Rural Planning
Aboulghasem Taghizadfanid; sajedeh dinparast; Saeid Nasire Zare; Parsa Pashaei
Abstract
Introduction Rural areas are a well-known research topic. Development in these areas is due to the efficiency of agricultural institutions that should ensure the welfare of these areas and employment and population factors that lead to the growth of welfare. In relation to these areas, development ...
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Introduction Rural areas are a well-known research topic. Development in these areas is due to the efficiency of agricultural institutions that should ensure the welfare of these areas and employment and population factors that lead to the growth of welfare. In relation to these areas, development is to improve the living conditions and is the most important solution to solve the problems of the villagers. But for this issue, the first step will be to identify the challenges and obstacles to development in these areas, one of the main axes of which is to pay attention to the managerial performance of managers in these communities. Data and Method On the one hand, research is a qualitative research that seeks to explore and identify the factors affecting the management of managers in the development of rural areas, and on the other hand, it is a quantitative research, because it tries to describe these factors statistically by tests. From the point of view of research classification, based on purpose, research is of applied type. Because it seeks to apply the theories, regularities, principles and techniques developed in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling variables, the present study is a quasi-experimental research, because due to the post-event nature of the research, it is not possible to control variables completely. In the qualitative part of the research, sampling was done randomly and selectively from local residents. In the end, after reaching the theoretical saturation and reaching the repetitive answers, the qualitative part of the research was completed. But for the quantitative part of the research that sought to describe and identify the factors affecting the performance weaknesses of local managers for development in rural areas, first these criteria should be integrated into factors and sub-factors. On the one hand, this made the research criteria clearer and on the other hand, it made it easier to measure it in the researcher-made questionnaire. Therefore, the semantic units obtained from the interview were coded and classified in three stages. This classification was the basis for designing a questionnaire in the Likert scale. The validity and content of the questionnaire were also confirmed by a panel of experts after simplifying some of the questions and statements. The reliability of the questionnaire for Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.796, which indicates the appropriateness of the research tool for measuring the subject. The questionnaire was randomly distributed among the sample population which included 230 samples (according to Cochran's formula) from rural areas of Dolatabad district. The sample size for rural areas was proportional to the number of rural households in these areas. SPSS and Lisral were used to analyze the data. Thus, factor analysis was used as a multivariate analysis technique to evaluate the factors and to show their significance, the T-statistic model was used. ConclusionAccording to the results of the interview, 43 semantic units were obtained which after coding and classification, these criteria were classified into 26 criteria and 4 general dimensions. These criteria are the most important managerial performance of managers in the rural area, which has played an important role in the development of the rural area from the point of view of the local community. After identifying the desired criteria, these criteria were evaluated in a specialized questionnaire by 230 samples from the study population and analyzed in the LISR program. Based on the results, the value of t-statistic for all criteria is more than 1.96, which indicates a significant relationship between criteria and factors. Therefore, all criteria have the necessary accuracy to measure their own structure and each indicator only measures its own structure and the criteria are correctly classified in the form of key barriers. Based on the statistical values obtained, which are the most important results of the analysis, the highest factor load for administrative-organizational factors; Body; It has been social and economic. Therefore, the administrative-organizational factor is studied as the most important factor for the performance of managers in the development of rural areas. Results and Discussion Identifying and evaluating the performance of managers in the development of the studied rural area was in 4 main dimensions, administrative-organizational, social, economic and physical. In each of these factors, some criteria had the highest factor load. In the administrative-organizational factor, the standard of professional experience and activity of local managers; In the physical factor, the general standard of retrofitting houses in rural areas, which includes the sub-criteria of regulating suitable laws for rural constructions and providing suitable financial resources for retrofitting houses, had the highest factor load. In the social factor, the standard of effective communication and cooperation between managers and local people has been most important. In relation to this standard, it is clear that two-way and mutual communication between managers and local people will lead to cooperative management. This is a standard that the development literature considers its role in realizing development goals to be very important. In the economic factor, the criterion of paying attention to the economic interests of the village was the most important criterion, which had the highest factor load. In general, the findings of the research determined the challenges faced by managers in the development of rural areas. Of course, the subject of the research was only investigating the challenges of managers in rural areas, but the performance of local managers in some areas, especially in the physical-spatial field, has been appropriate. Construction and creation of new roads in the village, improvement and renovation of roads, security of residential units, etc.
