Urban Planning
Rasoul Ghorbani; Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; Masoome Nazari
Abstract
The urban environment has a special place in meeting the needs and satisfaction of people and therefore quality is measured not only based on the objective environment but also based on people's perception of the environment to which they belong. Therefore, the present study has evaluated the quality ...
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The urban environment has a special place in meeting the needs and satisfaction of people and therefore quality is measured not only based on the objective environment but also based on people's perception of the environment to which they belong. Therefore, the present study has evaluated the quality of the urban environment of the newly established neighborhoods of Shahrekord with a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field studies. According to the purpose of the research, quantitative and statistical methods such as multiple regression, structural equations and fuzzy multivariate analysis in GIS environment have been used to assess the environmental quality of the target areas. In this model, in LISREL software, 54 quality indicators of urban environment in the form of 4 physical, economic, social and environmental indicators have been studied and SPSS software has been used for statistical analysis and ArcGIS software has been used to draw analytical maps. . Findings show that in terms of having environmental quality indicators, priority in the western Mirabad neighborhood, physical, environmental, social and economic indicators with 0.599, 0.539, 0.378 and 0.324, respectively. Percentage and neighborhood of Farhangian alley have priority, physical, economic, environmental and social index with 0.412, 0.260, 0.254 and 0.225 percent, respectively, have the most role in the environmental quality of Shahrekord, which shows the variables of satisfaction. From the physical-environmental quality of the neighborhoods, it has the greatest effect on improving the quality of life in the newly established neighborhoods. Also, in examining the situation of Shahrekord, there was an obvious difference in the level of satisfaction of the residents of Mirabad Gharbi and Farhangian alleys.
Urban Planning
Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi; Rasoul Ghorbani; Leila Masoumi
Abstract
Fluctuations in housing prices and the cost of its services are among the most important social and economic issues. In a society where housing is heavily commercialized; Housing policies, real estate market, social environment affect housing values. District 5 of Tehran is known as the development area ...
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Fluctuations in housing prices and the cost of its services are among the most important social and economic issues. In a society where housing is heavily commercialized; Housing policies, real estate market, social environment affect housing values. District 5 of Tehran is known as the development area of Tehran due to its high growth rate. This research aims to take an effective step in identifying the preferences of consumers while estimating the qualitative demand for housing. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the factors affecting housing prices using geographic weighted regression in low-rise and high-rise buildings in District 5 of Tehran. The research method is based on documentary and survey studies. The sample size was estimated using Cochran's 758 formula. then the classified probability method has been used to select the samples; The results of the findings showed that among the low-rise buildings in North Ponk neighborhoods, Program Organization, Baharan, and among the high-rise buildings in Bagh Faiz, Faraz, Naft neighborhoods, they have a higher price range than other neighborhoods. Also, the results of (GWR) showed that the variables of the infrastructure, the age and age of the building, the number of bedrooms, quality materials, the distance to the nearest green space, the width of the passage, the traffic situation and security in common and having a balcony and terrace, the distance to the nearest street main, the distance to the nearest commercial centers and the level of greenness of the street in low-rise buildings and the location of the unit on the floor, having a parking lot, the direction of the building, the distance to the nearest public transportation station, the distance to the nearest chain stores and the level of pollution in high-rise buildings They have the greatest impact on increasing property prices.
Urban Planning
Neda Darbandi; Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi; Rasoul Ghorbani
Abstract
During the last three decades, indiscriminate and unprincipled exploitation of lands and changes in uses have caused different reactions of ecosystems. The metropolis of Tabriz is the capital of East Azarbaijan province, which has had an unbalanced and scattered growth during the last few decades, in ...
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During the last three decades, indiscriminate and unprincipled exploitation of lands and changes in uses have caused different reactions of ecosystems. The metropolis of Tabriz is the capital of East Azarbaijan province, which has had an unbalanced and scattered growth during the last few decades, in such a way that the uncontrolled expansion of the city has caused The destruction of the surrounding spaces and the departure of the city from its symmetrical and standard shape. Today, uneven growth and excessive expansion of the city is considered one of the problems of Tabriz metropolis. The method of the current research is applied-analytical by collecting information during a period of 25 years, i.e. 1375-1400 decade in document-library form, field survey in the form of referring to the relevant organizations and departments and using the ecological footprint calculation method. to the main question of the research, that is; "What effects have land use changes in the metropolis of Tabriz over a period of 25 years had on the environment and ecological capacity of Tabriz?" answer and provide solutions to improve the state of land changes and the ecological capacity of the city and the proportional distribution of the population in Tabriz metropolis. Among the results obtained in the present research is that the increase in the population growth rate and as a result the excessive expansion and development of the city during these years has caused an increase in land use changes, especially the conversion of agricultural and garden uses into settlements and residential areas. has been That this amount of changes is beyond the ecological capacity of Tabriz metropolis and requires careful and disciplined management. Otherwise, with the continuation of this type of challenge, the metropolis of Tabriz will suffer significant and irreversible crises and problems in the coming years.
Urban Planning
shahrivar rostaei; rasoul ghorbani; maryam darabi
Abstract
With rapid urbanization around the world and the pursuit of clean energy sources, green cities play an essential role in building a sustainable future for people. Urban green spaces provide a number of perceived benefits to human health and well-being, including overall improvement in quality of life. ...
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With rapid urbanization around the world and the pursuit of clean energy sources, green cities play an essential role in building a sustainable future for people. Urban green spaces provide a number of perceived benefits to human health and well-being, including overall improvement in quality of life. Based on this, the aim of this research is to analyze the environmental quality of urban public spaces in line with the development of green cities in District 7 of Tehran. For this purpose, 24 factors in 9 categories of carbon dioxide components; Energy ; Air ; Water ; wastage ; Transportation ; land use; Buildings and environmental management were identified and given to 30 experts and specialists in the form of a 24 x 24 matrix and with the help of a questionnaire and according to targeted sampling. Research findings show that 10 factors are key factors. In the meantime, green management plays a more important role in the indicators of the green city of the 7th district of Tehran and; population density ; Public contributions from green policies and number of unhealthy days are ranked next respectively.
