Rural Planning
asadollah heidari; Mostafa Taleshei
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 189-206
Abstract
One of the consequences of the instability of Settlement System in local- regional spaces is the functional - spatial disability of rural and urban settlements in the in creating the settlement connection through a effective spatial network. In many of the geographical areas in the country, the ...
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One of the consequences of the instability of Settlement System in local- regional spaces is the functional - spatial disability of rural and urban settlements in the in creating the settlement connection through a effective spatial network. In many of the geographical areas in the country, the patterns of economic activity based settlement system network is formed that due to negligence of the cognition and analysis of structural-functional of this local networks, urban and rural settlements instability is escalated. in the rural areas of Hashtrood and Charoymaq (macro-region of Azerbaijan), the local-regional network is creating, based on the production and processing of milk products. For cognition and structural -functional analysis of this product in settlements relationships and spatial flows, 119 dairy workhouses, 269 rural settlements and 5 urban settlements was evaluated. The research method of this research is the combination of descriptive – analytical Data sampling method was the snowball method and data analyzed through NodeXL and GIS software. The results showed that relationships and flows of the milk production network in the hurdles in realm faced the barrier and in Reciprocity extra-regional centers is interactive and complementary. Based on the reciprocital of relations, Degree centrality, Between ness centrality and Eigenvector centrality of the Bostan Abad city outside the studied areas recognized as the main node in the network structure of the studied region’s milk and following this, was the urban centers of Tabriz, Maragheh, Ghareaghaj and Hashtrood and ganjine ketab rural with a significant difference. Sustainable pattern of local-regional network in the mentioned metropolitan area can be achieved with modification in the functional structure of urban and rural settlements through the functional allocation of activities and
Sedigheh Lotfi; Ayob Manochehri miyandoab; Hasan Ahar
Volume 17, Issue 43 , October 2013, , Pages 191-232
Abstract
The growth and development pattern or city form is defined as spatial pattern of human activities. At present the city pattern is divided into two groups as horizontal or sprawl and vertical or compact. Evidences show that cities are grown unplanned in recent years and the cities' limits have expanded ...
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The growth and development pattern or city form is defined as spatial pattern of human activities. At present the city pattern is divided into two groups as horizontal or sprawl and vertical or compact. Evidences show that cities are grown unplanned in recent years and the cities' limits have expanded several times than their primary area. Thus, planners and policy makers are trying to identify the physical pattern of cities to manage and direct the city growth in line with sustainable development. Maragheh is the case study for this research which is located in the north west of the country. The research applied analytical-comparative methods to identify and assess the pattern of physical and spatial growth of the city in different periods. The quantitative models included accumulation degree (Moran and Grey), Entropy, Ginny coefficient, Heldern and density. The results show that the city has experienced a slow and compact physical and spatial growth in the past through which the start of rapid urbanization during 1355 to 1365 expanded rapidly. The area of city increased 16.5 times and this was in the form of sprawl and continued to 1385. Regarding the results of the research the compact city pattern is recommended for the change of growth pattern and approaching the urban sustainable development.
Rasool Ghorbani; Mohammad Jam-e- Kasra; Maliheh Mirzabaki
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 191-216
Abstract
Urban comprehensive plans, as the most significant instruments for systematically directing and coordinating cities, are considered the most apparent manifestations of modern urbanization in Iran. These plans have been used since the mid-1960s in response to spatial-structural deficiencies seen in cities ...
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Urban comprehensive plans, as the most significant instruments for systematically directing and coordinating cities, are considered the most apparent manifestations of modern urbanization in Iran. These plans have been used since the mid-1960s in response to spatial-structural deficiencies seen in cities in Iran. Despite almost half-a-century history of having urban development plans and the ups and downs faced for designing and implementing them, the Evaluation process, which is a management tool for realization of objectives and accomplishments of comprehensive plans, has not acquired its necessary position in the planning system yet.
Therefore, it could be said that the strengths and weaknesses of the urban development plans have not been scientifically identified and no feedback has been provided to the planning system. Therefore, the aforementioned shortcomings, resulting from the missing link of assessment in the country’s planning system, persist despite continuous efforts for designing different urban plans. Hence, in order to achieve a dynamic, constant, flexible system of planning those accords with realities, assessment of urban development plans is a necessary step which could not be ignored.
This article aims to investigate deficiencies of comprehensive urban plan in achieving their objectives and to assess the Implementation of such plan. It attempts to apply modern methods to assess comprehensive plans. In this method, Goal Achievement Method (GAM) is used along with tools of geographical information systems and per capita adaptation to adapted or non- adapted with location if physical fabric objectives.
Results obtained from this study indicate that expansion of cities all over the period has flown in the face of the proposed plan in different aspects, including urban boundary, directions of development, location of different uses, urban densities and the administration organization of plan has failed to match the expansion of the city with the proposed plan.
Hamid Noori; Alireza Yildroomi
Volume 16, Issue 41 , November 2012, , Pages 197-236
Abstract
This research, one of the most covering rainfall times (from1381/8/6 to 1381/10/5) in Iran study and then synoptic and dynamic analysis of it's the heaviest rainfall cluster (from 1381/9/15 to 1381/9/20) explain using environmental to circulation pattern method. In this time more than 60% of Iran stations ...
