit of pollutants was determined. Extreme contaminated days were filtered and extracted by Excel. Polluted days with dangerous conditions on March 15-16, 2009 and to May 6 the same year. Then using the surface pressure data, the level of 500 hPa of pressure patterns on the infected far days were analyzed. The study of air quality index showed that the highest number of polluted days occurred in 2008 and the lowest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in 2006. In addition, the highest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in March, May, April and June. The results of the study of synoptic patterns show the existence of a weak pressure cells at the level of 500 and the dominance of a strong low pressure system at ground level and the distribution of temperature along with the hot core over the region. Also, the effect of the condition of the upper levels of atmosphere on the contaminated days by drawing synoptic maps of 500 hPa on the polluted days were examined. The Lund correlation method was used to select the representative days of the groups obtained from the classification of atmospheric pressure data. In this way, to select the representative day, the day that has the most similarity with the most number of group days was selected. Findings and Discussion The correlation coefficient represents the degree of similarity of the patterns of the two maps with each other. To do this, a certain threshold correlation coefficient must be accepted. The value of correlation coefficient in such cases typically varies between 0.5 to 0.7. Representative days were extracted based on a threshold of 0.5. Thus, the day that has a correlation coefficient of 0.5 with more days was selected as the representative day. The 500 hPa pattern, which has changed the climate of Northwestern Iran, is a Rex-type blocking system. Such a system is called lateral lifting Rex. After re-combining the western current in the east of this system, hot and dry conditions are applied to the area under their coverage. From the Northwestern region of Iran, in the impact basin of the low eastern part of this Rex system, which is mentioned outside the combined flow; Therefore, the unstable conditions in the study area are due to the positive rotating tawny wind of this arrangement from the lateral Rex system. In the case of west and east winds, the type of flow is important because their flow can be orbital or meridional. The wave motion of the winds in the meridional direction causes cold air to accumulate and fall inside the vessels within the higher latitudes to the lower latitudes, and vice versa, in the ridges, the warm air of the lower latitudes ascends to the higher latitudes. Orbital component maps show the direction of the wind (if the direction of the wind is negative and if it is positive in the direction of the west) and the speed of the orbital winds. The meridional component shows the wind speed in the north direction (if the wind speed values are positive) and south (if the wind speed values are negative). The wind map on the first day of pollution shows that the current The wind blows in a counter-clockwise direction in the low-lying center of the Mediterranean and at the same time in Northwestern Iran it moves in a counter-clockwise direction (anticyclonic) and increases pollution in the metropolis of Tabriz, but on the last day it gets west-east and The severity of pollution in Tabriz metropolis is gradually decreasing. Conclusion Given the importance of the phenomenon of dusty air pollution and on the other hand its widespread spatial expansion in recent years in the Northwest, the need for this research was felt more than ever; Therefore, in this study, suspended particles in the atmosphere, which is one of the most important air pollutants in Tabriz, has been analyzed. Examination of the air quality index of Bagh Shomal station in a period of study showed that the highest number of polluted days occurred in 2008 and the lowest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in 2006; but based on the persistence index and the average, days polluted with the dangerous condition of suspended particles were analyzed. According to the air quality index, the highest number of dangerously polluted days occurred in 2008 and in March, May and April. The hot core is on the area. Also, the effect of the condition of the upper levels of atmosphere was studied by drawing synoptic maps of 500 hPa on the polluted days. From the polluted middays, the two time periods of March 15 to March 17, 2008 and May 15 to May 17, 1988 were analyzed due to the continuity of the three days and the results indicated that there was a direct correlation between airborne synoptic circulation patterns and the polluted days in Tabriz. The main source of dust entering the metropolis of Tabriz during two periods with severe pollution of the deserts of Central Asia and Afghanistan. In addition this study showed that high air pressure, especially in the morning in autumn, causes an increase in the density of pollutants on the ground.
Climatology
Hossein asakereh; Seyed Abolfazl Masoodian; Fatemeh Tarkarani
Abstract
Introduction
According to previous investigation and examining climatic elements, the hypotheses of global warming and consequently, global climate change is confirmed by majority of climatologists society around the world. The global changes probably continue for the next decades. The changes in climatic ...
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Introduction
According to previous investigation and examining climatic elements, the hypotheses of global warming and consequently, global climate change is confirmed by majority of climatologists society around the world. The global changes probably continue for the next decades. The changes in climatic elements, by and large, categorized into two types; trends and variation. The trends refer to long term changes, whiles variations indicate vary time interval changes including oscillation, phase, jump (sift), and persistence.
