Research Paper
Geomorphology
sayyad asghari; delnya palizban; Hadi Emami; ehsan ghaleh
Abstract
Introduction Landslide is a term that encompasses a variety of amplitude motions and causes the movement of a mass of material in the slopes. And creep is classified. Natural slope instability is one of the geomorphological and geological phenomena that plays an effective role in deforming the ...
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Introduction Landslide is a term that encompasses a variety of amplitude motions and causes the movement of a mass of material in the slopes. And creep is classified. Natural slope instability is one of the geomorphological and geological phenomena that plays an effective role in deforming the earth's surface. Identifying areas with potential for landslides and their zoning is one of the key steps in managing environmental hazards and reducing the damage caused by this phenomenon, because this phenomenon causes financial and human costs, soil and land degradation and increased sediment production at the basin outlet. It becomes. Iran with its predominantly mountainous topography, high tectonic activity and seismicity, diverse geological and climatic conditions, has the most natural conditions to create a wide range of landslides. The purpose of this study is to zoning the risk of landslides on the Sarab-Nir road. In this research, two models of network analysis and fuzzy logic are examined and evaluated. It is hoped that eventually, by preparing a landslide risk zoning map, it will be of great help to planners and managers in order to reduce potential damages and find safer locations for development, construction and road construction. Methodology Sarab-Nir road is located between East Azarbaijan province and Ardabil province and is a communication route between these two provinces, whose geographical coordinates are 37 degrees and 94 minutes to 38 degrees and 03 minutes north latitude and 47 degrees and 53 minutes to 48 degrees and 01 minutes. It is east longitude. In this study, network analysis model was used to determine areas prone to fall and zoning. In order to better understand the causes of landslides and also to organize the research in the field, the study area was visited and 15 geographical points from different areas of the study area were recorded. The geographical location of the points prone to fall was also recorded with GPS. Then, according to the network analysis model, information layers were prepared in ArcGIS software. The information layers for landslide risk zoning are: fault, slope, slope direction, distance from road, and distance from waterway, land use, geology (lithology), precipitation, altitude and vegetation. The elevation file or digital model of the elevation of the area was prepared with an accuracy of 30 meters from the USGS site and the desired DEM is a digital file obtained from the ASTER sensor and according to this DEM, the information layer such as streams, slope and direction The slope was obtained. Results and Discussion Four maps have been developed to investigate landslide hazards, which are rainfall, slope, elevation and land use layers. After creating information layers in order to prepare the final landslide hazard map, fuzzy information layer maps were created. In this study, in order to determine the effect of different classes of criteria on landslide sensitivity zoning, the layers are based on the type of performance of each in the landslide event using fuzzy membership functions in the range of zero to 1 fuzzy. Were made. The results obtained from the information layers and finally the landslide hazard map show that altitudes of more than 2000 meters have the highest share of landslides, and altitudes of 1400 meters have been significant landslides due to the instability of the slopes against Climatic and environmental factors. Also, most of the landslides occurred at a distance of 3 to 6 km from the faults, which shows the importance of faults against landslides. About 40% of landslides occur in very high-risk classes. This indicates that the model has a high capability in predicting landslides. It is necessary to explain that most of the landslides occur in the area of Saein pass, which have very favourable conditions for the occurrence of range movements that start from 25 km of mirage and continue for a distance of 15 km of Nir. Conclusion Factors such as slope, precipitation and geology play a more important role in landslides than other factors. Slopes of 60 to 80% have the greatest impact on landslides, which are more pronounced at altitudes above 2000 meters. Therefore, altitudes above 2000 meters have the most landslides. Also, due to the direct relationship between altitude and climatic fluctuations in these altitudes, the amount of precipitation is higher and, of course, has a great impact on the occurrence of landslides. In these areas, vegetation is at a minimum and due to the cold region, the vegetation in these areas is very small, which prepares the conditions for landslides and due to the presence of sedimentary formations such as sandstone, Siltstone mudstone with tuff interbreeds in the area, the conditions for landslides have become more prone and because these formations lose their stability sooner and are strongly influenced by physicochemical factors, they are more prone to landslides than other formations. To be. According to the results, the low risk floor with the highest value, 405.44 square kilometers, occupies approximately 30.87 percent of the area, but the very high risk floor with 288.2 square kilometers and the high risk class with 23.23 square kilometers. , Occupy a total of 37.25% of the area of risk classes.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Elham Asiabanipour; Ali panahi; Hassan Ahmadzadeh
Abstract
Introduction The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The word "livable cities" for the first time in 1970 by the national Arts organization ...
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Introduction The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The word "livable cities" for the first time in 1970 by the national Arts organization in order to achieve their urban ideas and looking for it by other centers and research organizations such as the environmental protection organizations that has done extensive studies regarding the most of American cities was gone. Following the influence of this word in the literature related to this field can be searched in 1975 and the writings of William Marlins on the fields of livable in Saturday Review and Christian Science Monitor. Today, by expanding the problems of human societies and increasing their day to day (problems) has been greatly increased the quality of life indicators of residents of different places. Tabriz is one of the oldest cities in the country with regard to the historical, economic, cultural, health and industrial backgrounds of Tabriz metropolis, which has turned the city in to the first city in different fields. Today not only does not upgrade this roles and functions but also is in annihilation state. Because of its complex and multi-dimensional conceptual and its patterns vary from one region to another. So far a comprehensive model of the impact of the overall livability of cities on the present situation and the relationship between them is not defined. This paper tries to measure the present situation based on the appropriate models of Tabriz and the effect of the dimensions of livability on the situation in objective models based on scientific methods. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to determine the level of livability indices based on their impact on the situation in Tabriz metropolis using structural equation modeling technique. The output of this research helps urban managers and planners have a bright picture of the ecological sector of Tabriz metropolis. This article has been formulated based on scientific study and tracking to answer the following question. What conditions is the current condition of the city of Tabriz in different dimensions? and which indicators should be the first priority of the planners be given the amount of their impact on the present situation to achieve urban livability in Tabriz metropolis? Methodology This research is applied in terms of nature and is a descriptive-analytic method. The instrument was a questionnaire the statistical population in this research are the experts and urban managers with complete familiarity with the situation of each region, has a number of 140 people. According to the volume of society and Morgan table, 104 people selected by non-linear snow bullets and the question have taken place. Then the statues of livability using single sample T-Test and relationship between dimensions and livability in dices is analyzed with structural equation modeling whit Partial least squares method(PLS). Results and discussion Due to the increasing development of the life- level of Tabriz metropolis, requiring the main indicators and influence on the existing situation and communication between them. This research has provided new insight in to the livability of Tabriz metropolis that will detect the priorities of action in the decision space. Study of analysis of the present analyses regarding the current situation of Tabriz's livability in different dimensions generally, the average obtained in all dimensions (urban services and infrastructure, urban environment, urban economics, urban management, urban history and the urban community) were lower than the average and the results are not statistically significant only for urban community index that the results of this indicator are not generalized. Also, prioritizing indicators due to their impact on the present situation to achieve urban livability in Tabriz metropolis shows that highest share of urban services and infrastructure are (providing daily necessities in the neighborhoods, highways access, access to other neighborhoods in the city, access to workplace, the quality of water, electricity, gas and internet, Bank, quality of public transportation in neighborhoods, public transport work hours and distribution of public transport stations), that pays attention to urban managers and planners. Research findings show the current condition of Tabriz's livable situation according to the average of all ten areas in all dimensions is low that it has alignment with the findings of Rashidi and colleagues (1395) who have assessed the livability of Tabriz region in comparison with the Osku, Azarshahr, Bostan Abad, Tabriz, Shabestar and Herris. This findings with the findings of Ali Akbari and Akbari (1396), which has recognized the equitable distribution of facilities and services identified the main livability of the city of Tehran, the study of Aluria (2017) that the factors affecting on the quality of life of residents has expressed the distribution of urban services and also the ministry of Sustainable Management in India (2018) that physical index (with 45%) highest ranking in the livability standards. Conclusion This research, based on structural equations analysis shows that the services and urban infrastructure have the highest effect on the present situation of Tabriz metropolis livability In any attempt to improve the livability of Tabriz, it should be considered the role and position of this indicator. The results show that all aspects of livability in Tabriz metropolis have low average. The results of the model also show that among the influence factors on livability status, "urban infrastructure and services" and "urban environment", "urban management", "urban history" and "urban community" factors have a direct and meaning full effect, In the meantime, the "urban infrastructure and services" factor has the greatest impact which has a motivation of Tabriz metropolis livability. As a result, any program and attempt to initiate and upgrade of the livability of Tabriz status need attention to the key role of these factors. But what is particularly the achievement of the present study is preparation of appropriate bio-model with the new scientific methodology Partial least squares (PLS) based on present conditions.
Research Paper
Geomorphology
Nayer Aghabeigi; Abazar Esmali Ouri; Raoof Mostafazadeh; mohammad Golshan
Abstract
Introduction Estimation of the rivers sediment load has high complexity due to effecting different parameters in this aspect. Regarding the power relationship between discharge data and suspended sediment load use of sediment rating curves is one of the most common methods for determining the sediment ...
