Urban Planning
Ali Arefhosini; Ali panahi; Ali Azar; Reza Valizade
Abstract
Introduction The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The phrase "livable cities" was used for the first time in 1970 by the national ...
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Introduction The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The phrase "livable cities" was used for the first time in 1970 by the national Arts organization to achieve their urban ideas and looking for it by other centers and research organizations such as the environmental protection organizations that has done extensive studies regarding the most of American cities was gone. Following the influence of this word in the literature related to this field can be searched in 1975 and the writings of William Marlins on the fields of livable in Saturday Review and Christian Science Monitor. In recent years, research and development in the area of sustainable cities has attracted much attention. The continued growth of urbanization with social, economic, physical, and environmental problems is creating a crisis leading to metropolitan instability, which in turn reduces the viability of metropolises. According to the standards, Tabriz's livelihoods were at a low level, and lack of proper planning would make it a city in the not too distant future where it would be difficult to live. Therefore, the necessity and importance of biodiversity debate in the Tabriz metropolis is increasing. In addition, given that Iranian cities are currently suffering from a lack of attention to existing urban contexts. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the viability of Tabriz urban texture. This article is based on scientific study and tries to answer the following questions. In terms of the subjective dimension of living (objectively satisfied residents) what is the status of Tabriz urban context? Data and Method This research is applied in nature and is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The measurement tool in this study was a questionnaire developed based on the subjective-psychological dimension of living (objective satisfaction of residents). The statistical population of the study is based on the empirical view of urban environment quality assessment, the inhabitants of old and new urban texture based on Morgan table number of 1558693 people according to the size of community and according to Morgan table is 384 people, Classified by sampling and assigned appropriately to each of the low-lying, semi-rich and rich neighborhoods respectively, 39, 70 and 42 (old tissue samples) and 100, 71 and 62 (new tissue samples), respectively given. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Multivariate analysis of variance is the extension of variance analysis to situations in which there is more than one dependent variable. Results and Discussion What exactly is more socially viable, according to Winnewon? It's not completely clear, and people are happier and more satisfied in communities where their needs are better met. In this regard, due to the lack of attention to urban texture biodiversity and the increasing expansion of urbanization, upgrading the viability of Tabriz metropolitan area requires an examination of the status of urban tissues; And provide the basis for new urban development, insights, and cognition on the nature of Tabriz metropolitan urban biodiversity that identifies priorities for action to make these tissues viable in the decision environment. The results of the present study show that the overall life expectancy in Tabriz textures was below average, while the analysis of the current status of Tabriz's biodiversity in different dimensions shows that the average is generally achieved. In all aspects (urban services and infrastructure, urban environment, urban economy, urban management, urban history, and urban community), the findings were lower than average, and this is consistent with the findings of Rashidi et al (1395) who have estimated the biodiversity of Tabriz metropolitan area in comparison with Osco, Azarshahr, Bostanabad, Tabriz, Shabestar and Harris. This finding indicates that this metropolis will in the future be governed by the same current practice and managers and citizens will be not reinforce the deficiencies in the status queue, in the future the city will never move towards sustainability and sustainable development. According to the assessment made between the old and new textures of Tabriz metropolis, there is a significant difference in the viability. The results showed that the old tissue viability was higher than the new tissue based on the results due to the higher average ratings of services and urban infrastructure, urban community, urban history, urban economy, and urban management in the old tissue neighborhoods; This finding is in line with the findings of Dalir et al (1388) based on indicators of access to educational, health, daily shopping centers, weekly shopping malls, green spaces, recreational and sports centers, downtown and public transport to measure people's satisfaction with the new context Low level of evaluation, alignment. Conclusion The findings also indicate that in order to sustain the new texture, urban community, and urban management indices that have a significant difference with the old texture should be given more attention by city officials and managers. And in order to make old tissue more viable then the urban environment, which is less ranked than new tissue, must be taken into consideration by urban managers, so that proper planning for resource allocation and viability in these tissues should be emphasized. At the core of the indicators are the lower levels, so that by utilizing the available forces and potentials to achieve a comprehensive development that will bring prosperity and prosperity to all citizens.
Urban Planning
seyed farzin faezi; omid shanian
Abstract
Introduction
The growing population in cities and the increasing need for goods and services, has increased the traffic of freight vehicles, and on the other hand, a large part of the intra-city freight transportation network is done by various vehicles, which disregarding it causes irregularities in ...
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Introduction
The growing population in cities and the increasing need for goods and services, has increased the traffic of freight vehicles, and on the other hand, a large part of the intra-city freight transportation network is done by various vehicles, which disregarding it causes irregularities in urban transportation, car accidents and events, psychological problems and insecurity of citizens, air pollution and pollutants increase, high fuel consumption, congestion and delay in the road network and dozens of other cases. Although the intra-city freight transportation fleet comprises only 20 percent of the vehicles traveling within the urban network, it has allocated 40 percent of emission of pollutants and noise pollution, and 35 percent of accidents to itself. One of the solutions to manage and promote the quality level of freight and goods transportation system is to use smart tools and systems in freight and goods transportation system. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to find the best solution to smarten the intra-city freight and goods transportation according to the criteria of sustainable development.
Data and Method
The research method has been conducted based on 7 stages of multi-actor multi-criteria analysis. Using library study and interview, at first the methods of smartening intra-city freight transportation and stakeholder groups were identified, then the criteria of sustainable development related to each of the stakeholder groups and related to smartening intra-city freight transportation were determined. After specifying which group each criterion belongs to, the weight of each criterion was determined for each group using the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). For this purpose, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was designed for each group separately and distributed among the participants. The weight of each criterion was determined as a percentage, which indicates the importance that the stakeholder groups have attributed to these goals. After determining the weight of the criteria, a questionnaire was designed and distributed again to measure the impact ratio of each of the solutions on each of the criteria. This questionnaire is also of pairwise comparison type and has been analyzed by AHP method. In this research, by consulting with experts and elites, the weight of all groups was considered the same. The average of desirability ratio of each method from the perspective of stakeholder groups was also determined, which provides an overview of the perspective of all stakeholder groups. After specifying how much desirability each solution has in the view of each stakeholder group, this issue was addressed that what is the best solution to smarten intra-city freight transportation, so that by using it the current transportation system can also be improved, and can attract the satisfaction of all stakeholder groups as well. For this purpose, multi-actor multi-criteria analysis method was used. By averaging the percentage of desirability ratio of the proposed solutions among various groups, the most desirable method for smartening freight and goods transportation was specified.
Results and Discussion
In this research, four solutions have been introduced for smartening the intra-city freight and goods transportation, which are: 1- smartening urban roads, 2- smartening freight vehicles, 3- smartening warehouses, 4- designing mobile application for ordering freight vehicles. In the next step, individuals were classified into four groups under the title of stakeholder groups, which are: 1- City managers and officials, including mayors, transportation deputies, officials of the Freight and Passenger Transportation Organization, and officials of the Freight Transportation Terminals Organization, 2 - Freight and goods transportation operators, including freight companies and drivers of freight vehicles, 3- Goods consignors, including manufacturers, wholesalers and warehousemen, and 4- Goods recipients, including retailers. The sustainable development criteria were divided into four sections according to the goals and views of stakeholder groups in relation to smartening freight transportation, in a way that it was specified to which group each criterion belongs. Thus, both the goals and views of the public sector and the goals and views of the private sector were examined. Based on the analysis of data collected from the questionnaires, it was specified that the most important criterion according to the public sector (city managers and officials) is traffic management, while the criterion of traffic considerations has never been located in the first priorities of the private sector (senders, receivers and operators of transportation). Based on the one-actor analysis, the application design solution has the highest desirability from the point of view of senders and transportation operators, and from the point of view of city managers and officials, it is in the second place with a slight difference compared to smartening city roads. But from the point of view of the recipients of goods, smartening freight vehicles has allocated the highest desirability to itself. Based on the multi-actor multi-criteria analysis method, application design has generally been introduced as the most desirable method for smartening freight and goods transportation. This method has been at priority not just from the point of view of freight recipients and has been able to attract the view of other stakeholder groups to itself. The next criterion is smartening freight vehicles, which has the highest desirability from the point of view of freight recipients and is in the fourth rank in the view of city managers and officials. Then there is the criterion of smartening urban roads, which has the highest desirability from the point of view of city managers and officials. Finally, there is the criterion of smartening warehouses, which has been able to achieve relative desirability only from the point of view of freight transportation operators.
Conclusion
In this research, by measuring the importance ratio of criteria from the viewpoint of all stakeholder groups and comparing these views with each other, it was specified that there is a disagreement between the private sector (senders and recipients of goods and transportation operators) and the public sector (city managers and officials). From the perspective of the private sector, traffic considerations have the least importance compared to other criteria, while traffic management is the most important criterion from the perspective of the public sector. This disagreement has also been observable in choosing the best solution.
Urban Planning
Rasoul Ghorbani; mahdieh tahooni
Abstract
Introduction
Considering that the population growth rate of the surrounding cities of Tabriz metropolis in 2006-2010 Sardroud, Ilkhichi, Osku, and Basmanj cities is 2, 1.8, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, that the growth rate of Sardroud city is more than other all surrounding cities of the metropolis ...
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Introduction
Considering that the population growth rate of the surrounding cities of Tabriz metropolis in 2006-2010 Sardroud, Ilkhichi, Osku, and Basmanj cities is 2, 1.8, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, that the growth rate of Sardroud city is more than other all surrounding cities of the metropolis of Tabriz. The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and stages of growth and development of the city so that the population has increased 2.6 times and the area of the city has increased 2.7 times during the 35 years (1976-2011).
The increase of industries of Sardroud has played a significant role in the spatial-physical changes of Sardroud. By comparing the position of different economic sectors in Sardroud with East Azerbaijan province, the total growth rate of the reference economy in 1996-2006 has been equal to 1.6. Also, the province's economic structure during the mentioned period has always been negative and has had a downward trend. The variation rate of the economic structure in the province has been 3.126% in 1996-2006, in comparison with Sardroud city with a high variation coefficient of 7.164%.
Population growth and increase in industries in Sardroud city have led to the unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial-physical structure of the city, the destruction of agricultural lands (so that the area of agricultural lands and gardens in 1999 has been 6382180 square meters (65.2%) and, 3252635 square meters (26.35%) in 2011), and the emergence of various spatial-physical, environmental, social and economic problems, including land-use change, air pollution, water, soil, negative effects on green space, etc. Therefore, the current study can contribute to the logical understanding of these factors and recognizing the urban issues and problems, proper and rational dealing with these issues, and the thoughtful and tactical design for the future development of the city by recognizing and assessing the physical-spatial growth of the city in two periods of 1998 and 2012 and its changes over time.
Data and Methods
The research method is adjusted based on the nature, subject, and objectives of each research. Therefore, the current study is comparative-analytical research and is applied- developmental in terms of nature. The information related to the area, etc. were collected from the master plan (provided by the Rajan Ab Zagros consultant engineers) and other researchers and is classified based on the research requirements. Relative quantitative entropy model, Gini coefficient. Moran, Gary, and adjusted Gary coefficients were used to analyze the data.
Results and Discussion
Based on investigating the density ratio of Sardroud neighborhoods in 2011, the entropy value of Sardroud was 0.91 in 2011. The entropy value in 1999 has been 0.85 for Sardroud neighborhoods. Although it has had more concentration compared with 2011, the entropy value has been towards zero. However, its value is high and indicates the sprawl in the neighborhoods of Sardroud city.
The obtained Gini coefficient for 1999 and 2011 is 0.35 and 0.36, respectively, indicating the unequal distribution in two decades. However, the Gini coefficient value for 2011 shows the unequal dispersion of the population comparing to 1999. Moran coefficient was calculated for 1999 and 2011. The obtained value for 1999 is 0.03, indicating the unipolar random accumulation pattern of Sardroud similar to most of the cities in Iran. Also, the obtained value for 2011 was 0.01, indicating the movement of Sardroud towards being multipolar in the future. Gary coefficient was also calculated for 1999 and 2011. The obtained values for 1999 and 2011 are 0.05 and 1.99, respectively. It indicates that in 2011, the city was closer to the sprawl dispersion pattern and shows that accumulation and density in Sardroud were more in 1999, comparing to 2011, and the urban sprawl increases in 2011.
The calculations show that Sardroud city has been towards sprawl development, and this dispersion leads to the destruction of the agricultural lands and gardens.
Conclusion
According to the research findings, this type of urban structure has had many negative consequences in different environmental, social, and economic sectors, including destruction of the agricultural lands around the city and so on.