Rural Planning
habib aghajani; saeedeh cheshmaloos
Abstract
Introduction Poverty means the inability to meet one's basic needs and necessities of life such as food, clothing, housing, etc. The concept of basic needs varies based on time and place, and it includes the minimum needs to survive with an average standard of living. Poverty limits human development ...
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Introduction Poverty means the inability to meet one's basic needs and necessities of life such as food, clothing, housing, etc. The concept of basic needs varies based on time and place, and it includes the minimum needs to survive with an average standard of living. Poverty limits human development and has long-term and extensive harmful consequences (Arzerum Chiller, 2005). The poverty phenomenon has long accompanied mankind and has been one of the basic socio-economic issues of humans. In recent decades, despite the expansion of the implementation of economic reform, poverty and inequality are still seen in most countries. Also, due to their comprehensive consequences, poverty and inequality are nowadays the focus of international organizations, government officials, economists, and of course sociologists more than ever. The significance of poverty reduction has always been focused on in religious teachings. Besides, elimination of poverty and deprivation of members of society and ensuring their well-being has strong theoretical foundations in the Holy Quran and Islamic teachings. Therefore, reducing poverty and respecting human dignity must be operationally considered in economic and social plans (Hekmati Farid, 2013). Given these teachings and the importance of poverty reduction in the country's development, paying attention to the poor and supporting them can be seen in Articles 2, 3, 21, and 29 of the Constitution, as well as Article 43, which pays particular attention to erase poverty and deprivation from society. Data and methodology The general econometric model used for examining the impact of variables and factors affecting the rural poverty index with a focus on rural roads is described as follows: i=1,2,…,28 t=1,2,…,15 Where the variables are: Sen = Amartya Sen poverty index (rural); calculation of the Sen index for rural areas of Iranian provinces RAH = Existing rural road (km) of the Roads and Transportation Organization El = Number of villages receiving electricity recorded by the Statistics Center of Iran He = Number of rural health centers recorded by the Statistics Center of Iran Educ = literacy rate of the rural population AB = Number of villages with drinking water recorded by the Statistics Center of Iran In = average rural household income khc = Food expenditure of rural households AGG = Agricultural sector growth rate It must be mentioned that the model was estimated in two modes to examine the short-term and long-term effects of rural road development on the rural poverty index. Mode one occurs with the Rah and DRah variables, which represented the total number of the rural roads in the province in each year and the difference of rural roads in the province in each year, respectively. Mode one showed whether or not the development of rural roads each year has affected poverty. Also, the model was estimated in different modes with different variables to avoid the collinearity problem. This model was designed based on panel data and its coefficients were estimated using conventional panel data econometric methods. Analysis of findings and conclusion As mentioned earlier, in addition to the transportation of agricultural products, roads reduce the time of transportation and the final price of the produced goods. Safe and proper roads and transportation networks are essential for accessing other important centers of the country. Besides, according to many experts, the effect of this factor on the expansion of other developmental factors is undeniable and it paves the way for significant development in various ways. Providing physical infrastructures plays an important role in the economic development process and facilitates accessing infrastructures such as education and health facilities, water supply, supply of electricity, and transportation, which in turn enhances welfare. Because it seems that the development of infrastructures such as investments in healthcare services, electricity and water supply, development of irrigation and drainage networks, construction of rural roads, and establishment of educational centers in rural areas improve income distribution and decrease the poverty rate. According to the statistics of the National Roads and Transportation Organization, the length of rural roads (asphalt and dirt) was 100316 km in 2005, and it was increased to 128139 in 2016. Evidence obtained from comparing rural road expansion and poverty reduction showed that the development of rural roads can have a positive impact on poverty reduction. Based on the research findings, it could be concluded that the expansion of rural roads affected rural poverty. Results and Discussion According to the results of estimations, the expansion of rural roads could not influence poverty in short term, but it could have a diverse influence on poverty, in the long run, meaning that it could reduce poverty. The negative value of the constructed rural road coefficient indicated the negative effect of this variable on the Sen poverty index. In other words, an increase in the constructed rural road led to a reduction in rural poverty. The coefficient associated with the average rural income had a negative value and significance, which indicated that the increase in the income of rural households throughout the studied years reduced rural poverty. The coefficient related to investments in water resources had a negative value and was insignificant, which indicated that this type of investment did not have a direct effect on poverty reduction. The coefficient associated with the variable of the number of villages supplied with electricity was significant and had a negative value, which was an indication of the inverse effect of this variable on poverty. The coefficient of the effect of agricultural sector growth rate on rural poverty was insignificant, which was indicative of the direct effect of this variable on poverty.