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Introduction Estimation of the rivers sediment load has high complexity due to effecting different parameters in this aspect. Regarding the power relationship between discharge data and suspended sediment load use of sediment rating curves is one of the most common methods for determining the sediment yield in ungauged watersheds. Sediment condition shows the upstream characters and using of the obtained data makes a relation between erosion and sediment load. The different parameters such as climate, land use, data accuracy and the applied methods have the effect on the sediment rating curve shape. Agriculture activities such as tillage in the direction of slope lead to accelerated erosion in the watersheds, especially in the Mediterranean area. These decades many studies assessing the effects of climate changes in the future period and it affects on runoff. In this study, the main objective is to obtain sediment changes during the future decade (2011-2030) using the curve rating in sediment estimating. For this purpose, the IHACRES hydrologic model and the LARS_WG climate model were used. Material and Methode The IHACRES model for seven hydrometric stations was calibrated and validated. This model is a rainfall and runoff erosion that require a little data for running including minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall, discharge and study are. This model defined as a lumped model and highly common in watersheds with scarce data. With running this model in all of the models the model parameters were calibrated. Also, the LARS_WG model was used for determining the weather changes that are occurring in the Samian watershed. This watershed has near to 4 thousand square kilometers that have many sub-watersheds. In this study, the watersheds in the west of the Samian watershed were selected for modeling. The average of rainfall in this area is between 220 and 457 mm, and the weather temperature changes in this region are high and that is between -32 to 34 C°. The results of LARS_WG showed the weather changes in each part of the hydrological model inputs that these changes were applied to the IHACRES model and the discharge flow rate was estimated for the future. On the other hand, using the observed discharge and sediment yield were calculated the sediment curve rate. By changes in flow discharge at the study stations, were calculated the suspended sediment discharges for the future period. results and discussion The results of the LARS_WG model showed that the amount of precipitation decreased to 3.68 percent and the minimum and the maximum temperature increased by 16.48 and 5.39 percent, respectively. Decreasing of the input precipitation in most part of the world particularly in Iran watersheds mentioned in many studies. One of the other the most important effect of the climate change in this area is minimum and maximum temperature increase that leads to evapotranspiration increasing and soil moisture loss. The results of the IHACRES model showed that this model has the suitable capability for simulation runoff in the study area, therefore, it was used for estimating the future runoff regarding climate changes. The model output showed that during the next decades the average flow rate in the hydrometric stations will decrease by a total of 16 percent and the number of peak flood events will increase, that the highest increase between the study watersheds observed in the Yamchi hydrometric station with a mean of 2.09 m3s-1 and 16 peak events with over 6 m3s-1. Using the obtained results of the climatic model, hydrological model and the sediment rating curve the suspend sediment changes were estimated for the future period. The result shows that these climatic changes will lead to a 47 percent reduction in the average of suspended sediment load at study stations. Conclusion The consequences of the climate changes have the significant effect on water resources quality and quantity. The aims of this study were calculating the weather changes and it's ruling on discharge and sediment yield changed. the results of this study indicate the effect of climate change on the Ardabil province watersheds is remarkable. Considering the environmental impacts of climate change and dependence on human life on the environment it is necessary to implement an appropriate approach for decent management in Watersheds.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi; Freydon Babai Aghdam; Kiomars Naimi
Abstract
Introduction Almost half of the world's population lives in cities. According to the report (UN-HABITAT) Urban areas in the next 30 years, They will be the most important centers of world population growth and with this increase in population, Planners and governments of developing countries They face ...
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Introduction Almost half of the world's population lives in cities. According to the report (UN-HABITAT) Urban areas in the next 30 years, They will be the most important centers of world population growth and with this increase in population, Planners and governments of developing countries They face the challenge of high poverty growth rates. However, The manifestation of poverty that was once more characteristic of rural areas, Today it has become more and more urban. One of the main consequences of increasing poverty in cities and urbanization of poverty, housing shortage and the increasing formation of lower urban settlements, The population of these settlements for 2020 is estimated at 889 million people Lower urban settlements or what is commonly called "informal housing". It is one of the problems facing today's cities, especially at the local level. After years of remediation trials, it is still the lower urban settlements They are a fundamental challenge for cities. In dealing with the phenomenon of spontaneous and inferior urban settlements Various approaches and programs have been used That experience has shown That physical dominance approach and without addressing the needs, wants and priorities of the local community and weak participation of local communities and the absence of stakeholders in the planning and implementation process, Many things have become inefficient.in this study using the intellectual base of foresight, In order to explain the plan The new approach foresight in this area, To discuss and review identify key factors, The amount and How Effectiveness And explain These conditions possible And finally formulate possible scenarios and identify optimal scenarios affecting the future status of urban slums in Sanandaj. Methodology This research is fundamental-applied in terms of purpose and it is descriptive-analytical in nature based on new methods of futures research. Library-field method, questionnaire and environmental scanning technique were used to collect information.The questionnaires were completed through a group of experts and experts in the field of housing planning and development. In order to conduct research, various futures research techniques are used, including environmental scanning, interaction / structural impact analysis and scenario writing. Has provided a comprehensive combination in presenting a new method of urban studies foresight. Also from specialized futures research software such as MICMAC and SCENARIOWIZARD For the first time in urban studies with emphasis on planning studies of lower urban settlements, has been used in this study. Which is one of the key features of this research. Results and discussion Finally results reveal that, 54 operating in 6 areas by environmental scanning, affecting the future status Urban Slums and inner city and eventually identified 54 of these after the review and how these factors impact on each other and on the future status Residences No. 12, which had the key to the future status of Urban Slums and inner city plays were selected by defining the conditions of each factor in the future progress of these residents may be the number 45 has been designed. By 45 × 45 matrix based on scripting and using the knowledge of experts in the relevant fields to assess the efficacy of each of the states on the occurrence or non-occurrence of other states, using the software SCENARIOWIZARD, 3 strong scenarios, 14 High compatible scenarios(unbelievable) and 250 weak scenarios were detected that this study to analyzes 14 High compatible scenarios. The collection After the conclusion of three scenarios were presented. Conclusion The first scenario as the most likely scenario is not of High desirability The further continuation of the status quo With slow growth And interstitial Is. The second scenario as the most favorable scenario Which reflects better conditions And optimistic with the gradual growth Is to improve And The third likely scenario is more indicative of interstitial and static situations and crisis. Finally for Recreation of Sustainability Should be targeting And formulate effective policies Trying that favorable conditions in the scenarios will be realized in the future And the adverse and critical situations to be taken. Hence a number of general strategies are presented: - Focus on key drivers affecting the future status of Sanandaj lower urban settlements and efforts to better manage them - Having a strong program-oriented macro-country management and also having a dynamic economy in the country - Implementing policies in rural areas and small towns to control migration to the city of Sanandaj and create population stability in the province - Efforts to control land and housing prices as well as formulate policies to provide efficient housing - Strict supervision of land around the city and management during construction on the outskirts of the city - Efforts to increase the influence of local institutions and increase institutional trust - Efforts to improve the environmental status of these settlements by the city administration - Efforts to raise the level of literacy of the people and encourage the formation of new reference groups
Research Paper
Urban Planning
AKRAM TAFAKORI; Hamidreza Varesi
Abstract
Introduction Metropolises, along with internal transformation and structural changes, produce new spatial forms and processes that, although seemingly different, have essentially the same logic of formation. This spatial logic is based on a chain of "exclusion" and "integration" processes that is the ...
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Introduction Metropolises, along with internal transformation and structural changes, produce new spatial forms and processes that, although seemingly different, have essentially the same logic of formation. This spatial logic is based on a chain of "exclusion" and "integration" processes that is the result of the functions of these structural transformations. This dual process is the main mechanism of spatial development of metropolises. In Iran, there are metropolises that have faced with the problem of the growth of cities and settlements. The rapid growth of urban population, the growing trend of land use and unbalanced location of settlements make the need for management and planning for sustainable development. Today, Tehran, as a national metropolis, has faced with a large number of settlements around it. This study aims to find out what has the role of influential forces in urban land policies and consequently Damavand urban growth been. Therefore, in order to answer this question, it has explained the growth pattern of the city above as a city in the east around the metropolis of Tehran with emphasis on urban land policies. Methodology The current research is consistent with the descriptive-analytical method and is considered as an applied research. In this research, the method of receiving information is in the field of library-documentation. The statistical population of this study is the city of Damavand since the way of growth and growth pattern of this city have been considered in this research. First, the government policies in the field of land use in Damavand city are explained, then the trend of changes in the structure of Damavand city in the period 1366-1366 using the automatic cell model is analyzed and finally, the physical growth trends of the city in the period 1396-1410 has been stimulated. Results and Discussion Damavand city is generally one of the summer areas around Tehran and is located in the foothills of Damavand mountains. Due to its geographical location and summer, as well as being located on the main road Tehran-Firoozkooh-Mazandaran in recent years, especially in the part of Gilavand ،Damavand city has developed significantly. The results of the study show that the city of Damavand in the early years of urban growth (1987) had an irregular and scattered pattern. Continuation of urban growth until 2003 has not been able to make much change in its urban growth pattern and urban growth is still scattered and irregular. But urban growth in the years 1382-1382 has experienced a different aspect. Urban growth in these years has not only happened very fast, but also in certain directions and has been more regular. This growth is mostly on the northwest and southeast sides and has been along the Tehran road. The more interesting point in the urban growth of Damavand in the years between 1382-1386 is that the southwest side has had faster urban growth; in this part of the city lie Mehr housing lands, so under the influence of government policies, urban growth towards the capital has occurred. Conclusion The study of urban growth patterns in many developing countries according to the specific socio-economic conditions of countries shows that scientific management and planning should be based on a proper understanding of the spatio-temporal processes of urban growth. The city of Tehran, as the most important city in the country since the beginning of the new era, affected the surrounding settlements and these settlements were directly and indirectly affected by the physical-economic and social changes in Tehran; especially since the 1350s, Tehran's continuous development has given way to separate development and access to surrounding settlements. In general, it can be concluded that urban land policies have been one of the most important factors in the formation of Damavand urban growth patterns, in other words, government forces through the development of rules and regulations, the preparation of urban development plans, assignment of land and housing in the form of preparation plans show their roles in the formation of urban growth patterns in Damavand.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
MOHAMAD TAGHI HEYDARI; alireza anbarloo; maryam rahmani; hoseein tahmasebi
Abstract
Introduction One of the most important issues is the theory of sustainable development and its recent approach (livable) which, like other modern approaches to the theory of sustainable development, while posing a problem in the city, leads us to have a more favorable city for sustainable urban life ...
