Urban Planning
Esmail Isazade; Tahir Prizadi; vahid isazade
Abstract
IntroductionTypically, in developing countries, urban growth exceeds the capacity of governments and municipalities to provide services and infrastructure suitable for the population. This category will exacerbate urban poverty in cities, especially large cities in these countries.Data and Method The ...
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IntroductionTypically, in developing countries, urban growth exceeds the capacity of governments and municipalities to provide services and infrastructure suitable for the population. This category will exacerbate urban poverty in cities, especially large cities in these countries.Data and Method The purpose of this study is to empower poverty in the neighborhood of Ismail Abad, District 19 of Tehran Municipality. This research is applied in terms of purpose and part of descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study is the Ismailabad neighborhood, District 19 of Tehran Municipality. First, using economic, socio-cultural, and physical indicators, the areas of urban poverty in the Ismail neighborhood, District 19 of Tehran Abad Municipality were identified.Results and DiscussionThe weighting of the research indices was taken using the Shannon entropy method, then the Vikor quantitative leveling model was used to rank the indices. ARC GIS software has been used to display and analyze the poor urban space in the neighborhood of Ismail Abad, District 19. Also, using the QSPM model, internal and external strategies were identified in which non-governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations were considered as the most important motivating factor in empowering poverty at the neighborhood level and after identifying the target neighborhood. The use of the SWOT technique has been done to improve this place due to planning problems and limitations.ConclusionThe results indicate that urban poverty has been discovered in neighborhoods located on the outskirts of the city. To solve the problems of the residents of the target neighborhood, local spontaneous reinforcers in creating solidarity and maintaining the neighborhood identity, recognizing development potentials, educating residents and raising people's awareness, implementing empowerment plans to control the neighborhood.
Urban Planning
atefeh farajollahi; mahamad reza pormahamdy; rahim heydari chianeh; Davod Mokhtari
Abstract
IntroductionIn recent years, the issue of sustainable development in urban areas has been one of the most important topics among researchers, professors and urban planning experts, and although many questions have been focused on what should be done and how to solve these challenges and how to do it. ...
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IntroductionIn recent years, the issue of sustainable development in urban areas has been one of the most important topics among researchers, professors and urban planning experts, and although many questions have been focused on what should be done and how to solve these challenges and how to do it. (Pourmohammadi, 2003: 1) But in reality, effective solutions are few and the need to renew the attitude to the city and, of course, urban planning, is more evident than ever. Cities face many challenges in the economic, social and environmental fields. At the same time, the increase in population along with the increasing proportion of urbanization has brought harmful consequences for cities. Continuation of such urban growth with social, economic, and environmental problems is critical and is a warning of urban instability, which in turn has severely affected livability in cities (Sasanpour et al., 2014: 29). In this regard, reducing social, cultural, service problems, strengthening the spirit of citizen participation in urban affairs, restoring peace, comfort and beauty to urban environments, implementing social justice effectively and restoring security in various dimensions, all in the hands of management It is an optimal city (Hosseinzadeh Dalir et al., 2012: 161). In this study, which has been conducted with the aim of studying the situation of livability in the regions of Tabriz, while comparatively comparing the situation of regions based on objective and subjective approaches, has identified the key components affecting the promotion of livability. The main question of the research is what is the situation of different areas of Tabriz in terms of livability? And what factors affect the improvement of livability in these areas?Data and MethodsDescriptive-analytical method and questionnaire tools (at two levels of citizens and experts) have been used. In this regard, one-sample t-test in SPSS software environment, Vicker's multi-attribute decision model and interaction / structural impact analysis method were used using Mick Mac software to analyze the data. The statistical population of this study was the residents of 10 districts of Tabriz, and the statistical sample was selected based on stratified sampling method and the proportion of population share of the regions using simple random sampling method.Results and DiscussionThe physical dimension, based on the opinions of experts and the sample t-test, has an average of 3.28, which is above average. The value of this dimension, according to citizens, is equal to 3.20 above average (theoretical average of 3). According to the opinions of the citizens of District 9 and according to the opinions of experts, District 1 is in the first place. The results of Vickor analysis also show the first rank of Region 2 in terms of viability. Regarding the effective factors obtained from Mick Mac software, the results show that the renovation of worn tissue and the improvement of marginal tissue are key influential factors.ConclusionIn the section of biodegradability analysis, based on objective criteria, 8 criteria were used and the areas were ranked according to their per capita related to urban uses using the Victor technique. The ranking of the regions is; Zones 2, 9, 5, 1, 6, 7, 3, 4, 9 and 10. Regarding the analysis of key factors affecting urban livability, cross-structural / structural analysis method was used. This was done in the Mic Mac software environment. The results show that in order of factors; Creating employment and sustainable income, renovating worn-out structures, improving suburban structures, providing adequate housing, developing green and open spaces, and providing infrastructure services are key factors. Considering this, it can be said that among the 10 areas of Tabriz metropolis, we are witnessing a spatial imbalance in terms of livability, and the optimal management of the mentioned cases plays an important role in eliminating this spatial imbalance. Based on this, it can be acknowledged that achieving viability requires an attitude similar to a living organism that people and place are two sides of this living organism.
Urban Planning
behzad malekpourasl; pariman boostani
Abstract
Introduction Urban areas as an important factor in enhancing energy consumption and CO2 emissions are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions which are occurring in most cities all over the globe. (Herring, 2012), (Zubelzu & Fernandez, 2016). Cities consume 67 to 76 percent of energy and ...
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Introduction Urban areas as an important factor in enhancing energy consumption and CO2 emissions are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions which are occurring in most cities all over the globe. (Herring, 2012), (Zubelzu & Fernandez, 2016). Cities consume 67 to 76 percent of energy and 71 to 76 percent of CO2, and this amount will increase significantly by 2050. (Van der Heijden, 2016), (Lehmann, 2014) 90 percent of urban population growth occurs in developing countries. Therefore, developing countries are more exposed to climate change. (Feliciano & Prosperi, 2011), (Colenbrander, 2015) Carbon footprint in cities depends specifically on factors such as living standards and income, socio-economic development, urban spatial structure and transportation systems, energy technology and local climate change factors. (Feliciano & Prosperi, 2011),(Huang and atel, 2016), ( Colenbrander, 2015)The collaborative process builds trust, new relationships, and interpersonal networks, and ultimately strengthens a higher degree of social, intellectual, and political capital among the actors who are being involved. The collaborative planning process creates new and more flexible institutions for the development of the low-carbon city (Agger & Löfgren, 2008). Considering the advantages of collaborative planning including promoting citizen participation, increasing transparency in the decision-making system and employing experts and specialists related to urban areas, this planning was considered by the researcher so that it could be used by the participation and cooperation of all stakeholders in the city in order to move toward integrated management.Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. According to the annual reports of air quality in Tehran(Tehran Air Quality Control Company (AQCC)), it has been declared unhealthy for more than one third of the year during the last two decades. (Shahbazi and at el, 2019) In this research, we use the requirements of cooperative planning in Tehran due to achieve a low carbon city. Related to the political, financial, environmental and social situations of Tehran metropolis and its potentials to achieve a low carbon city, this city has been selected as a research case. Due to its political aspect, Tehran is the capital of Iran and all political and planning activities are carried out in it. As a result of this fact, this city always examines urban plans in the higher levels of the city, and in fact it is ruled by a top-down planning system. As a result, it has always paid less attention to participatory issues. From an environmental point of view, air pollution in Tehran, which is measured with a particle size of less than ten microns, is almost four times that of Los Angeles. It should be noted that some of these pollutions were due to tougher sanctions in 2010 due to Iran's inability to import higher quality additives used to produce car cleaning fuel. (Tahbaz, 2016) Data and Method In this research, at the first stage, after analysing the quantitative indicators of the research and evaluating them, the research uncertainties will be identified. For this purpose, Micmac software is used to identify uncertainties; on the second stage, with the help of the uncertainty-impact matrix, the critical uncertainties of the research are introduced. These critical uncertainties should be used in the process of low-carbon Tehran development. In the continuation of the research process, variables for these critical uncertainties are defined and entered in the Scenario Wizard software to obtain possible scenarios. With the help of the scenarios which will be obtained from the software, the scenario writing process begins. In order to achieve a better portray in Tehran in the long run, the DPSIR model will also be used. Results and Discussion The phenomena of global warming and climate change, on a scale beyond the city of Tehran, is in fact a matter of concern on a global scale. paying attention to these changes and controlling global temperature requires long-term and sustainable planning. As a result, segment and short-term measures cannot reduce the adverse effects of climate change alone. Since addressing climate change is a global issue, it requires holistic attitudes and cooperation with other global cities. Therefore, Tehran was chosen as the capital of Iran for this study. Because according to global statistics, Tehran is the sixth most polluted city in the world, and this highlights the importance to address the issue of low-carbon cities.ConclusionBy institutional and organizational cooperation as well as the real participation of citizens, it is possible to move towards advancing Tehran's low-carbon goals. It is hoped that by using the principles of participation and strategies to achieve a low-carbon city, Tehran could play a small role in controlling climate change and in fact reducing urban pollutants.Finally, by implementing the strategies which are mentioned in the article, we can move towards a low-carbon Tehran. In this regard, urban institutions should participate and cooperate with each other and citizens should play an active role in urban decision-making. In general, the following suggestions are made in various financial, social, environmental and physical sectors:In the financial sector, the growth of start-ups and microeconomic sectors with the support of the government and private organizationsIn the social sector, creating spaces in urban parks in order to gather people and present their opinions on urban day topics.In the environmental sector, allocating municipal budgets for the construction of solar panels in public organizations and requiring urban industries to plant various green species around factories and urban workshopsIn the physical part, the supervision of Tehran Municipality on preventing dispersal and development of urban disorderIt is hoped that by using this research, a step could be taken towards a low-carbon Tehran.
Urban Planning
M. Taghvaei; sohila rezaiee adaryani
Abstract
Introduction A child-friendly city is one of the theories of urban planning, in line with allocating citizenship rights to children and taking care of their wishes and needs, with the aim of creating an opportunity for children to shape or change their surroundings (Sardar Masri,897:2017). Many ...
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Introduction A child-friendly city is one of the theories of urban planning, in line with allocating citizenship rights to children and taking care of their wishes and needs, with the aim of creating an opportunity for children to shape or change their surroundings (Sardar Masri,897:2017). Many studies have been conducted in connection with child-friendly cities in recent years. For the first time in 2007, UNICEF introduced the city of Bendigo, Australia, as the first city to successfully implement child-friendly city projects. Bendigo was introduced as a city where attention to children's rights is the priority in solving urban problems (Kiani & esmailzade kavaki,2012:51). Examining cities' current situation indicates children's neglect in urban planning, especially in Iran (Ghaffari et al., 2014:27). This is even though children, in addition to being an essential part of society, are strongly influenced by the environment and space. One of the urban places that require special attention in this regard is parks and green spaces because they play an essential role in children's leisure time.The present article has examined the studies that have been conducted in the field of the child-friendly city since 1980. Since the 1920s, Western countries have shown early attention to children and their relationship with the environment, and since the 1990s, they have begun to build child-friendly cities, and currently, they have made positive achievements in both the theory and practical examples (Yao & Xiaoyan,2017:699). This research is more about assigning citizenship rights to children and providing for their needs. Today, the child-friendly city is at the top of decision-makers agenda in urban affairs.Therefore, this article examines children's chances to have a share in creating their environment and highlights their ideas, especially in green space design.Data and MethodThe main goal of this study is to identify the indicators of child-friendly green spaces and, in the next step, to measure the realization of child-oriented green spaces in Nazhvan in Isfahan. The method adopted to conduct the present research is descriptive, analytical, and based on the library method and field studies. For this purpose, using the library and documentary method and referring to the available sources in this field, this theory's intellectual and theoretical foundations were studied, and valuable indicators for creating child-friendly green spaces were identified. These indicators were extracted from different scientific sources (including books, articles, and scientific reports). The framework of indicators is produced by collecting all the indicators in a matrix and deducing the most frequent ones. As the main and most important indicators of children's green space, these indicators include security, participation, and sense of belonging, a healthy environment, creativity, interactive spaces, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services. Then, the necessary information was collected by using the field method, including observation, interview, and completing the researcher-made questionnaire. The study sample was selected due to the uncertainty of the community's population size, which included the number of visitors to the green space; based on Cochran's formula in communities of unknown size, 384 cases were selected, including 200 children and 184 adults. Finally, data analysis was done using SPSS software and a T-test.The results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively. In order to improve the level of child-oriented in Nazhvan Park, measures such as: improving the level of services, increasing children's playgrounds suitable for different age groups with high safety, designing and implementing intellectual, group, and various games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park from Through public transportation, it is suggested to improve the safety of the environment and increase the participation of children.Results and DiscussionThe results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively.ConclusionIn order to improve the child-friendly approach in Nazhvan Park, some solutions were suggested, including the following: Improving the service level, increasing playgrounds suitable for children of different ages and groups and with high safety, applying and using all kinds of intellectual games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park through public transportation, improving environmental security and increasing Children's participation. Based on the obtained results, we can determine the score of Nazhvan Park in nine sections based on the opinions of children and adults. This result shows the strengths and weaknesses of the park in order to improve the situation according to the child-friendly approach.