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This research, one of the most covering rainfall times (from1381/8/6 to 1381/10/5) in Iran study and then synoptic and dynamic analysis of it's the heaviest rainfall cluster (from 1381/9/15 to 1381/9/20) explain using environmental to circulation pattern method. In this time more than 60% of Iran stations experienced rainfall and also, the number of heavy rainfall events were recorded in the southern coastal Caspian see. After drawing of Isorain maps in studied days, rain maximum points and its gravity centers calculated. Then, pressure surface patterns, geopotential, humidity advection, front, jet stream and Q-vector maps were drawn in different levels. Analysis of pressure of see level maps showed that pressure gradient reinforcement between Black see high pressure and Mediterranean low pressure and between Black see high pressure and the eastern north of Caspian sea low pressure are effective to produce these heavy rainfalls in west, southern west of Iran and the southern coastal Caspian sea. Maps geopotential showed that there are two main patterns in this studied time, as role of the eastern north of Caspian Sea trough (part of long through of Mediterranean) is very important. Analysis of humidity advection maps showed that Mediterranean sea and Red sea in upper levels and Persian Golf and Oman sea in lower levels are sources of humidity for heavy rainfalls, as them role in different days aren’t alike. However, heavy rainfall events in the southern coastal Caspian sea were provided via Mediterranean sea in 500(ha) level, Mediterranean sea and Red sea in 600 and 700 (ha) levels and all of main sources of humidity (Black sea, Mediterranean sea, Persian Golf, Red sea and Caspian sea). Polar front, north of Red sea-north of Persian Golf front and composition of subtropical jet stream and polar front jet steam in the east of Iraq can be from reasons of producing and strengthening of vertical movements. Also, analysis of Q-vector maps with point of convergence regions shows the important role Caspian sea, Mediterranean sea, Black sea, Persian Golf and Oman sea to producing of raising movements in different levels and times and its follow to forming of heavy rainfall events in the southern coastal Caspian sea and Iran.
Samaneh Mosayebi; seyead skandar Seydayee; Ali Zangabadi; Alireza Rahimi
Volume 18, Issue 47 , April 2014, , Pages 197-213
Abstract
Increasing young population along with unemployment rates compared to previous years is one of the most serious challenges, and controversial for employment in the country. Understanding the employment and unemployment condition, perceived strengths and weaknesses and deficiencies in the employment planning ...
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Increasing young population along with unemployment rates compared to previous years is one of the most serious challenges, and controversial for employment in the country. Understanding the employment and unemployment condition, perceived strengths and weaknesses and deficiencies in the employment planning and human development has necessary impacts. However, a major concern of the province of Esfahan is the issue of employment and unemployment and its consequences.
Therefore the issue of employment and unemployment in the province was studied, and the affective factors are explained in this field, in order assess to the possibility of developing a comprehensive management for employment in the Province. The main objective of the study is to clear social inequalities in the employment field with regards to distribution facilities in Esfahan Province. The application of 36 variables was used and these variables were reduced to 5 through factor analysis. Then the cities were divided into 4 homogeneous classes through cluster analysis. The research results indicate that there are severe imbalances in towns. Out of that Esfahan town had the best conditions of employment index, while Khansar town was in the last row being the excluded town.
Fariba Karami; Roghayeh Sharifi
Volume 17, Issue 46 , February 2014, , Pages 199-221
Abstract
Maragheh township has located on Southeast of East Azerbaijan province. It has high potential for the rural tourism. The development of rural tourism can reduce migration, increase income, improve substructure and protect environment in study region. This study tries to introduce rural attractives, difficulties ...
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Maragheh township has located on Southeast of East Azerbaijan province. It has high potential for the rural tourism. The development of rural tourism can reduce migration, increase income, improve substructure and protect environment in study region. This study tries to introduce rural attractives, difficulties and challenges of rural tourism on the central portion of Maragheh township by SWOT model. The method of this study is research and analytic based. The results show that strong point of rural tourism in central district of Maragheh township is a natural attraction with weight of1105 (m=4.42). Lack of tourism facilities establishment etc, with weight of 1103 (m=4.41) is weakness point of rural tourism in this region. The protection by the government is the opportunity of tourism and the increase of social crimes is a threat to tourism in this region.
Climatology
Majid Rezaei Banafsheh; saeid Jahanbakhsh; Shoaieb Abkharabat; Aliakbar Rasouli; Mostafa Karimi
Abstract
Introduction 120-day winds of Sistan are considered as one of the significant phenomenon which has a great impact on the morphology and environment of east and southeast of Iran (Figure.1). The common region for these winds is the border of monsoon region in south of Asia which mainly has sunny and cloudless ...
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Introduction 120-day winds of Sistan are considered as one of the significant phenomenon which has a great impact on the morphology and environment of east and southeast of Iran (Figure.1). The common region for these winds is the border of monsoon region in south of Asia which mainly has sunny and cloudless weather during monsoon period. This condition is due to lack of higher humidity divergence accompanied by tangible decrease of the air on the atmosphere (Salighe, 2010). These winds are the most famous advection system in northern hemisphere whose effects are visible in eastern regions of Iran, west and south of Afghanistan, and northwest of Pakistan(Khosravi, 2008). Data and Methodology In order to evaluate the role of the winds, data network of Geopotential height of 850 hPa (hectopascal) level during a 19-year period (1993-2012) from May to the end of September, the period of 120-day winds of Sistan, were found. These data were of those revisited data of 2.5*2.5 NCEO/NCAR during 2480 days. Then, factor analysis and clustering tests were applied on data network of Geopotential height to classify map patterns (Yarnal, translated by Masoudian, 2006: 100). As a matter of fact 5 clusters were recognized in this study presented in table 1. Dynamic method was used in GrADS software in order to find humidity flux of each region in the quintuplet patterns. Discussion Northern Wind Pattern (120-day wind of Sistan) As a matter of fact 120-day winds of Sistan are a part of northern Trade winds which are the most important source of Caspian Sea high pressure. After passing east of Iran, these winds reach Oman Sea and converge with southern Trade winds. Both of them moved toward Indian Subcontinent and finally enter atmospheric monsoon circulation of south of Asia. High pressure of north of Iran is also a tongue of high pressure Azores which is extended over northern regions of Iran and Caspian Sea by Mediterranean and Black sea Basin. Both existing Gang low during hot period of a year in south of Asia and