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Introduction One of the most important issues is the theory of sustainable development and its recent approach (livable) which, like other modern approaches to the theory of sustainable development, while posing a problem in the city, leads us to have a more favorable city for sustainable urban life and development. The origins of the worn-out texture of the central part of Zanjan, which is the core of the city, exhibits a different face than the city, from various aspects of environmental sustainability including environmental, economic and social health. Therefore, the present study focuses on the worn-out texture of the central part of Zanjan by analyzing the livelihood approach to analyze the status of its social viability. Understanding this process will undoubtedly be an important tool in achieving the long-term aspiration of aging tissue planning. Methodology The present study seeks to explain the present situation and to write a scenario for the future situation. Therefore, the future research approach is dominant in this research. In this respect, the research method is based on heuristic analysis. Field studies (observation, interviews and questionnaires) and library studies (study of documents, statistics and research backgrounds and theories) were used for data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of worn-out texture of Zanjan. According to population of 75057, wear-resistant texture of Zanjan city, using Cochran sampling method with 0.05 error, the total sample population was 384 persons. Factor analysis, goodness-of-fit analysis and interaction / structural effects analysis were used for data analysis. Results and discussion Investigation of the relationship between independent variables (education, social capital, security, health and leisure) and dependent (factor bias) based on factor loadings (γ) shows that among the five dimensions relationship with biodiversity of Zanjan, social capital component with Standard coefficient 1.09 has the highest and security component with standard coefficient 0.08 has the least relationship with Zanjan city's viability. Therefore, in order to achieve the social indicators of a sustainable city, the social security component in Zanjan needs to be further strengthened. On the other hand, examining the relationship between latent variables (education, social capital, security, health and leisure) and explicit (components shown in a rectangular form) based on factor loadings (λ) shows that among the components of education Per capita index of educational spaces with standard coefficient of 0.34 in social capital component of neighborhood trust index with standard coefficient of 0.34, in health component of public health care quality index with standard coefficient of 0.24, in security component of voluntary security patrols index with standard coefficient of 0.98, in Leisure component of the quality index of access to leisure and sports facilities with the coefficient of standard 0.34 has the most to do with the social viability of Zanjan. Conclusion In this regard, the results of the research approach with MICMIC showed that indicators of "satisfaction with space for the elderly", "level of social corruption", and "informal night-time surveillance through diversity of uses", and "membership in public institutions" It has the most instability. The result is that in the future, the sustainability of Zanjan city in terms of socio-cultural structures is an improvement of these indicators. On the other hand, considering the socio-cultural structure of the worn-out texture of Zanjan with high levels of social capital, explaining the relationships between the components showed that the indicators of "educational spaces per capita", "drug use", "quality of access to Libraries "," pedestrian and nocturnal security, "" access to private health care, "and" membership of public institutions "have very strong relationships. And these are bilateral relations with the "per capita educational spaces" component. This practice also shows that the issue of education and reaching its standards is one of the most important social priorities for making Zanjan city viable for future generations.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Mohammad Hossein Khodabakhsh; parviz norouzi sani; karim hosseinzadeh dalir
Abstract
Introduction Smart growth in urbanization creates communities that are environmentally friendly, close to nature, and protect open spaces and valuable land, restoration of life, limiting the peripheral growth of the city, reducing personal reliance on cars, and so on. It helps communities to develop ...
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Introduction Smart growth in urbanization creates communities that are environmentally friendly, close to nature, and protect open spaces and valuable land, restoration of life, limiting the peripheral growth of the city, reducing personal reliance on cars, and so on. It helps communities to develop economies, create jobs, create strong and sustainable areas, and protect the health of the community and the family. The main objective of this research is to determine the level of smart growth indices in the regions of Tabriz city so that by identifying deficiencies and inequalities in the city, proper planning is planned to reduce the harmful effects of urban sprawl growth, such as traffic, pollution and reduction of injustice and Increase citizens' access. Materials and Methods In this research, smart growth indicators were divided into five major indicators, spatial parameters, housing, physical, and land use, environmental and access, and the amount of each was calculated at the level of ten regions of the city. Utilizing the multi-criteria decision-making model of Topsis and using the entropy-weighting model, we analyzed the spatial structure and the distribution of 71 criteria and ranking the different areas of Tabriz city. Tapsis, as a multi-indicator decision-making method, is a simple but efficient method of ranking-priority. In the TOPSIS method, the selected option should have the shortest distance from the ideal answer and the furthest distance from the most inefficient answer. Required data from different sources including Tabriz Municipality, Population and Housing Statistics of 2011 were obtained from Statistics Organization of Iran. In the following per capita indicators such as per capita urban services such as medical and educational, demographic, housing and biological parameters by different functions of the GIS, calculation and parameters of the topsis model and Shannon entropy weighing method in software Excel calculated and the value of tapis in each of the intelligent growth indices in Tabriz 10 regions was determined. Tabriz is one of the major cities in Iran and the capital of the East Azarbaijan province. The city, the third largest city in the country after Tehran and Mashhad, is the largest city in the northwestern region of Iran, and is the administrative, communications, commercial, political, industrial, cultural and military area of this region. The largest active heavy industry in the city includes a wide range of cement, textile, machinery and petrochemical industries. Discussion and Results The results showed that in the indicator of the combination of intelligent growth, the 9th and 2nd regions, with the value of tapes are 0.23 and 0.13, ranked first and second, and regions 3th and 1th with the value of 0.065 and 0.064 in the last rank they got. There is also a large difference between Tabriz regions in each of the parameters studied, such as women's employment, per capita services, type of residence and so on, also new urban areas have a better ranking than the old ones in intelligent growth indices. In the demographic index that included criteria such as female employment, literacy, immigrants, undergraduates, etc., Region 2, Rank 1 and Region 10 ranked the last. In the housing index, with criteria such as type of apartment housing, access to drinking water, sewage network, etc., the 5th and 7th conditions were better conditions, and the 4th and 10th regions did not have the proper conditions. In the access index with the criteria for the length and area of the network and transportation equipment, area 6 was ranked first and the 9th ranked. In the environmental Index with per capita parks, gardens, and agriculture and ..., the 9th region has the most and the 4th and 3rd areas have the lowest level. In the physical and land use index with the criteria such as per capita of health services, education, business, etc., net, the 9th zone had the highest rate and the 4th and 1th zone had the lowest. Finally, the combined index of all 71 criteria was considered, with the 9th ranked first and the 1st zone. In addition, the new urban areas of 9 were also better off than the older ones in terms of physical, demographic, biological and smart growth compilations. Conclusions The results of the research indicate that the indicators are inappropriate distribution in the city of Tabriz. Therefore, it is desirable to address the heterogeneous distribution and urban planning in the direction of the path of sustainable development and intelligent growth to be taken into consideration by officials and managers of the city. In the next research, it is suggested that some parameters such as per capita energy consumption, etc. that were not available in this study should not be considered. The data of this research was related to 2011, it is suggested that the results of this research be compared with the results of newer years in order to better reflect changes in the indicators of intelligent growth, especially in new areas such as Logic 9.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
majid dadashpour mghadam; Reza Valizadeh
Abstract
Introduction Cities are the wealth centers in every country. However, the nature of wealth production and development has changed in the current century. The new concept of wealth production is based on creation of an idea and converting that into production and service. This issue is more expanded in ...