Precipitation is one of climatic elements which can properly reflect chaotic behavior of climate system, and illustrate the nature of changes in the system. Trends, Oscillation, and persistence in this element are investigated in national and international scale, whilst the decadal variations as an index of climate variation can contribute to the current literature. In current study we attempted to illustrate an objective feature of precipitation characteristics and its anomalies over four recent decades by using Asfezari National Dataset (AND).
Data and Methods
In the present study, the gridded precipitation data of the third version of AND with spatial resolution of 10×10 km during the time period of 1970/3/21 to 2016/3/19 (46 years including 16801 days) is used. This dataset adopted from 2188 synoptic, climatology, and rain gauge stations and subjected to interpolation by using Kriging interpolation method. The dataset covers an area from N and E. Accordingly, a pixels cover the area for 16203 days. Consequently, the dataset includes dimensions.
General spatial features of Iran precipitation for the whole under investigation period was studied based on climatological annual precipitation. Next, the same characteristics calculated for four decades ending up to 2016/3/19. Finally, for every decade the anomalies of precipitation in compare with the whole understudy period and its previous decades calculated in order to discover the spatial pattern of decadal fluctuation in precipitation.
Discussion
General characteristics of annual precipitation
Annual mean of precipitation over Iran is 250.5 mm. Due to decline in temperature contrast and strength of fronts in the Mediterranean cyclones, as a main source of precipitation in Iran, the annual precipitation over Iran decreases from west to east, and from north to south.
The annual precipitation in 63.2% of Iran is lower than the climatic annual mean. The annual mean of precipitation in this area which generally located in east and south of the country is approximately 150.5 mm. Thus, the total precipitation in this area is equal to the total precipitation in the rest 36.8% of the country which its annual precipitation is more than the annual precipitation in the country, 422 mm. The spatial variation of precipitation is confirm by other statistics, for instance, skewness, kurtosis, the extreme threshold indices. For instance, a large part of Iran (26.73%) includes 100-150 mm annual precipitation, whiles the precipitation in 15.8% of the country reaches to 150-200 mm. Parts of northeast of Iran, and the coast of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the south, in addition to southern slops of Alborz mountain chain experience a precipitation amount of lower than 100 mm. In contrast to the above-mentioned dry regions, the (approximately) wet regions include limited areas for each precipitation class. For example, only 9.1% of the country characterized with 500 mm of precipitation, while the classes of 200-300, 300-400, and 400-500 comprise 20.62, 12.64, and 6.11 percents of the country, respectively.
Decadal variation of precipitation
In current section the spatial distribution and statistical features of precipitation in each decades was illustrated. The following list includes our finding of statistical - graphical analysis of precipitation in four successive decades:
1) The difference between spatial mean and median of annual precipitation increased from the first to the last decades. The increasing in this characteristic refers to increase in spatial asymmetrical distribution of precipitation over the country.
2) A comparison between spatial distribution of precipitation maps showed that generally, the areas experienced precipitation above the decadal and whole period average are decreased from the first and last decades.
3) The increase in spatial skewness from the first decade to the last decade is another evidence of increasing in precipitation spatial differences.
4) The last but not the least finding is the changes in the extreme threshold indices. From the first to the last decade, the range of 10th and 90th percentiles have increased.
Conclusion
Previous studies depicted that the amount of Iran precipitation has decreased over recent decades. In order to investigate the role of each decade in the decreasing values, the gridded precipitation data of the third version of AND with spatial resolution of 10×10 km during the time period of 1970/3/21 to 2016/3/19 (16801 days) is used. General spatial features of Iran precipitation for the whole under investigation period was investigated based on climatological annual precipitation. Next, the same characteristics calculated for four decades ending up to 2016/3/19. Finally, anomalies of precipitation in compare with the whole understudy period and previous decades calculated in order to discover the spatial pattern of decadal fluctuation in precipitation.
Our finding showed that by and large, precipitation has decreased over recent decades. The changes has been more pronounced in southern and northern coastal area, western slopes of Zagros mountain chain, and northern slopes of Alborz mountain chains. Previous researchers attribute these changes to changes in humidity advections in recent years.
Climatology
Mohammad Hosein Gholizadeh; Samira Hamidi
Abstract
Introduction The consequences of climate change, changes in precipitation characters, including the amount, time and it’s duration are expected. Considering that the rain provides the water resources on the planet, change in regime, amount and duration of rainfall, caused a disturbance in the ecosystem ...