Urban Planning
shahrivar rostaei; Rasoul Ghorbani; Hadis Bordbar
Abstract
In the study, an attempt was made to extract the main factors and components that influence urban governance in the post-corona era by studying and reviewing domestic scholarly research articles, in order to then prioritize the aforementioned factors in a next step. Providing a conceptual framework for ...
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In the study, an attempt was made to extract the main factors and components that influence urban governance in the post-corona era by studying and reviewing domestic scholarly research articles, in order to then prioritize the aforementioned factors in a next step. Providing a conceptual framework for urban governance in the post-corona era is also considered a secondary objective of this research. This study is a documentary study and methodologically a qualitative survey study. The statistical population includes available articles published in valid domestic journals until the end of 2021 and relevant scientific databases were used for sampling. The innovation of the present study compared to previous and similar studies is that it takes a holistic and systematic view of urban governance studies and also examines urban governance research during the Corona era and afterwards using the qualitative meta-analysis method until the aforementioned method and the analysis of previous research has identified effective factors and components and prioritized them according to their importance. In relation to the most important factors and components affecting urban governance in the post-corona era, the results showed that the structural factor with three effective components (transparency, legality and justice-oriented) and the total score of the components is 21 in the first priority, the institutional factor with one effective component ( responsibility and accountability) and the total score of the components is 10 in the second priority, the individual factor with an effective component (citizen participation) and the total score of the components is 6 in the third priority, the cultural factor without having an effective component and with the total score of the components is 3 in the fourth priority and the spatial factor Also, without having an effective component and with a total score of 2 components, they are placed in the fifth priority.
Urban Planning
Rasou; Ghorbani; Shahrivar Roustaie; Nasim Abolhassani
Abstract
Cities are the most complex systems and networks that have ever emerged. Beyond the classical equilibrium debate, they need a lot of energy to maintain their cohesive structure. Therefore, in the development of cities, it should be noted that a complex and coherent network includes a hierarchical and ...
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Cities are the most complex systems and networks that have ever emerged. Beyond the classical equilibrium debate, they need a lot of energy to maintain their cohesive structure. Therefore, in the development of cities, it should be noted that a complex and coherent network includes a hierarchical and interconnected structure that emerges at different spatial scales and over time, and to maintain this coherence, the interconnected structure must be adhered to. The main structure of the city as a formative of ossification and urban form has had a great impact on the communication and spatial arrangement of urban spaces. Some parameters have played a more prominent role in shaping the urban structure over time, and some vice versa. One of the methods based on the use of computers and scientific methods in the field of urban studies is the spatial arrangement technique. The purpose of this paper is to apply the spatial arrangement technique in the study of the configuration and main structure of the historical city of Tabriz during the last century. Interconnection, space depth and selection) have been discussed using axial line maps and the results have been presented in the form of graphic and mathematical data. The research findings indicate that the axes and routes of the historical and central context of Tabriz have lost their importance and role, but the potential and capacity of revitalization have their role and importance in the main structure of the city.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar Rostaei; Mina Farokhi Someh; Rasoul Ghorbani
Abstract
IntroductionLifestyle is one of the most popular concepts used to explore consumer behavior. In various fields, the lifestyle concept has been widely used to understand and explain certain consumer behaviors. Residential lifestyle is defined here as the way of life related to residence associated with ...
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IntroductionLifestyle is one of the most popular concepts used to explore consumer behavior. In various fields, the lifestyle concept has been widely used to understand and explain certain consumer behaviors. Residential lifestyle is defined here as the way of life related to residence associated with the consumption of time, space and money. In other words, residential lifestyle is all of the lifestyle factors related to residence. The structure and components of residential lifestyles are comprehensive and complicated, with numerous influencing factors. Here, we propose the concept of residential lifestyles as two-sided properties as individuality and sociality, subjectivity and objectivity, actuality and ideality. Residential satisfaction, Residential environmental choice, and residential preferences are one of the most studied themes in the field of the residential environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the residential choice, satisfaction, and preferences as determined by their lifestyles. A total of 206 usable questionnaires were collected from ten regions in TABRIZ City. Six residential choice factors (Safety, Social, Spaces, and Economical and Education) were derived, and the respondents were grouped into four lifestyle clusters (Urban Cluster, Natural Cluster, Economical Cluster, and Social Cluster). Data and MethodIn this research, we analyzed the characteristics of residential preferential patterns with cluster analysis, residential choice with factor analysis and residential preference and relationship with preferences with factor analysis and hierarchical multi-attribute index system and variance analysis. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency tables, graphs, percentages, and variance) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, ANOVA, T-test) were used. Results DiscussionIn this research, on the basis of the understanding of residential lifestyles and its influence factors, we firstly aimed to interpret the concept through the approach of urban planning as the initial step. Among the factors, we focus on the residential preference, residential emphasis on housing selection, and residential satisfaction as well as the individual attributes such as age, housing ownership, household structure and living years, etc.ConclusionWe have studied residential lifestyles from the perspectives of residential choice factors, residential preference, and residential satisfaction. We have made clear the principal residential choice factors of samples from TABRIZ City. Three subjective residential preferences patterns were obtained: Pattern (1) is the urban preference pattern; (2) is the enjoying life and natural preference pattern; (3) is economical preference pattern and (4) is social preference pattern.