spreading, its tongues over regions of Middle East make Azores high not be able to penetrate the zone in lower levels of atmosphere (from the earth surface to thelevel 850 hPa.). As a result, Azores high has to locate in northern parts especially north of Iran. Analyzing the curves of geo-potential height, figure (2) precisely shows this phenomenon. Gang low not only is weaken among middle levels of atmospheretongue, but also lost its appearance on Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula. Therefore, Azores high tongue also can locate in its normal position and appear with maximum pressure on Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula. Figure (3) presents the order of synoptic systems in level 500 hPa. of pattern 1. It shows that Gang low has lost its nature in this level, while Azores high tongue obviously is located on Middle East, especially Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula. As a matter of fact atmospheric levels of Geopotential height in pattern 1 (figures 2,3, 4) reveal that as we go away from lower levels of atmosphere to middle levels of atmosphere, Gang low gradually is weaken especially over Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula. This situation makes Azores high tongue locate in lower latitude. However, in lower levels (earth surface to level 850 hPa.), as a tongue of Gang comes into some parts of Middle East, expanded tongue of Azores high pressure has to locate on higher latitudes than normal latitudes; on north of Iran Plateau and Caspian Sea.Pattern (2) shows the same order as pattern (1), so it will not be repeated here. In the following, the effect of 120-day winds of Sistan on humidity of the region will be investigated, thus humidity flux is calculated between levels 925-1000 hPa. 850-925 hPa. and 850 -700hPa. Figure (5) shows sum of humidity flux for aforesaid levels of synoptic pattern (1). 120-day winds of Sistan with prevailing north direction in this pattern lead to the formation of a core of humidity flux divergence in east and center of Iran and decrease humidity of the region. As previously mentioned, after passing Iran, Sistan winds reach Oman Sea and north of Indian Ocean, and converge with southern Trade winds. Both of them move toward Indian Subcontinent. In fact, convergence of 120-day Sistan winds (northern Trade winds) and southern Trade winds leads to formation of a strong core of humidity flux convergence on Oman Sea and north of Indian Ocean (figure 5). The sum and average of humidity flux convergence and humidity flux divergence in studied region are presented in table (2). Eastern Wind Pattern The other clusters (3, 4, and 5) have different order from 120-day Sistan winds which are introduced as eastern wind pattern. Unlike clusters (1) and (2), in these clusters (table 1) the wind direction is not northern; in other words, the winds blow with prevailing east direction in east and northeast of Iran, however southeast of Iran experience mild weather at the same time. As synoptic order of pressure system and humidity flux system are mainly the same, pattern (3) will be analyzed precisely. The order of synoptic systems of level 850 hPa. in pattern (3) is presented in figure (5). This map reveals that the contrast between high pressure of north and Gang low differs from northern wind pattern, as on the one hand,the strength and breadth of Gang low increase, while on the other hand the strength and breadth of Azores high tongue (high pressure in north of Iran) decrease. In fact, this condition makes most regions of Iran Plateau in lower levels of atmosphere (1000 hPa, 925 hPa and 850 hPa.) be dominated by Gang low. Besides, this order of synoptic systems eliminates 120-day wind conditions of Sistan and make eastern wind conditions in east and northeast of Iran. Since the orders of synoptic systems of levels 925 hPa. and 1000 hPa are the same as level 850 hPa. they will not be presented here. The orders of synoptic systems in middle levels are different, as in level 700 hPa. Azores high tongue comes to Iran Plateau by Arabian Peninsula (figure 7). This layer of atmosphere is a transition layer from dominance of low pressure pattern in lower layers to high pressure pattern in middle levels and upper atmosphere. Moreover, in level 500 hpa. Azores high tongue dominates Iran Plateau and Arabian Peninsula with more power and breadth. The orders of synoptic systems of clusters 4 and 5 are the same as cluster 3. The sum of humidity flux divergence and humidity flux convergence of pattern 3 are presented in figure (9). In this figure, the core of humidity flux divergence, which covers eastern half and center of Iran, is omitted and a core of humidity flux convergence covers east and southeast of Iran. It can be said that both penetration of Gang low into Iran and lack of 120-day winds provide special conditions in which the zone of humidity flux convergence in north of Indian Ocean moves to southeast of Iran leading to moisture condensation. Conclusion In this study 2 patterns of synoptic systems of warm period in east and southeast of Iran were recognized. First pattern (northern wind pattern) makes 120-day winds of Sistan (cluster 1 and 2). In contrast to Gang low tongue, when high pressure of north of Iran and Caspian Sea are in strong mode, it provides the conditions for 120-day winds of Sistan. On the other hand,in contrast to Gang low tongue increasing its influence and spread over Iran Plateau, when the aforesaid high pressure rollbacks of north of Iran and it is weakened, 120-day winds of Sistan stop and second pattern (eastern wind pattern) starts. In this pattern the winds with prevailing east direction cover east and northeast of Iran (clusters 3, 4,and 5). High pressures of Caspian Sea and north of Iran are a tongue of Azores subtropical high pressure which has to move abnormally to higher latitudes due to coming Gang low into lower atmosphere layer. Since Gang low is an inter-tropical convergence zone moving abnormally to higher latitudes in south of Asia, 120-day winds of Sistan are part of northern Trade winds which are flowing from subtropical high pressure (Azores high tongue in north of Iran) to Gang low in south of Asia (inter-tropical convergence zone). After converging with southern Trade winds on north of Indian Ocean, they move toward Indian Subcontinent. 120-day winds of Sistan exclude the entranceof moisture from Oman Sea and Indian Ocean into southeast of Iran (figure 5). However, as 120-day winds of Sistan stop, a core of humidity flux is formed on southeast of Iran providing the entrance of moisture of water areas into southeast of Iran (figure 9). Generally, weakening of Azores subtropical high will help to provide rainfall conditions in southeast by 2 ways: on the one hand, as Azores high pressure is weakened, the influence of decent factors of this high pressure air in levels 700 hPa. and 500 hPa. decreases. As a result ascent conditions are provided in the zone, but on the other hand the weakening of subtropical high pressure in lower levels of atmosphere (1000 hPa to 850 hPa.) also makes expanded Azores tongue weaken and rollback over north of Iran and Caspian Sea leading to stop 120-day Sistan winds. This phenomenon provides appropriate condition to inject moisture from Oman Sea and Indian Ocean to southeast of Iran.
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 203-210
Volume 16, Issue 37 , November 2011, , Pages 203-210
Sara Sheikh Fakhradini; Ahmad Abbasnejad
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 203-226
Abstract
Bidkhan stream drains the caldera of the inactive volcano of Bidkhan which lies at a distance of 40 Km southeast of Bardsir town of Kerman Province. The main purpose of this study was to determine the source of ions and compounds dissolved in this stream water, with specific regard to chemical weathering. ...
