Geomorphology
Sayyad Asghari Saraskanroud
Abstract
The purposes of this study are investigation of Shahr Chai river patterns, its stability and subsequently changes in the period of 2000-2013. For this purpose were used Landsat images, topography, geological maps and hydrological data. For study of river pattern and its changes was used Sinuosity and ...
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The purposes of this study are investigation of Shahr Chai river patterns, its stability and subsequently changes in the period of 2000-2013. For this purpose were used Landsat images, topography, geological maps and hydrological data. For study of river pattern and its changes was used Sinuosity and Meander Central Angle Indexes. Also for study of river stability was used by shear stress and RBS indexes. Results indicated that river pattern changes are very low. River stability analysis indicated that total shear stress rate is higher than critical shear stress. Results show that potential of river is high for creating of morphological changes in costal interval but decreasing of river flow has been caused that river changes be in lowest amount possible.
Mohammad Zaheri
Volume 16, Issue 39 , May 2012, , Pages 51-72
Abstract
In late decades, quick burgess growth and presence of corresponding spatial effects and operational relations between large cities with surrounding areas, has made main changes in societies and especially in rural spaces of their influence domain. Operational and frame structures changes are among them. ...
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In late decades, quick burgess growth and presence of corresponding spatial effects and operational relations between large cities with surrounding areas, has made main changes in societies and especially in rural spaces of their influence domain. Operational and frame structures changes are among them. Presence of problems in large cities (both of land and building expensiveness, extra contamination of air, etc.) as repulsive factors, and against land and building cheapness and air cleanliness can be effective and attractive factors. The present analysis which has a focus on frame changes of dormitories villages has been a development and application analysis and the way of its analysis will be descriptive- analytical. The basis of study was field studies and has been accomplished to describe the changes, out of the data and satellite photos concerning the years 2008 and 1989. The analysis results show that the considerable frame changes have occurred in dormitories villages. Destroying of agricultural lands and gardens for the benefit of other applications and especially residential applications have become the negative subjects. Meanwhile, the evolutional dynamics of Tabriz indicate its development towards the studied areas and especially Karkaj, Nematabad and Kojabad villages. In any case, since the changes have been made without programming, it occurs that the studied villages in its evolution process for development are involved in problems especially in countless bio-environmental problems.
Urban Planning
Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi; Rasoul Ghorbani; ali akbar taghipour
Abstract
Using the quantitative tools, methods and techniques in various sciences has been expanded during the recent years. The quantitative methods’ utilization in different branches of Humanities, especially the urban and regional planning have been always faced to various challenges. The reason ...
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Using the quantitative tools, methods and techniques in various sciences has been expanded during the recent years. The quantitative methods’ utilization in different branches of Humanities, especially the urban and regional planning have been always faced to various challenges. The reason of generated challenges is the complex nature of the human behaviors. Ordinary least Squares (OLS) is one of the popular methods in spatial model domain. It is supposed, in this method, that there is no spatial anisotropy among the observations and the spatial dependence doesn’t exist among the noise terms. It can be seen, in spatial data, using of the general regression methods such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and will cause the model parameter dispersion. So it is necessary to use some other spatial modelling methods such as Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The experimental studies, have been done in this domain, reveal that the spatial regression methods can consider the spatial anisotropy among the observations and the noise terms dependence and will cause the estimations without the swearing and compatible with the parameters of the statistical society.
Maryam Charkhchian
Volume 18, Issue 47 , April 2014, , Pages 55-69
Abstract
Human and place relationship has different dimensions and place attachment is one the most important emotional dimensions. There are many studies which address to personal characteristics and place features in this relationship. In this study, considering the importance of human and place relations; ...
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Human and place relationship has different dimensions and place attachment is one the most important emotional dimensions. There are many studies which address to personal characteristics and place features in this relationship. In this study, considering the importance of human and place relations; personal characteristics have been evaluated in one of the successful public spaces in Qazvin: Khayyam Street. With finding different indicators of place attachment, different variables such as gender, age, education, marriage status and job have been evaluated. As place attachment has different functional, emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects, significance of the correlations between personal variables and those four mentioned aspects were examined and different aspects of place attachment were evaluated. The interviews carried out with 598 of Qazvin citizens who participated in this study by random selection and the result was analyzed using SPSS software through T-test, Pearson correlation and F-test (ANOVA) exams. The results indicate, in comparison with other examined indicators; only users education level had significant relation with the place attachment degree and its emotional dimension that in addition, singles, older participants and also labors group reported more behavioral attachment to the place.
Maryam Bayati Khatibi
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 55-79
Abstract
Meanders, as a interesting water flow patterns in nature, is giving dynamic to courses of rivers.Creation of curvature on courses of rivers is give enough energy for migrate active channel on floodplain. This migration is main reason for many geomorphology in events is floodplains and at final is changing ...
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Meanders, as a interesting water flow patterns in nature, is giving dynamic to courses of rivers.Creation of curvature on courses of rivers is give enough energy for migrate active channel on floodplain. This migration is main reason for many geomorphology in events is floodplains and at final is changing the floodplain pattern .These changing is created many problems for man-made structures that is constructed at bank or on courses of rivers. Aji-Chay River, as a typical meander is migrate on floodplain by creation curvature on its course (is situated at 37° 58′ to 38° 07′ N and from 46° 15′ to 47 °45′ W). In this article is analyzed and estimated migration rate, migration potential and time of migration ,by use of experimental methods, by satellite and areal images In this study rely on parameters of meanders, as bind and width of river corridor is estimated by use of W methods and ∆t, R/W calculation, in order to investigation on capability of rivers for movement .In this study also is estimated time of active channel migration on floodplain by use of valid methods .The results of this study show that active channel of Aji-Chay repeatedly movement on floodplain in during time and because these movement and changing and bank erosion, is flatten the floodplain .In part of Aji-Chay course time period for completed a cycle of migration is from 1 to over 5 years. This period is vary in many parts of river course. The results of this study also suggested that sinuosity rate at length of Aji-Chay course is changed in during time and old race of water flow is evidence these changes.