Urban Planning
Rasoul Ghorbani; Hamid Hodjati
Abstract
IntroductionIn Iran, a comprehensive urban plan has been prepared and implemented for almost 5 decades. The most prominent plan that has completely dominated the country's urban planning system from the early 1960s to the late 1990s and until now (2019) relatively absolutely. Gradually, with the revelation ...
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IntroductionIn Iran, a comprehensive urban plan has been prepared and implemented for almost 5 decades. The most prominent plan that has completely dominated the country's urban planning system from the early 1960s to the late 1990s and until now (2019) relatively absolutely. Gradually, with the revelation of many weaknesses of this plan, which in combination with the structural weaknesses of the country's urban planning system became more obvious and prominent, the grounds for changes in the system of urban development plans emerged and based on a review of urban development plan services, and its concepts were revised. The inability of traditional management and thus traditional urban development plans to meet the needs of cities had revealed that urban management needed new patterns. Specifically, with the proposal of preparing structural-Strategic urban plans instead of comprehensive urban plans and preparing detailed basic, local and thematic plans instead of traditional detailed plans in the middle of the 1990s, a serious step was taken to change the old trend and prepare and implement so-called new plans. Specifically, after the evaluation of the Ministry of Urban Development of comprehensive urban plans in 1999, it was suggested that Structural-Strategic plans be prepared as a pattern for some metropolises, and based on this proposal, two research plans were defined to investigate the issue: one called process revision, and the content of urban plans and others called global experiences in structural and strategic planning.Data and MethodThe present article is a kind of basic-applied and developmental research and has considered descriptive and comparative-analytical methods to achieve its goals. Specifically, the research in the form of an analytical and descriptive approach, first begins with the study of urban development plans in Iran and the world, and with a detailed documentary study, the foundations of the idea are formed. Then, by analytical study of the plan (content analysis) and in a comparative study with urban development plans of developed countries, indicators and data as well as the main principles and objectives of the extracted plan are compared.Results and DiscussionStructural-Strategic plans of Iran, as its title shows, have a two-part structure (structural and strategic), but according to the authors, they have three parts: strategic part, structural part and comprehensive part. Identifying some of the essential weaknesses of this hybrid plan, roughly indicates that the plan is not able to fully and optimally achieve its goals. In addition, the managerial dilemma has dominated the plan from the beginning. The Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture has not reached a complete conclusion and has not fully accepted the Structural-Strategic plan or the name given among the experts, that is, the Comprehensive Strategic Structural plan. Some parts are not approved and some are not approved, and in this situation, consulting engineers and municipalities are naturally confused, and to avoid this situation, the general tendency of the urban planning system to devise and prepare the previous pattern, i.e. Comprehensive, is diverted. Examination of some internal samples clearly showed that this combination has led to a kind of substantial rupture and avoidance of feasibility. It can be said with negligence that only the structural part has been prepared in a way that has more excitability. The existing studies section has many similarities with this section in the comprehensive pattern and unfortunately has the same problems. The strategic part of the plan is not well developed and in accordance with the principles of Western strategic plans (the purpose is not to hide localization, but the issue of not paying attention to the basic principles), and it is enough to plan general slogans at all levels. The structural part also plays a significant role in marginalizing it with a complete break from the strategic part. Of course, the original planners of this hybrid plan do not claim that this hybrid plan. But it is not clear on what argument this should be accepted!ConclusionThe Structural-Strategic plan emerged from the mid-1990s in response to the many weaknesses of the Comprehensive plan in the Iran's urban planning system. However, the studies of the present article reveal the construction of an incomplete combination of different plans with a clear and hidden focus on the Comprehensive plan and is not able to lead cities to the necessary utility. However, even in this situation, tips and suggestions can be made to correct things. Although it will not be the final solution. Suggestions such as simultaneous preparation of theoretical and operational parts of the structural-strategic plan to avoid inconsistencies and problems due to the time interval between the preparation of the two plans -the gap between the preparation of the structural-strategic and detailed (local) plan-. To achieve this goal, general and detailed studies of the plan can be done in parallel; A general overview of the so-called structural-strategic plan, by measures such as increasing the relationship between the strategic and structural sectors in the Structural-Strategic plan and if Inability to do so, removing the strategic part from the structural part or vice versa and focusing on only one part; Return of this Plan to the basic principles of the structural plan (the structural part of the plan in Iran is not faithful to the original pattern); More detailed presentation of thematic and local plans with further investigation, Establish laws to delegate more authority to local authorities to prepare and approve urban development plans, and beyond these proposals, propose a plan to replace the structural-strategic plan until the country is ready to prepare and implement the optimal strategic pattern, can well fill the gap between the current situation and the desired situation. Based on this, a proposed plan with the title of comprehensive strategic plan or comprehensive-strategic plan was compiled by Hamid Hodjati (one of the authors of this article), which is specifically based on his studies on various urban development plans in Iran, studies on global examples of strategic pattern and his opinions and views from this studies.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Reza Pourmohamadi; Rasoul Ghorbani; Ghafour Alizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionTabriz city, the largest metropolis in northwestern Iran, has a privileged and strategic position in Iran due to its location on the political and cultural borders and in the transit route of neighboring countries (former the Soviet Union, Turkey and Iraq). In the current situation, due to ...