Urban Planning
Hedayat Nouri; Ameneh Jovzi khamesluei
Volume 23, Issue 68 , September 2019, , Pages 285-305
Abstract
Study and recognition of the capabilities of geographic regions to create the systematic scientific fields to achieve better use of available resources for useful and sustainable agriculture development is necessity. The mountain structure of Fereydounshahr has been increase ...
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Study and recognition of the capabilities of geographic regions to create the systematic scientific fields to achieve better use of available resources for useful and sustainable agriculture development is necessity. The mountain structure of Fereydounshahr has been increase the important of geographical spaces of this field from the point of view of rural development and agriculture. Therefore, the main approach in this research is identifying and introducing the capabilities and limitations associated with land level for agriculture activities in the study field. This research could be part of a comprehensive land capability plan for sustainable agriculture development in field. In this study, the evaluation of land potential and the preparation of potential determination maps through the Geographic information system GIS based on the multi-criteria decision-making analytical approach (MCDM) has been carried out. Hierarchical analytic process (AHP) to weigh the criteria, and finally, weighted linear combination (WLC) method has also been used to integrate maps in order to achieve this result. The parameters were used in this study are topography including a digital elevation model and slope, soil characteristics including soil depth, soil texture, and soil gravel, as well as land use and land coverage. The results of the evaluation of the agricultural ability of the county show that 6.25% of the area is suitable, 6.15% of the land is relatively suitable, 12.88% of the land area is slightly suitable and 6. 88 % of the area is almost unsuitable. This is while 67.84% of the area is in full constraint for agricultural activity.
Geotourism
farzad veisi; chnoor nikkhah
Volume 22, Issue 66 , January 2019, , Pages 329-348
Abstract
The purpose of this very research is to analyze the effects of tourism development on the sustainable livelihood and livelihood sustainability of the Uraman region. This research is a functional proposal and is a descriptive survey in terms of collecting data. The Statistical Population is all of Uraman ...
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The purpose of this very research is to analyze the effects of tourism development on the sustainable livelihood and livelihood sustainability of the Uraman region. This research is a functional proposal and is a descriptive survey in terms of collecting data. The Statistical Population is all of Uraman Takht residents which were settled there in 1395. Using the Cochran formula, 351 subjects were selected through the convenience sampling method. In the livelihood approach realm, sources are assorted into five groups; human, physical, financial, natural and social origins which are accessible to household members or they own them. According to the tourism importance in the rural area of Oraman and the effects it has on people's livelihoods, we aim analyze the effects of developing tourism on sustainable livelihood and subsistence stability in Oraman region. The purpose of this research is functional and is based on a survey-descriptive method to collect data. Using Cochran's sample size formula, 351 persons were selected in forms of convenience sampling. The data collection tool in this study is the researcher-made questionnaire. Which includes human, social, financial, natural, and physical dimensions of sustainable livelihoods which it's Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha by the value of (0.84).The results showed that the tourism has a significant effect on all livelihood origins such as human, social, physical, natural and financial. This study examines the impact of tourism on each dimension using the Friedman test and showed that the greatest impact of tourism on the five dimensions of sustainable livelihood has been on the financial, natural, social, physical and human dimensions, respectively. In general, it can be concluded that tourism has a significant impact on the livelihoods of the Uraman Takht community.
Rural Planning
Tahere Sadeglou; Sorayya Azizi
Abstract
Nowadays, awareness of rural facilities and cul de sacs and analyzing them in rural development planning process is so important and had been counted as necessities of designing the development plans and projects. In this order, varied projects had been applied in form of rural development plans that ...
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Nowadays, awareness of rural facilities and cul de sacs and analyzing them in rural development planning process is so important and had been counted as necessities of designing the development plans and projects. In this order, varied projects had been applied in form of rural development plans that a rural housing renovation and improvement project is one of recent and also important type of them. This plan began from 1989 by agricultural Jihad ministry and for achieving to such purposes like: providing the suitable, safe and strong house for rural community. But it’s obvious that the effect of these kinds of projects don’t limited to scarce purpose of rural environment development and its impacts on rural environmental quality will be appearance in a long time. This study tried to assessing the effect of rural housing renovation and improvement projects on the rural environmental quality in Houmeh Dehestan from Shirvan township rural districts that contain 22 rural points. In this study had been used of analyzing – descriptive methodology in type of field study research. Sample size of study also had been chosen from rural housing loan recipients that through of Cochran formula are 203 families and selected by random. After questionnaire designing and confirming the validity and reliability using Cronbach's alpha (80%), data were analyzed in SPSS and that result show these project had a considerable effects on all indexes of rural environmental quality and economic dimension with total effect about 0.659 has the greatest impact and social dimension with total effect about 0.450 has less impact on the environmental quality of case study rural area.