Mahmood Khosravi; Mohammad Salighe; Behrooz Sabaghi
Volume 16, Issue 37 , November 2011, , Pages 59-81
Abstract
The sea surface temperature (SST) variations play a very important role in the creation and maintenance of climatological and oceanographic processes such as heavy precipitation and subsequent floods, large-scale sea level fluctuations and tropical cyclones.
In this paper the effects of Oman sea surface ...
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The sea surface temperature (SST) variations play a very important role in the creation and maintenance of climatological and oceanographic processes such as heavy precipitation and subsequent floods, large-scale sea level fluctuations and tropical cyclones.
In this paper the effects of Oman sea surface temperature (SST) on the autumn and winter precipitation of its northern coast, were investigated.
The SST data was obtained from NCEP archives based on 4 points averaging nodes in Oman sea surface using GRADS software. Also the climatic data of 3 stations of Iranian coast (Chahbehar, Jask and Bandar Abas) were used.
The warm (Rw), cold (Rc) and normal (Rb) periods of Oman SST were explained and the median of precipitations in each periods is calculated. The Rw\Rb, Rc\Rb and Rc\Rw ratios were used for evaluating the effects of these conditions on the precipitations anomalies on the coast.
The results shown that the spring warm (cold) SST conditions in Oman sea can decrease (increase) precipitation in the selected stations of regions. Also the winter and autumn precipitation on northern coasts is remarkable, being synchronous to positive anomalies of summer SST.
For considering the mechanism of the effect of Oman sea surface temperature on coastal precipitation, the stream lines, relative humidity and Omega maps were prepared and used. The results showed that the SST effects on stream lines and relative humidity on sea surface are the major mechanisms of precipitation anomalies. Generally during higher precipitation periods, the streamlines over the sea are navigate a longer route and therefore the moisture contents of rainfall systems and ascending currents are suitable for precipitation.
Urban Planning
karim hoseinzade delir; Ali Reza Soutanei; yahya karimpour
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 59-77
Abstract
In the atmosphere of globalization, cities are struggling with each other to enter the global cycle. Globalization has had many positive and negative effects on cities, especially on metropolises. The development of appropriate programs and perspectives and strategies is necessary for survival and growth ...
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In the atmosphere of globalization, cities are struggling with each other to enter the global cycle. Globalization has had many positive and negative effects on cities, especially on metropolises. The development of appropriate programs and perspectives and strategies is necessary for survival and growth in a complex, interconnected and competitive global world. Metropolitan management, with the goal of globalization and global standards, requires the development of local and national programs and urban and national diplomacy and requires the adoption of government measures to support international metropolitan interactions alongside national goals. This paper intends to analyze the state of the metropolise of Tabriz, with an emphasis on investment potential in the form of strategic planning and present constructive strategies for further development in the path of globalization. The results of the study show that the metropolis of Tabriz can take advantage of its benefits in case of active and constructive policy on the use of domestic potential and foreign opportunities in the process of globalization, and use it as an opportunity to realize sustainable urban development.
Urban Planning
Mahmood Akbari
Abstract
IntroductionIn many developing countries, cities have emerged as engines of economic growth by providing a variety of opportunities. However, high population growth in urban areas has put a lot of pressure on natural resources (Dambeebo and Jalloh, 2018: 235). Governments in developed and developing ...
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IntroductionIn many developing countries, cities have emerged as engines of economic growth by providing a variety of opportunities. However, high population growth in urban areas has put a lot of pressure on natural resources (Dambeebo and Jalloh, 2018: 235). Governments in developed and developing countries also use policies to counter the effects of urbanization. One of these policies is the issue of sustainable development (Abu Bakar and Cheen, 2013: 484). The social dimension is an important component of sustainable development. While the discourse of sustainable development is largely limited to environmental and economic concerns (Hemani et al, 2012: 783-784). The overall goal of social sustainability seems to be social justice (Koglin, 2009: 13). In the present study, an attempt has been made to measure the indicators of sustainable social development in Iranian metropolises by using Edas and Mairca technique. Data and MethodIn the present study, by using the Edas and Mairca techniques, the indicators of sustainable social development in Iranian metropolises have been investigated. The metropolises studied in this study were Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz and Qom. The most important indicators used in the Edas and Mairca are: number of public indoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, area of public indoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, number of public outdoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, area of the premises Public sports covered by the municipality, number of libraries and study halls, area of libraries and study halls, number of cultural centers covered by the municipality, area of cultural centers covered by the municipality, number of urban parks, number of forest parks, number of cinemas, Number of cinemas, number of cinema seats, center for social injuries, number of medical centers contracted by the Social Security Organization and number of hospitals contracted by the Social Security Organization. Results and DiscussionIn most of the studied indicators on social development, Tehran metropolis has the most positive distance from the average. The results of using the Edas technique show that Tehran metropolis had the highest score with a score of (0.998), Isfahan metropolis with a score of (0.201) and Mashhad metropolis with a score of (0.189) had the highest score, respectively. The final score was Tabriz metropolis (0.143), Shiraz metropolis (0.100) and Qom metropolis (0.008). The results of Mairca technique show that Tehran metropolis with a score of (0.0049) has the highest scores of sustainable social development indicators. Isfahan metropolis with the highest score (0.1410) after Tehran had the highest score. The metropolis of Mashhad has gained the most points after gaining points (0.1462) after the metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. The score of Tabriz (0.1520), Shiraz (0.1540) and Qom (0.1612) was gained. ConclusionComparative comparison of the results of Edas and Mairca techniques shows similar results and in these two techniques, Tehran metropolis has had the highest score. In the studied indices in the model of Edas and Mairca, Isfahan metropolis had the highest score after Tehran metropolis. The metropolis of Mashhad has had the highest score after the metropolis of Isfahan. In this regard, after Mashhad metropolis, Tabriz, Shiraz and Qom metropolises have obtained the most points, respectively. The results obtained in both techniques indicate inequality due to the difference in points between the studied metropolises.