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Introduction The consequences of climate change, changes in precipitation characters, including the amount, time and it’s duration are expected. Considering that the rain provides the water resources on the planet, change in regime, amount and duration of rainfall, caused a disturbance in the ecosystem of the Earth. It also affects the environmental conditions. Kurdistan province has an agricultural economy, thus variation in the rainfall duration can affect agricultural activity and other activities. To achieve success in the environmental management planning and efficient use of water resources over an area, it is essential to have information about rainfall variation. An important parameter of atmospher is precipitation.It has a lot of changes over the time and space. It is a basic element in the formation of the activities and prospects of the environment. Several studies have done by researchers on the properties of precipitation in the different regions of the world and also in Iran. In general, precipitation showed a negative trend in many regions (Gorgio,2002: 675). For example, an assessment of summer rainfall in eastern China showed a positive and a negative trend in the north (Gemmer et al, 2004: 39; Gong et al, 2004: 771).Annual rainfall has decreased in southern parts of Italy and the decrease in winter precipitation was larger (Marco et al, 2004: 907). An increase in summer rainfall, especially, in June and July has been reported in the Yangtze River basin (Tong et al, 2007: 1016). A decrease in winter rainfall and an increas for other seasons has been showed in Turkey (Kahya and Partal, 2007: 43). Evaluation of maximum daily rainfall at the global scale showed an increasing trend in rainfall (Sethwestra et al. 2013: 3904). Negative anomalies of precipitation was reported for the most stations in southern west Ethiopia (Girma et al. 2016: 3037). Based on Iran's annual rainfall, positive and negative trends in annual rainfall have been showed (Asgari and Rahimzadeh, 2006: 67). A decrease in rainfall, especially in the decade of 1995-2005 revealed in Iran using annual rainfall (Asakereh and Razmi,2012: 159). Assessment of changes in seasonal patterns of rainfall in Hamedan, showed that the beginning of the rain tend to the summer and the end of winter (Movahedi et al.,2013: 23). The results of precipitation extreme indices on Iran showed a positive trend in the west and the south west and a negative trend in the north (Masoodian and Darand, 2013: 239). Methodology For this study, the daily precipitation obseravtions obtained from synoptic stations in Kurdistan province during 01.01.1989 to 31.12.2014 were anlayzed. A database with dimensions of 9526 * 8 was created. The time was set on rows (9526 days) and the rainfall was set on columns. Homogeneous and heterogeneous monthly rainfall data were assessed by apply cumulative deviations test and Vercelli maximum of likness. Mann-Kendall approach was implemented to extraxt the trend at the significant level of 90%, 95%, and 99 %. The significant differences in the mean of time series data before and after a mutation year by Mann-Whitney test were evaluated. The statistical calculations were done in the Matlab software. Results and Discussion The results showed that during the study period, duration of rainfall for autumn, winter and spring, in most of the stations, has been reduced. The results indicated that the rainfall duration for summer showes an increases in rainfall.Which is in line with the result of many previous studies.The reduction in the rainfall in the rainy season and an increase in rainfall in summer were obsorved. As a result the duration rainfall also has been changed. Annual rainfall has decreased in southern Italy and decrease in precipitation in winter is more (Marco et al, 2004: 907). Movahedi et al. 2013, By studying the seasonal rainfall in Hamadan, They found that the rainfall began to ward the winter and their end to the summer have changed. Conclusion Evaluation of duration time series of rainfall over different months of the year showed that in the rainy months of autumn, winter and spring rainfall duration has decreased. For example, Baneh station showed a decline of 0.3 day in December, and Marivan showed a decline of 0.6 day in January. The average rate of decline in rainfall duration in March for the Qorveh station was 0.4 day per decade. In addition, a decline in spring rainfall duration was observed as well. Bijar station showed a decline of 0.2 day in May. However the rainfall duration in summer showed an increase. For example, Zarinah station obtained an increase of 0.2 day per decade in August.
Geomorphology
somayeh karimi; Masoumeh Rajabi; Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghaddam
Abstract
Introduction Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind - when the soil particles are detached and is one of the main forms of soil destruction around the world which restricts sustainable development of the earth resources by creating negative environmental effects (Marques et al, 2018). ...