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Bidkhan stream drains the caldera of the inactive volcano of Bidkhan which lies at a distance of 40 Km southeast of Bardsir town of Kerman Province. The main purpose of this study was to determine the source of ions and compounds dissolved in this stream water, with specific regard to chemical weathering. Therefore, 12 samples were taken along the route of this stream. EC, pH and temperature were determined in the field and the concentration of ions and compounds were determined using standard laboratory methods. After controling precision and accuracy of the analyses, the Piper diagram, ionic ratios and statistical techniques (multivariate analysis, cluster analysis and correlation matrix) were used to interpret the data. Accordingly, all samples belonged to “temporary hardness” class and were of calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate type. Ionic ratios indicate silicate weathering. In factor analysis, Li, Sr, Ba, Ca, Na and Mg cations and bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride anions all groups in factor 1. So, almost all of the cations are released from silicate weathering, chloride from rainwater, bicarbonate from CO2 gas of air and soil and sulphate from rain water and probably pyrite oxidation. Fe, Mn and Al are grouped in factor 2 which means source (mafic silicate weathering). Hence, a common silicate weathering is the main source of major cations and heavy metals. Considering the chemical composition of waters, both mafic and felsic silicates have played a role. This is attested by the lithological diversity of the volcanic rocks of the area
Climatology
HABIBEH NAGHIZADEH; ali mohammad KHorshiddoust; Rashid Saeidabadi; MohammadSaeid najafi
Abstract
Introduction Today, one of the most important issues in the field of climatology is air pollution and its relationship to the general circulation of the atmosphere. The atmosphere around the planet Earth is made up of gases called fixed atmosphere gases. Humans and all living things are accustomed to ...
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Introduction Today, one of the most important issues in the field of climatology is air pollution and its relationship to the general circulation of the atmosphere. The atmosphere around the planet Earth is made up of gases called fixed atmosphere gases. Humans and all living things are accustomed to this composition of the atmosphere and have adapted to it. Any changes in the quality and quantity of these elements can be considered as air pollution. Therefore, since the main cause of all changes in the characteristics of the human environment is related to changes in atmospheric pressure, so in all climate-related studies, the first step is to identify patterns of air masses. Anti-cyclonic circulation patterns, both at the Earth's surface and in the upper atmosphere, create sunny weather, leading to temperature inversion and subsequent air pollution, especially in densely populated and industrial cities. In winter, when these inversions are stronger, hot air on the cold air acts like a cap that prevents air mixing. Thus, urban areas have a strong potential to face serious problems of air pollution as a result of a combination of limited conditioning of air and emission of pollutants from high atmospheric levels. Atmosphere in terms of temperature inversion is associated with minimum air mixture and stable conditions. So the highest density in the direction of the wind extends from the source of diffusion. Methodology For the recognition and extraction of the synoptic patterns affecting the temperature inversion in Tabriz city, we initially prepared the data records on the temperature inversion for the time period of 2001-2010 by the use of upper atmosphere station data. This was followed by the utilization of digital data on sea surface pressure as daily mean from the reanalyzed data series of NCEP/NCAR in the eastern longitudes of 10°-60° and the latitudes of 10°-90° in 651 pixels of 2.5/2.5 degrees. With the PCA analysis on the data of sea surface data pressure in the days having temperature inversion, we reduced their volume and carrying out cluster analysis on the obtained components we recognized the most important atmospheric patterns and through which the map of each pattern was drawn. Results and discussion Based on the results of cluster analysis on the matrix of factor scores in this study, the occurrence of temperature inversion in the city of Tabriz is due to the domination of four consecutive patterns. The general characteristics of these patterns are as follows. 1- In general, in the hot period of the year, the high-pressure pattern of Migrant Europe is the most important system in the formation of temperature inversions. In this pattern, languages from the highlands to the western shores of the Caspian Sea are advancing, and due to the presence of a mid-level ridge, it is possible to strengthen the anticyclone core at sea level and thus create a stable atmosphere. With the dominance of the downward process of air, the stability of the earth's surface air and the possibility of inversion formation in the warm period of the year intensify. Two summer patterns, which have been associated with the establishment of a high-pressure pattern on the northwest and in some cases with a low pressure on the Persian Gulf, have caused the upheavals of this period of the year.2 - In other patterns that have occurred more in the cold season, the surface stable layer due to the penetration of the tabs of Anti-cyclonic systems including high-pressure Siberian and European Migrant Europe high-pressure is done alone or in combination and in some cases with high-pressure Migrant Europe. North pressure is also present on the map, which is exacerbated by the Convection of cold weather. Despite the process of air fall due to the dominance of the convergence region of the mid-level convergence creates deep inversions and sometimes double-layer. In these patterns, the thickness of the inversion layer is low and the temperature difference between the peak and the base is high, which indicates the acute conditions of inversion to create air pollution. This phenomenon is likely to occur in any season. But its severity, which depends on synoptic factors. Conclusion The most important factor in causing temperature inversion in most cases is how to arrange the dominant pressure patterns, In this Patterns the cold weather due to the presence high pressure system expanded in the surface with the establishment Left side of a deep trough over the region, the cold air has diffused from higher latitudes on Tabriz and strong sustainability has been created in vertical column of the atmosphere. In cases of being cause the Northern low pressure along with pressure-immigrant Europe for the spread of a cold into the region. The warm air of lower latitudes has been placed over the cold air of ground by domination of a deep ridge over the region. Therefore the intensity of stability increased and severe temperature inversion into the air near the surface formed.
Urban Planning
AliAkbar Salaripour; Amirmohammad Amjadian
Abstract
Rural development is not separate from urban issues because many rural and agricultural services are located in urban centers. The purpose of this article is to review and present strategies for the development of the Songhor as a city supporting agricultural service. This research is placed in the group ...