Climatology
naser pouyanfar; Gholam Ali Mozafari; Kamal Omidvar; Ahmad Mazidi
Abstract
IntroductionPistachio, like many subtropical fruit trees, need a cold period in their annual cycle to allow the buds to bloom naturally after the right conditions are in place. There are several models to calculate the chilling needs of pistachio, of which the chilling hours model, Utah and Utah positive ...
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IntroductionPistachio, like many subtropical fruit trees, need a cold period in their annual cycle to allow the buds to bloom naturally after the right conditions are in place. There are several models to calculate the chilling needs of pistachio, of which the chilling hours model, Utah and Utah positive are the most important of these models. The studied geographical area is Yazd-Ardakan plain located in Yazd province.Materials and methodsIn this study, according to statistical tests based on meteorological variables, the chilling hours model was selected for modeling. To conduct this research, three-hour temperature data of Yazd Synoptic Station during the statistical period of 1367-1396 were used to model and estimate the total monthly chilling hours of pistachio and The daily temperature data of this station during the statistical period of 1961-2005 were used for the SDSM model and the monthly temperature statistics of the years 1385-1397 were used to evaluate the downscaling data of the CanESM2 model under different RCP scenarios and finally modeling for the years 1400 -1429 was done.Result and discussionResults indicate that there is a significant correlation between monthly cumulative hours of temperatures between zero and 7.2 ° C and monthly temperature parameters such as mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature and mean monthly temperature, which in the absence of data hourly temperature can be used to model and determine monthly cumulative hours.ConclusionFindings show that the chilling needs of Kalle-Ghuchi, Owhadi and Ahmad- Aghaei species will be met in the coming years and Akbari and Fandoghi species will not be met.
Reza Afrousheh; ali akbar rasoli; Davod Mokhtari; Tahereh Jalali
Abstract
Introduction Changes in occurrence and frequency of extreme events can have more severe and damage effects than changes in the average climatic characteristics (Choi et al, 2008). Therefore, it is important to study the variability and change the behavior of extreme atmospheric events. The main purpose ...
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Introduction Changes in occurrence and frequency of extreme events can have more severe and damage effects than changes in the average climatic characteristics (Choi et al, 2008). Therefore, it is important to study the variability and change the behavior of extreme atmospheric events. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the temperature extreme events using the distribution of generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) and non-parametric methods in Kermanshah province. The results of this study can be effective in providing the necessary context for assessing the extent of vulnerability and adaptation methods and strategies to deal with it. Methodology The study area in the present study is Kermanshah province. Because to study the extreme events, the length of the statistical period should be long-term, so in this study, the data of Kermanshah synoptic station, which has a statistical period of 56 years (1961-2016), was used. First, the maximum and minimum daily temperature data for the study period were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country and after reconstructing the incomplete data, the quality of the data was checked. The data series were first analyzed by trend and then analyzed by frequency of boundary events. To study and analyze the trend of marginal events, the indicators presented by the National Climate Committee of the World Meteorological Organization and the Climate Change and Prediction Research Program, called ETCCDMI, have been used. In total, the group provided 16 main indices with a major emphasis on temperature limits that can be extracted from a series of recorded daily data (Zhang et al., 2006: 2014.( Results and Discussion Generalized Extreme Value Distribution The present study aimed to analyze the changes in temperature extreme events in the study period using generalized extreme value distribution in Kermanshah province. According to the statistics and information of meteorological stations, this region has a drastic change in terms of climate and is affected every year by dry days without successive rains on the one hand or sudden heavy rains on the other, with a sharp rise or fall in temperature. The results of the Maxima block methods showed that in the study area, the intensity and frequency of cold border events decreased and the intensity and frequency of hot border events increased. Warm nights mean an increase in the percentage of days when the minimum daily temperature is above 90 and hot days mean a percentage of days when the maximum daily temperature is above 90 . The incremental trend is the highest annual value of the minimum daily temperature at the 95% level. The slope of the trend line for the index is 0.04 C in the decade. Conclusion The results showed that concerning cold extreme indices such as frost days, ice days, cold days and nights, the direction of change is negative and with hot extreme indices such as summer days, tropical nights, nights and Hot days the direction of change is positive with a confidence level of 99 percent. Since the rate of increase of the minimum temperature was higher than the maximum temperature, the range of the day and night temperature in the region has decreased. Also, graphs of the values of minimum and maximum temperature polynomials in years of return T with a 95 percent confidence interval were plotted. According to the above diagrams, we can estimate the extreme values of the desired parameter for the specified return period.
Climatology
nahideh Jahedi; mohammadali Ghorbani
Volume 19, Issue 52 , June 2015, , Pages 63-63
Abstract
Being aware of decreasing or increasing trend of precipitation and discharge in watersheds has very important role in water resources management and the subjects relating to water engineering. In this study, the trend of precipitation and discharge at Qara-su River Basin in Ardebil has been studied in ...
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Being aware of decreasing or increasing trend of precipitation and discharge in watersheds has very important role in water resources management and the subjects relating to water engineering. In this study, the trend of precipitation and discharge at Qara-su River Basin in Ardebil has been studied in monthly, seasonal and annual timescales over the period from 1351 to 1382. For investigation of the existence or absence of a trend, Mann-Kendall test was used by detecting effects of all auto correlations coefficients, and Sen’s estimator was used at different significant level to evaluate the magnitude of the test. The results of the calculated values for precipitation and discharge data set indicated that the trend of the Qara-su River discharge was decreasing for both stations in annual timescale. Also, decreasing trend of discharge dataset was found for seasonal timescale in spring, autumn and winter in which significant trend belonged to winter season. Maximum value of decrease for discharge is for Doustbiglo station in spring (-0.62 m^3/s), and the minimum value of decrease for discharge in summer for this station, too. Furthermore, there was not significant trend for precipitation dataset in monthly, seasonal, and annual timescales.