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Introduction Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind - when the soil particles are detached and is one of the main forms of soil destruction around the world which restricts sustainable development of the earth resources by creating negative environmental effects (Marques et al, 2018). Every year more than 75 billion tons of soil is eroded from the earth's surface which is amounted to 134 tons per square kilometer (Sobhani, 2002,18). In Iran too nearly 2 billion tons of valuable soils are lost annually and damages resulted from soil erosion is amounted to 56 billion dollar (Gholami, 2002,20). Karst areas have their special conditions due to their special hydrological and geomorphological conditions. Alvand basin is a distinguished karset basin in the west of Kermanshah province and the problem of soil erosion has existed in this basin for long time and exerted destructive effects on the environment. It is feared that by continuing current trend and its intensification due to human activities and destruction of oak forests, this basin faces with stone desertification in addition to disturbance in karst water resources and hydraulic constructions of the basin face with problems resulted from sediment. Meanwhile no study has been conducted in the Alvand basin surface to assess soil erosion by taking in to account karst condition, then conducting this research is essential and necessary. The goal of this study is to evaluate and zone soil erosion by taking karst geomorphological condition in Alvan basin in to account. Methods and materials Library, descriptive-analytical, field methods as well as SMLRK model were used. Above model includes influential internal parameters (infiltration, erodibility and morphology) and external parameters (land use and rainfall erosivity). In this study above model is conducted in two modes with and without involvement of infiltration parameters. For verification of the maps error matrix of two maps were calculated. Research data includes Landsat satellite image, 10 meters DEM, geological and pedological map and rainfall data from climate stations of the region. Results and Discussion In the zoning map obtained from equation (5) infiltration parameter which covers karst aspects has been neglected (Fig.7). Classes with low and very low erosion constitute 44.68% of the basin area, class with moderate erosion 21.9% of the basin area and classes with high and very high erosion 33.4% of the Alvan basin area. Totally, nearly 55% of the Alvand basin area is exposed to the risk of moderate to high soil erosion. Low erosion class conforms to plains’ surface and hilly regions of the basin. These regions generally have agricultural and rangeland and semi-dense forests use. Texture of the soil in these regions is heavy with lot of mineral materials and very deep. This karst class morphologically has low sleep and the directions are back to the sun and are less in the realm of the karst regions. Zone with moderate erosion conforms to erosive plains in the west of the basin, hilly regions and low hillsides of the zone’s mountains. The usage of these regions is usually rangeland- forest and includes parts of the karst regions of the basin. From morphological point of view, it has medium slope and soil texture is moderate with mineral materials and moderate depth. Zone with grate erosion exists both in karst and non-karst areas. These regions are usually steep and have rangeland and thin forest use with light soil texture and shallow. Karset regions are located in Sirvan, Ghalaje, Sarkesh, Deh Nooshak, Navakooh and Dalahou heights. Highly erosive zones conforms to rocky and steep regions with thin rangeland use, soil texture is light and very shallow (Fig.7B). Low and very low erosive zones occupied 38.75% , moderate erosive zone 29.86% and high and very highly erosive zones 31.37% of the Alvan basin surface (table. 8). Land use, morphology, geomorphological, rainfall and soil condition in each of these zones is the same as erosive zones of the previous map. Conclusion In SMLRK model unlike most common models, karst geomorphological conditions have been involved in its sub-parameters. In this research final map of the erosion results from this model has been provided in two ways with and without involvement of the infiltration parameters. In the final maps of the soil erosion obtained from two methods, there are five erosive zones. Providing soil final erosive map for the Alvand basin using infiltration parameters causes changes in the surface of the erosive zones and their special distribution. With involvement of the infiltration parameters in modeling soil erosion of the Alvand basin, surface of low and high erosive zones in the map with five factors compared to the soil erosion maps with four factor has decreased and surface of the very low, moderate and very high erosive zone has increased 2.04%, 7.96% and 5.98% respectively. In order to evaluate exactitude of the obtained maps their error matrix and similarity degree were calculated (Table 9). Accordingly, two maps and their classes were compared based on pixel and total sum of table diagonal is divided to total sum of the tables which expresses similarity degree of two maps. Similarity degree between two maps is 54.85% which reflects the main effect of infiltration parameter in amending result. Indeed, karst developed areas in east and north heights of the basin with involvement of infiltration parameter are located in highly erosive zone. Therefore, karst zoning results obtained from involvement of the infiltration parameter and consequently karst geomorphology have better performance and the results of this mode of model reflects more soil erosion in the area having karst geomorphology.