Urban Planning
Abolfazl abdollahifard; Shiva Velayati
Abstract
IntroductionPublic art has followed a new trend in urban spaces in recent years, so that cities invest highly in the design and implementing of public works of art and improving the visual quality of urban spaces, since it is effective in creating good urban spaces and making the city attractive and ...
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IntroductionPublic art has followed a new trend in urban spaces in recent years, so that cities invest highly in the design and implementing of public works of art and improving the visual quality of urban spaces, since it is effective in creating good urban spaces and making the city attractive and memorable. It also encourages people to communicate with works of art and each other. Although public art as an art integrated with the public space of cities is not a new concept, many changes have been created in public art and it caused the creation of various types of public art in most cases from a purely static art to a dynamic and interactive art. This article aims to investigate the effect of public art in urban spaces on promoting the perceived vitality of young people. Despite the importance and role of public art in the quality of urban public spaces, studies conducted in the area of public art have not paid much attention to the effect of different types of public arts in public spaces on vitality of people, especially young people. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim of answering the question of “which type of public art has a greater impact on promoting the perceived vitality of young people in urban spaces?”Data and MethodsThe present study is a qualitative-quantitative (mixed) study conducted as a survey. In the present study, visual approach and image reading were used to collect information. Visual research is a term that includes methods based on data collection and analysis of them through designing, painting, photography, film, or video images. In this article, public arts and interactive arts were divided into different types based on theoretical foundations and research literature and an image was selected from each type of art and through an online questionnaire was submitted to the participants and they were asked to express their level of vitality from watching that work of art in urban spaces on a 5-point Likert scales. This questionnaire was designed and sent to the target population through cyberspace applications. Since the target population of the present article was young people, the sample was selected among the students of Tabriz University and the students of Nabi Akram Institute of Higher Education in Tabriz in the second semester of 2020-2021. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula with an error level of 5% was used. According to the number of students in these two universities (27000 people), the sample size of 379 was selected. After sending the questionnaire to nearly 380 people, 144 people completed the questionnaire. In this research, both art and architecture students and non-art and architecture students in both bachelor and master levels were surveyed.Discussion and ConclusionThe research results revealed that among different types of public arts in urban spaces, sound and digital arts such as musical fountain, and the integrated art embedded in the elements available in space such as wall relief in the body of the building and the art appropriate to the site, such as plants formed in parks, regardless of the three criteria of gender, age, education and field of study, are accepted by all young people and increase vitality, but abstract static art is less welcomed by young people. Among the interactive arts, dynamic-passive interactive art and static interactive art obtained the highest score in terms of creating a sense of vitality among young people, and in contrast, dynamic-dynamic interactive art obtained the lowest score. Art related to public and local culture caused the highest vitality among male young people and young non-art and architecture master students, and digital art caused the highest vitality among females and bachelor art and architecture students. In addition, among non-art and architecture bachelor students, two-dimensional applied art obtained a relatively high score.Results The results show that creating static works of art is not effective in designing cities and using public art to create a sense of vitality in urban space and young people show higher tendency to dynamic work of arts. Also, interactive works of art are more acceptable than non-interactive types, and urban planners should pay attention to this issue in embedding works of art in urban spaces and take right decisions and actions to increase presence, interaction, and vitality among young people in urban spaces. Also, the use of modern technologies and creativity in the artistic design of cities is one of the requirements for adapting the urban space to spirits of young people.
Urban Planning
Rasoul Ghorbani; Hamid Hodjati
Abstract
IntroductionIn Iran, a comprehensive urban plan has been prepared and implemented for almost 5 decades. The most prominent plan that has completely dominated the country's urban planning system from the early 1960s to the late 1990s and until now (2019) relatively absolutely. Gradually, with the revelation ...
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IntroductionIn Iran, a comprehensive urban plan has been prepared and implemented for almost 5 decades. The most prominent plan that has completely dominated the country's urban planning system from the early 1960s to the late 1990s and until now (2019) relatively absolutely. Gradually, with the revelation of many weaknesses of this plan, which in combination with the structural weaknesses of the country's urban planning system became more obvious and prominent, the grounds for changes in the system of urban development plans emerged and based on a review of urban development plan services, and its concepts were revised. The inability of traditional management and thus traditional urban development plans to meet the needs of cities had revealed that urban management needed new patterns. Specifically, with the proposal of preparing structural-Strategic urban plans instead of comprehensive urban plans and preparing detailed basic, local and thematic plans instead of traditional detailed plans in the middle of the 1990s, a serious step was taken to change the old trend and prepare and implement so-called new plans. Specifically, after the evaluation of the Ministry of Urban Development of comprehensive urban plans in 1999, it was suggested that Structural-Strategic plans be prepared as a pattern for some metropolises, and based on this proposal, two research plans were defined to investigate the issue: one called process revision, and the content of urban plans and others called global experiences in structural and strategic planning.Data and MethodThe present article is a kind of basic-applied and developmental research and has considered descriptive and comparative-analytical methods to achieve its goals. Specifically, the research in the form of an analytical and descriptive approach, first begins with the study of urban development plans in Iran and the world, and with a detailed documentary study, the foundations of the idea are formed. Then, by analytical study of the plan (content analysis) and in a comparative study with urban development plans of developed countries, indicators and data as well as the main principles and objectives of the extracted plan are compared.Results and DiscussionStructural-Strategic plans of Iran, as its title shows, have a two-part structure (structural and strategic), but according to the authors, they have three parts: strategic part, structural part and comprehensive part. Identifying some of the essential weaknesses of this hybrid plan, roughly indicates that the plan is not able to fully and optimally achieve its goals. In addition, the managerial dilemma has dominated the plan from the beginning. The Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture has not reached a complete conclusion and has not fully accepted the Structural-Strategic plan or the name given among the experts, that is, the Comprehensive Strategic Structural plan. Some parts are not approved and some are not approved, and in this situation, consulting engineers and municipalities are naturally confused, and to avoid this situation, the general tendency of the urban planning system to devise and prepare the previous pattern, i.e. Comprehensive, is diverted. Examination of some internal samples clearly showed that this combination has led to a kind of substantial rupture and avoidance of feasibility. It can be said with negligence that only the structural part has been prepared in a way that has more excitability. The existing studies section has many similarities with this section in the comprehensive pattern and unfortunately has the same problems. The strategic part of the plan is not well developed and in accordance with the principles of Western strategic plans (the purpose is not to hide localization, but the issue of not paying attention to the basic principles), and it is enough to plan general slogans at all levels. The structural part also plays a significant role in marginalizing it with a complete break from the strategic part. Of course, the original planners of this hybrid plan do not claim that this hybrid plan. But it is not clear on what argument this should be accepted!ConclusionThe Structural-Strategic plan emerged from the mid-1990s in response to the many weaknesses of the Comprehensive plan in the Iran's urban planning system. However, the studies of the present article reveal the construction of an incomplete combination of different plans with a clear and hidden focus on the Comprehensive plan and is not able to lead cities to the necessary utility. However, even in this situation, tips and suggestions can be made to correct things. Although it will not be the final solution. Suggestions such as simultaneous preparation of theoretical and operational parts of the structural-strategic plan to avoid inconsistencies and problems due to the time interval between the preparation of the two plans -the gap between the preparation of the structural-strategic and detailed (local) plan-. To achieve this goal, general and detailed studies of the plan can be done in parallel; A general overview of the so-called structural-strategic plan, by measures such as increasing the relationship between the strategic and structural sectors in the Structural-Strategic plan and if Inability to do so, removing the strategic part from the structural part or vice versa and focusing on only one part; Return of this Plan to the basic principles of the structural plan (the structural part of the plan in Iran is not faithful to the original pattern); More detailed presentation of thematic and local plans with further investigation, Establish laws to delegate more authority to local authorities to prepare and approve urban development plans, and beyond these proposals, propose a plan to replace the structural-strategic plan until the country is ready to prepare and implement the optimal strategic pattern, can well fill the gap between the current situation and the desired situation. Based on this, a proposed plan with the title of comprehensive strategic plan or comprehensive-strategic plan was compiled by Hamid Hodjati (one of the authors of this article), which is specifically based on his studies on various urban development plans in Iran, studies on global examples of strategic pattern and his opinions and views from this studies.
Urban Planning
Mousa Kamanroudi Kojouri; Taher parizadi; Soraya Bagheri Palmi
Abstract
Introduction Land uses are divided into two "compatible" and "incompatible" types in terms of function and spatial effects. This division is done because each user has the most positive and synergistic relationship with other uses in urban development. Therefore, one of the objectives ...
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Introduction Land uses are divided into two "compatible" and "incompatible" types in terms of function and spatial effects. This division is done because each user has the most positive and synergistic relationship with other uses in urban development. Therefore, one of the objectives of land use planning is to locate appropriately and isolate compatible and incompatible land uses from each other (Jankowski, 1995). Incompatible uses in residential textures often include a variety of factories, barracks, slaughterhouses, and prisons (Afradi, 2013). Prisons in Iran are considered one of the administrative and police uses with a transurban scale and have incompatible uses (Supreme Council of Urbanism and Architecture of Iran, 2010). The creation or development of this land use is prohibited within the inner limits of cities (Ziari, 2002: 177). The Evin Prison, located in the Evin neighborhood in Tehran's District 1, has many positive and negative effects on its adjacent spaces. This study aimed to identify the effect of incompatible use of the Evin prison on spatial development (physical, social, and economic) of the Evin neighborhood. The main question of this article is what effect has the incompatible use of the prison on the spatial development of the Evin neighborhood? Data and Methods The Evin Neighborhood Development Plan information was collected from the comprehensive and detailed plan, the strategic document for the development of the neighborhood, and the municipality of District 1. Other data and information were collected by the questioning method. The statistical population of this study was 1158 families living in the Evin neighborhood, and the sample size was 288 families, which was calculated using Cochrane's formula. Six real estates with a history located in the Evin neighborhood were also interviewed purposefully about the impact of the prison on the price of lands and properties in this neighborhood. T-test and the correlation coefficient were used to process the data. The criteria and variables of this research are: A. Physical development (area, ratio, and per capita land use, occupancy level, density percentage, and the number of building floors). B. Social development (percentage of feeling safe and percentage of citizen participation in neighborhood affairs). C. Economic development (the amount of housing prices, the amount of housing rent, and the amount of private-public investment). Results and Discussion The role of the prison in physical development: By reducing the density and height of the building through urban development plans, the prison has imposed and institutionalized restrictions on the physical development of the Evin neighborhood (officially formal). This restriction was more in the adjacent and immediate contexts of the prison. According to the terms and conditions of the detailed plan (2012) and the map of the land use zones of the Evin neighborhood, the neighborhood is located in the residence (R), activity (S), Protection (G), and mixed (M) zones. The number of authorized building floors in the residential area is at least two and maximum of four stories with an occupancy level of 30-60%. The role of the prison in social development: 43.8% of 126 families in the first zone, 30.9% of 89 households in the second zone, and 25.3% of 73 households in the Evin neighborhood felt safe in this study. Accordingly, the law enforcement-security function of the prison has increased the sense of public safety in the Evin neighborhood, especially in its immediate area. On the other hand, urban development plans limit the density of buildings and reduce the transactional value of land and housing in the first zone of the Evin neighborhood, which negatively impact the motivation and demand for living and activity in this neighborhood and play a role in the migration of residents out of it. In addition to changing the proportion of indigenous and immigrant residents in the neighborhood, this trend has also reduced their participation in the Public Affairs Department (cooperation with the council). The role of the prison in economic development: Urban development plans play a role in reducing the transactional value of land and housing, especially in its immediate zone, by limiting land use and building density to ensure prison security. This trend has reduced the participation and investment of citizens and private investors in the neighborhood. Conclusion Through comprehensive and detailed plans, the prison influenced physical development (area, ratio, and per capita usage and density, the number of floors, and the level of building occupancy) and informally affected social development (sense of public safety and citizen participation in neighborhood affairs) and economic development (price and rent of land and housing and public investment of citizens and private sector) in the Evin neighborhood. To secure the prison, the density and number of floors and the height of the building in the Evin neighborhood in the vicinity of the prison are lower than the medium and farther zones. These restrictions play a role in reducing the trading value of the neighborhood's land and housing. These physical constraints and the consequences of the land and housing economy have had a negative impact on reducing motivation and demand for housing and activity as well as willingness to participate and invest by citizens and the private sector in the Evin neighborhood.