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IntroductionTabriz city, the largest metropolis in northwestern Iran, has a privileged and strategic position in Iran due to its location on the political and cultural borders and in the transit route of neighboring countries (former the Soviet Union, Turkey and Iraq). In the current situation, due to the large number and variety of threats and the establishment of a large number of centers of gravity in this city, the probability of injuries has increased sharply; As a result of this, in order to improve the security of the city, by examining the vulnerability of the centers of gravity against potential threats based on the safety considerations of passive defense, the necessity of intervening is a very smart affair.Data and MethodThis research in terms of purpose is applied-developmental with a descriptive-analytical approach, and the method of collecting data is in the form of documents, library and field surveys (questionnaire and survey of 20 experts in the fields of urban planning, architecture and passive defense) have been. In the methodological discussion, first, the literature on the three concepts of threat, vulnerability and passive defense requirements in the field of urban planning in Iran and other countries, To identify assets and identify potential threats to those assets as influential factors in the vulnerability of gravity centers in the ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz, has to be studied. By selecting the latest questionnaire models prepared by the Passive Defense Organization of Iran, determining the grading of gravity centers and basic threat assessment of centers of gravity was done by provincial experts and experts of the statistical community. To determine the importance coefficient of graded gravity centers, using ANP network analysis and Super-Decision software (by determining the correlation and comparisons of standard pairs and indices by experts in the statistical community), unbalanced, balanced, and limited matrices were formed, followed by the determination of the importance coefficients of Centers gravity were determined; Then, the criteria and indicators of the research were prepared in a categorical manner. Spatial maps of all layers related to criteria and indicators in the GIS environment related to Arc-Map software were overlapped by applying the coefficient of importance and evaluating the appropriate distance from the objectives, criteria, and indicators with emphasis on the underlying threat. In the end, the vulnerability zoning map of the centers of gravity of the ten areas of metropolitan Tabriz was prepared.Discussion and ConclusionThis research process is as follows:Using a quantitative model to determine the levels of gravity centers of Tabriz metropolis, showed that out of 32 selected assets, 17 assets are classified as vital and sensitive centers and 15 assets as important and maintainable centers. The result is the existence of numerous vital and sensitive centers; By creating several important centers instead of a single vital and sensitive center and increasing the distribution of important centers in the city, effective action to improve the security of the city against military attacks is one of the key issues in discussing harm and threat in passive defense.Based on the quantitative threat model affecting the assets of Tabriz metropolis, the threat of air and missile attacks was selected from the possible threats of sabotage, terrorism, cyber and people-centered protests, and missile and air attacks as the base threat. This threat has overshadowed its damage. The result indicates that this threat dominates the city over assets, so missile and air strikes as a basic threat in modeling, network analysis, and standardization of layers in the GIS environment.By calculating the final map related to the vulnerability of ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz through fuzzy overlap functions in the ARC- GIS environment based on 22 effective indicators obtained from the model of determining the level of centers of gravity, in the form of 5 criteria of vital arteries, crisis management centers, military and law enforcement centers , Urban equipment and support centers, the basic threat of air and missile attacks and determining the significance coefficient of criteria and indicators were obtained in network analysis software using SuperDecision method of damage zoning in Tabriz. Vulnerability zoning of Tabriz city is classified into five classes: Zone with very low vulnerability of 13.7%, Zone with the low vulnerability of 9.5%, Zone with medium vulnerability of 23.5%, Zone with high vulnerability of 32.3% and Zone with the vulnerability of very much 21% of the total area of Tabriz metropolis. The result of this is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and intensifies the spatial vulnerability of the city and requires the development of a strategy based on the principles of passive defense to eliminate the vulnerability of the city.A very important conclusion that was obtained based on the average model of the nearest neighbors, the average distance expected from the centers of gravity of Tabriz metropolis is calculated to be 455 meters, while the average distance of existing centers of gravity is 264 meters, which indicates the ratio of the closest The neighborhood is 0.58. The result of this ratio and the p and z values of the model shows the cluster distribution of the centers of gravity of Tabriz. This is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and aggravates the spatial vulnerability of the city.Based on the studies of the SWAT model, the conclusion of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of internal factors by studying and identifying vital, sensitive, and important centers in the metropolis of Tabriz city, indicates that the weaknesses of the city are more than its strengths. As a result, strategies should be formulated in such a way that their strengths are addressed to eliminate their weaknesses from the perspective of passive defense principles. The result of measuring the external environment to identify the opportunities and threats of the city in relation to the analysis of defense elements indicates that the opportunities for advancing the city are less than the threat, so strategies should be formulated in a way that can improve measures and repair existing threats and failures. Do different cities; The combination of the above two strategies indicates the development of defensive strategies as the main objectives of this study in the metropolis of Tabriz in order to reduce the vulnerability and threats to eliminate the vulnerability of the city.Research ResultsSome defensive strategies in order to improve the quality of passive defense in Tabriz are presented as follows:1- Parallel access networks should be organized in accordance with the hierarchical system. Establish safe havens against threats at the point of rupture between tissues;2- Create a suitable distance between the bridges and create complementary communication routes next to the bridges;3- Underpass and metro networks should be organized for multi-purpose use and temporary accommodation;4- Construction rules should be observed in the area of faults and rivers. Create proportionate functions in these areas;5- Dilapidated and compacted tissues in the city center should be reconstructed according to the requirements of passive defense. Create green spaces and neighborhood parks to create temporary shelter spaces and blast waves;6- Prevent the establishment of sensitive and dangerous centers inside dense tissues. These centers should be moved to low-density areas and open spaces that are close enough to residential areas;7- The satellite cities of Tabriz should play a functional role in synergistic activities. These satellite cities play a role in establishing industrial activities and sensitive facilities for their dispersal;8- To reduce the immigration rate of Tabriz city. Excess population to settle in suburban areas and interconnected cities;9- To