Geotourism
Nosrat Moradi; Sayyed Hedayat ollah Noori; Kebreya Moradei; Sheirkoo Pasandei
Abstract
Today, tourism is one of the first activities to create job opportunities and earn income in the world; this activity is accelerating and has gained leading status in recent years. Tourism industry is divided in several forms which one of its branches is Agritourism. Agricultural tourism as one of the ...
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Today, tourism is one of the first activities to create job opportunities and earn income in the world; this activity is accelerating and has gained leading status in recent years. Tourism industry is divided in several forms which one of its branches is Agritourism. Agricultural tourism as one of the successful recreational activities has become a suitable alternative for development of rural and undeveloped areas. Identification of tourism susceptible areas is one of the main prerequisites for tourism planning and development. Mahallat township enjoys leading and great attractions include farms and gardens of flower and plant breeding, festival of flower and plant, garden alleys and so on which can make suitable grounds for tourism development. Planning and developing of agritourism in Mahalat township require attention to various aspects of it which tourists satisfaction is the most important one. This study aim to identify affecting factors on agritouists satisfaction level in Mahalat Township which has visited tourism attractions in Shahrivar month. This research is descriptive- analytical and applied one. In this study due to lack of available statistics about tourists, estimated method have been used for determining the sample size and 153 questionnaires were distributed among the visitors at the specific time. To analyze data factor analysis were used. Factor analysis results showed that the highest satisfaction of agritourists belong to agritourism attractions and it’s components such as exhibition and the festival of flowers and plants, garden alleys, farms and gardens of flower and plants breeding, natural landscapes, climate and historical attractions and services factors and it’s components which totally explain 45 percent of variables variance. The lowest agritourists satisfaction belong to advertising and its components as well as infrastructural factor which explain 11 percent of variables variance. Investing in infrastructure supplies and advertising can make positive effect on development of flower and plant tourism in Mahallat township, so it is suggested to focus on said criteria in tourism development plans.
Urban Planning
Ali Alikhah
Abstract
Settlements physical and functional affecting from the natural environment is obvious and undeniable. In this regard numerous factors play a role and by that location, building, physical development, population absorption and … in human settlements formed differently. This study aimed to analyze ...
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Settlements physical and functional affecting from the natural environment is obvious and undeniable. In this regard numerous factors play a role and by that location, building, physical development, population absorption and … in human settlements formed differently. This study aimed to analyze the spatial pattern of settlement in Gilan Province, has been formed under the influence of natural factors. In this way the main questions facing the study, is the effect of natural factors on the spatial pattern of settlement in the province. Gilan settlement system based on the last census has 2990 points, that all of them were considered in this research. The research method is descriptive- analytic and in it the documentary and spatial statistical analysis in geographic information system with the spatial autocorrelation analysis based on Moran's I index were used. The results indicate that although the settlements of Gilan province in terms of population is not concentrated but from all variables point of view (height, slope, slope aspect, precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, distance from surface water and natural vegetation) high clustering were observed in the distribution of the settlements in the province and spatial correlation of all the variables with the spatial distribution pattern were statistically significant
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Fariba Karami; Maryam Bayati khatibi; Narges Rostami Homaiolia
Abstract
Introduction Flood is one of the natural hazards affecting rural areas around the world. International statistics confirm the fact that, during the last two or three decades, natural hazards like flood has occurred many times compared to the past; it has also caused various harmful effects on rural regions. ...