Aliakbar Anabestani; Mohammadshafi ُSadegiBougar
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 227-252
Abstract
Despite the long history of rural settlements in Iran, ownership in different areas has left a great impact on rural communities, however, it is hoped with implementation of Document Issuance Plan of Rural Places Ownership (DIPRPO) could help decrease the unorganized physical conditions of rural areas. ...
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Despite the long history of rural settlements in Iran, ownership in different areas has left a great impact on rural communities, however, it is hoped with implementation of Document Issuance Plan of Rural Places Ownership (DIPRPO) could help decrease the unorganized physical conditions of rural areas. The study area has a long history in being chosen for residence in Iranian plateau, in which the implementation of DIPRPO began in 2000’s and ever-since this area has taken the consequences of the plan. This study aims to investigate the social, economic, and physical impacts of implementing of DIPRPO in Eghlid County. In terms of the aim of the study, the research applied is and with regard to the methodology is descriptive- analytical one. The statistical population of the study included 3,270 households in 10 villages, and based on Cochran equation 247 questionnaires were prepared out according to systematic random sampling method. Research findings showed that there was a moderately suitable significant correlation between DIPRPO and changes in social, economic and physical dimensions of villages in the study area with the P statistic of 0.364 to 0.529. The impact effect of the variable of DIPRPO on changes in villagers’ life was approximately 0.325. Rise in investment in rural areas with a co-efficient of 34.5 % had the greatest role in paving the way for changes in villagers’ life. DIPRPO had 0.32 direct effect on the economic dimension, and 0.50 direct effect on physical dimensions of rural life. According to the findings, the following guidelines were proposed: exemption of certain social classes from paying the charges of implementing this plan, establishing a comprehensive database of rural property and its management by Dehyars[1], etc.
[1]- Village Mayor
Afsane Malekhoseyni; Aliasgar Mirakzadeh
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 325-351
Abstract
Dam projects that affect people's basic rights violated by these projects, homes, farms, orchards and social affiliations have lost their culture. Dams impact on livelihoods, social and cultural systems and are often not explicitly given in the categories of dams and the benefits analysis is not addressed. ...
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Dam projects that affect people's basic rights violated by these projects, homes, farms, orchards and social affiliations have lost their culture. Dams impact on livelihoods, social and cultural systems and are often not explicitly given in the categories of dams and the benefits analysis is not addressed. Therefore considering worldwide development trend for dam construction, especially in Iran, the necessity of reviewal the socio-economic impacts of dam construction thus becomes apparent. Solymanshah dam was constructed in 2006 in the Sonqur city. The main purpose of research was analysis of socio-economic impacts of solymanshah dam on rural development in areas under irrigation and drainage network. Statistical population consisted of householders in rural that are under direct effects of dam (1273 member) 291 of whom were selected for Morgan table by using stratified sampling method with Proportional allocation. Composite Index (CI) and Moris mode were used for analysis of data. Results showed that the most important positive socio-economic impacts of dam on region includes addition in people's income via promotion in agricultural activities that have carried out by dam, development of agricultural lands, interance of tourism in the region and the development of rural tourism. In addition in people's income via nonagricultural occupations, the development of rural roads and the improvement of communication, addition are added to economic worth of farm lands, and the revival of green and enjoyment landscapes of villages. Also the results showed that the most important negative socio-economic impacts of dam on region included: loss of socio-cultural attachments (memories, mosques and religion places, the upset of customary land in Villages, sinking grave ancestors), distortion of some part of high quality farm lands, distortion of rural houses, losing the first job for many of the villagers especially farming, the lose of adult fruit trees and worthwhile gardens and seizing of villager’s land with low prices. The results also showed that between 12 villages which were directly under irrigation and drainage network of the dam, Soleimanshah and Joubkabod Olya were under development and other were loss developed. Also results showed that two villages of Ghiasabadi and Qorveh less than others have enjoyed the benefits of dam construction.