Rural Planning
ahmad hajarian
Abstract
Corona virus is one of the infectious and infectious diseases of the 21st century that has spread from China to the world since the end of December 2019 and has had many effects and consequences on the social structure of various regions, including rural areas. Rural areas, especially in developing countries, ...
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Corona virus is one of the infectious and infectious diseases of the 21st century that has spread from China to the world since the end of December 2019 and has had many effects and consequences on the social structure of various regions, including rural areas. Rural areas, especially in developing countries, are less prepared to deal with the direct and indirect impact of this crisis. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the future of rural social indicators.The results of the first stage were identified using Mick Mac software to identify 5 key factors (family health, anxiety and depression, family food security, family isolation, religious ceremonies and happiness) among 15 factors. These factors were used as the main basis in the following script writing. In the second stage, 15 possible situations were defined for 5 factors. With the analysis performed by Scenario Wizard software, 3 strong scenarios, 20 plausible scenarios based on 15 possible situations related to 5 key drivers were extracted. Also, the results of the study showed that the strongest scenario is that in the post-corona period and the effects it has on social indicators, due to the prevalence of corona, the health of rural households decreases. Anxiety and depression increase. The food security of rural households is also affected by the corona virus, but the isolation of the family before and after the corona does not change. People do not attend ceremonies due to fear before the corona.
Geotourism
Parya Tofighi Sardroudi Asl; Fariba Karami; Abolfazl Ghanbari
Abstract
The development of tourism-related apps and websites, the founding of startups in the information technology and tourism industries, the virtual tourism system in cities, and the use of smart tools have all gained prominence in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the ...
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The development of tourism-related apps and websites, the founding of startups in the information technology and tourism industries, the virtual tourism system in cities, and the use of smart tools have all gained prominence in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of using smart phones in tourism in the formation of destination images and travel experiences from the perspective of citizens of Tabriz metropolis. The statistical population is the citizens of Tabriz who use smart phones, and the sample size according to Cochran's formula for the unknown statistical population is 384 people. For data analysis, structural equation and path analysis methods have been implemented with Smart PLS software. The results showed that the use of smart phones in travel has a positive effect on the travel experience of citizens of Tabriz metropolis; the use of smart phones in travel has a positive effect on the destination image of the citizens of Tabriz metropolis; and the use of smart phones in travel with the mediating role of travel experience has a positive effect on the destination image of the citizens of Tabriz metropolis. The results of the present study are useful for managers and policymakers who intend to attract tourists to tourism destinations in the age of information and communication technology using smart phones, continue the life of tourism destinations in the field of global competition, and provide tourist areas.
Urban Planning
Amin Hamidi; Dariush Sattarzadeh; Nima Valizadeh; Lida Balilan Asl
Abstract
The aim of this research is to explain the indicators of urban morphology based on sustainable development and evaluate the level of sustainability of neighborhoods based on these indicators. The present research is of a research-applied type. The indicators used in the research are building age, building ...
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The aim of this research is to explain the indicators of urban morphology based on sustainable development and evaluate the level of sustainability of neighborhoods based on these indicators. The present research is of a research-applied type. The indicators used in the research are building age, building materials, building quality, fractal index, texture status index, sky view factor (SVF), proximity to the main street, proximity to public transportation, proximity to shopping centers, proximity to Education centers, Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Land Use Mixing. The results determined that Gol Park, Valiasr 1, Valiasr 3, Baghmishe Ghadim 3 are the neighborhoods with sustainable morphology. Also, Golkar, Valiasr 2, Kalantar Koocheh, Sangi Pol 1 and 2, Baghmishe Ghadim 1 and 2, Bilanko 1 and 2 are the neighborhoods with semi-sustainable morphology. In addition, the neighborhoods of Shahid Beheshti, Mullah Zeinal 1 and 2, Idealo 1 and 2, Yousefabad 1 to 3, Ghoshtkhaneh seylab 1 to 3, Valiasr 4, Abbasi 1 and 2 are the neighborhoods with unsustainable morphology. The results showed that neighborhoods with high social and economic status are generally sustainable neighborhoods and neighborhoods with low social and economic status and informal settlements including Shahid Beheshti alley, Mullah Zinal 1 and 2, Ideolo 1 and 2, Yousefabad 1 to 3, Ghoshtkhaneh seylab is 1 to 3, they are unsustainable. The total number of people living in neighborhoods with sustainable, semi-sustainable, and unsustainable morphology is 46.544, 79.603, and 89.851, respectively. Based on the results, texture status index, NDVI, and proximity to public transportation with weights of 0.18335, 0.12975, and 0.11036, respectively, are three essential indicators in explaining urban morphology.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Davod Behboudi; Esmail Barzegarie Dinabad
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 43-60
Abstract
Reaction between economic growth and environmental quality is a controversial issue which has been considered since the 1990s. Pressure on the environment due to economic activities not only from environmental aspects but also from the economic point of view is important. The existence of abundant energy ...
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Reaction between economic growth and environmental quality is a controversial issue which has been considered since the 1990s. Pressure on the environment due to economic activities not only from environmental aspects but also from the economic point of view is important. The existence of abundant energy sources in Iran cause the use of them in economic activity exceeding. This will lead to increase environmental pollution in one hand and on another hand, using too much of energy is cause a burden on the environment. In this study, we investigate the relationship between energy consumption as a proxy of environmental pressure and GDP per capita by using the Johansen & Juselius Cointegration econometric method during to 1967-2009. The results show that the correlation between environmental pressures and GDP per capita is the inverse of U shape. Therefore, the increase of per capita GDP growth recommended so is that on the Kuznets curves downward part in stands long run. Also policy makers have to take short run polices that reduce negative externalities as far as economy is at positive part of EKC.
Rural Planning
forough andesta; shahrivar rostaei
Abstract
Introduction
The expansion of urbanization and the problems resulting from urban life have made it increasingly necessary to pay attention to useful strategies and solutions to optimize the lives of citizens. With the introduction of democratic concepts and approaches over the last decades, new patterns ...