Urban Planning
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Shahrivar Rostaei; Hojjat Mohamadi Torkamani
Abstract
IntroductionPlanning as a regulatory process between public and private goals, as a result of the actions of individuals and groups deviates from its regulatory path and acts in a specific direction. This competition, influenced by power, has its own manifestation in the urban environment.The urban revolution ...
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IntroductionPlanning as a regulatory process between public and private goals, as a result of the actions of individuals and groups deviates from its regulatory path and acts in a specific direction. This competition, influenced by power, has its own manifestation in the urban environment.The urban revolution and the consideration of the city as a spatial object, according to Lefebvre, put this socio-economic entity on a path that was increasingly attacked by capitalism, and the reproduction of artificial spaces for the accumulation of capital intensified.This reproduction is done in a set of rules and regulations and management policies that should, in fact, allocate space for public use, While the objective function of this city management organization has collapsed in favor of capital. This point has its own conditions in cities with rentier system. This is because in rentier systems, decentralization policies and, consequently, the strengthening of local institutions and urban management, in the absence of democratic conditions, have created a suitable environment for creating various types of rents and sometimes corruption.When urban space is considered as a commodity for possession, in this process urban management has its own impact. Sometimes as a law enforcement officer and sometimes as a competitor with private capital over urban space. All of this can be described as rent-seeking, in which individuals and groups try to divert resources to their advantage. All of these influences and everything that happens in the urban space are based on factors and contexts that seem to be rooted in the rentier political economy that governs the city system. Therefore, the present study tries to identify and explain the effective factors and contexts.Materials and methodsThe present study can be considered as applied in terms of purpose, although it has also been developed and theoretically explained. Also, the approach is descriptive-analytical, which based on the data obtained from documentary studies, as well as conducting interviews and using a questionnaire, has analyzed the context of rent in Tabriz Municipality.For conducting interviews, open-ended questions have been designed and presented to a number of managers and experts in the field of urban management in the metropolis of Tabriz.The results, after theoretical saturation and combination with the results of documentary studies, are extracted in the form of propositions and form the basis of a questionnaire that is left to the judgment of elites and experts to determine the importance and degree of effectiveness of each criterion in the occurrence of rent and rent-seeking phenomenon. For this purpose, the Mick Mac questionnaire was used. This method is based on the analysis of interaction / structural effects.Results and discussionThe requirement for analyzing variables using Mick Mac software is to determine their interactions in the form of an effect matrix that acts as software input. To do this, a 39 * 39 matrix was set and the relationships between the variables in terms of effectiveness were determined based on the opinions of selected experts in a purposeful sampling way. The number of repetitions considered in the software is twice and the degree of filling is 68.63%. This indicates that they have affected each other in more than 68% of cases. Out of 1269 relationships that can be evaluated in the matrix, 580 cases were unrelated (number zero), 379 cases were weak relationship (number one), 585 cases were moderate relationship (number two) and 305 cases were strong relationship (number three). The pattern of distribution of research variables indicates that the system is unstable.The distribution model shows that macroeconomic factors of political economy generally have high impact and low impressible, and in contrast, the factors that are most impressible are the result of decisions and macro-political and economic environment.Such a situation indicates the power of external and extra-organizational factors to determine the status of the system. impressible factors or results are also factors that are affected by the macro-political environment and political economy and operate mostly at the organizational and local level, in other words, they are the output of the performance of macro-decisions and events.In the structural / interaction analysis matrix, the sum of the row numbers for each variable indicates the effect of the variable and the sum of the columns of each variable indicates its Impressive. According to the matrix results, the variables related to the "political economy factor" have the most impact on the system (the occurrence of the rent phenomenon) and the variables related to the "psychological factor" have the least impact.Also in terms of impressiveness, the variables related to "organizational factor" have the most impressiveness and the variables related to "legal factor" have the least. Based on the results of direct and indirect effects, the variable of power centers has the highest score. Also, all the identified key variables from rank one to 16 are repeated in direct and indirect impact, and the differences are only in their rank.ConclusionThe present study seeks to identify and explain the factors affecting the formation of the phenomenon of rent and rent-seeking in the urban management organization. For this purpose, while conducting interviews with experts and managers related to urban management, first, 39 variables under 7 factors of political, political, economic, legal, organizational, socio-cultural and psychological economics were extracted.In the next step, using a questionnaire, the effectiveness of these variables was determined using the interaction / structural impact analysis method. In the next step, Mick Mac software was used to identify how the variables affect each other and identify key factors. The results of the software output can be summarized as follows;- Based on the pattern of distribution of variables, the system has an unstable state and the types of variables - influential, impressive, independent, regulatory and two-dimensional - can be identified in it.- The most effective is related to the variables of "political economy" and the least effective is related to the variables of "psychological".- In terms of impressiveness, the most impressiveness is related to "organizational" factor variables and the lowest impressiveness is related to "legal" factor variables. The key variables resulting from direct and indirect effects are identified as 16 variables, all of which are fixed and the differences are only related to their rank. These variables include;Centers of power, oil economy, lack of transparency, Clientelism policy, centralism, establishment of rentier state, weakness of popular institutions, government tenure, political influence, electoral assistance, desirability of rent-seeking among social groups, golden signatures, lobbying, the prevailing spirit of rent-seeking, the rule of the technocratic tradition among managers and the legal cases underlying rent.- Variables related to political economy are generally variables that have macro dimensions and in most cases are beyond the control of the local level of urban management. Local level variables are generally related to organizational factors that are generally the result of the performance of macro factors such as political economy. On the other hand, the variables related to political economy can be described as contextual variables that use their micro-organizational variables as tools to make their impact operational.
Urban Planning
Mahmood Akbari
Abstract
IntroductionIn many developing countries, cities have emerged as engines of economic growth by providing a variety of opportunities. However, high population growth in urban areas has put a lot of pressure on natural resources (Dambeebo and Jalloh, 2018: 235). Governments in developed and developing ...
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IntroductionIn many developing countries, cities have emerged as engines of economic growth by providing a variety of opportunities. However, high population growth in urban areas has put a lot of pressure on natural resources (Dambeebo and Jalloh, 2018: 235). Governments in developed and developing countries also use policies to counter the effects of urbanization. One of these policies is the issue of sustainable development (Abu Bakar and Cheen, 2013: 484). The social dimension is an important component of sustainable development. While the discourse of sustainable development is largely limited to environmental and economic concerns (Hemani et al, 2012: 783-784). The overall goal of social sustainability seems to be social justice (Koglin, 2009: 13). In the present study, an attempt has been made to measure the indicators of sustainable social development in Iranian metropolises by using Edas and Mairca technique. Data and MethodIn the present study, by using the Edas and Mairca techniques, the indicators of sustainable social development in Iranian metropolises have been investigated. The metropolises studied in this study were Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz and Qom. The most important indicators used in the Edas and Mairca are: number of public indoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, area of public indoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, number of public outdoor sports facilities covered by the municipality, area of the premises Public sports covered by the municipality, number of libraries and study halls, area of libraries and study halls, number of cultural centers covered by the municipality, area of cultural centers covered by the municipality, number of urban parks, number of forest parks, number of cinemas, Number of cinemas, number of cinema seats, center for social injuries, number of medical centers contracted by the Social Security Organization and number of hospitals contracted by the Social Security Organization. Results and DiscussionIn most of the studied indicators on social development, Tehran metropolis has the most positive distance from the average. The results of using the Edas technique show that Tehran metropolis had the highest score with a score of (0.998), Isfahan metropolis with a score of (0.201) and Mashhad metropolis with a score of (0.189) had the highest score, respectively. The final score was Tabriz metropolis (0.143), Shiraz metropolis (0.100) and Qom metropolis (0.008). The results of Mairca technique show that Tehran metropolis with a score of (0.0049) has the highest scores of sustainable social development indicators. Isfahan metropolis with the highest score (0.1410) after Tehran had the highest score. The metropolis of Mashhad has gained the most points after gaining points (0.1462) after the metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. The score of Tabriz (0.1520), Shiraz (0.1540) and Qom (0.1612) was gained. ConclusionComparative comparison of the results of Edas and Mairca techniques shows similar results and in these two techniques, Tehran metropolis has had the highest score. In the studied indices in the model of Edas and Mairca, Isfahan metropolis had the highest score after Tehran metropolis. The metropolis of Mashhad has had the highest score after the metropolis of Isfahan. In this regard, after Mashhad metropolis, Tabriz, Shiraz and Qom metropolises have obtained the most points, respectively. The results obtained in both techniques indicate inequality due to the difference in points between the studied metropolises.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Reza Pourmohamadi; Rasoul Ghorbani; Ghafour Alizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionTabriz city, the largest metropolis in northwestern Iran, has a privileged and strategic position in Iran due to its location on the political and cultural borders and in the transit route of neighboring countries (former the Soviet Union, Turkey and Iraq). In the current situation, due to ...