- Taking efficient urban management policies to consider density, public transportation and land use that affect the urban form of Sardroud city.
- Since the city is inevitable to grow and expand and population growth is always present in cities, it is necessary to use specific strategies and tools to manage the growth of cities and effectively control the sprawl expansion of cities, to avoid further waste and destruction of suitable suburban agricultural land around the cities and reduce the negative consequences of this type of urban development.
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; Mostafa Mahdavifard; Majid Azizmoradi; zanjani zanjani sani
Abstract
Introduction
Urbanization as a revolution in human culture has transformed human interactions with one another. As the urbanization population grows, the use of the environment is intensified. Studies have shown that increasing population and expanding urbanization are turning urban green spaces into ...
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Introduction
Urbanization as a revolution in human culture has transformed human interactions with one another. As the urbanization population grows, the use of the environment is intensified. Studies have shown that increasing population and expanding urbanization are turning urban green spaces into rough and impermeable concrete surfaces, and this trend is especially serious in developing countries and the Third World. Since urban growth is a complex phenomenon in which a number of variables interact nonlinearly, the use of ANNs to model urban development and growth is perfectly reasonable. Artificial neural networks with nonlinear mapping structure have been developed for modeling interconnected systems such as the brain consisting of neurons. The artificial neural network is independent of the statistical distribution of data and does not require any specific statistical variables, so this feature facilitates the combination of remote sensing data and GIS. Currently, remote sensing science is changing a fundamental paradigm in which one- or two-image interpretation approaches pave the way for a wide array of data-rich applications. These improvements are facilitated by the GEE Satellite Image Processing System. The purpose of this research is to introduce a new system (GEE), to investigate and analyze this web portal, its application in monitoring and evaluation of human habitat changes (GHSL) and to map the relationship created using MLP model to predict physical development changes in Tabriz.
Materials and Methods
In this study, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) satellite image processing online system was used to process and extract the global GHSL product, and then the MLP model of Terset was used to predict changes.
Results and Discussion
In this study, it was attempted to analyze and analyze Landsat satellite images in a few minutes in order to prepare physical development map of Tabriz city without using hard data and to predict future development changes using the data available in Google Inheritance Satellite Image Processing System. Physically measure the city using the MLP model. GEE online processor has been able to map the growth of urbanization in the Tabriz city over the past six years. With the increase in urbanization over the past 40 years in the city of Tabriz, we have seen the destruction of about 38% of gardens and agriculture in the city, and even this system of rapid population growth in recent years (2014) on the outskirts of Tabriz as the main center of recent earthquakes.
Conclusion
It has shown the city of Tabriz and is also witnessing a growing trend towards physical development of the city in this part of Tabriz. The results of the MLP model show that the physical development of Tabriz in the future is northeastward and on the outskirts of Mount Aoun bin Ali.
Urban Planning
abbas maroofnezhad; ebrahim amiri; vali kavoosighafi
Abstract
Introduction
Sport has always been an important part of the culture of any society that can have a significant impact on the individual and social levels. The increase in the population of cities and the change in the pattern of work and machine life has created one of the biggest problems. It has brought ...
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Introduction
Sport has always been an important part of the culture of any society that can have a significant impact on the individual and social levels. The increase in the population of cities and the change in the pattern of work and machine life has created one of the biggest problems. It has brought with itself the diseases of the present age, that is, inactivity and many problems such as physical, mental, educational, and so on problems. Therefore, proper status, rational distribution of sports spaces and the creation of sports places ensure the health of the community. The use of sports lands is one of the most important uses and is very important and it is very important to pay attention to it in urban space in urbanization processes with increasing demand of population for cities. Residential areas, land, commercial buildings, sports spaces and leisure times, roads and parking lots, and so on will replace vegetation, to the extent that today in terms of green space and open areas between urban networks and natural patterns, no vacant space is found. Undoubtedly, paying attention to sports and recreational spaces and urban services is the most important point. Sports spaces are places in which the fields of sports perform leisure times or participate in various competitions.
Data and Method
The purpose of the present research is to analyze the status of sports places and uses in Izeh. The research method is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and library, questionnaire, interview and observation methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is elite experts in the field of urban and sports in this city. The sample size has been considered 27 people and through personal estimation method. For data analysis, Williamson’s model and SPSS software and one sample test were used.
Results and Discussion
Urban land use planning, spatial organizing of human activities and performances should be defined based on the demands and needs of urban society. Attention to sports and recreational spaces is considered as one of the most important service uses in the city. Sport has regained its role as a part of the city's recreational performance along with other service spaces. Sports can make people enthusiastic to spend their money by bringing people together for a variety of sports events, from making sports public to holding sports competitions. By exercising and attending sports events, people need the proper sports infrastructures, environment, places and facilities. Per capita sports facilities vary in various countries from European to American countries. Therefore, in this research, the status of sports places and uses in Izeh has been evaluated and analyzed. The proposed criteria for analysis and evaluation of sports places in Izeh were selected and determined in 14 indicators.
Conclusion
Sports spaces are considered as one of the most important uses at the city level, which have allocated a significant level to itself. According to conducted studies, out of 15 neighborhoods in Izeh, four neighborhoods do not have sports space and 11 neighborhoods have sports space of 67,653 square meters. Also, from the analysis of 14 selected components using Williamson’s model, it was specified that the average of Williamson’s index for Izeh is 0.21, which indicates the shortage and inappropriate distribution of sports space and use in this city. Also, based on the results of one-sample t-test, the status of the number of sports places (hall/indoor) with -2.819, the status of holding sports competitions at the neighborhood level with -2.787, the appropriate distribution of sports uses at the city level with -2.767, the status of sports equipment at the parks and gardens levels of the city with -2.760 had the most severe dissatisfaction among experts, respectively, while the components of the status of donors’ welcoming to build sports places at the city level with -1.01, the status of financial cooperation between government and semi-government departments with the sports sector of the city with -1.023, the status of sports activities in the dimension of health at government and semi-government departments level of the city with -1.03, had less intensity in dissatisfaction in this regard.
Urban Planning
Ali Movahed; Amin Shahsavar
Abstract
Introduction
In today’s world, the growing trend of urban population and urbanization process on the one hand, and the need to maintain land located in the suburbs and valuable natural area and the need to save the land on the other hand, has put high-rise construction and dense urban development ...
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Introduction
In today’s world, the growing trend of urban population and urbanization process on the one hand, and the need to maintain land located in the suburbs and valuable natural area and the need to save the land on the other hand, has put high-rise construction and dense urban development on the agenda of the urban management. The provision of housing and the issue of population housing have always been the most significant factor in the nature and objective of such planning, and may have marginalized considerations and observance of various physical, social, cultural and environmental criteria. Because of factors such as the reconstruction of the ruins of the eight-year war, the process of migration from rural areas and other cities of West Azerbaijan province to this city, at a time, the city of Urmia first began to develop horizontally through numerous changes in urban uses, after that time, due to huge costs, the existence of natural barriers from a geographical point of view, the inability of the local executive body in providing infrastructure networks, the tendency to develop high-rise buildings within the urban management setting and consequently among the private sector becamemore powerful. The process of dense construction of Urmia began more or less in the late 1990s, and since then, the city of Urmia has been the bedrock for the construction of high-rise residential buildings in high and relatively high areas; and during this period, natural resources and barren lands underwent land use changes and dense development; consequently, the development of high buildings, apart from social and cultural inadequacies, has imposed congestion and traffic problems in the alleys, as well as the inconsistency, heterogeneity and ugliness on the city.
Data and methods
This research is of cognitive type in terms of purpose, and is of evaluation type in terms of method; it is of cross-sectional in terms of time; and, is quantitative in terms of data type. Primary data were analyzed in SPSS software, specifically through using one-sample t-test and Friedman test. The statistical population of the study includes citizens living in district 1 of Urmia Municipality, and based on Cochran's formula, the sample size has been calculated and determined to be 384 people. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was prepared based on simple random sampling method in the number of the sample size, and it was distributed in the study area. And its face and content validity has been estimated based on the purpose of the research through consulting with professors and experts, and its reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha test to measure the internal consistency of items, and was found to be 0.81.
Results and Discussion
Nowadays, the need for a high-rise construction strategy is more apparent due to the increasing population growth and land constraints. High-rise buildings, as the result of technological advancement, can increase pollution due to the negative environmental consequences associated with high population and building densities, if not properly controlled and supervised. In this study, according to one -sample t-test, all four dimensions include a moderate to high status (social: 30.4; economic: 28.7; environmental: 26.8; and physical: 45.6). According to Friedman test, the reason for the moderate to high social status is the proportionality of the security situation and the low rate of conflict, but the sense of belonging and life suitability in the units is not very satisfactory. The above-average economic status is due to the profitability in construction and the existence of seasonal jobs, which is associated with a service-oriented economy in strict 1 of the city of Urmia. Regarding the environmental dimension, the relatively good health status has taken an average to high score, and at the same time the quality of waste collection in strict 1 of Urmia is appropriate. But noise pollution is on the rise in the strict. In terms of the physical dimension, the proper quality of the water, gas and telephone network has given it a moderate to high status. But the physical dimension of district 1 has been problematic for high-rise buildings in cases such as neighborhood , emergency stairs, building strength, impact on street congestion due to shortage of parking areas.
Conclusion
According to the criteria studied and what is highlighted in the principles of high-rise construction, more density of the city leads to the lower transportation, while the case study in this research is one of the busiest parts of the city in terms of traffic, daily and night movement of personal vehicles. Despite the possibility of better and more use of urban lands, district 1, which has a higher slope and is at higher altitude comparing to the other areas of the city, does not have much power and possibility to get natural light, and has increased shading. It has inevitably failed to achieve urban sustainability. It can be acknowledged that despite the expansion of high-rise buildings and the vertical growth and density of the city, the location allocation of these units has not been done properly; and in the field of construction, the obvious principles such as height proportion, facade proportion, neighborhood, distribution of facilities and services, etc. have not been observed, and this issue has distorted the urban landscape. In addition, the lack of infrastructure such as multi-storey parking areas and the lack of parking in the buildings have contributed to the congestion of the streets. And all of theses issues are due to not following a distinct and standard pattern, and the process of transformation of the district has been mostly subjective in terms of high-rise construction.
Urban Planning
Alireza Novin; Karim Hossienzadeh Dalir; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction Since the second half of the twentieth century, the tourism industry is known as the third economic industry due to the globalization and development of modern transportation and communication means (Oila et al., 2012: 596). Therefore, in 2005, the World Bank considered this industry a dynamic ...
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Introduction Since the second half of the twentieth century, the tourism industry is known as the third economic industry due to the globalization and development of modern transportation and communication means (Oila et al., 2012: 596). Therefore, in 2005, the World Bank considered this industry a dynamic industry by creating 214 million job opportunities and producing 10.5% of the global GDP (Choi and Sir Kaya, 2006: 127). Furthermore, in the past decades, cities were considered as one of the most significant tourism destinations among tourists (Edvard et al., 2008: 1032), following which, urban tourism was investigated by many scholars (Potof, 2006:15). The historical-cultural contexts in the cities make these centers one of the main tourism destinations. The old and ancient context of the cities has an exclusive place in the urban space and functional structure due to the historical value and historically valuable elements, the proper transportation position, and location in the city’s main bazaar and its economic core, etc. (Pourahmad et al., 2010: 74). Considering the architectural, social, and environmental conditions of the city, the historical centers indicate a community's social and cultural life (Moosavi, 2011: 111). The Iranian cities with the historical- traditional contexts, are considered the undeniable fact that enjoys a historical background; an element and area of the city that lived not a long time ago and welcomed the travels and material and spiritual exchanges of people back then (Habibi, 2010:55). Since the economy of the historical center of the city is formed and revived by tourism activities, the regeneration of the historical centers and bringing back the superior and excellent functions to these spaces is necessary with respect to the regeneration approach (Azimi et al., 2011: 76). Regeneration has been emerged as a response to the reduction of urban issues and is applied in the areas that are being destroyed (Egercioglu et al., 2015: 330). Nowadays, due to the lack of urban life, most of the historical contexts of Iran are being demolished.