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Introduction Cities are the wealth centers in every country. However, the nature of wealth production and development has changed in the current century. The new concept of wealth production is based on creation of an idea and converting that into production and service. This issue is more expanded in metropolises. In today’s world, metropolises play a significant role in formation of the economic, social, cultural, political, and technological flows; so that, they have become the focus of dynamism, creativity, production, and economic and social development of the world. The today’s metropolises are considered the centers of creativity, wealth, power, mass production, cultural innovations, different types of ideology, and also mass consumption. Due to their properties such as concentration, diversity, and dynamism, the cities have the potential of educating and attracting creative human capitals and achieving the economic development. The Iranian metropolises have also a wide variety of services and facilities, and this is their distinctive characteristic. Furthermore, the variety of economic activity, the concentration of the majority of educational centers and technological activities, information generation, existence of the main cultural centers, etc. can attract the creative capitals and provide the opportunity of affording a relative welfare. Creative economic, creative industries, creative class, and in general creative city play a significant role in the economic, social, and cultural development and regeneration of the urban space. So, the present research aims to investigate the indicators of creative city in Tabriz metropolis; because metropolises are faced with different problems, and they need to adopt creativity for solving their social and economic problems. According to Peter Hall, creative cities are the cities having a mixed sociocultural context that provides the opportunity of more interaction and an easier information exchange among the creative people. This condition leads to creation of new ideas and creative thinking. Others believe that creative cities are characterized by acceptance of different social, ethnic, and cultural groups, the ability to solve the civil problems, creation of an environment attracting the creative and innovative persons, promotion of creativity, and applying the residents’ opinions to solve the problems and achieve economic growth and development. A creative city is characterized by different criteria such as creative human capital, creative class, diversity, openness, research and development, participation, innovative technology, employment, entrepreneurship, infrastructures, brand, etc. A creative city provides a context in which, the managers and planners investigate the urban problems creatively and based on the collective thinking of the main owners of the urban space i.e. the citizens and business owners. In such an environment, the stakeholders and the authorities work with each other to solve the problems existing in the cities and improve the living conditions in urban environments. This activity results in promoted quality of the urban environment and increased livability of the city. The main assumption of a creative city is that the general public can perform extraordinary tasks, provided that they have the required opportunity. The research goals include the following: - Evaluation of the participation indexes of creative city in District 1 of Tabriz – Evaluation of capital attraction index in District 1 of Tabriz - Evaluation of urban space diversity in District 1 of Tabriz – Evaluation of knowledge- based technology in District 1 of Tabriz Methodology This research is an applied study performed by a descriptive-analytical approach. Data collection has been done by library resources and field studies. Results and discussion The present research has investigated four variables, including participation, urban space diversity, capital attraction, and communication technologies in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. As the fifth metropolis of the country, Tabriz has ten regions the largest of which is the District 6 and the smallest is the District 8. In terms of population, District 4 has the highest population and District 2 has the lowest population. The increasing population growth in Tabriz metropolis, especially in its suburbs i.e. District 1, and the low-income residents of this region, it is necessary to evaluate the creative city indicators in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. Regarding the importance of this issue, the present research aims to analyze the creative city indicators in metropolises as a case study performed in District 1 of Tabriz metropolis. The results showed that District 1 of Tabriz metropolis is faced with various problems in terms of the creative city indicators. District 1 of Tabriz has dealt with many problems due to the excessive migrations, the increasing growth of the urban population, the changes in urban development, the variety of subcultures, and lack of dynamism and viability. The instability of different regions of Tabriz has been manifested in different problems such as social abnormalities, lack of public participation, the increased costs of urban management, lack of vitality and viability in the citizens, etc. Conclusion As a result of evaluating the creative city indicators in District 1 of Tabriz, the worst and the best situations of the variables in every index were respectively reported as the following: urban administration (with the mean value of 1.98) and public participation in proposing new ideas (2.16) in the participation index, architectural diversity (2.64) and existence of welfare, commercial, and sports centers (3.24) in the urban space diversity index, foreign capital attraction (2.27) and domestic capital attraction (3.144) in the capital attraction index, access to service and communication centers (2.79) and ATM access (3.60) in the communication technology index. In general, there was a significant direct relationship between the components of participation, urban space diversity, capital attraction, communication technology, and creative environment in District 1 of Tabriz.
Research Paper
Climatology
Majid Rezaei Banafsheh; saeid Jahanbakhsh; Shoaieb Abkharabat; Aliakbar Rasouli; Mostafa Karimi
Abstract
Introduction 120-day winds of Sistan are considered as one of the significant phenomenon which has a great impact on the morphology and environment of east and southeast of Iran (Figure.1). The common region for these winds is the border of monsoon region in south of Asia which mainly has sunny and cloudless ...
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Introduction 120-day winds of Sistan are considered as one of the significant phenomenon which has a great impact on the morphology and environment of east and southeast of Iran (Figure.1). The common region for these winds is the border of monsoon region in south of Asia which mainly has sunny and cloudless weather during monsoon period. This condition is due to lack of higher humidity divergence accompanied by tangible decrease of the air on the atmosphere (Salighe, 2010). These winds are the most famous advection system in northern hemisphere whose effects are visible in eastern regions of Iran, west and south of Afghanistan, and northwest of Pakistan(Khosravi, 2008). Data and Methodology In order to evaluate the role of the winds, data network of Geopotential height of 850 hPa (hectopascal) level during a 19-year period (1993-2012) from May to the end of September, the period of 120-day winds of Sistan, were found. These data were of those revisited data of 2.5*2.5 NCEO/NCAR during 2480 days. Then, factor analysis and clustering tests were applied on data network of Geopotential height to classify map patterns (Yarnal, translated by Masoudian, 2006: 100). As a matter of fact 5 clusters were recognized in this study presented in table 1. Dynamic method was used in GrADS software in order to find humidity flux of each region in the quintuplet patterns. Discussion Northern Wind Pattern (120-day wind of Sistan) As a matter of fact 120-day winds of Sistan are a part of northern Trade winds which are the most important source of Caspian Sea high pressure. After passing east of Iran, these winds reach Oman Sea and converge with southern Trade winds. Both of them moved toward Indian Subcontinent and finally enter atmospheric monsoon circulation of south of Asia. High pressure of north of Iran is also a tongue of high pressure Azores which is extended over northern regions of Iran and Caspian Sea by Mediterranean and Black sea Basin. Both existing Gang low during hot period of a year in south of Asia and spreading, its tongues over regions of Middle East make Azores high not be able to penetrate the zone in lower levels of atmosphere (from the earth surface to thelevel 850 hPa.). As a result, Azores high has to locate in northern parts especially north of Iran. Analyzing the curves of geo-potential height, figure (2) precisely shows this phenomenon. Gang low not only is weaken among middle levels of atmospheretongue, but also lost its appearance on Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula. Therefore, Azores high tongue also can locate in its normal position and appear with maximum pressure on Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula. Figure (3) presents the order of synoptic systems in level 500 hPa. of pattern 1. It shows that Gang low has lost its nature in this level, while Azores high tongue obviously is located on Middle East, especially Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula. As a matter of fact atmospheric levels of Geopotential height in pattern 1 (figures 2,3, 4) reveal that as we go away from lower levels of atmosphere to middle levels of atmosphere, Gang low gradually is weaken especially over Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula. This situation makes Azores high tongue locate in lower latitude. However, in lower levels (earth surface to level 850 hPa.), as a tongue of Gang comes into some parts of Middle East, expanded tongue of Azores high pressure has to locate on higher latitudes than normal latitudes; on north of Iran Plateau and Caspian Sea.Pattern (2) shows the same order as pattern (1), so it will not be repeated here. In the following, the effect of 120-day winds of Sistan on humidity of the region will be investigated, thus humidity flux is calculated between levels 925-1000 hPa. 850-925 hPa. and 850 -700hPa. Figure (5) shows sum of humidity flux for aforesaid levels of synoptic pattern (1). 120-day winds of Sistan with prevailing north direction in this pattern lead to the formation of a core of humidity flux divergence in east and center of Iran and decrease humidity of the region. As previously mentioned, after passing Iran, Sistan winds reach Oman Sea and north of Indian Ocean, and converge with southern Trade winds. Both of them move toward Indian Subcontinent. In fact, convergence of 120-day Sistan winds (northern Trade winds) and southern Trade winds leads to formation of a strong core of humidity flux convergence on Oman Sea and north of Indian Ocean (figure 5). The sum and average of humidity flux convergence and humidity flux divergence in studied region are presented in table (2). Eastern Wind Pattern The other clusters (3, 4, and 5) have different order from 120-day Sistan winds which are introduced as eastern wind pattern. Unlike clusters (1) and (2), in these clusters (table 1) the wind direction is not northern; in other words, the winds blow with prevailing east direction in east and northeast of Iran, however southeast of Iran experience mild weather at the same time. As synoptic order of pressure system and humidity flux system are mainly the same, pattern (3) will be analyzed precisely. The order of synoptic systems of level 850 hPa. in pattern (3) is presented in figure (5). This map reveals that the contrast between high pressure of north and Gang low differs from northern wind pattern, as on the one hand,the strength and breadth of Gang low increase, while on the other hand the strength and breadth of Azores high tongue (high pressure in north of Iran) decrease. In fact, this condition makes most regions of Iran Plateau in lower levels of atmosphere (1000 hPa, 925 hPa and 850 hPa.) be dominated by Gang low. Besides, this order of synoptic systems eliminates 120-day wind conditions of Sistan and make eastern wind conditions in east and northeast of Iran. Since the orders of synoptic systems of levels 925 hPa. and 1000 hPa are the same as level 850 hPa. they will not be presented here. The orders of synoptic systems in middle levels are different, as in level 700 hPa. Azores high tongue comes to Iran Plateau by Arabian Peninsula (figure 7). This layer of atmosphere is a transition layer from dominance of low pressure pattern in lower layers to high pressure pattern in middle levels and upper atmosphere. Moreover, in level 500 hpa. Azores high tongue dominates Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula with more power and breadth. The orders of synoptic systems of clusters 4 and 5 are the same as cluster 3. The sum of humidity flux divergence and humidity flux convergence of pattern 3 are presented in figure (9). In this figure, the core of humidity flux divergence, which covers eastern half and center of Iran, is omitted and a core of humidity flux convergence covers east and southeast of Iran. It can be said that both penetration of Gang low into Iran and lack of 120-day winds provide special conditions in which the zone of humidity flux convergence in north of Indian Ocean moves to southeast of Iran leading to moisture condensation. Conclusion In this study 2 patterns of synoptic systems of warm period in east and southeast of Iran were recognized. First pattern (northern wind pattern) makes 120-day winds of Sistan (cluster 1 and 2). In contrast to Gang low tongue, when high pressure of north of Iran and Caspian Sea are in strong mode, it provides the conditions for 120-day winds of Sistan. On the other hand,in contrast to Gang low tongue increasing its influence and spread over Iran Plateau, when the aforesaid high pressure rollbacks of north of Iran and it is weakened, 120-day winds of Sistan stop and second pattern (eastern wind pattern) starts. In this pattern the winds with prevailing east direction cover east and northeast of Iran (clusters 3, 4,and 5). High pressures of Caspian Sea and north of Iran are a tongue of Azores subtropical high pressure which has to move abnormally to higher latitudes due to coming Gang low into lower atmosphere layer. Since Gang low is an inter-tropical convergence zone moving abnormally to higher latitudes in south of Asia, 120-day winds of Sistan are part of northern Trade winds which are flowing from subtropical high pressure (Azores high tongue in north of Iran) to Gang low in south of Asia (inter-tropical convergence zone). After converging with southern Trade winds on north of Indian Ocean, they move toward Indian Subcontinent. 120-day winds of Sistan exclude the entranceof moisture from Oman Sea and Indian Ocean into southeast of Iran (figure 5). However, as 120-day winds of Sistan stop, a core of humidity flux is formed on southeast of Iran providing the entrance of moisture of water areas into southeast of Iran (figure 9). Generally, weakening of Azores subtropical high will help to provide rainfall conditions in southeast by 2 ways: on the one hand, as Azores high pressure is weakened, the influence of decent factors of this high pressure air in levels 700 hPa. and 500 hPa. decreases. As a result ascent conditions are provided in the zone, but on the other hand the weakening of subtropical high pressure in lower levels of atmosphere (1000 hPa to 850 hPa.) also makes expanded Azores tongue weaken and rollback over north of Iran and Caspian Sea leading to stop 120-day Sistan winds. This phenomenon provides appropriate condition to inject moisture from Oman Sea and Indian Ocean to southeast of Iran.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Esmail Ali Akbari; Robab Hossien Zadeh
Abstract
Introduction One of the growth patterns of the city, which known as a sustainable growth pattern, is intensive growth. Compactness is a mechanism for controlling and gradually reducing the growth of the city, which known for its high level of density, mixing of land uses, suitable transportation systems, ...