Mahdi Pourtarery; Abdolreza Roknedin Eftekhari; Mahdi Rahmati
Volume 16, Issue 42 , March 2013, , Pages 45-63
Abstract
Making efforts to improve the quality of human being life and raising the conditions and standards of that, is one of the dimensions of planning, in our contemporary world. So that many of the most successful governments, evaluate the successful of their programs by people life improvement and increase ...
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Making efforts to improve the quality of human being life and raising the conditions and standards of that, is one of the dimensions of planning, in our contemporary world. So that many of the most successful governments, evaluate the successful of their programs by people life improvement and increase in their welfare level. On the other hand, the social welfare programs will better achieve their expected goal, if the society have an acceptable level of knowledge according to this knowledge and wisdom are the bed stone of social welfare and development the overall level of knowledge and scientific wisdom of social in Iran is relatively low. This is too lower in rural social in compare with urban social and that shows the depth of wisdom s challenge among this portion of society. However as a result of low education level, knowing a little about personal, civic and social rights makes rural community too confuse to get to its willing. In turn, this matter will have a contrary effect on success of rural social planning organizations know, this question evil raise that: is there any meaning relation behaviors rural people legal knowledge and the social welfare? To knowing this, 200 questionnaires have been filled among rural habitat of Vashian country areas of Lorestan province and have shown that there is significant correlation between social welfare and the level of legal knowledge of rural people. In respect to this personal and civic right have had the largest shares in social welfare especially in housing quality, rural partnership and housing satisfaction.
Vakil Heydari Sarban
Volume 16, Issue 40 , September 2012, , Pages 75-96
Abstract
The world experiments show that agricultural section is important from point of view food stuff supply, employment generation, currency provision and supply of the other economic sections such as industrial activities and also the role that has on the national gross production. Also capabilities and ...
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The world experiments show that agricultural section is important from point of view food stuff supply, employment generation, currency provision and supply of the other economic sections such as industrial activities and also the role that has on the national gross production. Also capabilities and local and regional relative advantages on every rural region is different by reason of making an effect from different economic, social and environmental views including the wherewithal and condition of demography, production, geography, climate, infrastructure etc. This important result comes out in that some rural regions by reason of agricultural development having superiority in relation to other regions. Also the cognition of local and regional advantages and capabilities each rural region is the fundamental principle of rural and agricultural planning. Until capabilities, capacities and rural regions advantages are considered for the agricultural development any region had its special planning for developmental purposes. The purpose of the present study was to prioritize Meshkinshahr Dehstans in terms of agricultural development aspects. The methodological approach was a descriptive–analytical survey type. Statistical population consisted of all farmers in Meshkinshar County. The sample size was determined by using Cockran formula (n=185). The content and face validity of the instrument was specified after several reviews and correction by the faculty members of the University and several expertise of administrative offices. A pilot test was conducted to determine the reliability of questionnaires and Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.82 was achieved. The achieved data was analyzed by TOPSIS technique. The assumption was that the good quality of every index evenly is rising (or declining). As the matter of fact the best existence value from each index indicates positive ideals and the worst existence value from that index indicates negative ideals. Also indexes are detached from each other. At the end, the results of multi-attribute decision making methods in the base of calculated weights showed that Dehestans of Meshkine Shargi and Garasou were located in the first rank in view of agricultural developemnt, respectively, and Dehestans of Nogdou were positioned in the last rank. Finally, based on the results of analysis, some applied recommendations have been provided
Hamid Shayan; Ali Akbar Taghilo; Ali Akbar Anabestani
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 75-100
Abstract
Participation, one of the strategies sustainable developments, has faced to challenges in process of operation. These challenges have cultural - intellectual roots or have linked to the strategies attraction of participation. This article searches weak roots of informal and formal participation of villagers ...
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Participation, one of the strategies sustainable developments, has faced to challenges in process of operation. These challenges have cultural - intellectual roots or have linked to the strategies attraction of participation. This article searches weak roots of informal and formal participation of villagers within the intellectual method-cultural. The research methodology is based on descriptive and analytical and the tool of data collection is questionnaires and documents methods. Research findings indicate that about 80 percent of community participation does not participate or is less in formal institutions. But about 60 percent of people have non-formal public participation that the major reason relates it to traditions and social customs and is not related to personal motivation and intellectual. According to The statistical analysis, factors of none participation in the official activities has significant relationship with the rate of individualism, none responsible, poor trust people on each other and the lack of futurism. As regards civil institutions can create culture of participation in community so strength and structure of civil institutions and NGOs can overcome barriers of participation.