Methodology The current study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of nature. The data collection method is also the documentary-survey method. By studying the research literature and the relevant texts to the regeneration of the cultural-historical texture, the considered criteria were extracted. Then, the effect of the functional-space variables of the regeneration of the cultural-historical context in the tourism development was gathered using the survey method (distributing questionnaire). Using the Friedman Ranking Test, One-sample T-test (to prioritize the study indicators and their effectiveness in the tourism development), and Multivariate regression tests and path analysis (to evaluate and predict the effects of indicators in the tourism development in the future as well as the direct and indirect effects of the functional-space indicators of the regeneration in the tourism development), the impact of the functional-space variables of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context in tourism development was evaluated. Also, to calculate the data reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was used for its popularity, and the alpha coefficient was obtained at 0.756. It is noteworthy that the statistical population of research consists of the managers and experts of the urban issues of District 8 and other municipalities of Tabriz Metropolitan (1400). The sample size was obtained 220 using Cochran’s formula p=q=0.5 and an error value of 0.06 (d). The results obtained from data analysis show that the most functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development are as follows: conservation and restoration of the historical area (conservation of the valuable body and facades, restoration and reconstruction of the entrance gates), restoration of the man structure of the historical center (the main squares, streets, symbolic buildings, etc.); the use of the proper materials and colors regarding the texture, increasing the safety in context and historical buildings with the numerical average of 4.73, 4.54, and 4.37, and the ordinal average of 19.63, 17.43, and 16.07, respectively. The Chi-square test also indicates the correlation of the studied variables at the confidence level of 99%. Multivariate regression method was used to identify and predict the functional-space impact of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on the urban tourism development. According to R or multiple correlation coefficient in the Table below, it can be said that there is a considerable correlation between the variables. R Square or determination coefficient is the squared correlation coefficient that indicates the variance and the variations of the dependent variable by a set of independent variables. The value of this coefficient is also between zero to 1 variable. The more it declines towards 1, it indicates that the independent variables have been able to explain a large amount of variance of the dependent variable. According to the above, the value of the determination coefficient value is acceptable in the present equation as it indicates the variance of the dependent variable. On the other hand, based on its value, it can be said that it can explain the variance of the dependent variable to a great extent. Adjusted R square in the Table below indicates that 6 variables are appropriate in this model to evaluate the functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development. For example, the adjusted coefficient value in improving the quality of the space organization and physical structure of the context explains 90% of the urban tourism development, and the rest of these variations is the result of the external factors of the model, known as the square error. Discussion and Conclusion District 8 of Tabriz Municipality, as the old and historical area of Tabriz Metropolitan, must be considered as a symbol to preserve the Iranian and Islamic culture and civilization and history of Tabriz and Iran due to the historical mosques and buildings as well as the Grand Bazaar of Tabriz with the age of more than thousands years. To improve the cultural-historical spaces in line with urban tourism development, nowadays, the regeneration of the contexts plays a significant and influential role. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development. The results indicate that improving the quality of the space organization and physical structure of the texture, the organization of the land uses of the area considering its function and role, and development of green public transportation are the most significant functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the cultural-historical context of Tabriz metropolitan on the urban tourism development. Also, the secondary indicators affecting the urban tourism development influenced by the functional-space impact of regeneration are as follows: physical conservation and restoration of the historical area, the restoration of the main structure of the historical texture, the use of the materials and colors in proportion with the texture, increasing the safety in context and historical buildings. Therefore it can be said that the regeneration of the historical-cultural context with an emphasis on the functional-space indicators is the influential factor in the urban tourism development of Tabriz Metropolitan, leading to improving the place and quality of the environment of the historical neighborhoods in the vicinity of Bazaar through directing the interventions in two external (urban edges) and internal (residential structure) levels to attract the tourist, establishing a physical-space and communication relationship between the neighborhoods and the commercial centers and creating the walking paths for tourists’ access to the commercial centers and tourism elements, activating the internal core by creating the new activities and spaces and not merely restoration of some buildings to specify the indicators of the tourism elements, creating the compatibility between the activities with respect to the context and tourism development, and completing the infrastructural network and tourism infrastructures. The regeneration cannot be realized depending on the measures of the public sector and to achieve sustainability and development of urban tourism due to the regeneration of the studied texture, the participation of the private and public sector along with the public sector is one of the most important strategies to achieve success in this field. Comparison of the research results with other studies indicates that the most similar research to the current research is a research conducted by Tissel (1996) and Gominska (2015) that addressed restoration strategies of the historical contexts to achieve sustainability in terms of different indicators. Other conducted studies either described the features and issues of cultural and heritage tourism or addressed historical tourism quality in different places.
Urban Planning
Elham Asiabanipour; Ali panahi; Hassan Ahmadzadeh
Abstract
Introduction The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The word "livable cities" for the first time in 1970 by the national Arts organization ...
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Introduction The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The word "livable cities" for the first time in 1970 by the national Arts organization in order to achieve their urban ideas and looking for it by other centers and research organizations such as the environmental protection organizations that has done extensive studies regarding the most of American cities was gone. Following the influence of this word in the literature related to this field can be searched in 1975 and the writings of William Marlins on the fields of livable in Saturday Review and Christian Science Monitor. Today, by expanding the problems of human societies and increasing their day to day (problems) has been greatly increased the quality of life indicators of residents of different places. Tabriz is one of the oldest cities in the country with regard to the historical, economic, cultural, health and industrial backgrounds of Tabriz metropolis, which has turned the city in to the first city in different fields. Today not only does not upgrade this roles and functions but also is in annihilation state. Because of its complex and multi-dimensional conceptual and its patterns vary from one region to another. So far a comprehensive model of the impact of the overall livability of cities on the present situation and the relationship between them is not defined. This paper tries to measure the present situation based on the appropriate models of Tabriz and the effect of the dimensions of livability on the situation in objective models based on scientific methods. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to determine the level of livability indices based on their impact on the situation in Tabriz metropolis using structural equation modeling technique. The output of this research helps urban managers and planners have a bright picture of the ecological sector of Tabriz metropolis. This article has been formulated based on scientific study and tracking to answer the following question. What conditions is the current condition of the city of Tabriz in different dimensions? and which indicators should be the first priority of the planners be given the amount of their impact on the present situation to achieve urban livability in Tabriz metropolis? Methodology This research is applied in terms of nature and is a descriptive-analytic method. The instrument was a questionnaire the statistical population in this research are the experts and urban managers with complete familiarity with the situation of each region, has a number of 140 people. According to the volume of society and Morgan table, 104 people selected by non-linear snow bullets and the question have taken place. Then the statues of livability using single sample T-Test and relationship between dimensions and livability in dices is analyzed with structural equation modeling whit Partial least squares method(PLS). Results and discussion Due to the increasing development of the life- level of Tabriz metropolis, requiring the main indicators and influence on the existing situation and communication between them. This research has provided new insight in to the livability of Tabriz metropolis that will detect the priorities of action in the decision space. Study of analysis of the present analyses regarding the current situation of Tabriz's livability in different dimensions generally, the average obtained in all dimensions (urban services and infrastructure, urban environment, urban economics, urban management, urban history and the urban community) were lower than the average and the results are not statistically significant only for urban community index that the results of this indicator are not generalized. Also, prioritizing indicators due to their impact on the present situation to achieve urban livability in Tabriz metropolis shows that highest share of urban services and infrastructure are (providing daily necessities in the neighborhoods, highways access, access to other neighborhoods in the city, access to workplace, the quality of water, electricity, gas and internet, Bank, quality of public transportation in neighborhoods, public transport work hours and distribution of public transport stations), that pays attention to urban managers and planners. Research findings show the current condition of Tabriz's livable situation according to the average of all ten areas in all dimensions is low that it has alignment with the findings of Rashidi and colleagues (1395) who have assessed the livability of Tabriz region in comparison with the Osku, Azarshahr, Bostan Abad, Tabriz, Shabestar and Herris. This findings with the findings of Ali Akbari and Akbari (1396), which has recognized the equitable distribution of facilities and services identified the main livability of the city of Tehran, the study of Aluria (2017) that the factors affecting on the quality of life of residents has expressed the distribution of urban services and also the ministry of Sustainable Management in India (2018) that physical index (with 45%) highest ranking in the livability standards. Conclusion This research, based on structural equations analysis shows that the services and urban infrastructure have the highest effect on the present situation of Tabriz metropolis livability In any attempt to improve the livability of Tabriz, it should be considered the role and position of this indicator. The results show that all aspects of livability in Tabriz metropolis have low average. The results of the model also show that among the influence factors on livability status, "urban infrastructure and services" and "urban environment", "urban management", "urban history" and "urban community" factors have a direct and meaning full effect, In the meantime, the "urban infrastructure and services" factor has the greatest impact which has a motivation of Tabriz metropolis livability. As a result, any program and attempt to initiate and upgrade of the livability of Tabriz status need attention to the key role of these factors. But what is particularly the achievement of the present study is preparation of appropriate bio-model with the new scientific methodology Partial least squares (PLS) based on present conditions.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Freydon Babai Aghdam; Kiomars Naimi
Abstract
Introduction Almost half of the world's population lives in cities. According to the report (UN-HABITAT) Urban areas in the next 30 years, They will be the most important centers of world population growth and with this increase in population, Planners and governments of developing countries They face ...
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Introduction Almost half of the world's population lives in cities. According to the report (UN-HABITAT) Urban areas in the next 30 years, They will be the most important centers of world population growth and with this increase in population, Planners and governments of developing countries They face the challenge of high poverty growth rates. However, The manifestation of poverty that was once more characteristic of rural areas, Today it has become more and more urban. One of the main consequences of increasing poverty in cities and urbanization of poverty, housing shortage and the increasing formation of lower urban settlements, The population of these settlements for 2020 is estimated at 889 million people Lower urban settlements or what is commonly called "informal housing". It is one of the problems facing today's cities, especially at the local level. After years of remediation trials, it is still the lower urban settlements They are a fundamental challenge for cities. In dealing with the phenomenon of spontaneous and inferior urban settlements Various approaches and programs have been used That experience has shown That physical dominance approach and without addressing the needs, wants and priorities of the local community and weak participation of local communities and the absence of stakeholders in the planning and implementation process, Many things have become inefficient.in this study using the intellectual base of foresight, In order to explain the plan The new approach foresight in this area, To discuss and review identify key factors, The amount and How Effectiveness And explain These conditions possible And finally formulate possible scenarios and identify optimal scenarios affecting the future status of urban slums in Sanandaj. Methodology This research is fundamental-applied in terms of purpose and it is descriptive-analytical in nature based on new methods of futures research. Library-field method, questionnaire and environmental scanning technique were used to collect information.The questionnaires were completed through a group of experts and experts in the field of housing planning and development. In order to conduct research, various futures research techniques are used, including environmental scanning, interaction / structural impact analysis and scenario writing. Has provided a comprehensive combination in presenting a new method of urban studies foresight. Also from specialized futures research software such as MICMAC and SCENARIOWIZARD For the first time in urban studies with emphasis on planning studies of lower urban settlements, has been used in this study. Which is one of the key features of this research. Results and discussion Finally results reveal that, 54 operating in 6 areas by environmental scanning, affecting the future status Urban Slums and inner city and eventually identified 54 of these after the review and how these factors impact on each other and on the future status Residences No. 12, which had the key to the future status of Urban Slums and inner city plays were selected by defining the conditions of each factor in the future progress of these residents may be the number 45 has been designed. By 45 × 45 matrix based on scripting and using the knowledge of experts in the relevant fields to assess the efficacy of each of the states on the occurrence or non-occurrence of other states, using the software SCENARIOWIZARD, 3 strong scenarios, 14 High compatible scenarios(unbelievable) and 250 weak scenarios were detected that this study to analyzes 14 High compatible scenarios. The collection After the conclusion of three scenarios were presented. Conclusion The first scenario as the most likely scenario is not of High desirability The further continuation of the status quo With slow growth And interstitial Is. The second scenario as the most favorable scenario Which reflects better conditions And optimistic with the gradual growth Is to improve And The third likely scenario is more indicative of interstitial and static situations and crisis. Finally for Recreation of Sustainability Should be targeting And formulate effective policies Trying that favorable conditions in the scenarios will be realized in the future And the adverse and critical situations to be taken. Hence a number of general strategies are presented: - Focus on key drivers affecting the future status of Sanandaj lower urban settlements and efforts to better manage them - Having a strong program-oriented macro-country management and also having a dynamic economy in the country - Implementing policies in rural areas and small towns to control migration to the city of Sanandaj and create population stability in the province - Efforts to control land and housing prices as well as formulate policies to provide efficient housing - Strict supervision of land around the city and management during construction on the outskirts of the city - Efforts to increase the influence of local institutions and increase institutional trust - Efforts to improve the environmental status of these settlements by the city administration - Efforts to raise the level of literacy of the people and encourage the formation of new reference groups
Urban Planning
AKRAM TAFAKORI; Hamidreza Varesi
Abstract
Introduction Metropolises, along with internal transformation and structural changes, produce new spatial forms and processes that, although seemingly different, have essentially the same logic of formation. This spatial logic is based on a chain of "exclusion" and "integration" processes that is the ...