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Introduction One of the growth patterns of the city, which known as a sustainable growth pattern, is intensive growth. Compactness is a mechanism for controlling and gradually reducing the growth of the city, which known for its high level of density, mixing of land uses, suitable transportation systems, and creating opportunities for pedestrians and cyclists. Socially, Density is associated with social justice and diversity because access to social infrastructure and provides a more diverse environment by facilitating opportunities for all. Economically, the minimum density is necessary for the efficient use of urban resources in order to reduce costs and provide infrastructure. However, some studies in non-European cities suggest that these cities with increasing density, they have faced a decrease in social stability. In contrast, urban planners in Europe believe that the dense model of the city, in addition to increasing environmental and economic sustainability has led to increased social sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to study the role of density in social sustainability with the characteristics of each city and the cultural characteristics of its citizens, far from prejudices. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the positive or negative role of density in social sustainability of Urmia city. Methodology The research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The required data for the research collected from the general population and housing census data within the statistical blocks and 30 indicators for the year 2006 and in Spss18 Software analyzed with using factor analysis method. However, the indicators reduced to six influential factors. Spatial autocorrelation, Moran index, G general statistics and Moran bivariate autocorrelation techniques used to analyze the relationships between population density and social stability in GIS software. Results and discussion The local Moran coefficient used to investigate the relationship between density and Social stability. Four types of spatial correlations showed in this analysis: High-high cluster: which has both high population density and high social stability. Which includes 564 statistical blocks that are spatially concentrated in the north, northeast of Urmia. Low-low cluster: which has both low population density and low social stability. It includes 842 statistical blocks that are spatially concentrated in the northwest, east and south of Urmia. High-low discomfort: which has low population density and high social stability. Which is concentrated in the northern part of the city and includes 261 blocks. Low-high discomfort: which has high population density and low social stability. Which are spatially concentrated in the north, east and south of Urmia and contains 110 blocks. Conclusion The Moran coefficient of two variables (Moran s I =0.0371) that indicates a positive and not very strong relationship between Population density and social stability. Although, the Moran index is small, it partially confirms the fact that areas with high population density are to some extent consistent with areas of high social stability and the relationship between them is relatively positive but cannot be very reliable, because the coefficient value is very small.
Research Paper
Geomorphology
Hamide Gholam Heidari; Mozhghan Entezari; Haji Karimi; Mohammadhosein Ramasht
Abstract
Introduction Maroon plain, located in Maroon basin is situated in Khuzestan, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces; and Jaber plain is positioned in northwest Ilam City in Ilam Province. The existence of Gachsaran Formation and gypsum karstic phenomena (the most important of which are sinkholes) in ...
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Introduction Maroon plain, located in Maroon basin is situated in Khuzestan, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces; and Jaber plain is positioned in northwest Ilam City in Ilam Province. The existence of Gachsaran Formation and gypsum karstic phenomena (the most important of which are sinkholes) in the mentioned plains, can have a very devastating effect on man-made structures. The morphometric study of these phenomena can allow comparison of various parameters of the sinkholes and lead to some hypotheses about their evolution. In this research, the sinkholes of both plains were classified according to Basu and Switch methods; based on Basu Model, they are categorized in elongated and bowl-shaped sinkholes, and on the basis of Switch method, they can be classified as bowl-shaped, pit-shaped and funnel-shaped groups. The results of the univariate linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes showed that the components of the area with large diameter, area with small diameter, depth with area, and depth with large diameter, indicate the highest values of significant correlation with determination coefficients of 0.922, 0.873, 0.699, 0.581, respectively. The maximum significant relationship at the error probability level, less than 0.1 is between the components of the area and large diameter for 2nd-degree and 3rd-degree relationships with determination coefficients of 0.997 and 0.998 and the estimation error of 0.07 and 0.08. The results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes indicated that the highest value of determination coefficient is related to the area, small diameter, large diameter, and depth with determination coefficient of 0.997, and estimation error of 0.024, while the least values of determination coefficient is related to slope with depth, and large and small diameters with determination coefficient of 0.584 and the estimation error of 0.091. Therefore, the area, large and small diameters, and depth can be suitable parameters for modeling. Karst is a geomorphic and hydrological system that is formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum (Eziot et al., 2014). Gypsum and anhydrite are among the rock types which can be karstified easily and quickly (White, 1988). Given the development of evaporate formations such as Gachsaran, Kalhor, Hith, salt domes, etc. in Iran and particularly Zagros basin, and as well, the presence of gypsum and anhydrite as their main constituents, their importance in engineering geological issues including dams, tunnels, roads and railways, structures, mines and so on is evident. There is a close relationship between karst geomorphology and its evolution, so that karst morphology phenomena are abundant and developed in the area (Karimi 2010, Ghobadi 2009). Generally speaking, four different mechanisms are characterized for the formation of sinkholes; they are as follows: solution from above, collapse from the bottom, soil transport, and removal of buoyant support. Sometimes the formation of the sinkholes is due to a combination of different mechanisms. It seems that the above-mentioned mechanisms can also be applied to gypsum sinkholes; the only difference is the formation speed of the landform (Gunay, 2002). In the present study, it is attempted to classify the various sinkhole types of Jaber and Maroon plains based on their morphology, and as well to determine the most suitable parameters for modeling. Methodology To survey the morphometry of gypsum sinkholes, after field studies and measuring the sinkhole characteristics of Maroon and Jaber plains, the required parameters were prepared by SPSS software (Table 1). Initially, using the obtained data, the sinkholes of two study areas were categorized by Basu and Switch methods, then the regression analysis of the morphometric parameters of the sinkholes was performed in SPSS software. For this purpose, univariate linear, 2nd-degree, 3rd-degree, and multivariate methods were used, and consequently, the most suitable models with higher preference values were presented. Results and discussion The results demonstrate that according to Basu method, the sinkhole types of the study area are circular and elongated. As well, based on the Switch method, and the diameter to depth ratio, the sinkholes of these areas are of bowl-shaped, funnel-shaped, and pit-shaped types; the number of pit-shaped sinkholes is greater than the other two types. The results of the univariate linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes show that the components of area with large diameter, area with small diameter, depth with area, and depth with large diameter, indicate the highest values of significant correlation by determination coefficients of 0.922, 0.873, 0.699, 0.581, respectively. The maximum significant relationship at the error probability level, less than 0.1 is between the components of area and large diameter for 2nd and 3rd degree relationships with coefficients of determination of 0.997 and 0.998 and the estimation error of 0.07 and 0.08. Also, the results show that the least significant 2nd-degree and 3rd-degree relationships are between environment and slope with determination coefficients of 0.025 and 0.081 and estimation error of 0.022 and 0.022. Besides, the results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes demonstrated that the highest value of determination coefficient is related to the area, small diameter, large diameter, and depth with determination coefficient of 0.997, and estimation error of 0.024, while the least values of determination coefficient is related to the slope with depth, and large and small diameters with determination coefficient of 0.584 and the estimation error of 0.091. Conclusion According to the obtained results of the Basu method, the sinkholes of the Jaber plain are circular in shape and the Maroon plain sinkholes are classified among the elongated ones; certainly, the mechanism of formation of the sinkholes has directly influenced their shape and morphometry. The presence of creeks on the formations and gypsum layers has resulted in elongated sinkholes; in the Jaber plain where most of the sinkholes have been formed on the Knick line, the intersection point of a centralized slope flow and the gypsum layer has formed circular sinkholes. The results of field studies show that the depths of the Jaber plain are deeper; the reason can be the higher thickness of the gypsum layers of the Jaber plain compared with those of the Maroon plain and more importantly is that these layers are situated in Knick line and exposed to a powerful centralized slope flow. But the sinkholes of the Maroon plain are steeper, and the sinkholes of the Jaber plain enclose more area. After field observations as well as quantitative calculations of the ratio of the small and large diameters of the elongated sinkholes, the proportion of these two parameters is roughly calculated as 1/3. Quantitative results of univariate linear analysis between the morphometric components the sinkholes as well as the significant relationship at the error probability level, less than 0.1, for 2nd-degree and 3rd-degree relationships, and the results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis between the morphometric components of the sinkholes express that the area, large and small diameters, and depth can be appropriate parameters for modeling.