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Rural development is not separate from urban issues because many rural and agricultural services are located in urban centers. The purpose of this article is to review and present strategies for the development of the Songhor as a city supporting agricultural service. This research is placed in the group of qualitative and quantitative research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of framework. Data collection tools include document analysis, observation and questionnaire. The research is descriptive-survey from the point of view of the nature and method of data collection and is applied from the point of view of the goal. Sampling was done in a non-probability and intentional way, which is compatible with the purpose of the study. The validity of the content of the questionnaire was examined and confirmed by obtaining the opinions of specialists and experts; The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha) was obtained and confirmed as 0.983 using SPSS software. After determining the members of the list consisting of 26 experts, 3 Delphi steps were carried out. The method of data analysis in this research is the use of strategic factors analysis matrix. In this way, at the beginning, strategic factors were determined in the form of SWOT matrix, and finally, with the formation of QSPM matrix, the strategies of "Using branding capacity for economic development" with a total attractiveness score of 6.71, "Development of suburban communication network to get out of geographical isolation" and "Completing the production chain in the agriculture and animal husbandry sector" with a total attractiveness score of 6.39 and "Increasing incentives and creating attractions and investment platforms to attract investors and creating jobs in the private sector" with a total attractiveness score of 6.33 are introduced as the most important development strategies of the city of Songhor became
Mohamadreza Ghorbaniane Tabrizi; Mohamadreza pourmohamadi; karim Hoseinzade dalir
Abstract
In modern approaches to city, township, as a strategic method in the field of thinking, planning and implementation of urban plans has been raised. This approach to the creative entry of citizens into different areas of encounter with city-related issues in order to realize the components of thinking ...
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In modern approaches to city, township, as a strategic method in the field of thinking, planning and implementation of urban plans has been raised. This approach to the creative entry of citizens into different areas of encounter with city-related issues in order to realize the components of thinking of the right to the city (urban governance, social inclusion, cultural diversity in the city and social freedoms and rightsAccess to urban services for all residents of the city. There is a strong link between space and creativity. Creative people need space for life, work, inspiration, and display of their work. By creating stable and reliable spaces for artists, creative people and creative people. Do not have to move and migrate, which can be a threat to the survival of creativity and innovation. Therefore, provision of stable spaces for these people is essential. In this regard, public spaces can play a very important role. Additionally, by acknowledging this diversity and difference in the quality and design of public spaces, the purpose of this article is to explain the patterns of city formation and provide a model for assessing the creativity of the public spaces of the city. The present paper is a fundamental-theoretical research that studies various patterns using library studies and text readings, and evaluates models for assessing the quality and integrity of urban public spaces, and then presents a new model. First research output, expression The patterns of the formation of the city are creative and a new model is proposed to explore the creativity of the city's public spaces (second output), which consists of eight criteria (governance, religious beliefs, intellectual thinking, physical component, perceptual, visual, functional performance). Given the above criteria, creativity of public spaces depends on the conditions prevailing in different societies The set is evaluated
Urban Planning
Rasou; Ghorbani; Shahrivar Roustaie; Nasim Abolhassani
Abstract
Cities are the most complex systems and networks that have ever emerged. Beyond the classical equilibrium debate, they need a lot of energy to maintain their cohesive structure. Therefore, in the development of cities, it should be noted that a complex and coherent network includes a hierarchical and ...
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Cities are the most complex systems and networks that have ever emerged. Beyond the classical equilibrium debate, they need a lot of energy to maintain their cohesive structure. Therefore, in the development of cities, it should be noted that a complex and coherent network includes a hierarchical and interconnected structure that emerges at different spatial scales and over time, and to maintain this coherence, the interconnected structure must be adhered to. The main structure of the city as a formative of ossification and urban form has had a great impact on the communication and spatial arrangement of urban spaces. Some parameters have played a more prominent role in shaping the urban structure over time, and some vice versa. One of the methods based on the use of computers and scientific methods in the field of urban studies is the spatial arrangement technique. The purpose of this paper is to apply the spatial arrangement technique in the study of the configuration and main structure of the historical city of Tabriz during the last century. Interconnection, space depth and selection) have been discussed using axial line maps and the results have been presented in the form of graphic and mathematical data. The research findings indicate that the axes and routes of the historical and central context of Tabriz have lost their importance and role, but the potential and capacity of revitalization have their role and importance in the main structure of the city.
Climatology
Yagob Dinpashoh; Saeid Jahanbakhsh-Asl; Leyla Mosavi Jahani
Abstract
Introduction One of the standard models for estimation of ET0 that accepted by all hydrologists and climatologists is the FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO56PM) method. Although this model is accurate in ET0 estimation, however, it has some limitations. The main limitation of this method in in its need for various ...
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Introduction One of the standard models for estimation of ET0 that accepted by all hydrologists and climatologists is the FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO56PM) method. Although this model is accurate in ET0 estimation, however, it has some limitations. The main limitation of this method in in its need for various meteorological data, including the solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, wind speed and actual vapor pressure. Unfortunately, all of these parameters are not readily available in all the conditions. In this regard, many researchers interested to find a simple method for accurate ET0 estimation (Sentelhas et al., 2010; Dinpashoh, 2016; and many others). Based on our best knowledge there is no comprehensive study conducted in Urmia Basin for finding a simple and accurate method that needs less weather parameters for ET0 estimation. Therefore, the main aim of this study is estimation of ET0 that needs less weather parameters in Urmia Lake basin. Materials and Methods The area under study is the Urmia Lake Basin, located in North-West of Iran. This basin is approximately lied between the 35⸰ 40´ E to 38⸰ 29´ E latitudes and 44⸰ 07´ to 47⸰ 53 longitudes. The area of this basin is about 51700 km2 which is equal to about 3.2 percent of Iran's area. Data used in this research are the daily recorded values of maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, wind speed at 10 m height, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and some geographic information such as altitudes, latitudes and longitudes. The nine stations were selected from different points of the basin in this study. The FAO56PM method (Allen, 1998) was selected as the bench mark for ET0 estimation in all the stations. In this method the following equation was used for ET0 in the chosen sites. (1) where ET0 is the reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day), Rn is the net solar radiation at crop surface (MJ m-2 day-1), G is the soil heat flux (MJ m-2 day-1), T is the mean air temperature at 2 m height (°C), u2 is the wind speed at a 2 m height (m/s), the term (es-ea) is the saturation vapor deficit (kPa), Δ is the slope of the vapor pressure curve at the point of air temperature (kPa/°C) and g is the psychometric constant (kPa/°C). In order to convert U from 10 m height to u2 the following equation was used (Nandagiri and Kovoor, 2005; Sentelhas et al., 2010; Dinpashoh et al., 2011): (2) where Uz is the wind speed (m/s) at z m height, and zw is the height (m) at which wind speed measured. In this study, in order to find an alternative model, which uses less weather data in estimation of ET0 the three empirical models namely Hargreaves (HG), Kimberly Penman (KPM), Priestly Taylor (PT), and Multivariate Linear and non-linear regression were used. Evaluation of the models performed using the three metrics, coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Results and Discussion Results showed that, the median of the R2 values for KP was more than 0.986. The median of the R2 values for PT and HG models were found to be equal to 0.902 and 0.40, respectively. The median of RMSE for HG model was about 0.9 (mm day -1). This value for KPM and PT models were about 1.3 and 2.1 (mm day -1). The median of MAE for the selected stations for KPM was less than 1 (mm day -1). This value for HG was equal to 0.7 (mm day-1) and in the case of PT was more than 1.5 (mm day -1). Therefore, considering the MAE values and RMSE, the HG model was detected to be the suitable method foe ET0 estimation in Urmia Lake basin.
