Climatology
narges samadi; ali akbar rasouli pirouzian; davood mokhtari; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
The main aim of the current study was to detect changes in snow cover within the Western watersheds of Lake Urmia, situated in the Silvaneh mountain range, using the processing of multi-sensor and multi-spectral satellite images for high-precision identification of snow-covered areas. Sentinel-2 and ...
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The main aim of the current study was to detect changes in snow cover within the Western watersheds of Lake Urmia, situated in the Silvaneh mountain range, using the processing of multi-sensor and multi-spectral satellite images for high-precision identification of snow-covered areas. Sentinel-2 and Landsat (8 and 9) satellite images were acquired and underwent preprocessing operations, such as atmospheric and radiometric corrections, using ENVI software version 1/10. Projects for the May months of the years 2016 to 2023 were then established. Initially, normalized difference snow indices were employed to independently generate snow cover maps for Landsat and Sentinel images for the entire watersheds of Nazluchay, Ruzechay, Shahrchay, and Barandozchay. In the next stage, an optimized color-sensitive object-based approach, based on object-oriented functions, was applied to the main bands of the Sentinel-2 sensor. To enhance the accuracy of the final results, Landsat images were fused with Sentinel images through a coordinated fusion method, producing various products, especially high-resolution optimized color images and classified scene maps. Ultimately, high-precision snow cover maps for temporal series were extracted for each of the mentioned watersheds through processing the fused images. Examination of the snow cover maps revealed that despite its smaller area compared to the Nazluchay and Barandozchay watersheds, the Shahrchay watershed has a higher snow accumulation coefficient, allowing for greater snow cover storage. Additionally, the comparison of the snow cover density map (years 2016 to 2023) with the elevation model of Alouspalsar at a resolution of 5/12 meters indicates a significant distribution of snow cover in higher elevations above 2300 meters in the study area. Therefore, accurate identification of snow cover, even on a daily and weekly scale, can provide essential and precise information for proactive water resource management, resulting from snowmelt, with multiple objectives in the watersheds surrounding Lake Urmia.
Reza Solimani; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Davod Mokhtari; Ali Saeidi
Abstract
Adherence to non-operating defense principles in locating infrastructure, especially military centers, can reduce vulnerability and damage in times of danger and crisis and any military threat. There are several factors affecting this location, most of which are natural geographic (climatic and geomorphological) ...
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Adherence to non-operating defense principles in locating infrastructure, especially military centers, can reduce vulnerability and damage in times of danger and crisis and any military threat. There are several factors affecting this location, most of which are natural geographic (climatic and geomorphological) factors. Considering the development of cities and the placement of military centers within the urban context and the lack of adherence to non-operational defense principles in their placement and construction in the past, as well as the need to relocate most of the existing military centers at the provincial level, the importance of the case doubles. One of the main goals of the research is. Two groups of data were used in this study. Climatic data obtained from the Provincial Meteorological Organization and other data obtained from topographic and geological maps and related organizations The present study deals with the role of climatic elements and other effective factors in locating military sites. The purpose is to identify areas that are prone to non-operating defense principles. The strategic position of the East Azerbaijan Province in northwestern Iran in order to align with the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and to position itself on the European and Central Asian communication axis further emphasizes the importance of non-operational defense principles in locating sensitive and military centers. The research method in this research is based on the Network Analysis Process (ANP) and GIS analysis. After weighting the layers and overlapping them and examining the principles of non-operating defense, the final mapping was prepared and the results show that among the factors Effective in locating military centers in the study area, climatic factors have the highest weight (0.34).
Climatology
younes nikookhesal; Ali Akbar Rasouli; Davod Mokhtari; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
IntroductionThe water cycle in nature is directly related to the climate of that region. Reasonable and correct use of water resources requires accurate quantitative and qualitative knowledge and collection of appropriate climate data and information. Depletion of groundwater reservoirs, drying of canals ...