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Introduction Metropolises, along with internal transformation and structural changes, produce new spatial forms and processes that, although seemingly different, have essentially the same logic of formation. This spatial logic is based on a chain of "exclusion" and "integration" processes that is the result of the functions of these structural transformations. This dual process is the main mechanism of spatial development of metropolises. In Iran, there are metropolises that have faced with the problem of the growth of cities and settlements. The rapid growth of urban population, the growing trend of land use and unbalanced location of settlements make the need for management and planning for sustainable development. Today, Tehran, as a national metropolis, has faced with a large number of settlements around it. This study aims to find out what has the role of influential forces in urban land policies and consequently Damavand urban growth been. Therefore, in order to answer this question, it has explained the growth pattern of the city above as a city in the east around the metropolis of Tehran with emphasis on urban land policies. Methodology The current research is consistent with the descriptive-analytical method and is considered as an applied research. In this research, the method of receiving information is in the field of library-documentation. The statistical population of this study is the city of Damavand since the way of growth and growth pattern of this city have been considered in this research. First, the government policies in the field of land use in Damavand city are explained, then the trend of changes in the structure of Damavand city in the period 1366-1366 using the automatic cell model is analyzed and finally, the physical growth trends of the city in the period 1396-1410 has been stimulated. Results and Discussion Damavand city is generally one of the summer areas around Tehran and is located in the foothills of Damavand mountains. Due to its geographical location and summer, as well as being located on the main road Tehran-Firoozkooh-Mazandaran in recent years, especially in the part of Gilavand ،Damavand city has developed significantly. The results of the study show that the city of Damavand in the early years of urban growth (1987) had an irregular and scattered pattern. Continuation of urban growth until 2003 has not been able to make much change in its urban growth pattern and urban growth is still scattered and irregular. But urban growth in the years 1382-1382 has experienced a different aspect. Urban growth in these years has not only happened very fast, but also in certain directions and has been more regular. This growth is mostly on the northwest and southeast sides and has been along the Tehran road. The more interesting point in the urban growth of Damavand in the years between 1382-1386 is that the southwest side has had faster urban growth; in this part of the city lie Mehr housing lands, so under the influence of government policies, urban growth towards the capital has occurred. Conclusion The study of urban growth patterns in many developing countries according to the specific socio-economic conditions of countries shows that scientific management and planning should be based on a proper understanding of the spatio-temporal processes of urban growth. The city of Tehran, as the most important city in the country since the beginning of the new era, affected the surrounding settlements and these settlements were directly and indirectly affected by the physical-economic and social changes in Tehran; especially since the 1350s, Tehran's continuous development has given way to separate development and access to surrounding settlements. In general, it can be concluded that urban land policies have been one of the most important factors in the formation of Damavand urban growth patterns, in other words, government forces through the development of rules and regulations, the preparation of urban development plans, assignment of land and housing in the form of preparation plans show their roles in the formation of urban growth patterns in Damavand.
Urban Planning
MOHAMAD TAGHI HEYDARI; alireza anbarloo; maryam rahmani; hoseein tahmasebi
Abstract
Introduction One of the most important issues is the theory of sustainable development and its recent approach (livable) which, like other modern approaches to the theory of sustainable development, while posing a problem in the city, leads us to have a more favorable city for sustainable urban life ...
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Introduction One of the most important issues is the theory of sustainable development and its recent approach (livable) which, like other modern approaches to the theory of sustainable development, while posing a problem in the city, leads us to have a more favorable city for sustainable urban life and development. The origins of the worn-out texture of the central part of Zanjan, which is the core of the city, exhibits a different face than the city, from various aspects of environmental sustainability including environmental, economic and social health. Therefore, the present study focuses on the worn-out texture of the central part of Zanjan by analyzing the livelihood approach to analyze the status of its social viability. Understanding this process will undoubtedly be an important tool in achieving the long-term aspiration of aging tissue planning. Methodology The present study seeks to explain the present situation and to write a scenario for the future situation. Therefore, the future research approach is dominant in this research. In this respect, the research method is based on heuristic analysis. Field studies (observation, interviews and questionnaires) and library studies (study of documents, statistics and research backgrounds and theories) were used for data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of worn-out texture of Zanjan. According to population of 75057, wear-resistant texture of Zanjan city, using Cochran sampling method with 0.05 error, the total sample population was 384 persons. Factor analysis, goodness-of-fit analysis and interaction / structural effects analysis were used for data analysis. Results and discussion Investigation of the relationship between independent variables (education, social capital, security, health and leisure) and dependent (factor bias) based on factor loadings (γ) shows that among the five dimensions relationship with biodiversity of Zanjan, social capital component with Standard coefficient 1.09 has the highest and security component with standard coefficient 0.08 has the least relationship with Zanjan city's viability. Therefore, in order to achieve the social indicators of a sustainable city, the social security component in Zanjan needs to be further strengthened. On the other hand, examining the relationship between latent variables (education, social capital, security, health and leisure) and explicit (components shown in a rectangular form) based on factor loadings (λ) shows that among the components of education Per capita index of educational spaces with standard coefficient of 0.34 in social capital component of neighborhood trust index with standard coefficient of 0.34, in health component of public health care quality index with standard coefficient of 0.24, in security component of voluntary security patrols index with standard coefficient of 0.98, in Leisure component of the quality index of access to leisure and sports facilities with the coefficient of standard 0.34 has the most to do with the social viability of Zanjan. Conclusion In this regard, the results of the research approach with MICMIC showed that indicators of "satisfaction with space for the elderly", "level of social corruption", and "informal night-time surveillance through diversity of uses", and "membership in public institutions" It has the most instability. The result is that in the future, the sustainability of Zanjan city in terms of socio-cultural structures is an improvement of these indicators. On the other hand, considering the socio-cultural structure of the worn-out texture of Zanjan with high levels of social capital, explaining the relationships between the components showed that the indicators of "educational spaces per capita", "drug use", "quality of access to Libraries "," pedestrian and nocturnal security, "" access to private health care, "and" membership of public institutions "have very strong relationships. And these are bilateral relations with the "per capita educational spaces" component. This practice also shows that the issue of education and reaching its standards is one of the most important social priorities for making Zanjan city viable for future generations.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Hossein Khodabakhsh; parviz norouzi sani; karim hosseinzadeh dalir
Abstract
Introduction Smart growth in urbanization creates communities that are environmentally friendly, close to nature, and protect open spaces and valuable land, restoration of life, limiting the peripheral growth of the city, reducing personal reliance on cars, and so on. It helps communities to develop ...
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Introduction Smart growth in urbanization creates communities that are environmentally friendly, close to nature, and protect open spaces and valuable land, restoration of life, limiting the peripheral growth of the city, reducing personal reliance on cars, and so on. It helps communities to develop economies, create jobs, create strong and sustainable areas, and protect the health of the community and the family. The main objective of this research is to determine the level of smart growth indices in the regions of Tabriz city so that by identifying deficiencies and inequalities in the city, proper planning is planned to reduce the harmful effects of urban sprawl growth, such as traffic, pollution and reduction of injustice and Increase citizens' access. Materials and Methods In this research, smart growth indicators were divided into five major indicators, spatial parameters, housing, physical, and land use, environmental and access, and the amount of each was calculated at the level of ten regions of the city. Utilizing the multi-criteria decision-making model of Topsis and using the entropy-weighting model, we analyzed the spatial structure and the distribution of 71 criteria and ranking the different areas of Tabriz city. Tapsis, as a multi-indicator decision-making method, is a simple but efficient method of ranking-priority. In the TOPSIS method, the selected option should have the shortest distance from the ideal answer and the furthest distance from the most inefficient answer. Required data from different sources including Tabriz Municipality, Population and Housing Statistics of 2011 were obtained from Statistics Organization of Iran. In the following per capita indicators such as per capita urban services such as medical and educational, demographic, housing and biological parameters by different functions of the GIS, calculation and parameters of the topsis model and Shannon entropy weighing method in software Excel calculated and the value of tapis in each of the intelligent growth indices in Tabriz 10 regions was determined. Tabriz is one of the major cities in Iran and the capital of the East Azarbaijan province. The city, the third largest city in the country after Tehran and Mashhad, is the largest city in the northwestern region of Iran, and is the administrative, communications, commercial, political, industrial, cultural and military area of this region. The largest active heavy industry in the city includes a wide range of cement, textile, machinery and petrochemical industries. Discussion and Results The results showed that in the indicator of the combination of intelligent growth, the 9th and 2nd regions, with the value of tapes are 0.23 and 0.13, ranked first and second, and regions 3th and 1th with the value of 0.065 and 0.064 in the last rank they got. There is also a large difference between Tabriz regions in each of the parameters studied, such as women's employment, per capita services, type of residence and so on, also new urban areas have a better ranking than the old ones in intelligent growth indices. In the demographic index that included criteria such as female employment, literacy, immigrants, undergraduates, etc., Region 2, Rank 1 and Region 10 ranked the last. In the housing index, with criteria such as type of apartment housing, access to drinking water, sewage network, etc., the 5th and 7th conditions were better conditions, and the 4th and 10th regions did not have the proper conditions. In the access index with the criteria for the length and area of the network and transportation equipment, area 6 was ranked first and the 9th ranked. In the environmental Index with per capita parks, gardens, and agriculture and ..., the 9th region has the most and the 4th and 3rd areas have the lowest level. In the physical and land use index with the criteria such as per capita of health services, education, business, etc., net, the 9th zone had the highest rate and the 4th and 1th zone had the lowest. Finally, the combined index of all 71 criteria was considered, with the 9th ranked first and the 1st zone. In addition, the new urban areas of 9 were also better off than the older ones in terms of physical, demographic, biological and smart growth compilations. Conclusions The results of the research indicate that the indicators are inappropriate distribution in the city of Tabriz. Therefore, it is desirable to address the heterogeneous distribution and urban planning in the direction of the path of sustainable development and intelligent growth to be taken into consideration by officials and managers of the city. In the next research, it is suggested that some parameters such as per capita energy consumption, etc. that were not available in this study should not be considered. The data of this research was related to 2011, it is suggested that the results of this research be compared with the results of newer years in order to better reflect changes in the indicators of intelligent growth, especially in new areas such as Logic 9.
Urban Planning
majid dadashpour mghadam; Reza Valizadeh
Abstract
Introduction Cities are the wealth centers in every country. However, the nature of wealth production and development has changed in the current century. The new concept of wealth production is based on creation of an idea and converting that into production and service. This issue is more expanded in ...