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Introduction
The expansion of urbanization and the problems resulting from urban life have made it increasingly necessary to pay attention to useful strategies and solutions to optimize the lives of citizens. With the introduction of democratic concepts and approaches over the last decades, new patterns of governance have emerged. Good urban governance movement has been one of these new forms. This model is defined as a participatory process that is associated with citizen participation and changing the roles and functions of local government. In this regard, the NBN program, entitled "Neighbors Building Neighborhoods," has been one of the most successful ways of urban management and good governance in the past ten years in Rochester, New York. In this program, all citizens try to organize their living environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the implementation of participatory urban governance (NBN program) in District 2 of Tabriz metropolitan.
Methods: The method of present study is descriptive-analytical. To collect the required data, library resources (for theoretical foundations) and questionnaire (for scientific research) were used. It should be noted that the statistical population of this study was calculated to be 382 people, according to the Cochran's formula and the population of District 2 of Tabriz metropolitan. Also, the used questionnaire included 19 five-option questions with a closed answer and its items are measured based on the Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained using the face validity and its reliability was obtained at 0.826 using Cronbach's alpha method, indicating the desirable reliability of the questionnaire.Then, the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using LISREL software and one-sample t-test in SPSS software, and the indicators influencing the implementation of participatory urban governance (NBN program) were evaluated and prioritized. LISREL software was used to estimate and test structural equation models and to examine and analyze linear relationships between latent variables and observed variables. This program uses correlations and covariance between observed variables to estimate the values of factor loads, variances, and errors of latent variables. In the quantitative stage of study, the relationship between latent variables was examined using the structural equation method and a model was presented using LISREL software. In the field method, as stated, the questionnaire tool was defined and used for each latent variable and observed variables. To analyze the data through the structural equation model, the data obtained from the questionnaires were entered into the SPSS statistical software and were encoded. The data encoded in the LISREL program were retrieved and analyzed.
Results: Based on the results of LISREL software and the t-value, indicating the priority of indicators in LISREL software, the collective agreement indicator with a value of 10.72 was ranked first. In fact, when there are different opinions and ideas in a society, there will be different actors, so it is better to guide the city management and different interests and preferences in the society towards a broad consensus that considers the best and most benefit for groups. In other words, the city is the arena of different groups and interests and they are sometimes in conflict with each other. Collective agreement means moderation and creating an agreement of different interests. Transparency indicator with a T-value of 7.28 was ranked second. It means that lack of transparency and secrecy in urban affairs increases the possibility of corruption in decision-making. However, transparency prevents its spread. Citizen participation indicator, which means power to influence citizens in decision-making and involving them in power with the T-Value value of 6.1, was ranked third. Justice indicator, which means creating suitable opportunities for all citizens to improve their welfare status, the effort for fair allocation of resources and participation of the deprived people in expressing their opinions and decisions with the T-value of 5.18, was ranked fourth. Evaluating the status of indicators in SPSS software and their significance level indicated that significance level of all indicators is less than 0.05. It means that the mean indicators differ from the theoretical mean of 3, and since the values of the two upper bound and lower bound columns are negative, it can be stated that the mean of the indicators is lower than the theoretical mean of 3. Hence, with 95% confidence interval and significance level of less than 0.05, it can be stated that District 2 of Tabriz metropolitan is not in a good position to implement participatory urban governance (NBN program).
Conclusion: One of the most successful models in the area of urban management is the "good urban governance" model, which is a participatory urban management system. In this model, three institutions of civil society, private sector and government participate in all relevant decisions. This approach in urban management is based on the citizen-oriented and fair development is to influence all forces having interest and power in the management of urban affairs and to meet all the needs of these groups. In fact, it can be stated without the active participation of citizens, urban governance will not be realized and urban management will remain in a static framework with a one-sided and dominant power in making decision on city issues. Thus, citizen participation is the driving force of urban management. In this regard, the NBN program is one of the most creative and effective approaches to contemporary urban management and governance, which has been used in Rochester, New York for about two decades. In this program, people participate in all relevant decisions together with the government. This approach, called "neighbors building neighborhoods", can be one of the most serious steps in decentralizing centralized management and urban "top-down planning" and rural areas and movement towards decentralized participatory governance and "bottom-up planning."
The present study was an attempt to evaluate the factors influencing the implementation of participatory urban governance (NBN program). The results of data analysis in the LISREL program environment show that the model has a good fit. Among the indicators, according to their T-Values, the "collective agreement" indicator was ranked first, and the indicators of transparency, citizenship participation and justice were ranked second, third, and fourth, respectively. Also, based on the results of data analysis in SPSS and one-sample t-test and significance level, the mean of indicators with the theoretical mean and the values of upper and lower bounds, which are negative in all indicators, it can be stated that the factors affecting the implementation of participatory urban governance (NBN program) are in an unfavorable situation.
Urban Planning
Ahmad Pourahmad; rahmat alah farhudi; Saeid Zangane Shahraki; Tahoura Shafaat Gharamaleki
Abstract
Introduction
Historical texture includes various spiritual, symbolic, and aesthetics aspects. It also indicates the regions as evidence of urban civilization because it is reflecting the city identity. There are various approaches for sustainable regeneration in the cities. An approach can create sustainability ...
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Introduction
Historical texture includes various spiritual, symbolic, and aesthetics aspects. It also indicates the regions as evidence of urban civilization because it is reflecting the city identity. There are various approaches for sustainable regeneration in the cities. An approach can create sustainability for the city that not only can implement reconstruction in physical dimensions but also can lead to the sustainable economic, social and cultural-identity performance of the texture. Regeneration with the tourism development approach can lead to texture sustainability. The historical context of Tabriz, with its many historical monuments, is an attractive area with many potential assets that can be used for tourism development. While the historical context of Tabriz has long been a center of production and trade, the city has lost much of its main attraction due to a wide range of social, cultural, economic, and physical issues. Research suggests that urban regeneration is the dominant theory for intervening with problems of historical and worn-out textures. It also shows that efforts to develop tourism can lead to the regeneration of historical textures. In this study, the impact of tourism on regeneration has been investigated, and its purpose is to analyze the relationship between tourism and urban regeneration in economic, socio-cultural, physical, and environmental dimensions.