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IntroductionThe water cycle in nature is directly related to the climate of that region. Reasonable and correct use of water resources requires accurate quantitative and qualitative knowledge and collection of appropriate climate data and information. Depletion of groundwater reservoirs, drying of canals and springs and even semi-deep wells and reduction of deep well discharge, change of groundwater flow direction, salinization of aquifers, salinization of soil due to irrigation with saline water, barren The emergence of fields, soil erosion, etc. has put most of the plains of the country at risk of further desertification (Tavousi, 2009: 14).Atmospheric precipitation is the main source of surface and groundwater and the study area is poor in terms of atmospheric precipitation and its amount is between 150 to 450 mm per year, which varies in plain and mountainous areas. The climate of the region is semi-arid and cold and is mostly influenced by the Mediterranean climate. Due to the fact that groundwater is the most important source of water consumption in the study area, the impact of climate change, especially precipitation on the water table of wells in the area was investigated in this study.Materials and methodsTo study the trend of groundwater level changes in Marand plain, water table data of 23 piezometric wells and data of 8 rain gauge stations during the last 16 years of 1395-1395 were used. After using the correlation matrix method to select rainfall stations and considering the complete statistical data and appropriate coverage of the area by these stations, 4 stations were selected for the study and for each station, a piezometric well was selected within the station. This research was first calculated using precipitation data and water table of piezometric wells SPI and SWI values and then NRMC values for each index, respectively, in each method are briefly referred to:Calculate SPI and plot seasonal SPI variations of selected stationsThe standardized rainfall index was provided by McKay et al. (1993, 1995) to provide a warning and help assess drought severity and is calculated by the following formula: Relation 1: SPI = (X_ij-X_im) / σIn the above relation, X_ij is the seasonal rainfall at rainfall station i, with j number of observations, X_im is the long-term average rainfall and σ is the standard deviation.Calculate SWI and plot the seasonal SWI of selected wells The standard water level index was presented in 2004 by Bui Yan et al. (2006) to monitor fluctuations in groundwater aquifers in the study of hydrological droughts, which is calculated by the following formula:Relation 2: SWI = (W_ij-W_im) / σWhere W_ij is the seasonal average of the water table of observation wells i to j, W_im is the long-term seasonal average and σ is the standard deviation.Calculate the NRMC values of each indicator and plot the normalized distribution curveIn this method, seasonal normalized distribution curves were adjusted for both SPI and SWI indices. Cumulative normalized curve is a kind of condensation diagram of a climatic or hydrological variable (such as precipitation and water table) that is extracted from the subtraction of each observation in the statistical series of the long-term average and its division by the average according to the following formula. (Rasooli, 1994)Relation 3: NRMC xi = ( (Xi-X m) / ({(Xi-X ̅m) / X ̅m}) ) * 100 In the above formula, Xi represents the amount of each rainfall observation or the amount of water table and X ̅m is the long-term average in the series of observations.Results and DiscussionInvestigation of normalized distribution curves showed a correlation between precipitation changes and groundwater level in Marand plain. This correlation has a higher significance with a delay season. Shamsipoor (2003) in Hamedan plain achieved a 9-month delay between precipitation and water table. Mohammadi et al. (2012) in Arak plain expressed the impact of groundwater resources from drought with a delay of two months. The results of the study (Rudel and Lee 2014) in the study of groundwater drought index in the United States showed that the SPI drought index with a delay of 12 and 24 months had the highest correlation with the SWI index.ConclusionConsidering the more fluctuations of the water table than the fluctuations of the rainfall, it can be concluded that human factors such as uncontrolled harvesting is an effective factor on the water level of wells. Komasi et al. (2016) stated the effect of human factors on the decrease of groundwater level before the factor of climate change in Silakhor plain. Calculations showed that the value of correlation for both SPI and SWI indices in the nonlinear multivariate equation is higher than the value of the linear equation, which indicates the effect of several other factors in addition to precipitation fluctuations on the groundwater level. According to the results of the study, it seems that the groundwater level in addition to precipitation depends on other factors such as geology, lithology, tectonic morphology, the shape of the aquifer, the distance of aquifers to the feeding site and .... And to achieve more complete results, it seems necessary to address these factors in future research.