reduce the concentration of hazardous and polluting industrial activities in the west of Tabriz;10- Using green spaces with tall and umbrella trees within the confines of facilities and equipment, in order to create natural camouflage and develop green belts and improve the quality of the environment;11- Decentralization of the establishment of a large number of sensitive and important centers in the form of clusters in the central core of the city, especially in areas 8, 3, and 4, which should be done step by step due to the high cost;12- Decentralization of population density from zones 1 and 10 based on the principles of passive defense;13- Maintaining the proximity of endangered land uses with areas 5, 9, and 6 and part of 7 with relatively low population density, which are almost desirable and well located;14- Basic action should be taken to remove military centers in the form of creating multi-purpose and recreational uses due to excessive accumulation of military, industrial, facilities, and urban equipment in the southern, southwestern, and northern suburbs of the city, which are endangered uses.A basic action to remove a number of sensitive land uses and vital artery transfer centers (which are constructive and mobile urban elements) from sparsely populated areas 2, 1, 9, and 5, in the form of creating land uses. Multifunctional and recreational, to be done. Transfer some of them to areas 6, 4, 3, 10, 8, and part of 7 (areas 10, 8, and to some extent 4 have a dense population);16- Basic action to adjust the ignition uses due to more accumulation and lack of open and green space in the central areas of the city, and 8, 2 and to some extent 3;Although areas 6, part of 7, and to some extent 4 have the most open and green spaces, the existence of large industrial uses with transnational products (tractor and machine building) and the airport has threatened these areas. This requires preventing the development of the city towards these areas;18- Due to the circular structure of Tabriz, the existence of unsuitable arterial networks in areas 1, 10, and 8, which have a high population density, have small and old parts, and have a suburban texture of the city. In these vulnerable areas, safe points and networks of appropriate thoroughfares should be established and repaired in order to guide the population in times of crisis;Lack of optimal distribution of relief and hospital centers in the city can be seen. So that the central saturation areas and suburban areas, including areas 9, 5, 6, and to some extent 3 and 7 do not have this use. This makes it difficult to provide optimal service operations in times of crisis;Necessary action should be taken regarding the camouflage and concealment of urban facilities with high identification capabilities, such as high-voltage power substations, gas pressure reduction substations, and water tanks that are distributed in urban areas;Establishing several important centers instead of single sensitive centers and adopting safe spaces in them is one of the key measures to improve the level of security in military attacks.
Urban Planning
rasoul ghorbani; shahrivar rostaei; sonya karami
Abstract
Introduction
Recognizing and examining the housing situation in a country depends on identifying and analyzing the factors affecting housing. To assess the housing situation, housing indicators that express the quantity and quality of different dimensions of housing can be studied. Indicators are tools ...
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Introduction
Recognizing and examining the housing situation in a country depends on identifying and analyzing the factors affecting housing. To assess the housing situation, housing indicators that express the quantity and quality of different dimensions of housing can be studied. Indicators are tools to measure the housing situation and its evolution, as well as assess the success rate and implementation of housing policies. Paying attention to the quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing is one of the most important issues in housing planning. Housing, as the most basic human need, has become very important in the life of urban communities, so that it has become one of the most effective components of measuring the quality and well-being of citizens.
Futures studies are now well over 50 years old. Discussants pointed out that the term ‘futurology’ was first introduced by Ossip Flechteim in his 1966 book History and Futurology. Eleonora Masini suggested that Flechteim himself did not have a great deal of confidence in the term, nor was he sure whether the said discipline was a ‘science’ or a ‘prescientific’ branch of knowledge. But he was certain that the new field ranged from ‘the destiny of man, the future of his society to the entire range of his future cultural activities. The strongest defense of ‘futurology’ was provided by Pentti Malaska. Malaska argued, describes ‘what futures knowledge is all about – not only epistemologically, i.e. how to acquire knowledge of the future with different techniques for this or that pragmatic purpose but especially ontologically, i.e. what the knowledge of the future may mean. Dator’s First Law of Futures states, ‘The future cannot be ‘‘predicted’’ but alternative futures can be ‘‘forecasted’’. Warren Wagar in his The Next Three Futures and in tracing the history of future studies consistently uses the term ‘futurism’. Futures studies are a mosaic of approaches, objectives, and methods, and many parts of it are in different stages of evolution.
Methodology
The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature. To collect data has been used of statistical yearbooks, censuses of different periods as well as completing a questionnaire from 40 experts in the field of housing. To analyze the data and determine the strategic indicators has been used of the method of structural/cross-impact analysis approach with MICMAC software and to determine the most probable scenarios has been used of Wizard scenario software.
Results and Discussion
In the last 40 years in the metropolis of Tabriz, housing has improved in all quantitative indicators except the average number of rooms in a residential unit. Reasons for the decrease in the number of rooms in a residential unit are the change in the architectural style of houses and the transformation of households from widespread to nuclear. Information on the infrastructure of residential units also shows that the infrastructure is moving towards standardization and the number of residential units with very low and very high infrastructure has been decreasing. Regarding the quality of housing, all indicators indicate an improvement of trend in the last 40 years, and the only indicator of the housing ownership, despite the increase in the number of owner-occupied households, shows a decrease in the percentage of owners and an increase in the percentage of tenants. Also among the 16 indicators affecting the quantitative and qualitative status of housing in the metropolis of Tabriz, 5 indicators of the average infrastructure of the residential unit, housing with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years, household density in the residential unit, person density in the residential unit and the average room in the residential unit known as strategic and key variables in the future state of housing and two scenarios were identified as the most likely scenarios in the housing sector in the metropolis of Tabriz. In the first scenario, we will see a decrease in the infrastructure of housing units, a decrease in household density and individual density in a housing unit, and a decrease in the average number of rooms per housing, and an increase in units with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years. In the second scenario, we will see the stability of the infrastructure of housing units, the stability of household density and individual density in the housing unit, and the stability average of rooms in housing, and continue to increase housing with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years.