Methodology
The current research is an applied study, and the research method is analytical-descriptive. The study area is the historical texture of Tabriz City. The statistical population is the residents of the historical texture of Tabriz, which is 115580, according to the statistics in 2016 (Statistics Center of Iran, 2016). The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula, which is 383. It must be mentioned that the proper sampling method in the current study is the cluster sampling method. A number of questionnaires were completed by the residents of the historical texture. The questionnaires were prepared using a five-point Likert scale. The research results were analyzed using SPSS software and the Chi-square test.
Results and Conclusion
According to the conducted studies, tourism development leads to employment, increasing income, and investment in the texture, and results in the economic growth of the texture. This growth solves the social issues caused by the internal economic decline in society. On the other hand, one of the attractions of using tourism as an element in urban regeneration is its economic justification, which can be provided for the improvement and physical regeneration of the worn-out urban center. Environmental improvement in the historical texture can create positive feelings, resulting in the visitors’ satisfaction and loyalty. This is also followed by more serious support of the tourism development. The studies indicate the relationship between tourism development and urban regeneration in the texture. The total impact of the economic factor on the regeneration pattern of the historical texture of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 4.37, which is at a significant desirable level. It was revealed that most of the historical texture residents of Tabriz consider this texture valuable for investment (Public and private) and believe that the urban tourism development can lead to economic growth in the historical texture. Also, they consider economic growth a preventive factor of the migration of the youth and economic activists. In terms of the social-cultural aspect, the total impact of the social and cultural dimension on the regeneration pattern of the historical texture of Tabriz with tourism development equals 3.49, which is at a significant and relatively desirable level. Urban tourism development in the area increases the behavioral settings, the tendency to be present in the society, and improves the social relations and welfare and entertainment facilities, and leads to improving the living and security standards level for the women, children, and reducing the crime in the city. The total impact of the physical aspect on the regeneration pattern of the historical textures of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 2.64, which is at a significant and relatively desirable level. The urban tourism development leads to eliminating the ruined spaces and improving the access to the recreational centers and urban spaces, and enhancing the physical quality of the urban spaces and historical monuments. Moreover, improving the urban infrastructures will be followed by the improvement in the quality of the public services and urban landscape. However, tourism development will have less impact on the texture traffic and the number of parking lots. The total impact of the environmental aspect on the regeneration pattern of the historical textures of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 3, which is at the significant and relatively desirable level. Tourism development leads to improving the environmental situation and reducing environmental pollutions, and increasing the green space per capita in the city.
Conclusion
This case study shows that the historical properties and tourism potentials can have a significant impact on urban regeneration or lead to their possibility in terms of social, economic, physical, and environmental aspects. However, measures must be taken into account to reduce the negative impacts of the tourism development, such as lack of access to parking, lack of possibility to pass due to high traffic, and increase in costs, so that the tourism development leads to urban regeneration. The main issue in the Iranian cities is the fact that urban regeneration and tourism development are implemented by two different organizations. Therefore, tourism development cannot contribute to regenerating the historical textures. Urban regeneration with tourism development will be possible when integrated planning is conducted.
Climatology
kobra baharvandi; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Mojtaba Nassaji Zavareh
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study is to analyze the temperature trend in Khorramabad station, and an attempt has been made to provide a suitable method to ensure the accuracy of the data, which is the first time that this station is used. The statistical years (2013-2013) have been that the data ...
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Introduction The purpose of this study is to analyze the temperature trend in Khorramabad station, and an attempt has been made to provide a suitable method to ensure the accuracy of the data, which is the first time that this station is used. The statistical years (2013-2013) have been that the data in these years have been recorded in a coherent and regular manner and this data has been easier to access. In view of the above, this study intends to identify and modify possible inhomogeneity as much as possible in the first stage while examining the accuracy of data homogeneity before analyzing the trend. In the second stage, the analysis evaluates the trend of minimum temperature over 30 years. Data and Method The SNHT (Standard Normal Homogeneity Test) method is one of the most common methods for examining the homogeneity of temperature and precipitation data, which has been used by many researchers around the world. This method has been proposed by various researchers and for more accurate detection of atmospheric fluctuations from heterogeneity by non-atmospheric factors, this test is used by considering the reference series. In this method, the tested time series is based on the stability of the difference of parameter d between the temperature in the tested station and the reference series. Heterogeneity in the test series is revealed by changes in the d series. To reduce the spatial effect on temperature values, the relation (t ˍˍ t is used, where t is the average temperature value and r is the correlation coefficient between the subject and reference station (for example (t io ˍˍ to) and t jr ˍˍ tj)), respectively, temperature values It is in the test station and in each reference station. The parameter d in each time step i for k reference station is calculated based on the following equation. This test is performed by two methods of absolute standard normal homogeneity and relative normal standard homogeneity. Here, considering that only the time series of a station is examined, the absolute standard normal homogeneity method is used. In fact, this method is a necessity for climate research that must be done before any calculations, and after confirming the homogeneity of the data by the test, the rest of the research studies can be continued (Nassaji Zavareh, 1392: 58). Results and Discussion In this study, due to the lack of adjacent stations during the statistical period in the region, the absolute standard normal homogeneity method has been used to examine the homogeneity of the data. This test was used for monthly time series. The test results showed most of the monthly time series were homogeneous. In a number of months, heterogeneity was observed in the time series. Because the type of test used was an absolute test and the metadata did not confirm this heterogeneity, these heterogeneities could be attributed to natural atmospheric fluctuations. This result is consistent with the research of Peterson et al. (1998). Analysis of the plotted graphs shows that there is no heterogeneity based on this test, which is also confirmed by the metadata in Table (4). Because the meteorological station of Khorramabad city has been moved from the city centre to outside the city since 1981. Therefore, the data recorded from 1981 onwards are standard and acceptable. In this study, the length of the statistical period under study begins in 1984 and ends in 2013. Data homogenization results were performed by absolute homogeneity test for each month separately for 30 years. Altogether two results are obtained from the analyses: Two results are obtained: 1- The temperature of the minimum statistical period of thirty years has acceptable homogeneity. 2. Some inhomogeneity observed in April, May, June and July are due to weather conditions. Conclusion 1. The results of the SNHT test on the data showed that a series of heterogeneity is seen in the data process over 30 years, but it is not related to the displacement of the station, and it is related to the weather conditions. 2 - The results of non-parametric I-Kendall test on the data and during the 30 years of the statistical period showed that the value of T-statistic is significant in most months and the trend is also positive. 3- According to the T-statistic of the non-parametric method I-Kendall, the trend of glacial intensity in Khorramabad station is decreasing, i.e. the days we had in this glacial station are decreasing and it shows the fact that the weather in Khorram-abad city has an increasing trend. The results of this study are consistent with the research of other researchers such as Rahimzadeh (2011), and Shiravand et al. (2010). In relation to answering the research questions, it should be stated that this research, according to its title, is an analysis of the trend of minimum temperature and frosty days during 30 years. It is hoped that in other studies, researchers will address this issue in a more comprehensive manner, and these responses have only been proven using the statistical methods studied, if in addition to other atmospheric factors, factors such as The heat island in the city centre, the reduction of green space, the increase of carbon dioxide, etc. have always affected the climate of different regions. Therefore, all factors should be considered in the study of climate change in a region, which in this study, according to its title, is not an opportunity to research and describe the mentioned factors.