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IntroductionTabriz city, the largest metropolis in northwestern Iran, has a privileged and strategic position in Iran due to its location on the political and cultural borders and in the transit route of neighboring countries (former the Soviet Union, Turkey and Iraq). In the current situation, due to the large number and variety of threats and the establishment of a large number of centers of gravity in this city, the probability of injuries has increased sharply; As a result of this, in order to improve the security of the city, by examining the vulnerability of the centers of gravity against potential threats based on the safety considerations of passive defense, the necessity of intervening is a very smart affair.Data and MethodThis research in terms of purpose is applied-developmental with a descriptive-analytical approach, and the method of collecting data is in the form of documents, library and field surveys (questionnaire and survey of 20 experts in the fields of urban planning, architecture and passive defense) have been. In the methodological discussion, first, the literature on the three concepts of threat, vulnerability and passive defense requirements in the field of urban planning in Iran and other countries, To identify assets and identify potential threats to those assets as influential factors in the vulnerability of gravity centers in the ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz, has to be studied. By selecting the latest questionnaire models prepared by the Passive Defense Organization of Iran, determining the grading of gravity centers and basic threat assessment of centers of gravity was done by provincial experts and experts of the statistical community. To determine the importance coefficient of graded gravity centers, using ANP network analysis and Super-Decision software (by determining the correlation and comparisons of standard pairs and indices by experts in the statistical community), unbalanced, balanced, and limited matrices were formed, followed by the determination of the importance coefficients of Centers gravity were determined; Then, the criteria and indicators of the research were prepared in a categorical manner. Spatial maps of all layers related to criteria and indicators in the GIS environment related to Arc-Map software were overlapped by applying the coefficient of importance and evaluating the appropriate distance from the objectives, criteria, and indicators with emphasis on the underlying threat. In the end, the vulnerability zoning map of the centers of gravity of the ten areas of metropolitan Tabriz was prepared.Discussion and ConclusionThis research process is as follows:Using a quantitative model to determine the levels of gravity centers of Tabriz metropolis, showed that out of 32 selected assets, 17 assets are classified as vital and sensitive centers and 15 assets as important and maintainable centers. The result is the existence of numerous vital and sensitive centers; By creating several important centers instead of a single vital and sensitive center and increasing the distribution of important centers in the city, effective action to improve the security of the city against military attacks is one of the key issues in discussing harm and threat in passive defense.Based on the quantitative threat model affecting the assets of Tabriz metropolis, the threat of air and missile attacks was selected from the possible threats of sabotage, terrorism, cyber and people-centered protests, and missile and air attacks as the base threat. This threat has overshadowed its damage. The result indicates that this threat dominates the city over assets, so missile and air strikes as a basic threat in modeling, network analysis, and standardization of layers in the GIS environment.By calculating the final map related to the vulnerability of ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz through fuzzy overlap functions in the ARC- GIS environment based on 22 effective indicators obtained from the model of determining the level of centers of gravity, in the form of 5 criteria of vital arteries, crisis management centers, military and law enforcement centers , Urban equipment and support centers, the basic threat of air and missile attacks and determining the significance coefficient of criteria and indicators were obtained in network analysis software using SuperDecision method of damage zoning in Tabriz. Vulnerability zoning of Tabriz city is classified into five classes: Zone with very low vulnerability of 13.7%, Zone with the low vulnerability of 9.5%, Zone with medium vulnerability of 23.5%, Zone with high vulnerability of 32.3% and Zone with the vulnerability of very much 21% of the total area of Tabriz metropolis. The result of this is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and intensifies the spatial vulnerability of the city and requires the development of a strategy based on the principles of passive defense to eliminate the vulnerability of the city.A very important conclusion that was obtained based on the average model of the nearest neighbors, the average distance expected from the centers of gravity of Tabriz metropolis is calculated to be 455 meters, while the average distance of existing centers of gravity is 264 meters, which indicates the ratio of the closest The neighborhood is 0.58. The result of this ratio and the p and z values of the model shows the cluster distribution of the centers of gravity of Tabriz. This is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and aggravates the spatial vulnerability of the city.Based on the studies of the SWAT model, the conclusion of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of internal factors by studying and identifying vital, sensitive, and important centers in the metropolis of Tabriz city, indicates that the weaknesses of the city are more than its strengths. As a result, strategies should be formulated in such a way that their strengths are addressed to eliminate their weaknesses from the perspective of passive defense principles. The result of measuring the external environment to identify the opportunities and threats of the city in relation to the analysis of defense elements indicates that the opportunities for advancing the city are less than the threat, so strategies should be formulated in a way that can improve measures and repair existing threats and failures. Do different cities; The combination of the above two strategies indicates the development of defensive strategies as the main objectives of this study in the metropolis of Tabriz in order to reduce the vulnerability and threats to eliminate the vulnerability of the city.Research ResultsSome defensive strategies in order to improve the quality of passive defense in Tabriz are presented as follows:1- Parallel access networks should be organized in accordance with the hierarchical system. Establish safe havens against threats at the point of rupture between tissues;2- Create a suitable distance between the bridges and create complementary communication routes next to the bridges;3- Underpass and metro networks should be organized for multi-purpose use and temporary accommodation;4- Construction rules should be observed in the area of faults and rivers. Create proportionate functions in these areas;5- Dilapidated and compacted tissues in the city center should be reconstructed according to the requirements of passive defense. Create green spaces and neighborhood parks to create temporary shelter spaces and blast waves;6- Prevent the establishment of sensitive and dangerous centers inside dense tissues. These centers should be moved to low-density areas and open spaces that are close enough to residential areas;7- The satellite cities of Tabriz should play a functional role in synergistic activities. These satellite cities play a role in establishing industrial activities and sensitive facilities for their dispersal;8- To reduce the immigration rate of Tabriz city. Excess population to settle in suburban areas and interconnected cities;9- To reduce the concentration of hazardous and polluting industrial activities in the west of Tabriz;10- Using green spaces with tall and umbrella trees within the confines of facilities and equipment, in order to create natural camouflage and develop green belts and improve the quality of the environment;11- Decentralization of the establishment of a large number of sensitive and important centers in the form of clusters in the central core of the city, especially in areas 8, 3, and 4, which should be done step by step due to the high cost;12- Decentralization of population density from zones 1 and 10 based on the principles of passive defense;13- Maintaining the proximity of endangered land uses with areas 5, 9, and 6 and part of 7 with relatively low population density, which are almost desirable and well located;14- Basic action should be taken to remove military centers in the form of creating multi-purpose and recreational uses due to excessive accumulation of military, industrial, facilities, and urban equipment in the southern, southwestern, and northern suburbs of the city, which are endangered uses.A basic action to remove a number of sensitive land uses and vital artery transfer centers (which are constructive and mobile urban elements) from sparsely populated areas 2, 1, 9, and 5, in the form of creating land uses. Multifunctional and recreational, to be done. Transfer some of them to areas 6, 4, 3, 10, 8, and part of 7 (areas 10, 8, and to some extent 4 have a dense population);16- Basic action to adjust the ignition uses due to more accumulation and lack of open and green space in the central areas of the city, and 8, 2 and to some extent 3;Although areas 6, part of 7, and to some extent 4 have the most open and green spaces, the existence of large industrial uses with transnational products (tractor and machine building) and the airport has threatened these areas. This requires preventing the development of the city towards these areas;18- Due to the circular structure of Tabriz, the existence of unsuitable arterial networks in areas 1, 10, and 8, which have a high population density, have small and old parts, and have a suburban texture of the city. In these vulnerable areas, safe points and networks of appropriate thoroughfares should be established and repaired in order to guide the population in times of crisis;Lack of optimal distribution of relief and hospital centers in the city can be seen. So that the central saturation areas and suburban areas, including areas 9, 5, 6, and to some extent 3 and 7 do not have this use. This makes it difficult to provide optimal service operations in times of crisis;Necessary action should be taken regarding the camouflage and concealment of urban facilities with high identification capabilities, such as high-voltage power substations, gas pressure reduction substations, and water tanks that are distributed in urban areas;Establishing several important centers instead of single sensitive centers and adopting safe spaces in them is one of the key measures to improve the level of security in military attacks.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar Roostaei; mohammad reza pourmohammadi; Hakimeh Ghanbari
Abstract
IntroductionThe implementation of the smart city requires a change in the governmental (institutional) and managerial structure. The government must engage with the private sector and civil society to enforce its rulings. The government must regulate the rules in such a way that these interactions take ...
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IntroductionThe implementation of the smart city requires a change in the governmental (institutional) and managerial structure. The government must engage with the private sector and civil society to enforce its rulings. The government must regulate the rules in such a way that these interactions take place. Therefore, creating good urban governance is considered as the most important factor in creating smart cities. The purpose of the smart city is to improve the quality of life of citizens and improve productivity and quality of services provided. (Luis M. Correia & et.al, 2011: 7). The development of effective e-government is a prerequisite for the development of smart cities and a way to establish good urban governance (Taewoo Nam & Theresa A. Pardo, 2011: 22). There is a lack of proper planning to create a smart city and efforts to increase smart quality services in Tabriz Municipality. There is no adequate infrastructure and planning in investing in the development of ICT. The budget is not commensurate with the capital needed to develop information and communication technology. The municipal subdivisions are carrying out sporadic projects with a short-term vision and hope that by continuing this method and entrusting the projects to private sector contractors, the city will be made smarter.Data and methodsIn this study, 376 questionnaires have been completed to examine the effective variables of Tabriz Municipality. Municipal experts have been selected by random cluster sampling.The questionnaire consists of two parts; the first part of the smart city items consists of 3 concepts and 28 questions. The second part of the items of good urban governance consists of 8 concepts and 40 items. In selecting the thematic concepts of smart city and good urban governance, the theories of experts, the goals of previous research and unique analyzes of third world cities have been considered. After extracting the components and identifying the items, the collected data were entered in SPSS software. Then the data analyzed in the LISREL software. The independent variable is smart city and the dependent variable is good urban governance.Discussion and conclusionIn structural modeling in LISREL software, According to the Kaiser Criterion, Eigenvalues is a good criteria for determining a factor. If Eigenvalues is closer to one, we should consider that a factor and if Eigenvalues is less than 0.3, then we should not consider that a factor. According to the variance extraction rule, it should be between 0.3 to 0.6. If variance is more than 0.6, then we should consider that a factor.According to the results, among the internal latent variables (dependent variable), the component of accountability with direct effect is 0.78, transparency with direct effect is 0.76, effectiveness is 0.69, participation with direct effect is 0.63, responsibility with direct effect is 0.60, justice With a direct effect of 0.56, consensus with a direct effect of 0.52, regularity with a direct effect of 0.50, respectively, have the most effects on the hidden external variable (independent variable) of the smart city. The response variable of the components of urban governance with a direct effect of 0.78 has been selected as the most effective variable in the smart city.The results of the respondents' analysis show that city officials have little accountability to citizens and projects are not based on responsiveness. The concepts of transparency and effectiveness are important after the concept of accountability and according to experts in the urban management of Tabriz have not received much attention.The results of the analysis show that good governance in urban management guarantees effectiveness, citizen participation, justice, consensus and ultimately the legitimacy of the urban complex. The mentioned factors have an effect on the good governance of Tabriz city, which according to the respondents does not have a suitable structure for their implementation in Tabriz Municipality. In the results, there is a correlation between the external latent variable (smart city) and its observed variables, the internal latent variables and its observed variables, as well as the correlation between the external independent variable (independent variable) and the internal independent variable components (dependent variable). Findings indicate significant numbers related to internal and external latent components and variables. There is also a significant correlation between the observed variables and the hidden variables. The significance of the numbers (t-value) is greater than 1.96.Results:The success of a smart city does not depend on capital and technology, but depend on community leadership and intra-group cooperation with good urban governance. The results of this study show that the condition for creating a smart city is good urban governance. ICT development is not possible unless urban management is committed to accountability, responsibility, efficiency, transparency, consensus, legitimacy, justice and participation.It will be difficult to develop ICT and innovation in the city if the municipality continues to live without paying attention to the needs of the citizens through the sale of building density and the rent economy. This is more implied in the field of technology. Technology usually requires a lot of investment in infrastructure, which unfortunately is not tangible. Considering the direct impact of the components studied in this research, in order to escape the duality in understanding and implementation of the smart city, governance should become good governance. Therefore, introducing laws, transparency and accountability to citizens with a fair approach and obtaining collective opinion of people in participatory projects, will be effective in urban management. The lack of a systematic structure in urban management reduces the number of expert and specialized work in smartening the city and most projects fail. The precondition for accountability in urban management is the specialization of officials and the creation of specialized working groups. Working groups whose approvals are effective and reach the implementation stage.Cities in developing countries such as Tabriz can not create transparent, accountable, coherent and effective management by empty imitating modern technologies or technology imports. In Tabriz urban management, modernization (modernization) is pursued with a misunderstanding. Modernization (modernism) and restructuring of management is not accompanied by it. This dual approach makes the components of smart city and good urban governance that were studied in this study, not successful in implementation.