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Introduction Cities are the wealth centers in every country. However, the nature of wealth production and development has changed in the current century. The new concept of wealth production is based on creation of an idea and converting that into production and service. This issue is more expanded in metropolises. In today’s world, metropolises play a significant role in formation of the economic, social, cultural, political, and technological flows; so that, they have become the focus of dynamism, creativity, production, and economic and social development of the world. The today’s metropolises are considered the centers of creativity, wealth, power, mass production, cultural innovations, different types of ideology, and also mass consumption. Due to their properties such as concentration, diversity, and dynamism, the cities have the potential of educating and attracting creative human capitals and achieving the economic development. The Iranian metropolises have also a wide variety of services and facilities, and this is their distinctive characteristic. Furthermore, the variety of economic activity, the concentration of the majority of educational centers and technological activities, information generation, existence of the main cultural centers, etc. can attract the creative capitals and provide the opportunity of affording a relative welfare. Creative economic, creative industries, creative class, and in general creative city play a significant role in the economic, social, and cultural development and regeneration of the urban space. So, the present research aims to investigate the indicators of creative city in Tabriz metropolis; because metropolises are faced with different problems, and they need to adopt creativity for solving their social and economic problems. According to Peter Hall, creative cities are the cities having a mixed sociocultural context that provides the opportunity of more interaction and an easier information exchange among the creative people. This condition leads to creation of new ideas and creative thinking. Others believe that creative cities are characterized by acceptance of different social, ethnic, and cultural groups, the ability to solve the civil problems, creation of an environment attracting the creative and innovative persons, promotion of creativity, and applying the residents’ opinions to solve the problems and achieve economic growth and development. A creative city is characterized by different criteria such as creative human capital, creative class, diversity, openness, research and development, participation, innovative technology, employment, entrepreneurship, infrastructures, brand, etc. A creative city provides a context in which, the managers and planners investigate the urban problems creatively and based on the collective thinking of the main owners of the urban space i.e. the citizens and business owners. In such an environment, the stakeholders and the authorities work with each other to solve the problems existing in the cities and improve the living conditions in urban environments. This activity results in promoted quality of the urban environment and increased livability of the city. The main assumption of a creative city is that the general public can perform extraordinary tasks, provided that they have the required opportunity. The research goals include the following: - Evaluation of the participation indexes of creative city in District 1 of Tabriz – Evaluation of capital attraction index in District 1 of Tabriz - Evaluation of urban space diversity in District 1 of Tabriz – Evaluation of knowledge- based technology in District 1 of Tabriz Methodology This research is an applied study performed by a descriptive-analytical approach. Data collection has been done by library resources and field studies. Results and discussion The present research has investigated four variables, including participation, urban space diversity, capital attraction, and communication technologies in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. As the fifth metropolis of the country, Tabriz has ten regions the largest of which is the District 6 and the smallest is the District 8. In terms of population, District 4 has the highest population and District 2 has the lowest population. The increasing population growth in Tabriz metropolis, especially in its suburbs i.e. District 1, and the low-income residents of this region, it is necessary to evaluate the creative city indicators in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. Regarding the importance of this issue, the present research aims to analyze the creative city indicators in metropolises as a case study performed in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. The results showed that District 1 of Tabriz metropolis is faced with various problems in terms of the creative city indicators. District 1 of Tabriz has dealt with many problems due to the excessive migrations, the increasing growth of the urban population, the changes in urban development, the variety of subcultures, and lack of dynamism and viability. The instability of different regions of Tabriz has been manifested in different problems such as social abnormalities, lack of public participation, the increased costs of urban management, lack of vitality and viability in the citizens, etc. Conclusion As a result of evaluating the creative city indicators in District 1 of Tabriz, the worst and the best situations of the variables in every index were respectively reported as the following: urban administration (with the mean value of 1.98) and public participation in proposing new ideas (2.16) in the participation index, architectural diversity (2.64) and existence of welfare, commercial, and sports centers (3.24) in the urban space diversity index, foreign capital attraction (2.27) and domestic capital attraction (3.144) in the capital attraction index, access to service and communication centers (2.79) and ATM access (3.60) in the communication technology index. In general, there was a significant direct relationship between the components of participation, urban space diversity, capital attraction, communication technology, and creative environment in District 1 of Tabriz.
Urban Planning
Esmail Ali Akbari; Robab Hossien Zadeh
Abstract
Introduction One of the growth patterns of the city, which known as a sustainable growth pattern, is intensive growth. Compactness is a mechanism for controlling and gradually reducing the growth of the city, which known for its high level of density, mixing of land uses, suitable transportation systems, ...
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Introduction One of the growth patterns of the city, which known as a sustainable growth pattern, is intensive growth. Compactness is a mechanism for controlling and gradually reducing the growth of the city, which known for its high level of density, mixing of land uses, suitable transportation systems, and creating opportunities for pedestrians and cyclists. Socially, Density is associated with social justice and diversity because access to social infrastructure and provides a more diverse environment by facilitating opportunities for all. Economically, the minimum density is necessary for the efficient use of urban resources in order to reduce costs and provide infrastructure. However, some studies in non-European cities suggest that these cities with increasing density, they have faced a decrease in social stability. In contrast, urban planners in Europe believe that the dense model of the city, in addition to increasing environmental and economic sustainability has led to increased social sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to study the role of density in social sustainability with the characteristics of each city and the cultural characteristics of its citizens, far from prejudices. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the positive or negative role of density in social sustainability of Urmia city. Methodology The research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The required data for the research collected from the general population and housing census data within the statistical blocks and 30 indicators for the year 2006 and in Spss18 Software analyzed with using factor analysis method. However, the indicators reduced to six influential factors. Spatial autocorrelation, Moran index, G general statistics and Moran bivariate autocorrelation techniques used to analyze the relationships between population density and social stability in GIS software. Results and discussion The local Moran coefficient used to investigate the relationship between density and Social stability. Four types of spatial correlations showed in this analysis: High-high cluster: which has both high population density and high social stability. Which includes 564 statistical blocks that are spatially concentrated in the north, northeast of Urmia. Low-low cluster: which has both low population density and low social stability. It includes 842 statistical blocks that are spatially concentrated in the northwest, east and south of Urmia. High-low discomfort: which has low population density and high social stability. Which is concentrated in the northern part of the city and includes 261 blocks. Low-high discomfort: which has high population density and low social stability. Which are spatially concentrated in the north, east and south of Urmia and contains 110 blocks. Conclusion The Moran coefficient of two variables (Moran s I =0.0371) that indicates a positive and not very strong relationship between Population density and social stability. Although, the Moran index is small, it partially confirms the fact that areas with high population density are to some extent consistent with areas of high social stability and the relationship between them is relatively positive but cannot be very reliable, because the coefficient value is very small.
Urban Planning
saber Mohammadpour; Nader Zali; sara amiri
Abstract
Introduction Strategic planning includes strategies and goals that operate in a creative and sustainable manner in order to manage, maintain and finance the transportation system. The goal of the strategic plan is to promote a balanced transport system that offers sustainable choices; On the other ...
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Introduction Strategic planning includes strategies and goals that operate in a creative and sustainable manner in order to manage, maintain and finance the transportation system. The goal of the strategic plan is to promote a balanced transport system that offers sustainable choices; On the other hand, this issue makes it necessary to address the approaches that lead transportation towards social, economic and environmental sustainability, and one of these approaches is the integration of transportation. Methodology The present study is an applied research for the purpose that Strategic planning of regional transport integrated development in Kerman province. It also in nature and method ,is exploratory-descriptive-prescriptive. Access to information is mainly through a documentary procedure, namely referring to existing texts, textbooks, documents and papers. Also, field methods such as the use of questionnaires and interviews Through the Delphi model are used to complete the information. The study area is Kerman province and interviewees are from a number of Specialists, experts And managers (Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization, Department of Roads and Urban Development, Management and Planning Organization, Department of Environment) and professors of universities in Kerman province. Questionnaires were distributed and collected in two round. After obtaining the required information using strategic planning models, data has been analyzed by using strategic planning models. In fact, after Preparation the Vision, the objectives, the main and most important strategic factors of the external environment (opportunities and threats) and the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) of the Kerman province's transport sector, to evaluate external and internal factors respectively External Factor Evaluation (EFE) and Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrices are used. The external and internal factor analysis (IE) matrix is then compiled based on the findings of the two IFE and EFE matrices to determine the best strategy. In the following have been Preparation strategies for integrated regional transport development in Kerman province using the SWOT matrix. Results and discussion What is stated in this part of the article It includes Preparation a vision, Preparation goals, evaluating the external environment, evaluating the internal environment, analyzing matrices of internal and external factors, Preparation strategies and executive planning in order to integrate regional transportation in Kerman province. Given that the sum of the final scores of the EFE matrix is 2.622 and the sum of the final scores of the IFE matrix is 2.56, and as shown in the IE matrix, the offensive strategy (SO) is the superior strategy. Then, strategies related to the integrated development of regional transportation in Kerman province have been developed using the SWOT matrix. Therefore, according to the priority of offensive strategies, a number of policies, action plans and projects have been presented in connection with these strategies. Conclusion Strategic planning brings many opportunities for an organization, including facilitating the analysis of past practices using a methodical approach, providing a way to prioritize organizational needs and goals, and providing information that will help resource prioritize. The benefits of using strategic planning in the field of transportation include promoting economic growth, improving the quality of the environment, strengthening the integration and cooperation between different modes of transportation, maintaining the transportation system at an efficient level and improving the level of services, improving safety and much more. In fact, strategic planning includes the principles of sustainability, integrity and comprehensiveness, and is promising to address the problems of urban and regional transportation planning in relation to the hierarchical system of programs, inter-organizational coordination, implementation, public participation and sustainable development; Therefore, in order to methodize the analysis of past performances and prioritize the needs of the transportation sector in Kerman province, the strategic plan for the integrated development of regional transportation in Kerman province has been carefully studied.
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; azar puyanjam; fatemeh amanzadeh
Abstract
Introduction One of the emerging environmental hazards caused by the expansion of urbanization is the "thermal island" phenomenon, in which urban areas have a distinct climate compared to rural areas, and the city center has higher temperatures than its surrounding areas. This phenomenon occurs when ...
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Introduction One of the emerging environmental hazards caused by the expansion of urbanization is the "thermal island" phenomenon, in which urban areas have a distinct climate compared to rural areas, and the city center has higher temperatures than its surrounding areas. This phenomenon occurs when a large percentage of natural surface coverings are destroyed and replaced by buildings, roads and other installations. The thermal island phenomenon has been studied and recorded in various cities around the world for more than 150 years. And it generally appears as the surface of the earth shifts from natural to non-perishable. Surface temperature is considered one of the most important parameters in identifying a city's climate that directly controls the effect of the city's heat island. And more recently, many regional studies, such as global climate change, hydrological and agricultural processes, urban land use and land cover, and soil moisture assessment, have been identified as important factors. Traditionally, urban heat islands have traditionally been studied using meteorological station data, or vehicle surveys, but today to reduce the weakness of these methods and to study them more closely, Satellite and remote sensing data are used more frequently because of more spatial resolution than terrestrial weather data. Remote sensing images, because of their wide coverage, timeliness and ability to obtain information in the thermal range of the electromagnetic spectrum, are a useful source of heat mapping and estimation of Earth's radiant energy. Methodology Split-Window algorithm is one of the most important methods for estimating surface temperature which is better than other methods for calculating surface temperature. An important feature of this algorithm is the elimination of atmospheric effects. Since this algorithm does not require accurate information on atmospheric profiles during satellite acquisition, it is widely used in several sensors to retrieve Earth's surface propagation capability. The sensors used in this algorithm include the Multi Spectral Sensor and the TIRS Thermal Sensor. The following are the cases: Due to the lack of a database to measure the Earth's surface propagation capability with Landsat 8 satellite images, the C coefficients through various numerical simulations It was obtained from atmospheric and surface conditions.In this study, Landsat 8 images with 7/15/2015 Landsat 8 (OLI and TIRS) images and land use maps were used to analyze the thermal islands. After processing the images, a separate window algorithm was used to calculate the surface temperature and the maximum likelihood method was used to classify the images. Discrete Window Algorithm is a mathematical tool that uses ground information, thermal sensor brightness temperature (TIRS), ground emission capability (LSE) and fractional green vegetation factor (FVC) obtained from OLI and temperature multispectral band. Estimates the surface of the earth. Image analysis was performed in ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.5 software environments. Result and Discussion Surface temperature is one of the main factors in the study of cities. Because only two or three degrees differs from the air temperature of the lower layers of the urban atmosphere, which is the center of the surface energy balance, which determines the climate between buildings and affects the comfort of urban dwellers. In the present study, preliminary processes such as radiometric, atmospheric and geometric corrections were carried out and then high atmospheric radii were converted to surface radiation and then calculated by vegetation index, vegetation fraction index, radiation power and water vapor column, temperature. Ground level in the study area was obtained using a separate window algorithm. Conclusion The results of thermal extraction showed that maximum temperature was related to low density vegetation, residential, industrial, industrial, asphalt-concrete and brick-iron frameworks. Minimum temperatures are also visible in green, brick-wood and clay-wood. The results of this research for planners and experts at the regional level to obtain information on the status of land surface temperature and their relationship with land use can pave the way for management decisions to conserve natural and agricultural resources. It is suggested that due to the moderating role of vegetation, vacant land and the wilderness be changed to uses such as parks and landscapes, and in addressing other uses, the reasons for residential and industrial and workshop areas should be taken into account, and the surface temperatures of buildings most The city has its own surface area and has the highest amount of radiation reflection can be reduced by planting vegetation on the roofs of buildings known as green roofs. High resolution satellite images are also recommended for land use mapping.
Urban Planning
Mahdi Moazeni; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction With the increasing development of human societies, urban societies have also undergone many changes and complexities. This transformation and complexity encompasses all aspects of human life in cities. One of the most important categories in urban development is having a dynamic economy. ...