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Introduction Flood is one of the natural hazards affecting rural areas around the world. International statistics confirm the fact that, during the last two or three decades, natural hazards like flood has occurred many times compared to the past; it has also caused various harmful effects on rural regions. Due to having a close relationship with natural environment and a limited capacity to confront environmental threats, the rural societies and the related production activities have been exposed to natural destructive forces more than other societies. Since the East Azerbaijan Province is a submergible province in Iran and regarding the several-year experience obtained from the loss of life and property caused by floods, it seems necessary to change the attitudes from “exclusive focus on vulnerability reduction” to “increased resilience” against natural phenomena such as the occurrence of floods. Moreover, because Tabriz city and the surrounded villages have been exposed to the danger of floods from the past, the objective of the present study was to explore and clarify the rate of resilience of rural areas in the southeastern suburbs of Tabriz metropolis against floods.Data and methodsThe present survey was an applied descriptive-analytic research. Data collection was done using library and field studies and relying on a questionnaire distributed among families and Rurals heads. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by using the opinions of the experts in rural and natural disasters, indicators, and components through the collective wisdom of Delphi method; its reliability value was also calculated by Cronbach’s alpha as 0.86. The population included the settlements of 5 villages in the east and southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city. Out of 8554 households in the population, 370 households were selected as the sample of the study according to the Cochran formula. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine variable normality. Regarding the normality of the research variables, the one sample t-test, regression, and one-way ANOVA were used to explore the rate of resilience dimensions (economic, physical, institutional, social, and ecological) in the intended villages. Furthermore, path analysis was used to explore the impact of the five dimensions of resilience (independent variable) on the resilience rate of rural settlements (dependent variable).Results The results of the one sample t-test indicated that among the indicators (social, economic, institutional, physical, and ecological), the social (average=3.50), economic (average=3.33), physical (average=3.10), institutional (average=2.54), and ecological (average=1.98) indicators have the highest impact on rural houses, respectively. The results of ANOVA showed that regarding resilience rate against floods, there is a statistically significant different among the villages. The resilience rate against floods is higher in Leili Khan Rural (average=1.548); it is lower in Chavan village (average=1.373). Besides, the average resilience of the villages against floods is 14.7, which is lower compared to the theoretical average (15); the significance level was less than 0.000. Thus, the resilience status is lower than average in the studied villages which is not desirable. Exploring the impact of each resilience indicator on the durability of rural settlements by path analysis revealed that economic status (β coefficient=0.405) and ecological indicator (β coefficient=0.181) are of the highest and lowest share in the durability of rural settlements in southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city against floods.ConclusionThe results of the analyses show that among resilience dimensions, the social dimension is of the best status and the ecological dimension is of an unfavorable status. Altogether, among the five dimensions (economic, physical, institutional, social, and ecological), the most important factors affecting the resilience of the villages in southeastern suburbs of Tabriz city were identified. The most important items (factors) in the economic, social, institutional, physical, and ecological dimensions were respectively “dependence on a job”, “villagers’ participation in helping flood victims”, “village heads’ planning and tact”, “age of buildings”, and “geographical properties (topographic status, elevation slope, slope, etc.)”. According to the results, the following recommendations are presented. Interaction should be established in order to increase the economic, social, institutional, physical and ecological dimension so as to increase the resilience of Tabriz County. Plans should be set based on the conditions and deficiencies of each village so that they can endure against accidents and hazards. The residents’ awareness of the impact of cultural influence and social relationships on the reduction of vulnerability should be boosted. Moreover, increasing coordination and obliging the crisis management organizations, improving the institutional and organizational contexts, and creating a mutual relationship between local organizations and rural people to increase satisfaction and institutional resilience, especially in the studied villages, are of great importance.
Climatology
Yousef Ghavidel Rahimi; Mohammad Rezaei
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 253-277
Abstract
Heat waves are considered as one of the important climatic hazards in the world and especially in Iran and it seems that, due to intensification of global warming, their occurrence has increased in recent years than in the past. This study has paid attention to quality and quantity evaluation and synoptic ...
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Heat waves are considered as one of the important climatic hazards in the world and especially in Iran and it seems that, due to intensification of global warming, their occurrence has increased in recent years than in the past. This study has paid attention to quality and quantity evaluation and synoptic analysis of heat waves in the KermanProvince. For this purpose, At first, the daily maximum temperature data, in month of July (as the warmest month in the year) was put in a statistical period of 24-years (1986-2009) from meteorological organization, for 4 synoptic stations of Kerman, Bam, Anar and Sirjan. In order to classify heat waves, standardized temperature data and on its basis, anomalies of 0 to 0.75 as a heat wave, 0.75 to 1.5 as severe heat waves, and greater than 1.5 were determined as super heat wave. The threshold values of 43.1, 42.1 and 41.2° C were calculated for all stations, respectively as threshold of heat wave, severe heat wave, and super heat wave and its continuity were considered at least for two days. Accordingly, During Statistical period of study, it was found 7 heat waves, which were, identified within 3 severe heat waves, and 1 super heat wave. Super heat wave in July 1998, was selected For the Synoptic analysis. This three-day wave, with an average temperature of 43/11° C, has been the most severe heat wave in KermanProvince. Results of synoptic analysis of super heat wave indicated that the establishment of Ganges low pressure on the ground and the domination of subtropical high-pressure of azores in high levels and also, high thickness atmosphere on the study area caused the subsidence of warm air and excessive heating of earth's surface, and created them mentioned super heat wave.