Conclusion
The results of the present study show that all quantitative indicators of the housing situation in Tabriz have been improved in the last 40 years and only a slight downward trend is observed in the average room index in each residential unit. We also see acceptable growth in housing quality indicators. Although the research results indicate an improving trend in housing quality and quantity indicators in the Tabriz metropolis, there is still a long way to reach the ideal housing conditions. Therefore, to achieve a better quantitative and qualitative status of housing in Tabriz metropolis, conduct comprehensive housing plan studies, employ housing specialists and professors to plan and policy in the field of housing, identify diverse population groups and consider all population groups, age and income and construction of housing in accordance with the needs of each group, using the experiences and studies of successful countries in the field of housing and their adaptation to demographic, cultural and economic conditions of the geographical area and more emphasis on effective housing indicators along with other indicators in housing planning and construction is suggested.
Urban Planning
Rasoul Ghorbani; mahdieh tahooni
Abstract
Introduction
Considering that the population growth rate of the surrounding cities of Tabriz metropolis in 2006-2010 Sardroud, Ilkhichi, Osku, and Basmanj cities is 2, 1.8, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, that the growth rate of Sardroud city is more than other all surrounding cities of the metropolis ...
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Introduction
Considering that the population growth rate of the surrounding cities of Tabriz metropolis in 2006-2010 Sardroud, Ilkhichi, Osku, and Basmanj cities is 2, 1.8, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, that the growth rate of Sardroud city is more than other all surrounding cities of the metropolis of Tabriz. The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and stages of growth and development of the city so that the population has increased 2.6 times and the area of the city has increased 2.7 times during the 35 years (1976-2011).
The increase of industries of Sardroud has played a significant role in the spatial-physical changes of Sardroud. By comparing the position of different economic sectors in Sardroud with East Azerbaijan province, the total growth rate of the reference economy in 1996-2006 has been equal to 1.6. Also, the province's economic structure during the mentioned period has always been negative and has had a downward trend. The variation rate of the economic structure in the province has been 3.126% in 1996-2006, in comparison with Sardroud city with a high variation coefficient of 7.164%.
Population growth and increase in industries in Sardroud city have led to the unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial-physical structure of the city, the destruction of agricultural lands (so that the area of agricultural lands and gardens in 1999 has been 6382180 square meters (65.2%) and, 3252635 square meters (26.35%) in 2011), and the emergence of various spatial-physical, environmental, social and economic problems, including land-use change, air pollution, water, soil, negative effects on green space, etc. Therefore, the current study can contribute to the logical understanding of these factors and recognizing the urban issues and problems, proper and rational dealing with these issues, and the thoughtful and tactical design for the future development of the city by recognizing and assessing the physical-spatial growth of the city in two periods of 1998 and 2012 and its changes over time.
Data and Methods
The research method is adjusted based on the nature, subject, and objectives of each research. Therefore, the current study is comparative-analytical research and is applied- developmental in terms of nature. The information related to the area, etc. were collected from the master plan (provided by the Rajan Ab Zagros consultant engineers) and other researchers and is classified based on the research requirements. Relative quantitative entropy model, Gini coefficient. Moran, Gary, and adjusted Gary coefficients were used to analyze the data.
Results and Discussion
Based on investigating the density ratio of Sardroud neighborhoods in 2011, the entropy value of Sardroud was 0.91 in 2011. The entropy value in 1999 has been 0.85 for Sardroud neighborhoods. Although it has had more concentration compared with 2011, the entropy value has been towards zero. However, its value is high and indicates the sprawl in the neighborhoods of Sardroud city.
The obtained Gini coefficient for 1999 and 2011 is 0.35 and 0.36, respectively, indicating the unequal distribution in two decades. However, the Gini coefficient value for 2011 shows the unequal dispersion of the population comparing to 1999. Moran coefficient was calculated for 1999 and 2011. The obtained value for 1999 is 0.03, indicating the unipolar random accumulation pattern of Sardroud similar to most of the cities in Iran. Also, the obtained value for 2011 was 0.01, indicating the movement of Sardroud towards being multipolar in the future. Gary coefficient was also calculated for 1999 and 2011. The obtained values for 1999 and 2011 are 0.05 and 1.99, respectively. It indicates that in 2011, the city was closer to the sprawl dispersion pattern and shows that accumulation and density in Sardroud were more in 1999, comparing to 2011, and the urban sprawl increases in 2011.
The calculations show that Sardroud city has been towards sprawl development, and this dispersion leads to the destruction of the agricultural lands and gardens.
Conclusion
According to the research findings, this type of urban structure has had many negative consequences in different environmental, social, and economic sectors, including destruction of the agricultural lands around the city and so on.
- Taking efficient urban management policies to consider density, public transportation and land use that affect the urban form of Sardroud city.
- Since the city is inevitable to grow and expand and population growth is always present in cities, it is necessary to use specific strategies and tools to manage the growth of cities and effectively control the sprawl expansion of cities, to avoid further waste and destruction of suitable suburban agricultural land around the cities and reduce the negative consequences of this type of urban development.
Urban Planning
Rasoul Ghorbani; Mahdieh Tahooni; Naser Ghaderi
Abstract
Introduction The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and the stages of growth and development of the city, so that the population during the 35-year period (1976-2011) has doubled and the area of the city has doubled Increasing industries near ...