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Introduction With the increasing development of human societies, urban societies have also undergone many changes and complexities. This transformation and complexity encompasses all aspects of human life in cities. One of the most important categories in urban development is having a dynamic economy. Parsabad city is one of the a few new cities in Iran that has been created under the influence of this theory and the category of comparative advantage of regions in the second quarter of the present century. The city was established in line with the development plan of the Moghan Plain Civil Enterprise in 1953 and in order to exploit the fertile lands of the plain as a new and fledgling city. Because this development was done rapidly in fertile lands .It is considered the best agricultural lands in the Moghan plain, and with the expansion of the city, the agricultural lands around the city were being reconstruct day by day, causing changes in the landuses The study of physical, economic, social and biological conditions indicates the development of the city and changes in its land use. Since the use of traditional methods to determine urban development and land use changes is very time consuming and costly, so using multi-time satellite images and digital maps and a variety of models can model urban development landuse changes and simulated and examined the relevant implications. The purpose of this research is: Assess using quantity models in Predicting urban development trends and land use changes. Assess the future pattern of urban development and land use in Parsabad city. Methodology This research with respect to type of purpose and nature were classified applied and descriptive-analytical research. The instruments used in this research are Landsat satellite images of TM, ETM +, OLI sensors included in 1989, 2002, June 2015 period. For analysis of images , ENVI 5, IDRISI SELVA, ARC GIS software were used . All classification options in ENVI 5 software are situated in the Classification menu. The unsupervised and supervised classification methods were placed in unsupervised and supervised option. In this study, we used the supervised classification method for classification. Results and discussion In general, the process of simulating urban development and land use changes are categorized in three general stages: Create a transition matrix using Markov chain analysis • Create competency maps for each land use class using Multi-Criteria evaluations (MCE) Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) • Accomplishing the transition matrix from Markov chain analysis and spatial fit maps of land use classes and land use / land cover map for simulation automated cells-based. To obtain the transition probability matrix, we use the user map which obtained from satellite images from 2002 to 2015. The weighted linear composition and multi-criteria evaluation method were used to create spatial fit maps for each land use. These criteria was considered in the form of factors and constraints. Factors: distance from water levels, distance from city center, distance from road, distance from constructed lands, landuses, slope to percentage. Limitations of these criteria were e constructed lands, water levels and its 50-meter area. For simulating the land use map of 2028, the land use map of 2015 has been used. All the simulation steps have been done in IDRISI SELVA software environment using markov-ca model. In 2028, the amount of constructed lands increased by 400 hectares, instead, the use of farm lands decreased by 410 hectares. As presented in figures the greatest decrease and change of landuse in this period related to farm lands, and the barren lands decreased approximately 20 hectares by Maid, Exploiting from forest and water land use show a relative increase. By comparing the map of 2015 and the simulated map for 2028, it can be concluded that the development of constructed lands have been unsuitable to barren and farm land use., Also with the development of constructed lands, the use of farm and barren lands area, especially farms, has been reduced. Conclusion With respect to urban development and land use changes in Parsabad city, it can be concluded that: In response to the first question, the study of land use maps of previous periods showed that during the last 26 years, the area of barren lands and surrounding farms of city has been reduced. This amount of reduction has been more to the benefit of urban land use so that the land use area of urban land has increased to278,567 and 820 hectares in 1989 , 2002 and 2015 periods, respectively. In response to the second question of the research, the main level of land use change in the coming years will take place on the outskirts of the southwestern part of the city, including the residential towns of Fajr, Farhangian; And the future development model of Parsabad city is somewhat out of the scattered state and will be done more on the surrounding agricultural and barren lands and without use inside the city, especially in the southwestern part of the city. It was clear that during the last 26 years, the most changes and urban development has taken place in this part of the city. Agricultural lands in this part of the city gradually become to barren land use and eventually changed to urban landuse; the fact that from 1989 to 2015, the area of the city has been increased by 70 hectares only in this part of the city.
Urban Planning
sara mirzaei; Ali Zanghiabadi
Abstract
Introduction Existence of urban facilities and infrastructures is one of the effective factors in creating a happy city because without leisure spaces, public spaces where people are present and communication is increased and without cultural, educational, health, Sports facilities and services, ...
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Introduction Existence of urban facilities and infrastructures is one of the effective factors in creating a happy city because without leisure spaces, public spaces where people are present and communication is increased and without cultural, educational, health, Sports facilities and services, as the basic needs of the citizens, a happy city cannot be created. Tourism is also one of the most important areas of life that creates happiness and therefore overall life satisfaction. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to study the urban development indices related to tourism, to determine the status of Shiraz city in terms of these indices as effective indicators in creating a happy city. Shiraz Urban development has taken a linear form and the location of urban land use has been largely inappropriate and out of science. Shiraz, as the international tourism counter, the third shrine of Ahl al-Bayt, and as the third Iranian tourist city, needs dynamic, happy and vital citizens. Happy citizens have a better interaction with tourists and pilgrims, thereby increasing their satisfaction and attracting more tourists. Since the most important step in development planning as well as the realization of a happy city is to reduce imbalances and inequality, it will be possible to diagnosis the direction and type of development by determining the degree of development of each of the urban zones of Shiraz. Research questions are: 1. How is the development status of Shiraz zones in terms of the indicators that are effective in achieving the happy city? 2. What are the Priority variables affecting the balance of urban space?A happy city is a city with a high quality of life that is the result of meeting the needs of inhabitants in the best possible way and tourism is one of the most important areas of life that creates happiness and thus overall life satisfaction. In the new geography, justice and injustice cannot be confined to measuring economic inequalities, because space is a fundamental dimension of human society, and justice and injustice appear in space. Environmental justice is equality of people by their needs, abilities, efforts and impact on the production of society, so it is treated equally with all residents wherever they live. In urban planning, the physical-spatial distribution of urban elements and services is balanced and commensurate with the needs of citizens in each neighborhood and urban area. Harvey has identified need as the most important criterion of justice. The basic needs that are nowadays called essential services in urban planning and management can be the basis for measuring spatial justice. In order to achieve balance and equilibrium in each city, studies are needed to identify the current status of the city and to resolve failures, deprivation, and equitable distribution of facilities and services. This can be a step towards making the city happy. One of the most important theories that relates place to happiness is the need / livability theory. This theory considers happiness as a result of objective living conditions and meeting needs, and states that improved objective conditions such as urban and physical or economic conditions will lead to greater happiness. Many cities are not livable, because of city problems such as poverty and crime; but even successful cities are not livable in many ways. There is also lack of nature and recreational spaces in cities. Finally, most people cannot afford good housing, especially in the largest cities. Others live somewhere on the fringes and commute long hours. Commuting is the worst thing that reduces happiness. Large cities are less livable than smaller ones. More precisely, cities are less acceptable to most people; the rich can afford a good life in a city. Therefore, access to urban amenities and services is an important factor in the livability of cities and the happiness of citizens. In some cases, when basic needs are met, more money does not bring more happiness. Likewise, spending is a poor way to buy much more happiness. So how can lasting happiness be achieved? We need to buy experiences (e.g., holidays, recreation centers), not things (e.g., a luxury home or car). According to this theory, leisure spaces for people and tourists should be created and city facilities and infrastructures should be balanced at city level, especially in big cities. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The Modified Numerical Taxonomy, WASPAS & MABAK methods were used for statistical analysis. Softwars used for data analysis included WASPAS, Taxonomy Solver, Excel and Arc GIS. In this study, urban land uses and services have been studied. Results & Discussion Based on the taxonomy analysis based on all the indices studied, it was found that none of the Shiraz zones were included in the developed level. Zones 8 & 1 are relatively developed. Zones 2, 3, 6 and 10 are in the third level, i.e. relatively deprived. Zones 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11 are in the lowest level and are among the deprived areas in terms of Indicators of urban development in related to tourism. In general, whether we move away from the city center, the zones become deprived. The zones around zone 8 are in the higher ranks, Then, the northern and southern zones are in the lower ranks, respectively. Conclusion The results showed that the Shiraz is not in a good condition in terms of physical characteristics of urban development and tourism infrastructure. Distributive justice for different land uses has not been regarded and most of them are concentrated in some urban zones. In fact, the lack of proper distribution of urban land uses and their concentration in some areas, especially in the central part of the city, has caused the zones to be in poor condition for all indicators and therefore none of the zones are in good condition.
Urban Planning
Seyed Reza Azadeh; Jamal Mohammadi; Hamid Taher Neshat Dost
Abstract
Introduction In the present world and with the development of cities and urbanization, citizens’ mental health is at risk. In other words, rapid growth of the cities can be considered as one of the threats to the environment which influence the residents of the cities i.e. humans by devastating ...
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Introduction In the present world and with the development of cities and urbanization, citizens’ mental health is at risk. In other words, rapid growth of the cities can be considered as one of the threats to the environment which influence the residents of the cities i.e. humans by devastating effects on their soul and body. Studies have shown that the quality of the constructed life environments and urban neighborhoods affects the citizens’ mental health. If we accept that the quality of the constructed environments affects the mental health, in this physical environment housing plays an important role in the indicators of mental health, because people spend much of their time at home and their residential environment. With this approach, this research is mainly aimed at investigating the mutual relationship of different patterns of residential densities on the indicators of the citizens’ mental health in Mardavich neighborhood, Isfahan. Methodology The main goal of this research is investigating the mutual relationship between quantitative indicators of housing and the citizens’ mental health. In this regards, independent variables include different types of housing patterns, household density in the residential unit, and density of peoples living in a room. Depression and perceived stress are dependant variables of the research. For measuring people’s stress, perceived stress scale by Cohen et al. (1983) was used and for measuring depression, the second edition of depression questionnaire by Beck et al. (BDI-II) was used. The research population includes the households living in Mardavich neighborhood. Regarding the fact that no precise statistics were available, for filling the questionnaires, 250 questionnaires were distributed among the households and at the end, 231 correctly filled questionnaires were gathered. Results and Discussion One of the independent variables of the research is housing pattern. In this research, the respondents’ homes were analyzed in three classes including house, apartment, and high-rise residential complexes. The results showed that the average depression and perceived stress in houses and apartments are much lower than high-rise residential complexes. Statistically, there is an almost strong relationship between different housing patterns and mental health indicators. The second independent variable of the research is building density. The results of the present research showed that with the increase of building density, the average scores of depression and perceived stress also increase. Statistically, building density has a relationship with the variable of depression with the correlation coefficient of 0.518 and also, it has a relationship with perceived stress with the correlation coefficient of 0.464. The other independent variable of the research is the per capita residential land. The results of the present research showed that there is a negative relationship between the per capita housing and mental health indicators. Actually, with the increase of per capita housing and allocation of more land area to every individual, stress and depression will be decreased. Statistically, the correlations between the indicator of per capita housing and the dependant variables i.e. depression and perceived stress are respectively equal to 0.447 and 0.373. The forth independent variable of the research is the density of people living in a room. According to the obtained results, with the increase of people density in a room, depression and perceived stress will also increase. Statistically, people density in a room has a significant and positive relationship with depression and perceived stress with the respective correlation coefficients of 0.405 and 0.380. In the following, for investigating the fact that which of the independent variables has a stronger effect on perceived stress and depression, modeling of the changes of depression and perceived stress levels is done based on quantitative indicators of housing by stepwise linear regression. According to the results, significance level of F statistics for the indicators of perceived stress and depression is equal to 0.000 in the proposed models. This finding which is the result of regression analysis by variance analysis suggests that the research conceptual model has an appropriate goodness of fit. The results of perceived stress showed that for the changes of this indicator, we can propose a model based on the indicator of building density. It means that of the four independent variables, building density has the strongest effect on perceived stress. Finally based on the proposed model, building density can predict 47 percent of the changes of this indicator. According to the proposed models, the two indicators of building density and people density in a room are introduced as the predictive indicators of the variable of depression. Actually, the results of stepwise linear regression analysis for the variable of depression showed that two models can be proposed for the changes of this variable. In the first model, building density is the only predictive indicator which predicts 51.9 percent of the changes of depression. In the second model, the two indicators of building density and people density in room can respectively predict 42.6 and 16.7 percent of the changes of depression. Conclusion In general, it can be stated that all the independent variables of the research i.e. the quantitative indicators of housing have a significant relationship with mental health indicators i.e. depression and perceived stress. So, this research hypothesis which is consistent with many other works is approved and it suggests that there is a significant relationship between quantitative indicators of housing and mental health indicators. Therefore, by improving the quantitative indicators of housing, people’s mental health can be improved. This fact suggests that the communication between housing planning experts and psychologists should be strengthened more than the past in order to be able to control the negative effect of increased density on mental health indicators.