Research Paper
Land use Planning
Fariba Karami; Abolfazl Ghanbari; davod hasandost Farhani
Abstract
Introduction Passive defense refers to the set of actions that does not require application of war wares and with using it, we can prevent vital installations damage, sensitive military and nonmilitary centers, and human loses and to decrease the extent of damage or to minimize them. Literally, the ...
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Introduction Passive defense refers to the set of actions that does not require application of war wares and with using it, we can prevent vital installations damage, sensitive military and nonmilitary centers, and human loses and to decrease the extent of damage or to minimize them. Literally, the word defense is a combination of two terms in Persian language: “pad” and “afand”. In Persian literature, “pad” is a prefix meaning ant, counter, rear, and pursuit. “Afand” means war, fght, batle, and hostlityPassive defense is one of the basic measures in crisis management. It is possible that the passive defense decreases the losses as far as possible. In general It can be mentioned that passive defense includes a collection of unarmed actions which causes increasing of suppression, decreasing of vulnerability, continuity of vital activities , promotion of national stability and facility of crisis management against the threats and the enemy`s military actions. Passive defense, in addition to reducing damage from human-made hazards, is also used to reduce risks to natural hazards. Therefore, passive defense is not about war and peace but a preparation to deal with various natural disaster and abnormal events. Passive defense plans are developed before crisis, at the tme of peace, and include design for all steps of crisis management. Basic defnitons of passive defense may unwitngly focus one’s atenton on politcal and military defense issues, rather than events and crises caused by natural forces; however, the truth is that, in additon to reducing damage caused by human-made threats, passive defense measures in residential areas are also useful in reducing risks in face of natural hazard. An important issue in passive defense is selection of place. Site selection can be viewed as a Multiple Criteria Decision-Making or Multiple Attributes Decision-Making (MCDM/MADM) problems. The MCDM or MADM is the approach dealing with the ranking and selection of one or more sites from the alternatives. MCDM methods have been developed to assist decision makers in either ranking a known set of alternatives for a problem or making a choice among this set while considering the conflicting criteria. In recent years with the development of passive defense in the world, extensive studies were carried out in this area. In Iran, because of strategic and political importance of the Middle East region and due to its natural location and the confrontation with various types of natural disasters in Iran, studies on passive defense are necessary.The purpose of this research is to locate sites suitable for establishing sensitive and vital centers in Bojnourd Township. North Khorasan Province is one of the border provinces of Iran. Bojnourd township is a provincial capital because of the establishment of management and command centers, bordered by Turkmenistan and located on the international route of sensitive arteries and basic ways of the country. On the other hand, Bojnurd is geologically located in Kopet Dagh Zone. In this zone there are active and important faults. Methods In order to carry out the study, an applied research method and a ombinaton of documentary, descriptve, analytcal and case study methods were used.In this study, the research method is descriptive-analytic, and a FANP compilation model was used. Data was collected based on library studies and documentation reviews and the distribution of the questionnaire among experts .In this research, The natural and human criteria of the research, including the sub criteria of slope, direction of slope, elevation, vegetation, protected areas, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the river, distance from industry, distance from the border, distance from the city, distance from the village, distance from the high power lines and distance from the roads were chosen. The questionnaire data was processed using the Super Decision software, based on the ANP model. Then, the coefficient of significance of each factor was multiplied by Arc GIS software with the desired layer. Ultimately, the fuzzy layers were fuzzy and maps were fused in the software. Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that the most suitable zones are the middle belt, east and south east of Bojnourd township. Unsuitable areas for the establishment of critical sites are located in the north, southwest and around the city of Bojnourd, with passive defense approach. Conclusion Based on the results of this zoning, Bojnourd city management centers such as the governor's office, the Radio and Television Organization, military centers, the main water pumping station, high voltage power plant and support centers such as wheat silos, industrial towns, etc. are not located in a suitable place.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
saber Mohammadpour; Nader Zali; sara amiri
Abstract
Introduction Strategic planning includes strategies and goals that operate in a creative and sustainable manner in order to manage, maintain and finance the transportation system. The goal of the strategic plan is to promote a balanced transport system that offers sustainable choices; On the other ...
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Introduction Strategic planning includes strategies and goals that operate in a creative and sustainable manner in order to manage, maintain and finance the transportation system. The goal of the strategic plan is to promote a balanced transport system that offers sustainable choices; On the other hand, this issue makes it necessary to address the approaches that lead transportation towards social, economic and environmental sustainability, and one of these approaches is the integration of transportation. Methodology The present study is an applied research for the purpose that Strategic planning of regional transport integrated development in Kerman province. It also in nature and method ,is exploratory-descriptive-prescriptive. Access to information is mainly through a documentary procedure, namely referring to existing texts, textbooks, documents and papers. Also, field methods such as the use of questionnaires and interviews Through the Delphi model are used to complete the information. The study area is Kerman province and interviewees are from a number of Specialists, experts And managers (Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization, Department of Roads and Urban Development, Management and Planning Organization, Department of Environment) and professors of universities in Kerman province. Questionnaires were distributed and collected in two round. After obtaining the required information using strategic planning models, data has been analyzed by using strategic planning models. In fact, after Preparation the Vision, the objectives, the main and most important strategic factors of the external environment (opportunities and threats) and the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) of the Kerman province's transport sector, to evaluate external and internal factors respectively External Factor Evaluation (EFE) and Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrices are used. The external and internal factor analysis (IE) matrix is then compiled based on the findings of the two IFE and EFE matrices to determine the best strategy. In the following have been Preparation strategies for integrated regional transport development in Kerman province using the SWOT matrix. Results and discussion What is stated in this part of the article It includes Preparation a vision, Preparation goals, evaluating the external environment, evaluating the internal environment, analyzing matrices of internal and external factors, Preparation strategies and executive planning in order to integrate regional transportation in Kerman province. Given that the sum of the final scores of the EFE matrix is 2.622 and the sum of the final scores of the IFE matrix is 2.56, and as shown in the IE matrix, the offensive strategy (SO) is the superior strategy. Then, strategies related to the integrated development of regional transportation in Kerman province have been developed using the SWOT matrix. Therefore, according to the priority of offensive strategies, a number of policies, action plans and projects have been presented in connection with these strategies. Conclusion Strategic planning brings many opportunities for an organization, including facilitating the analysis of past practices using a methodical approach, providing a way to prioritize organizational needs and goals, and providing information that will help resource prioritize. The benefits of using strategic planning in the field of transportation include promoting economic growth, improving the quality of the environment, strengthening the integration and cooperation between different modes of transportation, maintaining the transportation system at an efficient level and improving the level of services, improving safety and much more. In fact, strategic planning includes the principles of sustainability, integrity and comprehensiveness, and is promising to address the problems of urban and regional transportation planning in relation to the hierarchical system of programs, inter-organizational coordination, implementation, public participation and sustainable development; Therefore, in order to methodize the analysis of past performances and prioritize the needs of the transportation sector in Kerman province, the strategic plan for the integrated development of regional transportation in Kerman province has been carefully studied.
Research Paper
Climatology
Elham Alizadeh; hossein mousavi; Jamshid Yarahmadi; Abdollah Faraji
Abstract
Introduction Climate change is one of the most important phenomena of the present century, which has created many problems and challenges both globally and regionally and nationally. In the second half of the twentieth century, global warming relative to The first half of this century has increased ...