Urban Planning
Mohsen Ahadnejad reveshty; MOHAMAD TAGHI HEYDARI; Saeed Najafi
Abstract
IntroductionThe critical discourse approach as a emerging discourse trying to link between power and the dominant ideologies of actors in social contexts. Problematic settlements as a serious challenge to countries, have been hidden power relations objective experience of actors that the contribution ...
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IntroductionThe critical discourse approach as a emerging discourse trying to link between power and the dominant ideologies of actors in social contexts. Problematic settlements as a serious challenge to countries, have been hidden power relations objective experience of actors that the contribution of each of them in the production of these space have been different. therefore the purpose of the present study is explain the effects of actors' activities on the production of the text of problematic urban settlements with a critical discourse and right-to-city approaches.Data and MethodResearch method of the present study in terms of nature is qualitative and in terms of the type is analysis method.For explaining the text / space in problematic settlements was used a combination of qualitative-quantitative methods.Then the research variables were extracted and tested with Delphi technique that the 50 experts selected them.The effects of the indicators were evaluated by a one- sample t-test in Spss software and for the link the power and ideology of the actors was used in the production of text /space of problematic settlements with Mactor software.Results and DiscussionAccording to experts idea, findings showed that life experience of residents in the form of concepts such as poverty, neglect, backwardness, invisible forces, conflict of interest, ambiguity in fate, distance between claim and action, distance between us and them, duality and conflict and personal interests not common good, has found meaning. Concepts show the confrontation of government/urban management space strategies against the space tactics of weak people with naturalization of the dominant ideologies and the lack of awareness and economic weakness of the rsidents of these settlements. The role of middle management as a link between government and local management have been significant in the production of text / space of problematic settlements.Conclusion recognizing the rights of the users of these settlements with decryption of hidden meaning behind the apparent meaning, it can be increased the conditions of domination of the main actors at different levels in the form of self-Administered and self-management.
Urban Planning
Vahid Bigdeli Rad; Bahareh Zarbafnia
Abstract
Introduction
The emergence of the mechanized phenomenon increased the human’s need for nature and using it in a peaceful environment so that the natural environments can be established to link nature to the city and create public and popular spaces to link the human to nature. Therefore, some ...
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Introduction
The emergence of the mechanized phenomenon increased the human’s need for nature and using it in a peaceful environment so that the natural environments can be established to link nature to the city and create public and popular spaces to link the human to nature. Therefore, some measures must be taken to improve the quality of the roads besides creating them to increase the walkability (Sharghi et al., 2017; Najafpour et al., 2014). Qazvin Health Road, located in the northern part of the city, was created to have a healthy society. However, it did not reach its highest level in terms of facilities and quality. The current research aims to evaluate the factors affecting the desirability of the urban pedestrian zones with an emphasis on the Qazvin Health Pedestrian Road through which the more presences of the people to improve the health level of the society in the urban and natural spaces is provided by recognizing the factors affecting their quality and improvement in this road. This plan is a dynamic process that was implemented to provide the mental and physical health of the people and increase their happiness and pleasure from the opposite of Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, to Barajin Park.
Data and Method
The current method used a questionnaire to collect the data as one of the most common tools in field studies. Cronbach’s alpha method was also used in confirming reliability, which is considered as the most practical and significant method to measure the reliability. If this value is higher than 0.7, it can be said that the tool has higher reliability (Siamak & Davarpanah, 2009). 30 primary questionnaires were distributed among the members of the statistical population to evaluate the validity, and as a result, the criteria with Cronbach’s alpha less than 0.7 were eliminated, and the criteria with a coefficient higher than 0.7 were obtained as the final questionnaire. Then, given determining the sample size obtained from Cochran’s formula, 400 questionnaires were filled. The data and the items of the questionnaire were first coded using SPSS software to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire, and then, the related values were typed in their specific order. In the following, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to study the normality or abnormality of the data distribution, and the results indicated that the distribution of the data was abnormal. Therefore, the Binomial test was selected as the analysis method, which is a non-parametric test, in proportion to the research purpose.
Results and Discussion
The research results indicate that the following criteria gained the maximum satisfaction of the residents: in physical factors, connectivity and the width of the axis, in environmental factor, the cleanness and hygiene; in comfort and convenience factor, the lack of noise pollution and the status of the flooring; in the physical and activity factor, the criterion of various usability of the path. In contrast, the following factors obtained the least satisfaction: landscaping in the physical factor, protecting the pedestrian against climate changes in the environmental factors, the facilitation in the comfort and convenience factor, and functional diversity in the physical and activity factor. As presented, paying attention to the four mentioned criteria has the maximum effect on the desirability while Siadati and Karimifard (2018) considered vitality the most effective criterion in increasing the desirability of the pedestrian axes. Similar to Hajrezaei (2019), the land use and activity along with the mixed land uses, functional diversity, and various usability of the path are among the factors that have the most effect on the desirability of the pedestrian axis in the current study. Furthermore, in a paper conducted by Punter and Carmona (1997), the environmental factor and the quality of the public area were considered significant. In a study by Habibi and Sheikhahmadi (2019), increasing the legibility using urban landmarks, land use diversity, and physical diversity, safety, and security, using natural elements, and the connectivity of the path are the factors that lead to increasing the desirability. Seyfallahi Fakhr et al. (2013) believe that the function has the most effect on creating a safe pedestrian path, resulting in increasing the desirability of the axis, which was also mentioned in the current study.
Conclusion
The current research aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the desirability of the urban pedestrian axes in Qazvin Health Road as a case study. After reviewing theoretical foundations and surveying the experts, the factors were selected as the main factors in the desirability of the urban pedestrian axes that are as follows: physical factors, environmental factors, comfort and convenience, physical and activity status of the Health Road. Then, through observation and field studies, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among them to investigate the desirability of the pedestrian axis. In the following, after collecting the questionnaires, citizens’ satisfaction with each one of the criteria were evaluated using the Binomial test. The research results indicate that the following criteria gained the maximum satisfaction of the residents: in physical factors, connectivity and the width of the axis, in environmental factor, the cleanness, and hygiene; in comfort and convenience factor, the lack of noise pollution and the status of the flooring; in the physical and activity factor, the criterion of various usability of the path. In contrast, the following factors obtained the least satisfaction: landscaping in the physical factor, protecting the pedestrian against climate changes in the environmental factors, the facilitation in the comfort and convenience factor, and functional diversity in the physical and activity factor. In the end, it is noteworthy that the research results and the recommendations that were determined based thereon can be considered by all the executive organizations, and finally, result in improving the quality of this road and the similar examples in Iran.
Urban Planning
Isa Piri; Leila Hashemi
Abstract
Introduction
With the advent of modernity and modernity, the urban body witnessed the bitter experience of failed modernization. This failure was especially evident in Third World cities and led to a decline in human quality of life in various economic, social, cultural and aesthetic dimensions.
Data ...
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Introduction
With the advent of modernity and modernity, the urban body witnessed the bitter experience of failed modernization. This failure was especially evident in Third World cities and led to a decline in human quality of life in various economic, social, cultural and aesthetic dimensions.
Data and Method
The present study challenges the effects of the growing trend of various types of urban renewal in the social dimension, as the most prominent form of human life in dealing with human affairs is the "city"; Thus, the city's reputation may be honored or shattered by human norms or anomalies. Urban spaces affected by anthropogenic anomalies are often trapped in an uncivilized spirit in the body of civilization. Thus, the Renaissance in urban spaces, especially the streets, which is the most important arena of citizenship, seeks to eliminate the anomalies of unfinished modernism that dominate public spaces by producing human-based civil spaces.
Results and Discussion
In fact, street renaissance is a response to how social relationships are discovered, strengthened and revealed in one of the most important behavioral centers of the city, which as a strategic tool is able to produce and reproduce social spaces in the city. Considering that Sabzeh-e-Meidan, as one of the main bases of Zanjan city, has been affected by unthinkable modernization, the revival and production of human spaces in addition to commercial spaces seems inevitable.
Conclusion
This study is based on the idea of producing a qualitative analytical Lefebvre space in order to acknowledge the impact of social indicators on the central part of the city (Sabzeh-Meidan), which finally confirms the existence of potential social potentials in the area by providing a qualitative model with Maxqda software.
Urban Planning
sajjad racabi; Reza valizade; daryosh satarzadeh; ali panahi; ghorban Mahboubi
Abstract
Introduction
The metropolis of Tabriz is considered as one of the mother cities of Iran and the most populous city of East Azerbaijan province and the center of administrative and political services to the northwest of the country. For more than 100 years, this metropolis has always been one of the ...
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Introduction
The metropolis of Tabriz is considered as one of the mother cities of Iran and the most populous city of East Azerbaijan province and the center of administrative and political services to the northwest of the country. For more than 100 years, this metropolis has always been one of the economic hubs of Iran and has been one of the gateways to Iran and the arrival of technology and social developments in Iran. The special position of this city has led to its rapid and unbridled growth. The economic and industrial position of this city has always welcomed a wide range of rural and urban immigrants from different parts of Iran. Immigration of this city has led to insufficient urban services, formation of informal neighborhoods, occurrence of social anomalies, urban traffic, air pollution, social inequality, inefficiency of urban management and so on. Therefore, the city of Tabriz, due to its population in recent decades, has faced the problem of injustice in the distribution of municipal services. Considering the importance of studying this issue, it can be said that the main purpose of this study is to find a scientific answer to the question of what is the quality of citizens' access to public uses in the city of Tabriz? What is the situation of different areas of the city in terms of the studied indicators? And finally, what are the practical suggestions for improving the current situation of Tabriz in the field of improving social justice?
Data and Method
This research is based on the applied purpose and based on the descriptive-analytical nature, the required information has been obtained in the form of library and field. The reference for collecting the information required for this research through a comprehensive and detailed plan of the city of Tabriz, was the preparation of a special questionnaire to collect information from relevant institutions (municipality, cultural heritage, health network, education, etc.). In order to grade the levels of spatial justice, 9 variables of cultural-artistic, educational, administrative-disciplinary, medical, park and green space, religious, urban equipment and urban facilities have been used. To do this, the weight of each criterion has been determined using Shannon entropy method and to analyze the data, multi-criteria decision making method of Vicor, TOPSIS, Prometheus and integration model (Copeland) has been used. Also, GIS v10.5 software has been used to draw a spatial map related to the prioritization of urban areas of Tabriz in terms of the studied indicators.
Results and Discussion
As the results of the research showed using the three models of Vicor, Topsis and Prometheus, the prioritization of the ten districts of Tabriz in terms of the nine criteria of social justice, had different priorities. Therefore, in order to integrate the results and provide the final prioritization, the Copeland integration model was used. In the Copeland method to classify the areas of Tabriz city, the numerical range of 9 and 9 (6 to 9 is highly enjoyed, 3 to 6 is enjoyed, 3 to 3- is relatively enjoyed, 3- to 6- is relatively deprived and 6- to 6- is deprived) is used. It becomes. The results of Copeland method, which is obtained by combining the results of three models of Vicor, Topsis and Prometheus, show that areas 6 and 8 of Tabriz metropolis are in a very good position in terms of spatial justice. Zone 3 is in a privileged state, Zones 2, 7, 10 and 1 are in a relatively prosperous state, Zone 5 is in a relatively deprived state and Zone 9 is in a deprived state.
Conclusion
In general, it can be said that in terms of priority of Tabriz urban areas in terms of social justice criteria, economic and commercial factors are more effective and have a greater role than other components. And the more financial institutions, the higher the score compared to other regions.It should be noted that in this study and other similar studies, access to urban public services and social justice has been examined from a quantitative approach without regard to its quality, while in the field of social justice, the quality of uses as well as The quality of access to public services is more important than its quantity, so it is suggested that in future research, the issue of social justice be considered from a quality approach.
Urban Planning
ebrahim zahedikelaki; Sadra Motevalli; hassan mahmoudzadeh; Gholamreza Ganbaz ghobadi
Abstract
Introduction
The trend of urban change and subsequent changes in the ecological structure of Behshahr city during the last 34 years has caused many environmental problems. So that the horizontal expansion of the city to the four directions and consequently the increase of ecological footprint ...