Urban Planning
Mahsa Khosh Sima; Akbar Asgharei Zamani; shahrivar rostaei
Abstract
Introduction Considering the occurrence of scattered phenomena in the cities of Iran, the need for re-planning on land and housing in old textures has doubled. In fact, urban sprawling growth shows that the city's population growth is lower than the physical development of the city. Infill development ...
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Introduction Considering the occurrence of scattered phenomena in the cities of Iran, the need for re-planning on land and housing in old textures has doubled. In fact, urban sprawling growth shows that the city's population growth is lower than the physical development of the city. Infill development provides the best opportunity to maintain outdoor space and optimize the use of existing infrastructure. And at the same time, by promoting identity in areas where abandoned land is redeveloped, while providing housing, especially for the low income, can provide a model for urban development policies, especially in the housing sector. In general, issues such as the lack of land, the destruction of agricultural land and gardens due to the excessive spread of cities, the energy crisis, air pollution, informal settlements, the spread of cities on hazardous areas and faults and social anomalies, including issues Which make it imperative to pay attention to the infill and sustained development approach in the housing sector. Methodology Thus, in this study to investigate the role of infill development at renovation of Hokm Abad region of Tabriz old texture we applied spatial analysis. By calculating the indexes of infill development and old texture and corresponding maps, the final map of Infill development in the neighborhood with 95% confidence level came out. In addition, there are street network restrictions for infill development the relationship of which is also being approved through a map to exclude the respective problems, to come out of a state of exhaustion and regain its life as before. Result and discussion The overall results of this article suggest that: There is a high talent for the development of vacant land between existing parts (10% of the total land), which can be used for residential development by increasing the use of the density of buildings and increasing the use of lateral land uses of housing land use. Considering that neighborhood development has taken place at the Horizontal surface can Aggregate of fine-grained pieces, which accounts for over 50% of the area in question, the existing construction density can be increased. According to the buildings' life plans, the materials used, the quality of the building, most buildings need to be fully renovated and restored. In the new rebuilding, the principles and criteria for infill development should be considered as an example of the new urban planning principles, so be build new development based on the human scale, neighborhood the centerpiece with a distinctive center and edges with the ability to walk and bike ride. According to population density map 1.3, the population increase can be done in empty spaces and points marked on the population density map. Most of the transit network in the Hakam Abad district of Tabriz are organic and have not complied with the relevant rules and regulations that should be amended in new constructions Improved passageways and extensions of less than 6 meters, and attention should be paid to the rules for the extension of old texture tracks transit of at least 8 meters (Local access). Conclusion New towns are creating unbridled areas around the large cities and metropolitan regions witnessing, the sprawl development, the increase of urban costs, and finally untold magnitude of urban and urban management facing up complexity and trouble. And the creation of new towns cannot lead to the important goal of attracting new towns not only in the metropolis crowd overspill, but Some have not yet reached the stage of exploitation after some years. According to this issue the focus should be on the managers agenda and municipal officials rather than the urban sprawl development around the cities The spreading cause of fertile agricultural lands can blight available (old textures) usage, The decline of urban life in urban centers revives the past new towns are creating unbridled around the large cities. This matter causes sprawl development, the increase of urban costs, and finally untold magnitude of urban and urban management facing up complexity and trouble. And The creation of new towns cannot lead to the important goal of attracting new towns not only in the metropolis crowd overspill, but the operational out comes as well. According to this issue the focus should be on the managers agenda and municipal officials rather than the urban sprawl development around the cities the spreading cause of fertile agricultural lands can blight available (old textures) usage. Therefore, infill development and utilizing existing capacities can help solve problems both in terms of exhaustion and lack of services, and infrastructure and Superstructures. It can resolve to promote awkward urban development discipline.
Urban Planning
Abolfazl Ghanbari
Abstract
Introduction Explaining resilience to threats is an understanding of how social, economic, institutional, political and executive capacities are significant in improving the resilience and identifying different dimensions of resilience in human societies. On the one hand, the ...
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Introduction Explaining resilience to threats is an understanding of how social, economic, institutional, political and executive capacities are significant in improving the resilience and identifying different dimensions of resilience in human societies. On the one hand, the type of attitude to the topic of resilience and its way of analysis, plays a key role in determining how well the current situation is and its causes, and on the other hand, it can play a fundamental role in the implementation of risk reduction policies and measures." The relationship between vulnerability and resilience becomes necessary when the issue under consideration is considered from the perspective of environmental risk studies. Therefore, the main question for many researchers in this field is whether resilience is opposed to vulnerability. Or is resilience a factor in vulnerability? And does vulnerability in a simple definition refer to the ability to lose or not? (Cutter, 1996)." Vulnerability and resilience concepts provide valuable conceptual frameworks and models for understanding how communities and human systems cope with environmental and social change (Adger, 2006). In the present study, considering the importance of analyzing the relationship between vulnerability and resilience among global research and the level of research conducted in the country, we try to examine the situation of these two concepts by applying a quantitative approach in the eastern shore of Lake Urmia. In this study, the eastern region of t Lake Urmia, including 8 counties: Azarshahr, Osko, Bonab, Tabriz, Shabestar, Ajabshir, Maragheh and Malekan, were selected as a study area.The study area is one of the most important and sensitive areas in East Azarbaijan province, which has been the focus of population and various economic activities. In addition, the eastern shore of Lake Urmia has been affected by ecological changes in recent years. Given that the main purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to determining the state of vulnerability and resilience to natural hazards and disasters, therefore, in the first step, the study area from the perspective of environmental threats and disasters. Naturally, the resilience capacity of the region has been examined in the form of political divisions of the village and at the level of rural settlements. Therefore, the fundamental question of the present study can be posed in such a way that what is the relationship between environmental vulnerability and the resilience capacity of the region within the eastern shores of Lake Urmia? Methodology The research methodology is descriptive-analytic and its purpose due to application in to the local planning and rural development system is applied. By doing literature review, an innovative approach was introduced by combining quantitative methods of index basis and GIS in explaining the relationship between environmental vulnerability and regional resilience. Accordingly, two innovative index including Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) and Regional Resilience Index (RRI) were implemented. For the vulnerability assessment 8 criteria and for the resilience assessment 19 criteria were chosen. Discussion and results In research aimed at analyzing resilience, the most important issue to consider is vulnerability analysis and recognizing the threats ahead in order to identify resilience capacity and capabilities. As stated in the sections of the first article, the approach of resilience in the field of management and planning, and especially in crisis management, is in the stages of its evolution and evolution. From this point of view, in terms of concept, operation and application, it has problems and weaknesses that have been explained in the theoretical foundations section. According to the findings of the study (Cutter, 1996), reproduction due to environmental hazards, as well as hazards, hazards and disasters in nature have a spatial and geographical nature in nature, so its study from this perspective will be useful and beneficial. Many studies such as Cutter et al., 2008; Cutter, Burton, & Emrich, 2010; Rose, 2007) have tried to provide quantitative analytical models and operational frameworks for improving and enhancing the resilience of communities using appropriate indicators. The most important distinguishing feature of previous studies in the field of regional resilience assessment with the present study can be considered in the lack of consideration of spatial-spatial dimensions and the multi-spectral criteria used. In the present study, by emphasizing the spatial dimensions and combining the quantitative approach of decision-making approach, an attempt was made to examine the relationship between the two concepts of environmental vulnerability and regional resilience. In the present study, according to this principle in planning and management for crisis occurrence, first the type of threats and environmental hazards in the study area were described Then, using 8 selected criteria, the vulnerability situation was analyzed due to environmental hazards. The results of this part of the study indicate that 27% of the study area is located on the highly vulnerable class. Where the whole area of Azarshahr and Ajabshir is covered and many areas of Osko, Shabestar and Tabriz are also in the process of being damaged. Recognizing the vulnerability of the study area, it should be acknowledged that the southern and southeastern regions are in good condition and are in low-vulnerability classes. However, in the process of resilience measurement, which initially included three indicators of social resilience, access to communication infrastructure and resilience of building strength, and finally, by merging the three mentioned layers, the overall regional resilience index was obtained. The results of this process show that 43% of the total area of the region is in the desired state of resilience and 27% have less resilience to environmental hazards in the study area. The eastern shore of Lake Urmia is one of the equipped axes and development of large population centers in the province of East Azerbaijan and is also a bridge between other regions in the northwest of the country. Therefore, its vulnerability disrupts other regional functions as well. Therefore, the essence of the findings of this study is that this range is exposed to damage caused by environmental hazards. So that the drying of Lake Urmia affects the functions of human settlements in this region and if this trend continues, it will have irreparable effects on the environmental and human structures of this region. In addition, with the possibility of an earthquake in this area, one of the vulnerable areas of Tabriz metropolis and the surrounding rural settlements will be. Therefore, in order to prepare in advance, the resilience of local communities at the level of rural settlements is felt more than ever. Also, the study area, especially in the marginal areas of Lake Urmia in the cities of Azarshahr and Ajabshir against the dangers of floods is seriously vulnerable. Conclusion The results showed that 62% of the study area was in high vulnerability, with its spatial distribution pattern mainly in the center of the region and within the administrative limits of counties like: Azarshahr, Ajabshir and Osko. In contrast, 43% of the area has a high capacity of resiliency and 27% of the total area is in a low resilient situation. In addition, a total of 168 rural areas have been recognized in identified areas with a low resilience capacity.
Urban Planning
seyedeh parastoo bahernia; Hossein Nazmfar; Belal Mohsenzadeh
Abstract
Introduction Developments and growth of urbanization and uncontrolled growth of non-standard textures and unbalanced spatial and physical growth of urban neighborhoods have caused many problems in all fields and the occurrence of various crimes caused by urban design disorders and inappropriate ...
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Introduction Developments and growth of urbanization and uncontrolled growth of non-standard textures and unbalanced spatial and physical growth of urban neighborhoods have caused many problems in all fields and the occurrence of various crimes caused by urban design disorders and inappropriate textures of urban neighborhoods. One of the major problems in urban planning, given the population growth and physical development of cities, is the guidance of urban settlements in accordance with the principles of location. Today, with the increasing expansion of various criteria and criteria of urban planning, there is a need to use models and software that can consider all these criteria and according to a combination of them, meet the various needs of urban managers. Research shows that criminals are often rational in their choice of crime scene and are looking for the least dangerous and appropriate opportunities for crime. Thus, in the city limits, centers are formed that have more criminal opportunities and targets, and consequently higher crime rates. Attention to the space, as a direct factor in the occurrence of crime, in comparison with individual or structural factors, makes it possible to think of more practical solutions to prevent crime. As a result, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of residential use criteria on crime reduction in Tabriz metropolis. The need to conduct this research with the aim of changing and modifying some uses and more control over residential uses with complex physical elements that are vulnerable to crime and achieving measures to reduce crime rates in Tabriz and help to improve safety and security in society Was. The result of the question that in this research, considering the problems raised in Tabriz metropolis, made the researcher's mind investigate; It was a crime among the citizens. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of the nature and method of data collection. The statistical population included experts in the field of housing patterns in reducing crime in Tabriz metropolis in 1396. According to the Tabriz Judicial Statistics Department, 60 experts were randomly selected and answered the questionnaire on the impact of residential use metrics in Tabriz metropolis with ten regions. The measurement tool was designed as a researcher-made questionnaire that includes 48 items in a 5-item Likert scale for the identified indicators using crime prevention approaches in residential patterns, which in the factor analysis confirm the removal of 3 items and finally with 45 items were designed. Results and discussion The present article was conducted with the aim of influencing residential use criteria in reducing crime in Tabriz metropolis. The results showed that planning and physical actions, planning and social measures and planning and security measures of high-rise residential uses have an effect on reducing crime in Tabriz metropolis with different values. The second and social indicators are the last priority. As a result, paying attention to the environment and residential patterns in crime prevention can be fruitful. Most theories have focused on physical actions and planning for residential use patterns in crime. However, with the rise of buildings and the lack of control and access to units and residents, theorists turned their attention to social measures and planning in these places and benefiting from the interaction and cooperation of residents in increasing control in such places. Security was considered. Therefore, in the present study, the three criteria of physical, social and security measures and plans and their indicators in reducing crime have been identified and evaluated by residential and criminology experts. Conclusion Based on the results of the present study on the effect of planned and social and security planning and residential measures on residential use reduction patterns in such places and in line with the theories and results of the mentioned research, it can be understood that due to population expansion And the lack of land to build residential areas in metropolitan areas, along with changing people's lifestyles and the increase in apartment living due to the consequences of modernity, as well as the advancement of technology and construction of towers and skyscrapers in metropolitan areas; For the construction of such residential premises in addition to construction and Legal instruments and attention to building strength and safety; in consultation with environmental criminologists and exchanging views with them, it is necessary to provide expert expertise in physical dimensions such as access control - environmental quality - natural monitoring and domination; social such as threshold capacity and social solidarity between Residents should consider preventing and preventing the occurrence of crime in such units. But these plans can be partially effective in reducing crime in these places. Residents also have responsibilities to improve the security of the building. As a result, paying attention to security in and around the building and neighborhood, along with physical and social planning, as a complement and catalyst can play a decisive role in reducing crime in such residential areas. One of the most important and effective interactions is mass monitoring as well as encouraging residents to participate.