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Introduction Climate change is one of the most important phenomena of the present century, which has created many problems and challenges both globally and regionally and nationally. In the second half of the twentieth century, global warming relative to The first half of this century has increased and it is predicted that this increase in temperature will continue in future periods, resulting in changes in the level of climatic conditions in different parts of the world. Due to the lack of atmospheric precipitation, due to the increase in temperature, the rate of evaporation has increased significantly and can greatly affect the aggravation of water shortage conditions in surface currents, especially evaporation from the surface of lakes behind dams. Percentage by evaporation leads the country to higher values (Farajzadeh and Ghasemifar, 1398). Regarding the changes in Iran's water resources in the horizon of 2100, few studies have been done and most have been case studies (Fahmi, 1393). Although the results of these studies, based on the climatic models and different scenarios used, sometimes show contradictions, so it is necessary to do more studies in this field. Methodology The present research has been done in three specific sections and the output of each section has been used as the input of the next section. In the first part, climate change in the form of precipitation variables in the study area is detected and subsequently, rainwater runoff in the Daryan catchment is simulated. Then, while identifying the characteristics of hydrological drought periods in the basin, the probability of occurrence, intensity and duration of hydrological drought periods are calculated based on the fit of different statistical distributions for different return periods in the third section. Results and discussion Climate change is one of the most important environmental problems of this century. Thus, evaluating the phenomenon of climate change and reducing its effects on both global and regional scales has attracted the attention of many researchers, planners and legislators (Yohe et al., 2007). Proper assessment of these effects requires the existence of climatic information with appropriate spatial distribution and long-term time series, as well as a thorough understanding of its future trends at the regional and local scale. Despite the fact that today the output of public circulation models (GCM) are the main sources of future climate data production. One of the most important consequences of climate change includes changes in the hydrological cycle and river flow regime of watersheds. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible effects of climate change on rainfall and runoff in the Daryan catchment area north of Lake Urmia. In this study, statistical method (SDSM) and data of CanESM2 Canadian climate model in the form of three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in order to micro-scale the precipitation data of five synoptic stations adjacent to the sea basin and changes Its future is used. Here, the basic period (1961-2005) and future periods (2049-2020), (2079-2050) and (2080-2100) were selected. In this research, the threshold level method has been used to identify hydrological drought periods and extract its characteristics. The results of the analysis of the last 35 years of hydrological droughts in the Daryan Basin showed that 44 drought events occurred in this basin, which in total, led to a reduction in surface flow volume of about 140 million cubic meters in this basin. Conclusion The simulation results of SWAT model showed that the annual average runoff of the sea basin in the first period (2020-49) in all three scenarios increases by 3.7 and 6%, respectively, compared to the base period. While in the rest of the periods of all scenarios, runoff reduction is predicted compared to the base period. Accordingly, a decrease in surface runoff compared to the base period is predicted for five months of the year (April to August) and an increase in the remaining months. Future changes in precipitation at Tabriz station, which is the basis for modeling runoff in the Daryan basin, are not very noticeable compared to the base period, and only in the period (2049-2020) all three scenarios are predicted to increase by 5, 2 and 8%, respectively, compared to the base period. In the other periods, in all three scenarios, a decrease in rainfall is predicted compared to the base period. Results of evaluating the effects of climate change on rainfall and surface runoff in the Daryan Basin with the results of other researchers in the catchment area of Lake Urmia, including: Goodarzi and Fatehifar (2010) in the Azarshahrchai Basin, Qaderpour et al. (2016), Dariane et al. (2019) ), Sobhani et al. (2015), Goodarzi et al. (2015) and Salehpour and Malekian (2019) are consistent.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; azar puyanjam; fatemeh amanzadeh
Abstract
Introduction One of the emerging environmental hazards caused by the expansion of urbanization is the "thermal island" phenomenon, in which urban areas have a distinct climate compared to rural areas, and the city center has higher temperatures than its surrounding areas. This phenomenon occurs when ...
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Introduction One of the emerging environmental hazards caused by the expansion of urbanization is the "thermal island" phenomenon, in which urban areas have a distinct climate compared to rural areas, and the city center has higher temperatures than its surrounding areas. This phenomenon occurs when a large percentage of natural surface coverings are destroyed and replaced by buildings, roads and other installations. The thermal island phenomenon has been studied and recorded in various cities around the world for more than 150 years. And it generally appears as the surface of the earth shifts from natural to non-perishable. Surface temperature is considered one of the most important parameters in identifying a city's climate that directly controls the effect of the city's heat island. And more recently, many regional studies, such as global climate change, hydrological and agricultural processes, urban land use and land cover, and soil moisture assessment, have been identified as important factors. Traditionally, urban heat islands have traditionally been studied using meteorological station data, or vehicle surveys, but today to reduce the weakness of these methods and to study them more closely, Satellite and remote sensing data are used more frequently because of more spatial resolution than terrestrial weather data. Remote sensing images, because of their wide coverage, timeliness and ability to obtain information in the thermal range of the electromagnetic spectrum, are a useful source of heat mapping and estimation of Earth's radiant energy. Methodology Split-Window algorithm is one of the most important methods for estimating surface temperature which is better than other methods for calculating surface temperature. An important feature of this algorithm is the elimination of atmospheric effects. Since this algorithm does not require accurate information on atmospheric profiles during satellite acquisition, it is widely used in several sensors to retrieve Earth's surface propagation capability. The sensors used in this algorithm include the Multi Spectral Sensor and the TIRS Thermal Sensor. The following are the cases: Due to the lack of a database to measure the Earth's surface propagation capability with Landsat 8 satellite images, the C coefficients through various numerical simulations It was obtained from atmospheric and surface conditions.In this study, Landsat 8 images with 7/15/2015 Landsat 8 (OLI and TIRS) images and land use maps were used to analyze the thermal islands. After processing the images, a separate window algorithm was used to calculate the surface temperature and the maximum likelihood method was used to classify the images. Discrete Window Algorithm is a mathematical tool that uses ground information, thermal sensor brightness temperature (TIRS), ground emission capability (LSE) and fractional green vegetation factor (FVC) obtained from OLI and temperature multispectral band. Estimates the surface of the earth. Image analysis was performed in ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.5 software environments. Result and Discussion Surface temperature is one of the main factors in the study of cities. Because only two or three degrees differs from the air temperature of the lower layers of the urban atmosphere, which is the center of the surface energy balance, which determines the climate between buildings and affects the comfort of urban dwellers. In the present study, preliminary processes such as radiometric, atmospheric and geometric corrections were carried out and then high atmospheric radii were converted to surface radiation and then calculated by vegetation index, vegetation fraction index, radiation power and water vapor column, temperature. Ground level in the study area was obtained using a separate window algorithm. Conclusion The results of thermal extraction showed that maximum temperature was related to low density vegetation, residential, industrial, industrial, asphalt-concrete and brick-iron frameworks. Minimum temperatures are also visible in green, brick-wood and clay-wood. The results of this research for planners and experts at the regional level to obtain information on the status of land surface temperature and their relationship with land use can pave the way for management decisions to conserve natural and agricultural resources. It is suggested that due to the moderating role of vegetation, vacant land and the wilderness be changed to uses such as parks and landscapes, and in addressing other uses, the reasons for residential and industrial and workshop areas should be taken into account, and the surface temperatures of buildings most The city has its own surface area and has the highest amount of radiation reflection can be reduced by planting vegetation on the roofs of buildings known as green roofs. High resolution satellite images are also recommended for land use mapping.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
Mahdi Moazeni; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction With the increasing development of human societies, urban societies have also undergone many changes and complexities. This transformation and complexity encompasses all aspects of human life in cities. One of the most important categories in urban development is having a dynamic economy. ...
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Introduction With the increasing development of human societies, urban societies have also undergone many changes and complexities. This transformation and complexity encompasses all aspects of human life in cities. One of the most important categories in urban development is having a dynamic economy. Parsabad city is one of the a few new cities in Iran that has been created under the influence of this theory and the category of comparative advantage of regions in the second quarter of the present century. The city was established in line with the development plan of the Moghan Plain Civil Enterprise in 1953 and in order to exploit the fertile lands of the plain as a new and fledgling city. Because this development was done rapidly in fertile lands .It is considered the best agricultural lands in the Moghan plain, and with the expansion of the city, the agricultural lands around the city were being reconstruct day by day, causing changes in the landuses The study of physical, economic, social and biological conditions indicates the development of the city and changes in its land use. Since the use of traditional methods to determine urban development and land use changes is very time consuming and costly, so using multi-time satellite images and digital maps and a variety of models can model urban development landuse changes and simulated and examined the relevant implications. The purpose of this research is: Assess using quantity models in Predicting urban development trends and land use changes. Assess the future pattern of urban development and land use in Parsabad city. Methodology This research with respect to type of purpose and nature were classified applied and descriptive-analytical research. The instruments used in this research are Landsat satellite images of TM, ETM +, OLI sensors included in 1989, 2002, June 2015 period. For analysis of images , ENVI 5, IDRISI SELVA, ARC GIS software were used . All classification options in ENVI 5 software are situated in the Classification menu. The unsupervised and supervised classification methods were placed in unsupervised and supervised option. In this study, we used the supervised classification method for classification. Results and discussion In general, the process of simulating urban development and land use changes are categorized in three general stages: Create a transition matrix using Markov chain analysis • Create competency maps for each land use class using Multi-Criteria evaluations (MCE) Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) • Accomplishing the transition matrix from Markov chain analysis and spatial fit maps of land use classes and land use / land cover map for simulation automated cells-based. To obtain the transition probability matrix, we use the user map which obtained from satellite images from 2002 to 2015. The weighted linear composition and multi-criteria evaluation method were used to create spatial fit maps for each land use. These criteria was considered in the form of factors and constraints. Factors: distance from water levels, distance from city center, distance from road, distance from constructed lands, landuses, slope to percentage. Limitations of these criteria were e constructed lands, water levels and its 50-meter area. For simulating the land use map of 2028, the land use map of 2015 has been used. All the simulation steps have been done in IDRISI SELVA software environment using markov-ca model. In 2028, the amount of constructed lands increased by 400 hectares, instead, the use of farm lands decreased by 410 hectares. As presented in figures the greatest decrease and change of landuse in this period related to farm lands, and the barren lands decreased approximately 20 hectares by Maid, Exploiting from forest and water land use show a relative increase. By comparing the map of 2015 and the simulated map for 2028, it can be concluded that the development of constructed lands have been unsuitable to barren and farm land use., Also with the development of constructed lands, the use of farm and barren lands area, especially farms, has been reduced. Conclusion With respect to urban development and land use changes in Parsabad city, it can be concluded that: In response to the first question, the study of land use maps of previous periods showed that during the last 26 years, the area of barren lands and surrounding farms of city has been reduced. This amount of reduction has been more to the benefit of urban land use so that the land use area of urban land has increased to278,567 and 820 hectares in 1989 , 2002 and 2015 periods, respectively. In response to the second question of the research, the main level of land use change in the coming years will take place on the outskirts of the southwestern part of the city, including the residential towns of Fajr, Farhangian; And the future development model of Parsabad city is somewhat out of the scattered state and will be done more on the surrounding agricultural and barren lands and without use inside the city, especially in the southwestern part of the city. It was clear that during the last 26 years, the most changes and urban development has taken place in this part of the city. Agricultural lands in this part of the city gradually become to barren land use and eventually changed to urban landuse; the fact that from 1989 to 2015, the area of the city has been increased by 70 hectares only in this part of the city.