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Introduction The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and the stages of growth and development of the city, so that the population during the 35-year period (1976-2011) has doubled and the area of the city has doubled Increasing industries near Tabriz metropolis, which is located in Sardroud city, plays an important role in changes. As a result, population growth and industrial growth in Sardroud led to unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial-physical structure of the city, the destruction of agricultural lands so that the area of agricultural lands and gardens in 1999 was 6382180 square meters (65.2%) per year. 2011, 3252635 (26.35%) and the occurrence of various spatial-physical, environmental, social and economic problems in Sardroud city. Therefore, this study evaluated the spatial-physical effects of Tabriz metropolis on Sardroud city with the explanation that the factors affecting change The physical-spatial form of the city informs us of the logical understanding of these factors and of understanding the root of its problems. Each and every logical and correct confrontation with the problems as well as the thoughtful and thoughtful design of the future development of the city helped. Considering the above issues, the questions are as follows: - Has the proximity to Tabriz caused changes in the demographic structure of Sardroud city?- Has the spatial-physical developments of Sardroud city been affected by the expansion of industrial-workshop activities? Methodology In the present study, the method of analytical-comparative research is the type of applied-developmental research. Relevant information from comprehensive study studies and other relevant sources are obtained and classified according to the research needs. Then, the statistical indicators of the research are extracted from the mentioned data based on statistical relations. Quantitative models have been used to analyze the information, which are as follows: Study and analysis of demographic changes using population estimates based on statistics of fertility rates and mortality in Sardroud city through people software, calculation of economic activity diversity index using From the Gibbs-Martin model, comparing the position of different economic sectors of the city with respect to the province using the share change model and the Izard model and measuring the physical-spatial form of the city using quantitative relative entropy models, Gini coefficient, Muran, Gary, and Gary adjustment. Results and discussion In this study few models have been used. According to Bozhugarnia's diagram, the role of Sardroud city in 1996 was industrial, while in 2006-2011 it has taken on a commercial role. Comparing the position of different economic sectors of Sardroud city compared to East Azarbaijan province using the share change model, the growth rate of the total reference economy for 1996-2005 was equal to 1.6 and the economic structure of the province during this period has always been negative and declining. And the employment rate in agricultural sectors is -0.12, industry -0.04 and services are equal to 1.1; and by examining the changes in the economic sectors of Sardroud city based on the Izard model, the only service sector in the city compared to its similar coefficient in the level. The higher province is 252.6 against 137.3 percent, and the results obtained from the measurement of spatial-physical models indicate this. The form of the city is moving towards urban distribution and the values of the indicators in 1999 and 2011 are as follows: (relative entropy = 0.85, Gini = 0.35, Moran = 0.03, Gary = 0.05) And (relative entropy = 0.91, Gini = 0.36, Muran = 0.01, Gary = 1.99). Which has caused the destruction of agricultural lands and orchards, so that in the city of Sardroud in 1378 the share of orchards and agricultural lands was 65.2 and in 1390 it has reached 26.35%. Conclusion Considering that Sardroud city has the most impact from Tabriz metropolis, the development of urban infrastructure of Sardroud city should be considered in line with Tabriz metropolis so that the lack of infrastructure does not lead to marginal growth and inappropriate spatial-physical changes. And in areas where marginalization has taken place, urban renewal and rehabilitation measures and empowerment measures should be taken. Examining the changes in the economic sectors of Sardroud city in the field of industry, private sector investment should be activated and private sector investment in various economic fields should be invested in government economic policies, increasing the amount of investment from city credits, equipping and further development of Shahid Rajaei industrial town. It depends on the carpet weaving and carpet industry in the city.The spatial-physical structure of the city of Sardroud is a pattern of urban dispersion. Due to the need to guide the development of the city towards greater sustainability, the need to change it and the use of strategies for greater compression of the city is felt.- In order to prevent inappropriate urban-physical spatial development towards vulnerable and ecological areas, it is necessary to mention suggestions for improving urban development. Due to the poor growth of the city and its builders, it is necessary for the municipality to exercise strict supervision according to the existing laws and regulations, or for a specific organization or unit to do so under the supervision of the governorates or municipalities.
Urban Planning
Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi; Rasoul Ghorbani; ali akbar taghipour
Abstract
Using the quantitative tools, methods and techniques in various sciences has been expanded during the recent years. The quantitative methods’ utilization in different branches of Humanities, especially the urban and regional planning have been always faced to various challenges. The reason ...
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Using the quantitative tools, methods and techniques in various sciences has been expanded during the recent years. The quantitative methods’ utilization in different branches of Humanities, especially the urban and regional planning have been always faced to various challenges. The reason of generated challenges is the complex nature of the human behaviors. Ordinary least Squares (OLS) is one of the popular methods in spatial model domain. It is supposed, in this method, that there is no spatial anisotropy among the observations and the spatial dependence doesn’t exist among the noise terms. It can be seen, in spatial data, using of the general regression methods such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and will cause the model parameter dispersion. So it is necessary to use some other spatial modelling methods such as Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The experimental studies, have been done in this domain, reveal that the spatial regression methods can consider the spatial anisotropy among the observations and the noise terms dependence and will cause the estimations without the swearing and compatible with the parameters of the statistical society.
Urban Planning
Rasoul Gorbani; Razieh Teymouri
Abstract
The development of green space due to increasing population and urban constructions and human necessary need to green spaces is vital for balance in social, physical, spiritual and also cities ecology. This article with structural view intends to analyze all of factors that contribute in the development ...
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The development of green space due to increasing population and urban constructions and human necessary need to green spaces is vital for balance in social, physical, spiritual and also cities ecology. This article with structural view intends to analyze all of factors that contribute in the development of urban green spaces. Andby using the relationships between these factors, extract the key factors that are the most important factors for the optimal development of urban green spaces.This study with descriptive - analytical method and with applied purpose, and using futures studies view, try to provide strategies for structural and ecological development of green spaces in the city of Tabriz. In order to achieve this goal, by using environmental scanning and analysis of extracted factors in MICMAC software, the relationship between contributed factors in the development of green spaces in the city of Tabriz analyzed and eventually the key factors identified. Therefore ten following factors have been determined as key factors for the development of Tabriz green spaces; "Locating for development of ecological green spaces, optimal access for all citizens, green spots physical connections, sustainable water resources, maintenance and protection of green spaces, dense vegetation planting, restoration of abandoned land, green spaces diversity functions, biodiversity and green spaces Beautify designing ". The systematic application of these factors in the planning of urban green spaces, can be strategies for improve the current and future situation of these important urban spaces.