Urban Planning
Akbar Rahimi
Abstract
Introduction In recent decades, research on land use/land cover change has become an important aspect of global change, or global warming studies, since land use/land cover change is a major factor for global change because of its interactions with climate, ecosystem processes, biogeochemical cycles, ...
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Introduction In recent decades, research on land use/land cover change has become an important aspect of global change, or global warming studies, since land use/land cover change is a major factor for global change because of its interactions with climate, ecosystem processes, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and, even more important, human activities. Dynamic urban change processes, especially the tremendous worldwide expansion of urban population and urbanized area, affect natural and human systems at all geographic scales. Todays, the rapid growth of urban areas has led to complex problems, including traffic congestion, environmental pollution, reduced open space, the deterioration of old downtown centers, and unplanned or poorly planned land development. Urbanization both in population and spatial extent, transforms the landscape from the natural cover types to impervious urban lands. This phenomenon is one of the most important factors that changes land surface leading to modification of receiving environments which are usually composed of natural cover. Rapid urbanization in recent decades and land use changes in urban periphery especially in big cities are the fundamental challenges of sustainable development in the world. Increasing of urbanization tendency and rural – urban migration, unsuitable management of urban development caused that the green spaces and gardens in urban periphery and in inner areas changed to urban profitable land use and especially residential areas. In this research urban expansion and rapid urbanized areas and effect of these challenges in urban green spaces are analyzed. Methodology To address these urban problems and to identify approaches for sustainable development, many researchers have focused on evaluation urban land-use changes. In this research, we selected Tabriz City for analyzing as a case study. Urban green spaces changes in Tabriz analyzed using Landsat satellite images for past decades. Satellite remote sensing provides an important source of land use/land cover data and can be utilized to monitor the changes in these data efficiently. In the first, we were made geo reference and necessary correction for satellite images and then we classified images using Erdas imaging 2014 software. For Quantitative assessment, the maps export to Arc GIS 10. 3.1 Software and finally, the green spaces land use maps and tables are produced. For analyzing green areas in future, green spaces changings in 1410 are modeled using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) base of past changes pattern. Artificial neural networks are able to approximate accurately complicated nonlinear input–output relationships. Like their physics-based numerical model counterparts, ANNs require training or calibration. After training, each application of the trained ANN is an estimation of a simple algebraic expression with known coefficients and is executed practically instantaneously. The ANN technique is flexible enough to accommodate additional constraints that may arise in the application. Results and discussion Result show that, urban expansions to per-urban and especially in green areas and orchards have been made major changes in urban green spaces. Evaluation of green space areas from 1355 to 1385 show that the green areas are decreased from 5916.53 to 4373.96 hectares. In 30 years periods, 1542 hectares of green areas destroyed and percent of green areas in Tabriz limit, reduced from 23.31 to 17.23. The land use changing in this period has been slowly. But, the green rate damages, in last decade is too fast and urban green areas in 1395 is 1709.02 hectares that contain 6.73 percent of city limit (25000 hectares city limit). In last decade, 2664 hectares in Tabriz green spaces, change to other land use and especially in 1385 to 1390 the rate of changing was faster and most of 50 percent of green areas in this period are demolished. In ANN modeling results, Tabriz will lose 1076 hectares of green areas from 1395 to 1410. Conclusions Therefore, the results indicate that the lack of proper planning of Tabriz's urban development in the last half century and especially in the past decade has caused irreparable damage to the green spaces of Tabriz, and will continue the trend in the coming years will threaten sustainable urban development and ecological balance of Tabriz city
Urban Planning
Rasoul Ghorbani; Mahdieh Tahooni; Naser Ghaderi
Abstract
Introduction The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and the stages of growth and development of the city, so that the population during the 35-year period (1976-2011) has doubled and the area of the city has doubled Increasing industries near ...
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Introduction The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and the stages of growth and development of the city, so that the population during the 35-year period (1976-2011) has doubled and the area of the city has doubled Increasing industries near Tabriz metropolis, which is located in Sardroud city, plays an important role in changes. As a result, population growth and industrial growth in Sardroud led to unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial-physical structure of the city, the destruction of agricultural lands so that the area of agricultural lands and gardens in 1999 was 6382180 square meters (65.2%) per year. 2011, 3252635 (26.35%) and the occurrence of various spatial-physical, environmental, social and economic problems in Sardroud city. Therefore, this study evaluated the spatial-physical effects of Tabriz metropolis on Sardroud city with the explanation that the factors affecting change The physical-spatial form of the city informs us of the logical understanding of these factors and of understanding the root of its problems. Each and every logical and correct confrontation with the problems as well as the thoughtful and thoughtful design of the future development of the city helped. Considering the above issues, the questions are as follows: - Has the proximity to Tabriz caused changes in the demographic structure of Sardroud city?- Has the spatial-physical developments of Sardroud city been affected by the expansion of industrial-workshop activities? Methodology In the present study, the method of analytical-comparative research is the type of applied-developmental research. Relevant information from comprehensive study studies and other relevant sources are obtained and classified according to the research needs. Then, the statistical indicators of the research are extracted from the mentioned data based on statistical relations. Quantitative models have been used to analyze the information, which are as follows: Study and analysis of demographic changes using population estimates based on statistics of fertility rates and mortality in Sardroud city through people software, calculation of economic activity diversity index using From the Gibbs-Martin model, comparing the position of different economic sectors of the city with respect to the province using the share change model and the Izard model and measuring the physical-spatial form of the city using quantitative relative entropy models, Gini coefficient, Muran, Gary, and Gary adjustment. Results and discussion In this study few models have been used. According to Bozhugarnia's diagram, the role of Sardroud city in 1996 was industrial, while in 2006-2011 it has taken on a commercial role. Comparing the position of different economic sectors of Sardroud city compared to East Azarbaijan province using the share change model, the growth rate of the total reference economy for 1996-2005 was equal to 1.6 and the economic structure of the province during this period has always been negative and declining. And the employment rate in agricultural sectors is -0.12, industry -0.04 and services are equal to 1.1; and by examining the changes in the economic sectors of Sardroud city based on the Izard model, the only service sector in the city compared to its similar coefficient in the level. The higher province is 252.6 against 137.3 percent, and the results obtained from the measurement of spatial-physical models indicate this. The form of the city is moving towards urban distribution and the values of the indicators in 1999 and 2011 are as follows: (relative entropy = 0.85, Gini = 0.35, Moran = 0.03, Gary = 0.05) And (relative entropy = 0.91, Gini = 0.36, Muran = 0.01, Gary = 1.99). Which has caused the destruction of agricultural lands and orchards, so that in the city of Sardroud in 1378 the share of orchards and agricultural lands was 65.2 and in 1390 it has reached 26.35%. Conclusion Considering that Sardroud city has the most impact from Tabriz metropolis, the development of urban infrastructure of Sardroud city should be considered in line with Tabriz metropolis so that the lack of infrastructure does not lead to marginal growth and inappropriate spatial-physical changes. And in areas where marginalization has taken place, urban renewal and rehabilitation measures and empowerment measures should be taken. Examining the changes in the economic sectors of Sardroud city in the field of industry, private sector investment should be activated and private sector investment in various economic fields should be invested in government economic policies, increasing the amount of investment from city credits, equipping and further development of Shahid Rajaei industrial town. It depends on the carpet weaving and carpet industry in the city.The spatial-physical structure of the city of Sardroud is a pattern of urban dispersion. Due to the need to guide the development of the city towards greater sustainability, the need to change it and the use of strategies for greater compression of the city is felt.- In order to prevent inappropriate urban-physical spatial development towards vulnerable and ecological areas, it is necessary to mention suggestions for improving urban development. Due to the poor growth of the city and its builders, it is necessary for the municipality to exercise strict supervision according to the existing laws and regulations, or for a specific organization or unit to do so under the supervision of the governorates or municipalities.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar rostaei; Shiva Alizadeh
Abstract
Introduction Spatial and regional inequalities are rooted in many issues, including; Implementing wrong policies by the center in the direction of zoning, Budget distribution and facilities, Improper administrative and political divisions and inconsistencies between different organizations to provide ...
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Introduction Spatial and regional inequalities are rooted in many issues, including; Implementing wrong policies by the center in the direction of zoning, Budget distribution and facilities, Improper administrative and political divisions and inconsistencies between different organizations to provide better services and perform assigned tasks, The concentration of population and facilities and immigration has increased in some places, which causes polarization and reduces facilities, Lack of optimal allocation of resources and credits and lack of proper regional policy in this field and finally these discrepancies and differences in different regions have eliminated sufficient integration and coherence for the evolution of development and it has highlighted the existing divisions and differences in all areas of development, and this trend has a definite and inevitable effect on the city, region and province. And it automatically transforms development policies, albeit correctly, and provides barriers to sustainable development. In this study, considering that in the province of West Azerbaijan, there is inequality and lack of optimal distribution of facilities and resources with the focus on facilities and services in the first dominant city, divergence and development gap between regions. It tries to collect various indicators and metrics in the fields of economics, social, physical, health-treatment and services to determine the extent to which the cities of West Azerbaijan province have convenience, facilities, etc. And with the help of common techniques for analyzing regional inequality to achieve balanced development, efforts are being made to determine which facilities and convenience are available in which cities, and in which cities these facilities and conveniences are scarce. The purpose of this article is to measure spatial justice in the distribution of public services among the cities of West Azerbaijan Province. To achieve the goal of the research, the main question is whether there is inequality between 17 cities of West Azerbaijan province in terms of spatial distribution of services? And we are trying to answer this question. Methodology: The research method used in this paper is based on descriptive-analytical method. Various documentary-library methods have been used to gather information. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, it extracted raw data from the statistical yearbook of 1392 and then converted the raw data into an index, which finally added 41 indicators to the SPSS software to explain the measurement of spatial justice. And after analyzing 41 indicators, 10 factors have finally emerged. Population, educational, cultural, health, religious, medical services, services (telephone, electricity), education (for exceptional children), health (laboratory), socio-cultural, social and welfare are divided into demographic factors. In this article, the statistical population are 17 cities of West Azerbaijan. To analyze the data using the factor analysis method used, in factor analysis, it is argued that whenever a number of variables are correlated with the subject under study, they are also correlated with each other. If the correlation between the variables is low, they do not appear to be contributing factors. Results and discussion: Educational agents for Boukan, Naqadeh and Urmia counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. And demographic factors for Urmia, Miandoab and Khoy counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Health-cultural factor that Poldasht, Makovarumieh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Religious factor for Chaypareh, Miandoab and Shahin Dej counties are ranked 1-3 respectively. The ratio of registered religious delegations and the reliance on operational factors are at a high level, ie they are at a high level of significance, which is why this factor has been named as a religious factor. Therapeutic services for Mako, Chaldoran, Salmas counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. The ratios of active medical institutions, general practitioners, and rehabilitation centers are at a high level. This means that they are at a high level of significance, which is why this factor has been named as a factor in medical services. Service agent for Sardasht, Takab, Chaypareh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Educational agent for exceptional students for Piranshahr, Chaipareh and Oshnoyeh counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Laboratory agents for Shahin Dej, Khoy and Chaldoran counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. The socio-cultural factors of Urmia, Oshnavieh and Boukan counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively, and the social and welfare factors of Urmia, Chaypareh and Chaldoran counties are ranked 1 to 3, respectively. Conclusion: The leveling results of the cities showed that the cities of West Azerbaijan province were in unbalanced conditions; And since this leveling has been done in relation to the population and the area, we find that there is a significant relationship between the population of the cities and the area and level of public services. According to these results, the cities of Urmia, Khoy, Naghadeh are ranked first to third, respectively, and the cities of Piranshahr, Takab, and Buchan are ranked the last, respectively.