GIS&RS
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Robab Rahmani
Abstract
IntroductionVarious physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among which the structure and visual values of the environment play an important role in improving the quality ...
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IntroductionVarious physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among which the structure and visual values of the environment play an important role in improving the quality of urban space (Hosseini and Et al., 1390: 84). Among these, one of the urban elements that can play an important role in promoting the quality and visual values of the environment and the appearance of the city is the sky line. The skyline is one of the most influential factors in arranging urban spaces and planning appropriate urban environments, etc. A factor that is rarely seen in metropolitan areas today. It seems that in order to have a diverse and at the same time harmonious urban skyline, in the first place, it is necessary to reconnect the fields of philosophy, art and daily life, which are free from the abstract and abstract view of experts. The development of interdisciplinary professions such as GIS, architecture and urban design is one of the measures in this direction that can have a different and more accurate view of the urban skyline. Therefore, the need for advanced geographical models for spatial three-dimensionalization and decision-making and forecasting goals in urban planning and design, especially in the case of vertical evaluation and development, is very clear and necessary. The advantages of using three-dimensional GIS models can be high potential in urban evaluation and analysis in various dimensions of urban aesthetics and high technology in the field of spatial analysis, the ability to test urban proposals and the power of semantic and topological storage. Mentioned above. Therefore, the use of these softwares to analyze urban issues is very important and increases the accuracy of urban planners and managers. For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the status of the urban skyline in the study areas and based on this, the importance of the perceptual and managerial dimension of the issue is analyzed using new methods and techniques.Data and Method The analytical approach of the research is physical and the method used in this research is three-dimensional vision analysis. Also, Arc GIS software has been used for easy preparation of the environment in 3D to perform the required analyzes. The data set used includes: digital model data of elevation, surface and floor layers of urban blocks.Results and Discussion In the present study, the concept of skyline was analyzed using three-dimensional GIS analysis in areas of urban areas 1 and 5 located in the east and northeast of Tabriz. Areas of interest include Valiasr town and Rushdieh town. So far, many different methods have been proposed to display and analyze the skyline. Some of these methods were reviewed in the research background and their strengths and weaknesses were identified. But the purpose of this article was to investigate the capabilities of 3D analysis and modeling through the development of 3D GIS in skyline display and analysis. Evaluating the results obtained in this research and comparing it with the results of studies in this field shows that three-dimensional analysis of GIS and 3D GIS development in comparison with other methods, provided there is accurate and comprehensive information, has high efficiency and capability. The research hypothesis is confirmed.ConclusionThe skyline is important both in terms of urban architecture and in terms of urban planners and designers; Although these specialties are different in terms of information extraction methods, methods and analytical contexts, but they are quite similar in terms of results. In general, it can be said that the skyline is one of the analyzes that are analyzed and evaluated in different software environments such as Arc GIS and in different fields.But the results of this study proved in another way that the three-dimensional GIS environment provides an opportunity to easily view and analyze the level of impact, effectiveness, volume, dimensions and angles of the skyline; This software also has high analytical power. While the analysis of the sky line in a two-dimensional environment gives a graphical and dimensionless result, percentage and frequency. But the most important difference and the ability to use 3D GIS analysis is that it provides a platform where even people with little knowledge of urban views can easily see the results and make decisions based on it. Also, the capabilities and capabilities of GIS in the field of various valuations and combined analyzes of vector and raster functions, as well as the presentation of three-dimensional analysis, have led its applications to urban design.
GIS&RS
Azra Masumei; Bakhtiar Feizizadeh; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
IntroductionPublic art has followed a new trend in urban spaces in recent years, so that cities invest highly in the design and implementing of public works of art and improving the visual quality of urban spaces, since it is effective in creating good urban spaces and making the city attractive and ...