Geomorphology
Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghaddam; Davod Mokhtari; Majid shafieimehr
Abstract
Introduction
Proper management of catchments is one of the most important ways to make optimal use of water and soil resources. In our country, most of the catchments, especially the mountainous catchments, do not have enough hydrometric and sedimentation stations. This fact makes any development and ...
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Introduction
Proper management of catchments is one of the most important ways to make optimal use of water and soil resources. In our country, most of the catchments, especially the mountainous catchments, do not have enough hydrometric and sedimentation stations. This fact makes any development and management plans difficult. Hydrologists and water resources researchers have come up with various solutions but none of them have been completely successful (Roustamiyan et al., 1999; 588 & Shaygan et al., 2011; 2). On the other hand, the limited methods of measurement in hydrology and the need to have a method to generalize the available statistics to areas without statistics or places where measurement is not possible. Also, simulating future hydrological changes is one of the main reasons for hydrological simulation (Beven & Binley, 2001; 46). The ability of the SWAT model to simulate the complex hydrological processes of watersheds in the GIS environment distinguishes this model from integrated models in which larger user units are the basis of operation.
Data and Method
The study area is part of the Qizil Üzan River. Shahar Chai basin along with other rivers such as Zanjan Chai, Aydughmush, and Qaranquchay is one of the sub-branches of Qizil Üzan that flows northwest and north of the basin and joins near the Myaneh city. The data used in this study include a digital elevation model of 1: 10000 of mapping organization, land use, soil, precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, relative daily humidity of synoptic stations, Sarab, Heris, Bostan Abad, Charoymaq and Runoff and the sediment of Shahar Chai station. In the watershed of Shahar Chai, a soil map prepared by natural resources of East Azerbaijan province has been used. Based on these maps, 21 soil texture classes can be distinguished in the whole basin. Also, based on the land use map, six land use classes in the area were identified.
Results and Discussion
After parameterization and data entry, the simulation was performed for 20 years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2019, based on a monthly time step. To determine the degree of sensitivity of flow parameters in the SWAT model, sensitivity analysis was performed using the SUFI-2 method for 25 selected runoff parameters and 15 selected sedimentation parameters. Using validation results to remove parameters that are less sensitive from the calibration process, it is decided that finally the parameters with lower sensitivity were removed and 13 parameters for runoff and 7 parameters for sediment were selected that were more sensitive. The calibration model for runoff and sediment was done in one step with 1500 simulations in three replications. The calibration process ends when, based on the objective function, the coefficients required for evaluation are acceptable. According to the obtained results, all the evaluation criteria of the model in the simulation of runoff and sediment are allowed.
Conclusion
Examination of the results of the SUFI-2 method in the Shahar Chai basin showed that, based on the evaluation criteria of the coefficients of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe, both in the calibration and validation stages, it has good results in this basin. But they can't predict peak discharge and sediments well. To better determine the performance of the model, first of all, it is recommended that the statistics of stations and numerous and daily runoff and sedimentation measurements should be used instead of monthly, if any, in a basin, to compare their results. Secondly, to achieve the desired results, this model should be used in comparison with other simulation models in this basin and adjacent basins.
Urban Planning
Ali Arefhosini; Ali panahi; Ali Azar; Reza Valizade
Abstract
Introduction The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The phrase "livable cities" was used for the first time in 1970 by the national ...
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Introduction The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The phrase "livable cities" was used for the first time in 1970 by the national Arts organization to achieve their urban ideas and looking for it by other centers and research organizations such as the environmental protection organizations that has done extensive studies regarding the most of American cities was gone. Following the influence of this word in the literature related to this field can be searched in 1975 and the writings of William Marlins on the fields of livable in Saturday Review and Christian Science Monitor. In recent years, research and development in the area of sustainable cities has attracted much attention. The continued growth of urbanization with social, economic, physical, and environmental problems is creating a crisis leading to metropolitan instability, which in turn reduces the viability of metropolises. According to the standards, Tabriz's livelihoods were at a low level, and lack of proper planning would make it a city in the not too distant future where it would be difficult to live. Therefore, the necessity and importance of biodiversity debate in the Tabriz metropolis is increasing. In addition, given that Iranian cities are currently suffering from a lack of attention to existing urban contexts. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the viability of Tabriz urban texture. This article is based on scientific study and tries to answer the following questions. In terms of the subjective dimension of living (objectively satisfied residents) what is the status of Tabriz urban context? Data and Method This research is applied in nature and is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The measurement tool in this study was a questionnaire developed based on the subjective-psychological dimension of living (objective satisfaction of residents). The statistical population of the study is based on the empirical view of urban environment quality assessment, the inhabitants of old and new urban texture based on Morgan table number of 1558693 people according to the size of community and according to Morgan table is 384 people, Classified by sampling and assigned appropriately to each of the low-lying, semi-rich and rich neighborhoods respectively, 39, 70 and 42 (old tissue samples) and 100, 71 and 62 (new tissue samples), respectively given. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Multivariate analysis of variance is the extension of variance analysis to situations in which there is more than one dependent variable. Results and Discussion What exactly is more socially viable, according to Winnewon? It's not completely clear, and people are happier and more satisfied in communities where their needs are better met. In this regard, due to the lack of attention to urban texture biodiversity and the increasing expansion of urbanization, upgrading the viability of Tabriz metropolitan area requires an examination of the status of urban tissues; And provide the basis for new urban development, insights, and cognition on the nature of Tabriz metropolitan urban biodiversity that identifies priorities for action to make these tissues viable in the decision environment. The results of the present study show that the overall life expectancy in Tabriz textures was below average, while the analysis of the current status of Tabriz's biodiversity in different dimensions shows that the average is generally achieved. In all aspects (urban services and infrastructure, urban environment, urban economy, urban management, urban history, and urban community), the findings were lower than average, and this is consistent with the findings of Rashidi et al (1395) who have estimated the biodiversity of Tabriz metropolitan area in comparison