Climatology
Hashem Rostamzadeh; Saied Jahanbakhsh asl; Mir kamel Hosseini; Mohammad Omidfar
Abstract
AbstractChanges in the incidental behaviors are among the most important aspects of global climate change with significant consequences on human society and the environment. Monitoring and measuring heavy rainfall events are important for understanding the nature of severe weather fundamentals and future ...
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AbstractChanges in the incidental behaviors are among the most important aspects of global climate change with significant consequences on human society and the environment. Monitoring and measuring heavy rainfall events are important for understanding the nature of severe weather fundamentals and future assessment. In this study, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) experiments with ground station data were performed at 20 synoptic stations for intense daily detection (25 mm and above) of precipitation over an 8-year period (2021-2014). Statistics such as coefficient of determination (R2), correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to compare and evaluate the observational and satellite data. Comparison of the maps obtained from GPM satellites and ground stations showed that the spatial distribution of precipitation from two similar bases is the same and the low and high rainfall areas correspond to the region. GPM satellite detected precipitation zones well so that the spatial correlation coefficient between GPM satellite and observed was 0.81. The results of the ANOVA test between the observational data and the GPM satellites showed that due to the low significance level of p-value of 0.000, the assumption that the average precipitation is the same between the two databases is rejected. There is a significant relationship between the average precipitation at ground and satellite stations. Also, the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that since the obtained p-value (0.819) is a number higher than the error value of the test (0.05), so the null hypothesis based on the equality of precipitation values recorded at ground stations and modeled are the same and the null hypothesis is confirmed.
Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi; Mohammadreza Karami
Volume 18, Issue 50 , February 2015, , Pages 55-88
Abstract
Evaluation of the vulnerability is one of the most important challenges facing metropolises in Iran. Sensitivity of the issue is duplicated when the city is not only timeworn and includes squatter areas, but also is exposed to natural disasters such as earthquake and flood. Zoning the risk of earthquake ...
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Evaluation of the vulnerability is one of the most important challenges facing metropolises in Iran. Sensitivity of the issue is duplicated when the city is not only timeworn and includes squatter areas, but also is exposed to natural disasters such as earthquake and flood. Zoning the risk of earthquake and its modeling by advanced techniques regarding the vulnerability level of cities is inevitable. In Tabriz, diversity of urban textures, proximity to fault lines and lack of precision and revision on the subject, increases the vulnerabilit of such textures besides squatter textures. This project studies the municipal areas (1 and 5) in Tabriz city, regarding the nature of earthquake and its relation with four factors: population density, building density, quality of buildings and types of materials. Furthermore, the relation of vulnerability due to earthquake has been studied and modeled taking the advantage of the GIS robust technique with integrating Kernel Density Estimation model (KDE) and Analytical Hierarchy Possess model (AHP) in order to determine the vulnerable areas more precisely with an emphasis on residential application.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Saeed Jahanbakhsh Asl; Mehdi Asad; Elaheh Akbari
Volume 20, Issue 56 , August 2016, , Pages 55-72
Abstract
In this study, for potential survey construction of wind power plants in the provinces of Khorasan Razavi and Northern different criteria and sub-criteria have been considered. To become fuzzy criteria are based on expert opinions and investigation done researches, control point and fuzzy function for ...
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In this study, for potential survey construction of wind power plants in the provinces of Khorasan Razavi and Northern different criteria and sub-criteria have been considered. To become fuzzy criteria are based on expert opinions and investigation done researches, control point and fuzzy function for each of the layers based on their membership gradation range of zero and one was determined in the IDRISI software. Then, according to the importance of integrating information, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for layers weighting was implemented by Expert choice software. Then, the software ArcGIS, was used to spatial analysis and overlapping layers, and after the analysis of information, Razavi Khorasan and North Khorasan province, in terms of capability the wind power plants building, divided into four levels: excellent, good, fair and poor. Finally, the results indicated that excellent are as for the construction of wind power plantsin the study area are locatedin thesoutheast ofthe study area at Torbatjam station with an area exceeding 222565.97 hectares (0.018 percent). In addition, good areas are located around the Taybad and Khaaf, Golmakan, Sarakhs, Roshtkhar, Bardaskan, Neyshaboor, Sabzevar, Bojnurd, Ferdows and Jajarm stations with an area exceeding 1817573.81 hectares (0.17 percent). One cans that renewable energy of wind without any pollution could be utilized by the construction of wind power plants in the replaces ultimately.