Research Paper
Urban Planning
sara mirzaei; Ali Zanghiabadi
Abstract
Introduction Existence of urban facilities and infrastructures is one of the effective factors in creating a happy city because without leisure spaces, public spaces where people are present and communication is increased and without cultural, educational, health, Sports facilities and services, ...
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Introduction Existence of urban facilities and infrastructures is one of the effective factors in creating a happy city because without leisure spaces, public spaces where people are present and communication is increased and without cultural, educational, health, Sports facilities and services, as the basic needs of the citizens, a happy city cannot be created. Tourism is also one of the most important areas of life that creates happiness and therefore overall life satisfaction. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to study the urban development indices related to tourism, to determine the status of Shiraz city in terms of these indices as effective indicators in creating a happy city. Shiraz Urban development has taken a linear form and the location of urban land use has been largely inappropriate and out of science. Shiraz, as the international tourism counter, the third shrine of Ahl al-Bayt, and as the third Iranian tourist city, needs dynamic, happy and vital citizens. Happy citizens have a better interaction with tourists and pilgrims, thereby increasing their satisfaction and attracting more tourists. Since the most important step in development planning as well as the realization of a happy city is to reduce imbalances and inequality, it will be possible to diagnosis the direction and type of development by determining the degree of development of each of the urban zones of Shiraz. Research questions are: 1. How is the development status of Shiraz zones in terms of the indicators that are effective in achieving the happy city? 2. What are the Priority variables affecting the balance of urban space?A happy city is a city with a high quality of life that is the result of meeting the needs of inhabitants in the best possible way and tourism is one of the most important areas of life that creates happiness and thus overall life satisfaction. In the new geography, justice and injustice cannot be confined to measuring economic inequalities, because space is a fundamental dimension of human society, and justice and injustice appear in space. Environmental justice is equality of people by their needs, abilities, efforts and impact on the production of society, so it is treated equally with all residents wherever they live. In urban planning, the physical-spatial distribution of urban elements and services is balanced and commensurate with the needs of citizens in each neighborhood and urban area. Harvey has identified need as the most important criterion of justice. The basic needs that are nowadays called essential services in urban planning and management can be the basis for measuring spatial justice. In order to achieve balance and equilibrium in each city, studies are needed to identify the current status of the city and to resolve failures, deprivation, and equitable distribution of facilities and services. This can be a step towards making the city happy. One of the most important theories that relates place to happiness is the need / livability theory. This theory considers happiness as a result of objective living conditions and meeting needs, and states that improved objective conditions such as urban and physical or economic conditions will lead to greater happiness. Many cities are not livable, because of city problems such as poverty and crime; but even successful cities are not livable in many ways. There is also lack of nature and recreational spaces in cities. Finally, most people cannot afford good housing, especially in the largest cities. Others live somewhere on the fringes and commute long hours. Commuting is the worst thing that reduces happiness. Large cities are less livable than smaller ones. More precisely, cities are less acceptable to most people; the rich can afford a good life in a city. Therefore, access to urban amenities and services is an important factor in the livability of cities and the happiness of citizens. In some cases, when basic needs are met, more money does not bring more happiness. Likewise, spending is a poor way to buy much more happiness. So how can lasting happiness be achieved? We need to buy experiences (e.g., holidays, recreation centers), not things (e.g., a luxury home or car). According to this theory, leisure spaces for people and tourists should be created and city facilities and infrastructures should be balanced at city level, especially in big cities. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The Modified Numerical Taxonomy, WASPAS & MABAK methods were used for statistical analysis. Softwars used for data analysis included WASPAS, Taxonomy Solver, Excel and Arc GIS. In this study, urban land uses and services have been studied. Results & Discussion Based on the taxonomy analysis based on all the indices studied, it was found that none of the Shiraz zones were included in the developed level. Zones 8 & 1 are relatively developed. Zones 2, 3, 6 and 10 are in the third level, i.e. relatively deprived. Zones 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11 are in the lowest level and are among the deprived areas in terms of Indicators of urban development in related to tourism. In general, whether we move away from the city center, the zones become deprived. The zones around zone 8 are in the higher ranks, Then, the northern and southern zones are in the lower ranks, respectively. Conclusion The results showed that the Shiraz is not in a good condition in terms of physical characteristics of urban development and tourism infrastructure. Distributive justice for different land uses has not been regarded and most of them are concentrated in some urban zones. In fact, the lack of proper distribution of urban land uses and their concentration in some areas, especially in the central part of the city, has caused the zones to be in poor condition for all indicators and therefore none of the zones are in good condition.
Research Paper
Geomorphology
mojtaba yamani; mosa abbasi
Abstract
Introduction Hard floods increase the strength of canals, erosion rates and sedimentation in the rivers. Late in the evening and early morning of April 26, 2016, the Gadar basin experienced lightning and hard storms directly across the basin, causing only a few hours of rainfall in the basin. Due to ...
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Introduction Hard floods increase the strength of canals, erosion rates and sedimentation in the rivers. Late in the evening and early morning of April 26, 2016, the Gadar basin experienced lightning and hard storms directly across the basin, causing only a few hours of rainfall in the basin. Due to the high rainfall of April 1976 with a maximum of 197 mm, the soil was saturated and caused direct runoff to the canals. The flood caused significant biological and geomorphic disturbances in the riverbeds, which caused complete loss of vegetation in some parts of the river. Even in the areas where the alluvium was left, many plants were destroyed. The floods caused major changes in the morphology of the Gadar main waterways and rivers, which have been unprecedented in recent decades. This study aimed to provide a model to determine the amount of geomorphic turbulence caused by catastrophic flood in the Gadar River during the flood event of 96 years. Data and Methology The data were collected from library methods, statistical data, imagery and field surveys. Aerial photographs were selected to determine the extent of geomorphic perturbations caused by the catastrophic flood at 35 km from the main river before and after the flood. Post-flood morphological changes using aerial imagery revealed that digitizing the area where catastrophic flood perturbations occurred along the Gadar River was clearly visible. For the essential management using the Mitsen model, recurrent periods including 100 and 500 years flood bed and flood plain were used to determine the geomorphic turbulence of the river. In the disturbance area of the riverbank, the highest amount of disturbance was in group 4 (10965793 m 2) and the lowest was in group 5 (657247 m 2). These large-scale patterns are also consistent with increasing river distances for 100- and 500-year flood return periods. The highest amount of geomorphic perturbation was related to Class D covering a total of 4972105 square meters, while Class B perturbation with an area of 578969 square meters covered the least perturbation. The highest amount of geomorphic perturbations belonged to Group A for flood bed area with 46.58% covering an area of about 1694712 m 2 while the lowest D perturbation was with Group 57 with 3.57%. The total area is 178931 square meters. For the 100 and 500 year floodplains, similar to the floodplain area, the highest and lowest turbulence rates belonged to Group A and B, respectively. Results and Discussions Most of the perturbations and locations with maximum geomorphic perturbations were caused by catastrophic flooding of the Gadar River. within the flood bed area and these perturbations for all groups of the river bed and geomorphic The distance from the river and the movement to the 100- and 500-year floodplain returns decreases. This trend is particularly evident in most of the river and geomorphic turbulence. There is a particular trend between groups 1, 2 and 3 of the perturbation and the geomorphic groups B and C that place the subduction sites in this perturbation group. Floods have the capacity and ability to transport moderate amounts of sediment or moderate erosion, but as a large force that can completely erode alluvial riverbeds and remove vegetation, it is not sufficient so it will be just outside the flood plain erosion threshold This is probably due to increased plant resistance and root reinforcement and its effect on floodplain roughness and decreased bed flow velocity. Most floodplain erosion occurred in the bed and adjacent to the canal of the study. Since floodplain erosion involves the riverbank and geomorphic sections, the most severe type of D-group geomorphic perturbation process was approximately 58% with two groups of 4 and 5 rivers, respectively, as partial and complete flood plain erosion, respectively. By comparing the native Gadder model with the Mitzen model, it can be seen that the Gadar River indigenous classification model is similar in some respects to that of the Mitzen, but also has some differences. In the Mitzen model, the topographic features, river cover, anthropogenic disturbance and the geomorphic disturbance of the bed sediment and the morphology of the river are not fully considered while in the Gadar basin the presence of lands adjacent to the riverbed. The river bed with different coverages along with the sediment type of the bed and banks plays an important role in the extent of flood control or expansion. Conclusion Most of the disasters caused by the catastrophic floods in the Gadar River include Group 5 for river disruption and Group D for geomorphic disruption, which occurred mainly in the floodplain area, which is confined to all river banks and geomorphic section distances from the river. And the movement toward the 100- and 500-year flood plain return periods has declined. In group 5, 90.2% of the turbulence occurred in the floodplain, while only 8.6% occurred in the 100-year floodplain and 0.6% in the 500-year floodplain. Similarly, in Group D, 92% of the geomorphic turbulence occurred in the floodplain, and only 8% of the turbulence occurred in the other floodplain groups, so most of the severe turbulence was in the canal bed and less severe turbulence mainly in the The 100- and 500-year flood plain return periods are located outside the flood plain.