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IntroductionPublic art has followed a new trend in urban spaces in recent years, so that cities invest highly in the design and implementing of public works of art and improving the visual quality of urban spaces, since it is effective in creating good urban spaces and making the city attractive and memorable. It also encourages people to communicate with works of art and each other. Although public art as an art integrated with the public space of cities is not a new concept, many changes have been created in public art and it caused the creation of various types of public art in most cases from a purely static art to a dynamic and interactive art. This article aims to investigate the effect of public art in urban spaces on promoting the perceived vitality of young people. Despite the importance and role of public art in the quality of urban public spaces, studies conducted in the area of public art have not paid much attention to the effect of different types of public arts in public spaces on vitality of people, especially young people. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim of answering the question of “which type of public art has a greater impact on promoting the perceived vitality of young people in urban spaces?”Data and MethodsThe present study is a qualitative-quantitative (mixed) study conducted as a survey. In the present study, visual approach and image reading were used to collect information. Visual research is a term that includes methods based on data collection and analysis of them through designing, painting, photography, film, or video images. In this article, public arts and interactive arts were divided into different types based on theoretical foundations and research literature and an image was selected from each type of art and through an online questionnaire was submitted to the participants and they were asked to express their level of vitality from watching that work of art in urban spaces on a 5-point Likert scales. This questionnaire was designed and sent to the target population through cyberspace applications. Since the target population of the present article was young people, the sample was selected among the students of Tabriz University and the students of Nabi Akram Institute of Higher Education in Tabriz in the second semester of 2020-2021. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula with an error level of 5% was used. According to the number of students in these two universities (27000 people), the sample size of 379 was selected. After sending the questionnaire to nearly 380 people, 144 people completed the questionnaire. In this research, both art and architecture students and non-art and architecture students in both bachelor and master levels were surveyed.Discussion and ConclusionThe research results revealed that among different types of public arts in urban spaces, sound and digital arts such as musical fountain, and the integrated art embedded in the elements available in space such as wall relief in the body of the building and the art appropriate to the site, such as plants formed in parks, regardless of the three criteria of gender, age, education and field of study, are accepted by all young people and increase vitality, but abstract static art is less welcomed by young people. Among the interactive arts, dynamic-passive interactive art and static interactive art obtained the highest score in terms of creating a sense of vitality among young people, and in contrast, dynamic-dynamic interactive art obtained the lowest score. Art related to public and local culture caused the highest vitality among male young people and young non-art and architecture master students, and digital art caused the highest vitality among females and bachelor art and architecture students. In addition, among non-art and architecture bachelor students, two-dimensional applied art obtained a relatively high score.Results The results show that creating static works of art is not effective in designing cities and using public art to create a sense of vitality in urban space and young people show higher tendency to dynamic work of arts. Also, interactive works of art are more acceptable than non-interactive types, and urban planners should pay attention to this issue in embedding works of art in urban spaces and take right decisions and actions to increase presence, interaction, and vitality among young people in urban spaces. Also, the use of modern technologies and creativity in the artistic design of cities is one of the requirements for adapting the urban space to spirits of young people.
Climatology
Younes Nikookhesal; ali akbar rasoli; Davod Mokhtari; Khalil valizadeh kamran
Volume 26, Issue 80 , August 2022, , Pages 327-317
Abstract
IntroductionInvestigating the effect of drought on water resources of countries plain is high important at optimal management of water resources in the agriculture and natural resources part. The phenomenon of climate change, affects the amount of water existence in aquifer by changing amount of precipitation. ...