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Introduction
The trend of urban change and subsequent changes in the ecological structure of Behshahr city during the last 34 years has caused many environmental problems. So that the horizontal expansion of the city to the four directions and consequently the increase of ecological footprint in this city has led to many changes in use, especially from agriculture and gardens within the city limits to residential and commercial, etc., which causes The destruction of the ecological foundations of the urban environment, the reduction of the capacity to absorb pollution and the intensification of pollution, the lack of green spaces compared to the built-up urban spaces, and finally the reduction of environmental resilience in this city. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of changes in the extent and structural pattern of urban land cover based on Explanation of urban ecology structure during the last 34 years using remote sensing techniques and landscape metrics.
Data and Method
The research method in the present study is analytical-descriptive. The data and information required for the research have been collected and processed through library and field studies. In order to identify and create land use maps and with the aim of examining the structural elements of Behshahr city, the images of TM and OLI sensors of Landsat 5 and 8 satellites related to June in two time periods (1986 and 2020) from the US Geological Survey ( USGS) was used. Also for combining bands, processing and classification of satellite images from ENVI 5.3 software, for measuring landscape metrics from Fragstats4.2.1 software, for preparing maps and data of other software, from Arc Gis10.7 software And Arcview3.2 and Excel software has been used to sort the data and prepare the charts.
Finally, using appropriate landscape metrics at two levels (class and landscape) including metrics, MNN, LSI, MSI, MPS, ED, LPI, NP, PLAND, CA Cohesion, changes in the ecological structure of Behshahr were evaluated.
Results and Discussion
In this study, after processing the Landsat satellite images of the studied years (1986 and 2020), land use was classified into four classes: built-up lands, barren and gardens, and green spaces and agricultural lands.
According to the results obtained from land use changes, in 1986, lands built have the highest percentage of area, ie 470 hectares (38.5%) among land uses, and respectively agricultural lands, green space and barren in the next ranks. In 2020, the built-up land has grown significantly compared to 1986 and has reached 788 hectares (65%), and other uses, agriculture, green space and wasteland are in the next categories.
Also, the analysis of Behshahr Landscape metrics during the last 34 years shows that the metric value of the number of patches (NP) has increased from 599 in 1986 to 863 in 2020. In fact, the decrease in their number indicates fragmentation and The fragmentation of large agricultural spots, green spaces and gardens in the study area is due to the increase in urban construction. This reduces their sustainability and ecological performance. The average patches size (MPS) also shows a decreasing trend and has been reduced from 1.96 in 1986 to 1.43. In general, metric changes in the average patches size indicate an increase in degradation and thus a decrease in ecological resources in the study area.
The results of the research also show the fact that the metric value of the average distance of the nearest neighbor (MNN) of Behshahr landscape has increased in the last 34 years and has increased from 79.01 meters in 1986 to 84.69 meters in 2020. This justifies the reduction of connection and continuity of land use patches, especially agricultural lands, gardens and green space.
Conclusion
In general, one of the obvious results of examining the changes in land use maps of the two periods is as follows: Land use made in this period due to increasing population and demand for land and, consequently, urban growth in recent decades, with the most Area changes have increased and increased by (68%). But other land uses have been declining, so that ecological and green lands, agricultural lands (-52%) and gardens and green spaces (-31%). ) And barren lands have also decreased by about -41%.
The analysis of land landscape metrics also clearly shows the effects of human activities and urbanization on the environment, and the results indicate that the landscape of Behshahr city has become more complex, more geometrically complex and geometrically irregular, and with decreasing continuity, It has become more fragmented. In fact, the results of Cohesion, MNN, LSI, MSI, MPS, ED, LPI, NP, PLAND, CA metric analysis show that the studied land uses, especially agricultural lands, gardens and green space in Behshahr in terms of composition and distribution. The space does not have favorable conditions and during the period under study in terms of extent, continuity and nature of the composition and distribution of ecological patches, especially agricultural patches, has undergone a process of severe destruction. So that, changes in the amount of NP (number of patches) and MPS (average patches size) have been indicators of the formation of a downward trend and ultimately the destruction of the system, indicating that reducing the average size of patches, the destruction process in The system shows and in fact a genuine integrated patch has become a number of small patches and has lost its cohesion.
Also, the results of the study of land use continuity metrics (MNN and Choesion) show that in the mosaic network of urban ecological patches, especially agricultural lands, gardens and green space, while eliminating a large part of these patches and changing its use. On the one hand, the average distance between similar patches has increased over the last 34 years, and on the other hand, they do not have the necessary area.continuity and integration to provide ecological services to improve the environmental quality of Behshahr.
Urban Planning
Leila Sohelivand; Farzin Haghparast; ALIREZA soltani; mahsa faramarzi
Abstract
Introduction
Due to the need to provide housing in different countries, governments have taken comprehensive measures and planning to provide housing for different groups, especially the low-income classes. But the reality is that the methods of planning and intervention in housing production, land ...
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Introduction
Due to the need to provide housing in different countries, governments have taken comprehensive measures and planning to provide housing for different groups, especially the low-income classes. But the reality is that the methods of planning and intervention in housing production, land supply, and established urban standards have been inefficient and have not benefited the lowest-income groups. On the other hand, policies that emphasize the construction of housing for the low-income classes have paid little attention to its environmental effects. It is also important to note that the challenge of providing housing for low-income urban groups in developing countries is not limited to housing alone. Lack of living space and interior spaces of the house and inefficiency of heating and cooling facilities, insecurity against natural hazards, are among the most important issues that are not considered and studied when providing housing policies for these groups. To take. On the other hand, according to experts, housing programs for low-income groups have been the only housing for swollen housing wounds among these income groups; A large number of households in the conditions of homelessness, housing shortage and poor housing, show a lack of macro vision of this sector and the ineffectiveness of policies implemented in the housing sector and solving its problem in the country. For a variety of reasons, these policies have always faced serious challenges from the public and critics, as managers and planners in the field are now convinced that many policies and Investments in the housing sector may improve temporarily in this sector, but it will not be a way to achieve safe and sustainable conditions. What is needed is a rethinking of macro-management approaches and the use of new tools in planning, tools that make sense of the third wave of management (change to adapt to the future environment). In this regard, this study intends to identify and investigate the most important factors affecting the provision of adequate housing for low-income urban groups in the city of Tabriz.
Data and Method
The present study, with a futures research approach, identifies the most important factors affecting the housing of low-income groups in the city of Tabriz and examines the extent and how these factors affect. This research is applied in terms of purpose and according to the components under study, the approach is the descriptive-analytical method. Environmental and Delphi scanning techniques have been used to identify variables and indicators. In this regard, in the first stage, to collect variables from online articles, a review of published articles on the factors affecting the provision of housing for low-income groups was used; Then, a semi-structured questionnaire was distributed between experts in the field of urban issues and they were asked to score points in the matrix of intersecting effects on variables, based on effectiveness and influence with numbers in the range 0 to 3. In this rating, "zero" means no effect, "one" means weak effect, "two" means medium effect and "three" means high effect. The scores were then entered in a cross-matrix to measure the direct and indirect impact of each factor and to obtain key drivers according to the scores of the factors. In scenario-based studies, the expertise and knowledge of experts take precedence over the overall quantity and the sample size should not be less than 25 people. In this study, in order to consciously select the participants, purposive sampling method has been used. The basis for using purposive sampling method is to select a group of experts who have an in-depth study or general understanding of the nature of the research questionnaire. Based on the above explanations, the statistical population of this study is 50 experts in the field of urban issues, including experts of Tabriz metropolitan municipality, consulting engineers and some university professors specializing in the field of study.
Results and Discussion
Based on the rank obtained from key factors, 16 factors were identified as drivers in low-income housing planning in Tabriz. These drivers are in order of importance: per capita construction credits (government development credits in the housing sector), security against earthquakes and natural disasters, housing prices, the quality of urban space, the level of security against urban crime, how to access Educational centers, access to cultural and recreational centers, access to health centers, urban green space, quality of design and construction, access to public transportation, cost of urban infrastructure, access to water, electricity, gas, telephone, sewage, residential density and Construction cost.
Conclusion
Given the obtained key drivers, it can be acknowledged that success in achieving comprehensive goals in this field depends on continuous interaction between key factors and careful planning for these drivers. In other words, sufficient attention by planners and city managers to the influential factors and drivers and considering these key factors and the relationships between them will provide the necessary conditions for providing housing for low-income groups in the city of Tabriz.
Urban Planning
farhad sheidaei; Abbas Heydari
Abstract
IntroductionGeo-marketing is a tool that uses geographic, or location-based, information to help companies put together marketing strategies and campaigns. Using digital mapping to organize and display data enables marketers to analyze data by region or a particular physical location. Geo-marketing can ...
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IntroductionGeo-marketing is a tool that uses geographic, or location-based, information to help companies put together marketing strategies and campaigns. Using digital mapping to organize and display data enables marketers to analyze data by region or a particular physical location. Geo-marketing can be used to choose a website for a new business or branch, determining key locations for advertising, displaying website content that is distinct to a user’s origin, and offering online advertising based on a user’s location. Other applications include showing how a customer segment might be distributed in particular. Geo-marketing is a new way of knowledge-based marketing, which is supported by digital maps and specialized GIS software. Knowledge-based marketing use packaged information such as marketing information systems, such as model building, data mining, etc., to determine customer profiles, deviation analysis, and trend analysis. Location Intelligence is a technical way to organize spatial data with business and human data in a geographically correct way in order to reveal hidden relationships that may lead to benefitting a business and/or avoiding spatially wrong located investments. Digital urban environments and e-cities in the rapidly evolving world have created many opportunities for people's living, working and entertaining environments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a model based on e-city management for the development of e-cities with the data theory approach which was particularly applied for Tabriz city as a case study. This research was in the framework of a qualitative approach and by applying the data research method of the foundation. The data collection approach was semi-structured interviews and 28 experts were selected using purposive sampling method to collect information. Data analysis was performed in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding in GIS environment. Based on that, a qualitative research model was applied. MethodsThe research methodology was developed based on the GIScience approaches. This technology is the spearhead of geospatial research in a) the connection between technology and thinking, b) training and, c) professional upgrade. All of the above tools are essential for the improvement of a business because they are real time data, they can collect, visualize and analyze their client’s assets in real-time in combination with the real world of a satellite image or any other aerial imagery (i.e. image from a drone) and the process of the data in real-time. This allows an almost instant updating of the maps used by the business. This can be done when the business uses web mapping software in order to update its database. All web mapping software is on the cloud and gives the opportunity to be used from any place any time by any employee of the company who has the right to do so. Also, the database is on the cloud and can be retrieved accordingly. Results and conclusionThe results of the present study show the identification of 367 open sources, 22 subcategories or concepts, and 6 categories of extraction and their characteristics. In this regard, the extractive categories were categorized as follows: Causal conditions: lifestyle change, smart governance (participation), reduction of environmental damage and the development of new technology and social networks, pivotal conditions: individual and social requirements, achieving sustainable economic development and information technology, ruling context: Infrastructure platforms, electronic infrastructure, financial and legal indicators of the country and the status of communication networks, intervention conditions: managerial, educational and cultural anomalies, strategies: upgrading infrastructure, using the experiences of other countries and localizing them, establishment Electronic unit window, using IT managers, culture and education, consequences: improving the quality of services and welfare and satisfaction of citizens, comprehensive development of the country and reducing pollution, traffic and environmental damage. The results of the present study are of great importance in the development of concrete electronic city management on data processing techniques and can pave the way for future research for the implementation of electronic cities. Results also indicated that the Janbo store is well located spatially and has a chance to build up a successful business. Results of this research are of great importance for developing a GIS by bridging GIS and marketing and presenting a new approach for GIScience.