with Osco, Azarshahr, Bostanabad, Tabriz, Shabestar and Harris. This finding indicates that this metropolis will in the future be governed by the same current practice and managers and citizens will be not reinforce the deficiencies in the status queue, in the future the city will never move towards sustainability and sustainable development. According to the assessment made between the old and new textures of Tabriz metropolis, there is a significant difference in the viability. The results showed that the old tissue viability was higher than the new tissue based on the results due to the higher average ratings of services and urban infrastructure, urban community, urban history, urban economy, and urban management in the old tissue neighborhoods; This finding is in line with the findings of Dalir et al (1388) based on indicators of access to educational, health, daily shopping centers, weekly shopping malls, green spaces, recreational and sports centers, downtown and public transport to measure people's satisfaction with the new context Low level of evaluation, alignment. Conclusion The findings also indicate that in order to sustain the new texture, urban community, and urban management indices that have a significant difference with the old texture should be given more attention by city officials and managers. And in order to make old tissue more viable then the urban environment, which is less ranked than new tissue, must be taken into consideration by urban managers, so that proper planning for resource allocation and viability in these tissues should be emphasized. At the core of the indicators are the lower levels, so that by utilizing the available forces and potentials to achieve a comprehensive development that will bring prosperity and prosperity to all citizens.
Climatology
Hossein asakereh; Farieba Sayadi
Abstract
Artificial neural networks as a nonlinear techniques in climate and hydrology studies are important to have. Climate change and the global warming of the climate phenomenon known as persistence of drought followed Number of dry days. In this study, the data of daily rainfall during the period (1976-2008) ...
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Artificial neural networks as a nonlinear techniques in climate and hydrology studies are important to have. Climate change and the global warming of the climate phenomenon known as persistence of drought followed Number of dry days. In this study, the data of daily rainfall during the period (1976-2008) and artificial neural network in MATLAB software is used to predict the number of dry days Tehran station. Feed-forward type of network used by the algorithm reduces the gradient and Levenberg Marquardt is in the process of teaching and learning. Various structures in the input and hidden layers were tested during the training phase. Finally, a network with 4 inputs and 5 neurons in the hidden layer and 1 neuron in the output layer to best structure (4-5-1) with the highest correlation to predict the optimal answer. The results showed that the aforementioned stations, dry days predicted by the network during the period under review increased compared with that by calculating the probability of dry days during the period (2018-2009) using a Markov chain, the above been approved. The correlation coefficient values predicted dry days without a genetic algorithm combined with 86 percent .After teaching network as genetic algorithm combined with 88 percent that able providing algorithm combined to network result passable showing
Climatology
masoud jalali; Vahab Kamariyan
Abstract
Strong winds have been named as the storms that blow in different shapes and too fast for a short time and are usually associated with unstable weather. If the unstable air have had humidity thunderstorms was happen other case was caused the dust storms. The purpose of this study was the analysis of ...
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Strong winds have been named as the storms that blow in different shapes and too fast for a short time and are usually associated with unstable weather. If the unstable air have had humidity thunderstorms was happen other case was caused the dust storms. The purpose of this study was the analysis of temporal oscillations of Thunderstorms in the North West of Iran (Ardebil, East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan) using spectral analysis. For this purpose, a daily 16-synoptic data (in the form of current weather data) of the Meteorological organization during the period 1988-2009 were used. In the following codes of 17, 29, 91 until 99 related to thunderstorms were identified. In order to analyze the Thunderstorms cycles in North West of Iran were used possibilities of programming in the Matlab software and Surfer software was used for graphical operations. The results showed that the frequency of the 2-year cycles is more than any other state; Therefore, the frequency of significant cycles, 2 cycles of 5 stations with the highest proportion allocated. Maku and Khoy and central stations, including stations of Tabriz, Maragheh, Mahabad and being involved, 6. 2-year cycles, respectively, and in terms of risk is most likely to occur in these areas.
Urban Planning
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh; Mohammad Samadi; Majid paydar
Abstract
The city of Tabriz, which has the fastest urban growth in the northwest of the country, is one of the largest cities in Iran in terms of population, economic activity, industry and transportation options. Public transportation and industry combustion and lack of proper filtration of these industries, ...
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The city of Tabriz, which has the fastest urban growth in the northwest of the country, is one of the largest cities in Iran in terms of population, economic activity, industry and transportation options. Public transportation and industry combustion and lack of proper filtration of these industries, such as thermal power plants, has led to increased air pollution in the city. For this purpose, the present study tries to use input variables (distance from industrial centers, humidity, temperature, population density, distance from commercial centers, distance from bus stations, distance from educational centers, vegetation changes, distance from free Roads, building density, wind direction, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) to assess air pollution using artificial neural networks in the metropolis of Tabriz. In the present study, the independent variables affecting the distribution of pollution probability in two models of multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) and linear regression were tried to be defined by defining measures in urban management and influencing and planning the mentioned variables.Improve pollution control.The results show that the major pollutants are mostly suspended particles (PM10), gas (CO2), (SO2) and (NOx).The dispersion of airborne particles is mostlydue to vehicle traffic, industrial activities, fuel combustion of diesel engines and construction and the need to generate more electricity.-The activities of thermal power plants, Tabriz refinery and domestic and commercial heating systems are also among the factors producing SO2 and the highest CO2 production is related to the fuel of gasoline-burning vehicles.The intensity of the increase in the amount of this pollutant in all selected stations in the autumn and winter seasons is much higher, so that in these seasons the pollutants reach more than twice the allowable level.The share of Tabriz air pollutants can be divided into three general categories, the most important of which is the thermal power plant and transportation.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Sadegh Salehi; Karim Soleymani; Zahra Pazokinejad
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 171-187
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine students' theoretical and applied knowledge of climate change and social factors influencing it. To conduct the research, descriptive-analytical method was used and 187 students of Mazandaran state universities were selected by stratified sampling. The questionnaire ...