Rasul Gorbani; Firuz Jafari
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 253-276
Abstract
Abstract
Building density as the total floor area ratio of all storeys used for residential purposes is an important issue in urban planning and land management. Today, because of the lack of resource and to decrease urban development costs and to provide goods and commercial services attention toward ...
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Abstract
Building density as the total floor area ratio of all storeys used for residential purposes is an important issue in urban planning and land management. Today, because of the lack of resource and to decrease urban development costs and to provide goods and commercial services attention toward the increment of to more dense and increasing building density has increased. This article reviews the concept of building density and documents and regulations approved on this subject during recent years in Tabriz. It is a descriptive-analytic research. The increasing of building density in cities with growing populations is one of the strategies approved for controlling extension and balance of urban space. Increasing density in cities without attention to balances and equilibrium might cause problems and solving that will take much time, energy and would require higher costly. Studies show that among the regulations approved for comprehensive plans and regulations in the detailed plans and projects, there is an obvious difference. For instance, open space reduction rule was approved in master plan to be 55 m2 upto 10 m2 in detailed plan of Tabriz. Obviously, if in the process of determining the building density measures such as occupied building, height, proportion of mass and space, and residential neighborhoods carrying capacity are considered, it ciykd have helped achieve a coherent and systematic space for the city and add to the quality of urban spaces continuously.
Rasool Ghorbani; Mohammad Jam-e- Kasra; Maliheh Mirzabaki
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 191-216
Abstract
Urban comprehensive plans, as the most significant instruments for systematically directing and coordinating cities, are considered the most apparent manifestations of modern urbanization in Iran. These plans have been used since the mid-1960s in response to spatial-structural deficiencies seen in cities ...
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Urban comprehensive plans, as the most significant instruments for systematically directing and coordinating cities, are considered the most apparent manifestations of modern urbanization in Iran. These plans have been used since the mid-1960s in response to spatial-structural deficiencies seen in cities in Iran. Despite almost half-a-century history of having urban development plans and the ups and downs faced for designing and implementing them, the Evaluation process, which is a management tool for realization of objectives and accomplishments of comprehensive plans, has not acquired its necessary position in the planning system yet.
Therefore, it could be said that the strengths and weaknesses of the urban development plans have not been scientifically identified and no feedback has been provided to the planning system. Therefore, the aforementioned shortcomings, resulting from the missing link of assessment in the country’s planning system, persist despite continuous efforts for designing different urban plans. Hence, in order to achieve a dynamic, constant, flexible system of planning those accords with realities, assessment of urban development plans is a necessary step which could not be ignored.
This article aims to investigate deficiencies of comprehensive urban plan in achieving their objectives and to assess the Implementation of such plan. It attempts to apply modern methods to assess comprehensive plans. In this method, Goal Achievement Method (GAM) is used along with tools of geographical information systems and per capita adaptation to adapted or non- adapted with location if physical fabric objectives.
Results obtained from this study indicate that expansion of cities all over the period has flown in the face of the proposed plan in different aspects, including urban boundary, directions of development, location of different uses, urban densities and the administration organization of plan has failed to match the expansion of the city with the proposed plan.
Karim Hosseinzadeh Delir; Rasool Ghorbani; Abolghasem Taghzadeh Fanid
Volume 16, Issue 40 , September 2012, , Pages 47-74
Abstract
Since the process of increasing urbanization and its effects, has been made more important the necessity of planned about urban development. Some of the problems about this that we face are: metropolises issues, decreasing the quality of life due to more density of population and activities, new towns ...
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Since the process of increasing urbanization and its effects, has been made more important the necessity of planned about urban development. Some of the problems about this that we face are: metropolises issues, decreasing the quality of life due to more density of population and activities, new towns strategy buildings - especially in the middle of latest centaury - Thus, this model has been used in many countries (in past decades) and also it has been started since 1357 with the aim of housing for industry workers, and after the Islamic Revolution, mainly to absorb the metropolis crowd overflow.
Now, after more than one-fourth century and beginning of attracting population process for some of new towns, the main purpose of the article is the answer to this question, that "how much this policy was successful?". And we compare the performance of Sahand new town about the absorption of Tabriz metropolis crowd overflow with prior goals that are based on documental and survey methods on sample include 350 household, production and servicing units.
Findings show that, Sahand new town was clearly retarded of contingency planning about buildings, especially population absorption and employment. But the predicted performances to attract the overflow crowd of Tabriz and provide house, some deal orientation resolved to realize the goals.
Rasool Gorbani; Karim Hosseinzadeh Delir; pari Shorkri Firoozjah
Volume 16, Issue 39 , May 2012, , Pages 89-108
Abstract
Nowadays rapid development of urbanization, population growth, industrialization, unorganized transport system and urban traffic and green space shortage have caused increase of air pollution concentration in cities, especially in large cities. Therefore, attention into air pollution and factors and ...
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Nowadays rapid development of urbanization, population growth, industrialization, unorganized transport system and urban traffic and green space shortage have caused increase of air pollution concentration in cities, especially in large cities. Therefore, attention into air pollution and factors and causes of increased pollutant concentrations are very important. Hence the purpose of this paper is to identity the effective factors on air pollution at Namaz Square station in Tabriz city.
Therefore, through of component analysis method, main components were determined in each season of year and by the application of multivariate regression model, main factors were defined. Results show that climatic factors (such as temperature, wind speed and direction) human factors (such as crowded population, green space shortage, high traffic, unsuitable roads) have the highest influence in the air pollution. Special attention therefore, to human factors can cause to the decrease of air pollution in urban central area