Urban Planning
Ruhollah Arab Ameri; Abbas Arghan; saed kamyabi
Abstract
Introduction
In essence, creativity involves experiences, innovations, the capacity to rewrite the rules, unconventionality, a new attitude to the affairs, innovative illustration of possible scenarios in the future, distinguishing common points from different points, and adopting a resilient approach ...
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Introduction
In essence, creativity involves experiences, innovations, the capacity to rewrite the rules, unconventionality, a new attitude to the affairs, innovative illustration of possible scenarios in the future, distinguishing common points from different points, and adopting a resilient approach to life. A creative city is a conducive environment for human development that lays the ground for developing its residents’ creativity. These cities usually enjoy dynamic and healthy spaces. Thus, it is imperative to pay attention to the factors affecting a creative city to create urban interactive spaces. These factors include human capital, innovation, social capital, and life quality. These factors affect the citizens and overshadow their sense of attachment to such spaces, thus preventing social anomalies.
Data and methodology
Despite similarities with their nature, various scientific research methodologies also have differences, requiring the researcher to use appropriate methodologies consistent with the research subjects and consider the limitations that may arise. This descriptive-analytical research used the survey method to examine ways to improve effective and creative innovations in the urban planning of new cities. This research stresses the effects of human capital, innovation, social capital, and life quality on the creative city. Later in the text, the research addresses each of these indicators and ranks different districts in the new city of Rudyan.
This research falls under extensive research categories (e.g., the city of Rudyan) and is a cross-sectional study. Data were analyzed by SPSS software programs and multi-criteria decision-making technique (DEAMTEL-based ANP). In the descriptive section, the study uses one-dimensional tables, percentages ad frequency, while in the inferential section, T-Test tests, two-sample t-test (independent samples t-test), path analysis, Pearson, etc., were used to test the hypotheses. Also, the DANP model was used to rank the factors affecting the materialization of a creative city.
Discussion and conclusion
The new city of Rudyan has an average innovation index of 2.01, which is not desirable. This indicates that the new city stands at a lower rank than other cities across the nation regarding the application of technology, innovation, science, etc., and it is required to take more measures to become a creative city.
The new city of Rudyan has an average social capital index of 2.74, which is not desirable. Speaking of social capital variables, the city acquired an average rate of 2.88 in the cooperation and collaboration in social relation network (the best situation), while it held an average rate of 2.34 in the variable of social trust (the worst situation). Considering the significance level of less than 0.05 (i.e., 0.003) for all social capital variables, the results from the indicator understudy can be generalized to the whole community.
The new city of Rudyan has an average quality of life index of 2.74, which is not desirable. Speaking of quality-of-life variables, the city held an average rate of 2.94 in the variable of urban culture (the best situation), while it held an average rate of 2.10 in the variable of the environmental situation (the worst situation). Considering the significance level of less than 0.05 (i.e., 0.003) for all variables of quality of life, the results suggest that the city of Rudyan has, like other variables, an undesirable quality of life situation.
Results:
As social trust increases, human capital, innovation, social capital, and life quality will also improve. This is also true of the city of Rudyan. A significant relationship was found between interpersonal trust and human capital with quality of life. There was also a significant relationship between social capital and the creative city, i.e., with the development of social capital components, creative city indicators will also develop (as in the city of Rudyan). The research findings revealed that social capital was a good predictor to explain the city of Rudyan’s creativity.
Urban Planning
Habibollah Fasihi; hani rezayan; Sayyedeh Mahshid Hosseini
Abstract
Introduction Public health and sanitation as an important and vital issue has always been considered by academicians and urban planners and managers. It has led to adopt policies and actions by governments and related organizations. Though, creating healthy cities is a long-standing idea that has ...
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Introduction Public health and sanitation as an important and vital issue has always been considered by academicians and urban planners and managers. It has led to adopt policies and actions by governments and related organizations. Though, creating healthy cities is a long-standing idea that has been around for decades, but in recent months, as the Covid 19 epidemic, which usually spreads faster in crowded cities, has plagued every country in the world, it has received more attention again. One of the concerns of city planners and managers in the current situation is how to protect the living environment and create resilient cities against such diseases. One of the approaches that has been proposed in order to enhance health in human habitats is healthy city idea. The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of healthy city indicators and the spatial distribution of these indicators in the new city of Sahand. Data and Method The study area of this research is the new city of Sahand, in the northwest of Iran, at a distance of 20 km from the city of Tabriz. The city has an area of 498 ha and a population of 80795 people. In the research, 38 indicators were selected as indicators of a healthy city and were classified into 4 dimensions. Part of the data was extracted from the GIS file of the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Public Census and the other part was gathered through a survey using a questionnaire. Sample people including 378 household heads. The data was entered into the GIS to form a uniform shapefile. Then, by producing spatial distribution maps, spatial analysis was performed. Then, by transferring the data to SPSS software, a one-sample t-test was performed. Results and Discussion T-test results showed that the mean of the 38 indicators is 2.99, which is slightly lower than the assumed mean (3). Among the four dimensions of the indicators, the physical one shows a better situation the others, so that the figure is 3.69, which is 0.69 higher than the assumed mean. As the city has constructed in recent decades in accordance to a pre-designed plan, the indicators have shown a better situation in this regard. After the physical dimension, the environmental one shows a higher value than the assumed mean and it was 3.33.In terms of environmental dimesion, relatively large distance from pollution resources, being enclosed in a valley and northwest winds, has removed air pollution from the city. The low density of cars on the roads has caused the residents to be satisfied with the lack of noise pollution. Connecting almost all the houses to the municipal sewage network, proper slope of lands, low density of population and the absence of worn buildings are some of the environmental advantages of the city. At the same time, poor waste management and non-observance of environmental cleanliness by citizens are low-scoring indicators in this dimension.The values of socio-cultural and economic dimensions are lower than the assumed mean. Their values are 2.63 and 2.52 respectively. High value of the indicators of literacy, safety and security are the three indicators with higher values in this dimension. On the contrary, medical facilities, cultural services, leisure and sports facilities are indicators with a lower value in this dimension. In the economic dimension, except for employment, insurance coverage and job satisfaction, the other indicators show a very low value.In terms of spatial distribution, the indicators of a healthy city in Phase 1 of the city has a better situation. In this Phase, the average valueof the indicators is 3.08. In Phase 2, in the southern parts, it has a higher value, but the in phase 2, it is slightly lower than the assumed mean (2.97). At most areas of the Phases of 3 and 4, where construction is still ongoing and service coverage, infrastructure and facilities are not completed, the value of indicators are low. In Phase 3, the average value of the indicators is 2.95 and in phase 4 it is 2.76.ConclusionAnalyzing healthy city indicators indicated that Sahand represents a medium situation of a complete healthy city. In this city, for reasons that are mostly originated from national economy, there are many shortcomings in the economic indicators of a healthy city. However, due to the existence of a proper labor market near the city, unemployment rate is lower and insurance coverage is higher than most cities in Iran. But due to inflation, the incomes of the urban community, most of which are salaried, have not been able to provide them with the goods and services they need to live healthily. Due to the government's financial inability in recent years, it has not been made sufficient investment in urban services, facilities and infrastructure. The dormitory function of the city and the low financial capacity of its resident could not provide the municipality with the necessary financial resources to invest in developing urban facilities and infrastructures . In terms of spatial distribution, in the zones and phases where the construction was done earlier (Phases 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively), indicators values were higher than new constructed ones. In areas under construction or semi-residential, market conditions lead to less private sector activity.
Urban Planning
abbas maroofnezhad
Abstract
IntroductionOne of the main problems in worn-out and dysfunctional fabrics in today's cities is not paying attention to the concept of social issues or factors as one of the important capacities in urban localities, since the traditional communication and interaction system has changed drastically in ...
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IntroductionOne of the main problems in worn-out and dysfunctional fabrics in today's cities is not paying attention to the concept of social issues or factors as one of the important capacities in urban localities, since the traditional communication and interaction system has changed drastically in most big cities. One of their worrying manifestations is the weakening of social relations among the citizens. The evolution course of urban regeneration has shifted from paying attention to physical dimension to social, economic and cultural dimensions during about three decades of theorizing and implementing the urban regeneration approach, and it has led to the emergence of community-based urban regeneration. This approach has sought social interaction and an emphasis on the role of social groups. Also, according to the results of urban regeneration measures in different parts of the world, the trust and participation of citizens, as an effective component in the success of regeneration projects, is not be spontaneous and requires the involvement of many factors and it is achieved by social issues by involving in the process of regeneration. Data and MethodThe methodology of this research is applied in terms of aim. It is also survey based on the research method, conducted by using a questionnaire. The analytical section of the research was conducted by survey method using a questionnaire. Accordingly, the opinions of 379 citizens of the three studied localities, who were selected using a convenience random method, were used. Also, to determine the validity of the questionnaire, the Delphi method was used by a number of experts and university professors, and by obtaining the opinions of the mentioned people, the necessary corrections were made in the questionnaire questions. Thus, it was ensured that the questionnaire measures the desired variables of the research. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to calculate the reliability and its value was estimated at about 0.65. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data. Then, data were entered to SPSS software and a multi-criteria questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from very high to very low, was developed to evaluate five indicators and 36 variables of the level of satisfaction of citizens living in the study areas. Then, to check the normality of data distribution, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used and to check the status of research variables, sign test was used. Also, the weighting of variables was done by entropy model and ranking of localities was done using MABAC technique. Results and DiscussionAhvaz metropolis with an area of 31800 hectares, as the third largest city in the country, has several worn-out fabrics in its eight urban districts. In the metropolis of Ahvaz, 30 to 35% of the city limits are within the legal limits and are known as worn-out fabrics and non-allowed settlements. Out of 124 localities in Ahvaz metropolis, more than twelve localities are considered as worn-out urban fabrics. In the present study, to evaluate the performance of social issues in worn-out and dysfunctional fabrics of the three studied localities (Khazalieh, Ameri and Hasirabad), five indicators (social belonging, social cohesion, social cooperation, social security and social trust) and 36 variables according to the studies were selected. The present article revealed that based the results of urban regeneration measures in different parts of the world, the trust and participation of citizens as an effective component in the success of regeneration projects will not be spontaneous and require the involvement of many factors and it is achieved by social issues (sense of social belonging, social cohesion, social security) by involving in the process of regeneration. Conclusion Considering the 50-year history of government involvement in dysfunctional urban fabrics, new and diverse methods of intervention in urban fabrics are being carefully considered nowadays. Little attention has been paid to social factors. The general results of the sign test show that Ameri locality with a mean of 3.16 has a better status than the other two localities in terms of research variables. Also, the results of MABAC technique show that Ameri locality with Si value of 0.260 is ranked first, followed by Khazalieh and Hasirabad localities with Si values of 0.076 and -0.164 are ranked second and third, respectively, in terms of five selected indicators. The main issue of this study in comparison with previous studies is that any change in the improvement and modification of research variables in each of the studied localities, including social and individual behavior of residents, social relations of neighbors, locality social security, locality service facilities, cooperation among residents (residents’ participation), trust and belief of locality residents to each other and to the government, the interaction of service providers with the residents of the locality, etc. is very difficult due to the social conditions of these localities (different ethnicities, low literacy, low-income classes, inadequate security, improper education, high birth rates, etc.). The main reason can be the social and cultural characteristics of these localities and getting used to this lifestyle over the past few decades, which have shown resistance to any change.
Urban Planning
ESMAEL NASIRI HENDEH KHALEH; fazlollah esmaeili; REYHANEH YOUNESI SANDI; hassan nezafat takleh
Abstract
Introduction
Over the past few decades, the social sustainability of urban areas has become an important planning model in developed countries. The present study aims to assess the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods in District 15 of Tehran with an emphasis on the land-use mix index. The land-use ...