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The purpose of this study is to examine students' theoretical and applied knowledge of climate change and social factors influencing it. To conduct the research, descriptive-analytical method was used and 187 students of Mazandaran state universities were selected by stratified sampling. The questionnaire was applied to collect data then data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results of the study showed that the level of students’ abstract and practical knowledge of climate change is high and there is relationship between environmental information sources, perceived performance and students' knowledge of climate change. The results showed no significant difference between level of knowledge and gender and place of residence of the surveyed students and students’ knowledge of climate change is different to college. Overall, the results indicate that there is a requirement of environmental education and this suggests that the subject matter of climate change and policies should be included in curriculum of all university courses.
Climatology
Behrouz Sobhani; Mohammad Framarzi
Volume 20, Issue 56 , August 2016, , Pages 171-191
Abstract
Crop production ability and its potential are significantly up to climate, topography and land use which are the most important environmental factors. In this study, using climatic data such as temperature, precipitation, number of frost days, sunny hours and relative humidity related to phonology steps ...
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Crop production ability and its potential are significantly up to climate, topography and land use which are the most important environmental factors. In this study, using climatic data such as temperature, precipitation, number of frost days, sunny hours and relative humidity related to phonology steps of saffron growing, Also ground resource data such as topography, land use layers which are prepared by Landsat 8 satellite imagery dated 14/5/2013. Evaluating each of these parameters have been taken in relation to the climate and ecology needs of saffron. Information layers of them were prepared by adjusting data to the surface, and processing them by GIS technology. Multi-criteria decision analysis methods (MCDM), based on vikor were used in order to prioritize and evaluate information layers and their weights in connection with each other. Then layers were weighted based on the criteria and subject model also these layers were overlapped and analyzed in GIS environment. Consequentially, the final layer of land suitability was prepared for saffron cultivation. In this study, 10.23, 45.25 and 45.52 percent of the total area are good, average and weak suitability lands respectively. According to this research, vikor method can have an acceptable function over selecting the fitness values for each class.
Urban Planning
Ali Shamaee; Babak Lotfimoghadam
Abstract
Site Selection and spatial distribution of urban planning has an important role in the city's economy and its economic stability. Today, inharmonious distribution in some areas and the urban districts has led to conflict, increasing transport costs and environmental pollution. Compatibility index of ...
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Site Selection and spatial distribution of urban planning has an important role in the city's economy and its economic stability. Today, inharmonious distribution in some areas and the urban districts has led to conflict, increasing transport costs and environmental pollution. Compatibility index of land uses affect directly and indirectly on the stability of the city's economy. The aim of this study is to analyze the condition of urban land use based on compatibility index in order to achieve sustainable economic in Tehran 1st District. In this study compatible creterias of land uses including distance from the fault line, land uses proximity with infected and annoying user, land use site selection based on slope is used. The research is practical research and its method is descriptive-analytical method, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and (excel) software. The data and informationwas collected from library documents, Digital Maps of the study area were analyzed using GIS. Findings and results showedthat about 40% of locating is located within 700 meters from the fault line and there is a hazardous district. More than 20 % of land uses have located in inappropriate slope and about 0.3 % of land uses in terms of environmental pollution and nuisance are unfavorable land uses as well. Overall, various financial, casualties and irreparable losses to follow in present and future that finally will follow Urban Economic volatility.
Climatology
Hosein Asakereh; Mehdi Doostkamian
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to climate regionalization precipitation water atmospheric Iran. Therefore, the pressure data and specific humidity of the NCEP / NCAR database during 1950-2010 dependent of the United States National Atmospheric and oceanographic organization was extracted and analyzed. ...
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The purpose of this study was to climate regionalization precipitation water atmospheric Iran. Therefore, the pressure data and specific humidity of the NCEP / NCAR database during 1950-2010 dependent of the United States National Atmospheric and oceanographic organization was extracted and analyzed. For the calculation used software programming environment of Matlab and Grads software and Surfer software used to perform graphics operations. In the study for the perceptible water climate regionalization use from cluster analysis and in order evaluate the results, used of discriminant analysis. In the data archive mean and Coefficient of Variation precipitation water month review and analysis the method cluster analysis ward composition, than dendrogram graph recognized three regionalization climates: a) climate regionalization whit high precipitation water, b) climate regionalization whit median precipitation water. b) Climate regionalization whit low precipitation water. The result archives from discriminant analysis indict that 98.24% from of pixels doing so as true in relative group.
Geomorphology
Seid kazem Alavi panah; Abdolali Rezaei; saeed Azadi ghatar; Hamid reza jeddi azgandi
Abstract
Abstract Urban heat island phenomenon is generally caused by a reduction in latent heat and a rise in sensible heat in urban areas. Today, this is one of the major problems of the large cities which has attracted the attention of many ...
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Abstract Urban heat island phenomenon is generally caused by a reduction in latent heat and a rise in sensible heat in urban areas. Today, this is one of the major problems of the large cities which has attracted the attention of many researchers and experts in various fields. This study investigates heat island in Tehran metropolitan as the most densely populated city of Iran. This paper aims to use satellite imageries to compares the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and impervious surface (ISA) as representative parameters that of surface urban heat island (SUHI) by examining their relationship with land surface temperature indices (LST) and land-use map. For this purpose, LANDSAT 5 TM imageries and Tehran1:2000 land use map and sub-pixels model has been used. The results show that there are a linear and strong relationship between LST and ISA, while the relationship between LST and NDVI is much weaker and in order to quantitative investigation of LST in urban heat island we used thermal remote sensing. Results indicated that ISA indicator is suitable than NDVI. Also, the investigation on percentage of impervious surfaces in each land-use represents that residential land uses has the highest percentage of impervious surfaces because having the surfaces like asphalt and concrete and vegetation is the lowest one.