Geomorphology
Asghar Asghari Moghaddam; Maryam Gharekhani; Ata Allah Nadiri; Mahdi Khord; Elhan Fijani
Abstract
growing of population, development of agricultural and industrial activities were intensively increased the consumption of water resources, as results, the water quality and quantity have been decreased. Vast declining of fresh groundwater resources levels and infiltrations of surface runoffs and precipitations ...
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growing of population, development of agricultural and industrial activities were intensively increased the consumption of water resources, as results, the water quality and quantity have been decreased. Vast declining of fresh groundwater resources levels and infiltrations of surface runoffs and precipitations into groundwater, were decreased the runoffs dramatically and, as a consequence, the groundwater resources became as an important part of the water resources for drinking, industrial and agricultural demands in all over the country. Therefore, the importance of groundwater preservation, management and prevention of its contamination becomes as an inevitable task. One of the effective solutions to prevent the contamination of groundwater is to distinguish the vulnerable areas of the aquifer. In this study, DRASTIC, SINTACS and SI methods are used for assessment of vulnerability of the Ardabil plain aquifer. Using from these methods and with respect to the hydrological and hydrogeological characters of the study area, zoning of the vulnerability of aquifer to contamination is carried out and then susceptible areas to contamination was distinguished in each method. The measured nitrate concentrations in the area were used to validate each method. Correlation Index (CI) between vulnerability maps and nitrate amounts were calculated for exact and better comparing of these methods. Results showed that DRASTIC model has the highest CI, this means it is better than other methods for vulnerability assessment. According to the results of DRASTIC, 44.36% of the Ardabil plain aquifer area, located in the eastern and southern part of the plain, has low vulnerability and the rest parts including northern and western part of the plain has moderate vulnerability.
Mohammadreza Poumohamadi; Hasan Mahmoudzadeh
Volume 19, Issue 51 , April 2015, , Pages 59-80
Abstract
The most important part of a city is housing and assigns major part of land uses for itself. In such a way More than 60 percent in small towns and about 40 percent of big cities is covered by residential land use. The most important and complex items to the urban planners determining the quality of the ...
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The most important part of a city is housing and assigns major part of land uses for itself. In such a way More than 60 percent in small towns and about 40 percent of big cities is covered by residential land use. The most important and complex items to the urban planners determining the quality of the residential Land use deployment position and match it with the principles of urban design. Prevalence of affective factors in determining the spatial quality of residential land use deployment location, Makes necessary using of multivariate procedures, for specifying the appropriate degree of quality of residential use. The main objective of current paper is to determine the current pattern of deployment residential land use in accordance with the standards of residential land use location in decuple municipality of Tabriz metropolis. To achieve this purpose, multi-criteria evaluation methods based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) employing for producing and analysis of maps. During this process, the natural and human factors have been identified in 12 indicators and the final quality map of residential land use deployment location based on AHP model produced. Based on research findings, from the total area of 4043.09 hectares residential land use about 502.14 Hectares with low to very low standard located in the northern parts of 1, 4, 10 and 558.61 Hectares in areas with average standard southern parts of the region's municipalities 1, 2 and 2982.314 hectares in areas with high to very high standards in the central parts of the city council district 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are located.
Majid Rezaei Banafsheh; Tahere Jalali Ansaroodi
Volume 22, Issue 64 , September 2018, , Pages 59-79
Abstract
Iran is located in semi-arid region and its annual rainfall average is about one-third of the world's rainfall. In recent decades, in addition to population growth, increasing global temperatures led to wide variations in the earth's surface and has resulted changes to the time and place of precipitation. ...
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Iran is located in semi-arid region and its annual rainfall average is about one-third of the world's rainfall. In recent decades, in addition to population growth, increasing global temperatures led to wide variations in the earth's surface and has resulted changes to the time and place of precipitation. According to close relationship between the hydrological cycle and climate system, any change in climate elements such as precipitation, can have an important impact on the availability of water. The purpose of this research is investigate effects of climate change on spatial and temporal variations of water supply in Tasoj basin by using of HADCM3 model results. In this regard, was used from down scaling data of A2 scenario and then recharge for the period 2030-2013 was predicted by HELP3 hydrological model. The results showed that amount recharge of groundwater in this basin is fluctuating from 12 to 67 mm per year under the A2 scenario. In the future, the western region of the study area will be lower recharge than in other parts of the basin. The reason will be the combined effects of geological and climatic factors. Because of the fine-grained sediments along temperature, evaporation increase and reduced precipitation will be effective in reducing the recharge of this region. Also cross-correlation between precipitation and groundwater recharge showed that southern half of the basin than the northern half will responded in a shorter time period to precipitation changes.
Masood Taghvaei; Asiyeh Hasaninezhad; Khadijeh Talebi
Volume 18, Issue 48 , June 2014, , Pages 61-80
Abstract
Investigating and recognising the rural regions and analyzing their abilities and problems in the process of planning the rural development are of a great importance and nowadays being aware of the facilities and problems of ruralregion is considered necessary in rendering plans and programs for development. ...
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Investigating and recognising the rural regions and analyzing their abilities and problems in the process of planning the rural development are of a great importance and nowadays being aware of the facilities and problems of ruralregion is considered necessary in rendering plans and programs for development. The determination and analysis of the level of the facilities of the rural regions in different fields using the quantitative methods play on important role in this process. In the present article, using the models of centeral index and Pereston as well as 45 indexs in different fields (economy, social, health and medical and agriculture). We tried to determine and analyse the facility levels of the villages in Zanjan province.Environment facilities, adjacency and being near to the cities, centers and place for development, industrial places and the main fundamental network are very important in the level of the facilities of the rural regions. The results show that considering the level of facilities these villages have considerable difference in each field (economy, social, health and medical and agriculture). The differences were such that 9 out of 46 of these villages were in the privatization level in (economy, social, health and medical and agriculture) and only one village had considerable facilities.