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Introduction
Over the past few decades, the social sustainability of urban areas has become an important planning model in developed countries. The present study aims to assess the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods in District 15 of Tehran with an emphasis on the land-use mix index. The land-use mix and distribution of activities are among the factors affecting the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods. These two factors are examined with items such as accessibility of land-uses, distribution of land-uses, diversity and equality of land-uses, age and compatibility of land-uses, design considerations in land-use planning are examined. And social sustainability, as a dependent variable, is investigated at the urban neighborhood level with items such as involvement and empowerment of local communities, sense of belonging to neighborhoods, security and health, capital and social solidarity, the cultural identity of neighborhoods, vitality of neighborhoods, social accountability and sense of neighborhood.
Data and Method
The present study is applied, descriptive-survey research in which data are collected using both library and field studies. Using a library study, the required indices are extracted by reviewing relevant studies and theories on land-use mix and sustainability. First, the land-use mix measure of each neighborhood is calculated using Shannon entropy and the studied indices in the neighborhoods are ranked using the COPRAS method. Due to the lack of a standard questionnaire on the research subject, a researcher-made questionnaire is used. The statistical population includes urban managers and experts as well as the residents of the study areas. The sample size is estimated to be 385 using Cochran's formula. The questionnaires are distributed according to the population of the neighborhoods. The reliability of the questionnaire is estimated to be above 0.8 using Cochran's alpha, indicating that the items or questions are fully related to each other. To analyze the relationships between variables. Spearman's correlation coefficient, descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as one-sample t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test, are used in SPSS software.
Results and Discussion
In total, 81.2% of the respondents are men and 17.9% are women. Most of the respondents are in the 38-52 age group. The results of Shannon entropy show the weights of each land-use mix index, with the greatest weight (0.9943) for the component of accessibility to land-uses and the least weight (0.7542) for the component of design considerations in land-use planning. The studied neighborhoods are at different levels in terms of social sustainability; so the neighborhoods of North Afsariyeh (NJ= 98.23), South Afsariyeh (NJ= 96.83), and North Kianshahr (NJ=84.23) have the best situation in the land-use mix indices while the neighborhoods of Hashemabad (NJ = 27.043), and Minayi (NJ = 22.43) are in the worst condition.
Conclusion
The results of the research show that in the studied neighborhoods, "accessibility to land-uses" (β = 0.485), "the density of land-uses" (β = 0.482), and "the distribution of land-uses" (β = 0.479) are the most important indices of social sustainability, respectively. The social sustainability of urban neighborhoods is affected by several factors, one of which is the land-use mix index. The present study is conducted to investigate the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods in District 15 of Tehran with an emphasis on the effectiveness of the land-use mix index. To investigate the social sustainability of neighborhoods, the following indicators are studied: involvement of local communities, sense of belonging, security, social capital, cultural identity, vitality, and social accountability. Moreover, to investigate the impact of the land-use mix index on social sustainability, the following indicators are investigated: accessibility of land-uses, land-use density, distribution of land-uses, land-use diversity, age, and compatibility of land-uses, are design considerations in land-use planning. Weighting land-use mix indices using Shannon entropy shows that the greatest weight (0.9943) belongs to the "accessibility of land-uses" component. In the next step, in order to measure the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods, the VIKOR method is used.
Urban Planning
Yousef Darvishi; omid hosseini
Abstract
Introduction
Access to open spaces in urban areas is one of the important principles of passive defense. This is because of the large number of post-crisis casualties, mostly due to the inability to access outdoor space as well as the ability to escape the danger zone.
Data and Method
The ...
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Introduction
Access to open spaces in urban areas is one of the important principles of passive defense. This is because of the large number of post-crisis casualties, mostly due to the inability to access outdoor space as well as the ability to escape the danger zone.
Data and Method
The aim of this study is to investigate and accessibility of open spaces of urban areas in case of emergency from the perspective of passive defense of region 1 of Tabriz. For this purpose, in this research, related software such as 10 ARC GIS, Auto cad and Excel software have been used to zoning different spaces based on vulnerability and also to analyze information.
Results and Discussion
The results and findings of the study indicate that 67.3% of Tabriz Region 1 is in a good position in terms of access to open space in terms of passive defense against crises. But to increase the quality and quantity of these conditions to the desired level, improve the functional condition of open spaces (green and enclosed space) and increase the width of streets and alleys leading to the open space.
Conclusion
so that quick and easy access to the organ is possible. Provides things like volcanism, etc. in times of crisis, is of particular importance.
Urban Planning
Reza Jahanbin; Freydoun Babaei Agdam; Shahrivar rostaei; Akbar Asghari Zamani
Abstract
Introduction
As a visible manifestation of urban poverty and spatial inequality, all human populations live in multidimensional poverty conditions in informal settlements. According to conducted studies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to the risks and harms of informal ...
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Introduction
As a visible manifestation of urban poverty and spatial inequality, all human populations live in multidimensional poverty conditions in informal settlements. According to conducted studies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to the risks and harms of informal settlements. Therefore, the United Nations has declared women's empowerment on a large scale as one of the critical objectives of the Third Millennium development. In this study, women’s empowerment in informal settlements has been investigated from stereotyping perspective (gender stereotypes). According to the micro-level research conducted, the main challenge is culturally restrictive settings for the women's group. In these settlements, women are exposed to poverty and gender discrimination more than men. This often stems from the imposition of gender stereotypes. Gender Stereotyping is an obstacle for women to have a social activity that prevents mobility and presence of women in society and imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.), and ignores or reduces the women. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment in informal settlements in Ilam as well as to assess the relationship between women's empowerment and contextual variables to answer the question; what is the relationship between gender stereotypes as well as the contextual characteristics of women and their empowerment? The research hypothesis is: there is a significant relationship between gender stereotypes and contextual variables with women's empowerment.
Data and Methods
The present research is of a fundamental-applied nature and has used survey as a method. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized .The research population is women, 18 years of age and older, residing in informal settlements in Ilam seleced through random sampling. Based on the Cochran's formula 377 women were selected. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through content validity and its reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha (0.89). Data were analyzed using SPSS and running Analysis of Variance (F), Pearson correlation test, T-test, and regression analysis. AMOS was used also for the structural equation modeling (SEM). In this study, women's decision-making in both individual and family domains through a Likert scale with 16 items to measure their empowerment; the gender stereotype variable was measured with 17 items. In this study, in addition to the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment, the relationship between contextual variables such as age, marital status, education, immigration, and employment with empowerment is studied.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this study, the role and position of women's empowerment in informal settlements in terms of cultural factors and the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment have been examined. Also, the research hypothesis was confirmed following data analysis. According to Pearson test results (R-value = -0.174 and significance level = 0.001), there is a significant and indirect relationship between belief in gender stereotypes and women's empowerment at confidence level. The more women believe in gender stereotypes, the less their empowerment is, and vice versa. Research findings also show that contextual variables such as education level, employment, marital status, age, and migration positively affect women's empowerment. In this study, six independent variables were introduced in the regression table, whose multiple correlation coefficient (R) with women's empowerment was equal to 0.474, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was equal to 0.225. Based on this coefficient, about 0.23, i.e., 23% of the dispersion for the women's empowerment variable is explained by independent variables in the experimental research model, and the rest of the dispersion is explained by variables not introduced in this study. Among the independent variables, the education level of = 0.350 has the greatest effect on the women's empowerment. Then, employment status of =- 0.306, immigration of = -0.217, marital status of = -0.160, Gender stereotypes of =-0.157 and finally age of = -0.002 have been effective in explaining the dependent variable. In this study, structural equation modeling (SEM), as one of the new methods for examining the causal relationships between variables, was used through AMOS software, where the structural equation analysis of the proposed model was performed. According to the goodness of fit index, the research model is relatively good.
Results
As the half population of the society and their roles in the development, women’s empowerment in informal settlements can be a pragmatic and realistic approach in dealing with these challenges and reminding women’s role in the society. Gender stereotyping imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.) and ignores or reduces the women’s role. It also keeps women in inferiority and deprives them of decision-making within and outside the family. According to this study, rising education-centered gender stereotypes can free women from a passive person who needs others’ attention and turns them into an energetic and capable body in society and makes the basis for their local social capacity and the culture of local participation. Considering international references and firm views and theories, women play a central role at home and outside the home. To create women’s real, active and effective role-playing, it is needed to look at their potentials and abilities and overcome pure gender stereotypes.
Urban Planning
Jalil Khatibi; Rahim Sarvar; Bakhtyar ezatpanah
Abstract
IntroductionThe issue of housing development and planning for it in the form of urban development plans with minimal costs and minimum interventions to create optimal living conditions in urban space, is one of the ideal goals of urban management. On the other hand, the realization of the goals of urban ...
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IntroductionThe issue of housing development and planning for it in the form of urban development plans with minimal costs and minimum interventions to create optimal living conditions in urban space, is one of the ideal goals of urban management. On the other hand, the realization of the goals of urban development plans depends on the development of sustainable and quality housing. In terms of form, beautiful and in accordance with environmental conditions, with a long shelf life and longevity, compliance with construction standards, high safety and low energy consumption. Therefore, the process of rehabilitation, improvement and modernization and production of housing in urban centers, especially dilapidated structures, is multifaceted, which has an undeniable role in population and socio-economic stability in sustainable neighborhood development. The present study tried to evaluate the role of urban plans in housing development interventions by analyzing and implementing urban development plans in the field of housing planning and meeting the needs of the housing sector in District 3 of Zanjan. In this regard, studies show that achieving the goals of urban development projects depends on the development of sustainable and quality housing. In terms of form, beautiful and in accordance with environmental conditions, with a long shelf life and longevity, compliance with construction standards, high safety and low energy consumption.Data and MethodThis article seeks to explain and analyze the role of urban development plans on housing development policies with a descriptive-analytical method with a future research approach in Region 3 of Zanjan. Data collection was done by field and library studies. The statistical population includes a group of urban experts who were selected for the Delphi panel by snowball sampling method. For data analysis, factor analysis, multiple linear regression test and interactive interaction analysis approach were used with the help of SPSS and Scenario Wizard software. First, by factor analysis, the common variance of one variable with other variables was investigated and minor variables were removed.Results and DiscussionThe correlation between "urban development plans" and "housing development" in region 3 of Zanjan city was analyzed by multiple linear regression test. Finally, by using interactive interaction analysis based on possible component relationships and experts' evaluation of possible future trends, by explaining the relationships between the factors of an impact network, desirable and sustainable patterns of housing development in the form of urban development plans are identified and analyzed. Took.Quantitative and analytical studies showed that the correlation and causal relationship between "housing production" and "urban development projects" is equal to 0.539. On the other hand, "urban development plans" justify 43% of the variable "housing production". In addition, the "management" index with a coefficient (β = 0.444) had the highest correlation with "urban development plans". On the other hand, the most important model of housing development and production in the form of urban development plans with the approach of balancing interaction analysis based on the sixth scenario with a total impact factor of 57 and a stability value of 1 is the physical components of the housing quality index with coefficient Impact 9+; Economic on housing price index with an impact factor of +3; Social on poor housing index with an impact factor of +3; Environment on environmental health index with an impact factor of +2; And management emphasizes the index of resolving property legal disputes with an impact factor of +1.ConclusionThus, studies show that the quality of housing in terms of strength, age, type of materials and compliance with urban planning and building engineering criteria to produce sustainable housing, along with solving the problem of common ownership and lack of ownership certificate of most dilapidated housing, as well as compliance with criteria. Environmental health, especially how to dispose of sewage, as well as controlling housing prices by producing cheap housing and controlling the stock market in the city can be effective in achieving housing production goals in urban plans. In view of the above, in order to achieve the desired pattern of housing development and production in the form of urban development projects in Region 3 of Zanjan, it seems necessary to observe the following:Granting facilities in order to reduce the poor housing ratio in the regionPer capita infrastructure improvementRegulate informal sales and chartersUpgrading housing production capacityDevelop legal rules and requirements for resolving legal and property disputesObservance of housing quality criteriaProviding a favorable pattern in the field of facade and exterior of the building