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IntroductionInvestigating the effect of drought on water resources of countries plain is high important at optimal management of water resources in the agriculture and natural resources part. The phenomenon of climate change, affects the amount of water existence in aquifer by changing amount of precipitation. The occurrence of consecutive climate droughts affects ground water resources. Knowing and awareness of the effect of time between two phenomenon of drought and hydrological drought, can help managers and planners of the water sector. Over the years, the effect of drought on ground water resources less attention has been paid. In order to understand the state of groundwater resources and optimum management, it is necessary to carry out a thorough study of groundwater fluctuations. In this research, Marand plain is the purpose of this study. Marand Plain is poor in rainfall and has a rainfall of 450 mm / year and at least 150 mm / year which varies in the plains and mountainous regions. In this research, we have tried to investigate the effect of atmospheric drops, including rainfall, on ground water level in the Marand watershed.MethodologyThe Marand plain with 45 °, 15 to 50 minutes east longitude and 37 ° 7 'to 38 ° 56' north latitude and with an area of 42.517 square kilometer is one of the vast plains in the northwest of East Azarbaijan province. Which is selected as the study area. In this study, in order to study the trend of ground water level changes in the Marand Plain, the static surface data of 23 piezometric wells was used during the 2000 to 2016. First, a common statistical period was chosen to analyze the data series (2000 to 2016). Then in order to reconstruct the statistical defects, the correlation between stations and piezometric wells and linear regression method was used. The IDW method was used to calculate the average rainfall of the plain. Finally, the standard water level index (SWI) and the SPI index for the studied basin were calculated and analyzed. Discussion The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of climate drought on the fell of groundwater level in the Marand plain using SPI and SWI indices. Meteorological drought conditions in the Marand plain were calculated using the SPI index on a 12-month time scale. The results and drought accuracy of the rain gauge stations in the studied basin showed that during the study period, the first period of drought since 2005 started gradually with decreasing atmospheric precipitation and continued until 2007 and after a period of humidity short-term, again, a short period of drought from 2008 to 2009 has been on the ruling area. The SWI index was used to survey the status of groundwater level. This indicator also showed that in terms of time and place, the drought based on this index corresponded to the drought caused by the SPI index.Conclusion Using the SPI index, the drought trend was studied in the region. The results showed that during the study period (2000-2016) three drought periods from winter 2005 to beginning of 2009, summer of 2011 to the end of 2012 and winter of 2015 to summer of 2016 occurred. Drought affected areas included the east and center of the study area and the west of the region witnessed more atmospheric precipitation. The SWI index was used to survey the status of groundwater level. The index showed that in terms of time and place, the drought based on this index corresponded to the drought caused by the SPI index. Data analysis showed that these two indices with a time interval of one season had a correlation of 1%. This means that the hydrological drought after a season has a direct impact on the surface of the water. In general, we can conclude from the results of this study that the trend of ground water surface changes has been consistent with the drought and weathering changes in the region. Therefore, the fall of the ground water level of Marand plain can be largely influenced by weathered droughts.
Climatology
Ebrahim Ahmadzadeh; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Davod Mokhtari; ali akbar rasoli
Abstract
IntroductionRecently, high extreme and frequency distribution of higher sequence of precipitation have been attended more. Through this, because of geographical characteristics of each area, diverse and different thresholds have been presented and utilized for the mentioned precipitation’s characteristics. ...
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IntroductionRecently, high extreme and frequency distribution of higher sequence of precipitation have been attended more. Through this, because of geographical characteristics of each area, diverse and different thresholds have been presented and utilized for the mentioned precipitation’s characteristics. Through the present research, for exploring and analyzing the extreme precipitation event in Tehran through the 1983-2016 statistical periods, some of the indexes presented by World Meteorological Organization Committee were utilized.Data and MethodThe study area in the present study is Tehran province. Tehran province is located in the center of Tehran, with an area of about 12981 square kilometers, between 34 to 36.5 degrees north latitude and 50 to 53 degrees east longitude. Data from Abali and Mehrabad synoptic stations were selected daily for use in the present study during the statistical period of 2016-1983. Before analysis, the data were subjected to quality control and homogeneity test. In cases where for any reason there were incomplete data in the data series of each station, they were reconstructed and supplemented.Analysis of non-parametric I-Kendall trend and age slope estimatorIn the present study, in order to study and analyze the trend of limit events, the indexes provided by the National Climate Committee of the World Meteorological Organization and the Acceptable Research and Climate Prediction Research Program, abbreviated as ETCCDMI, are used. These indexes are part of a set of indexes presented by the World Meteorological Organization's Working Group on Climate Change (Peterson et al., 200: 341), which are used by numerous researchers for analysis in different parts of the world.Model of peak values Above the threshold (POT)The POT first fits the set limit and then one above this threshold with the generalized parity distribution. In the present study, the ninety-fifth percentile was considered as the initial threshold (Coelho et al., 2008: 120; Friederichs, 2010, 211). The test threshold was then set to determine whether it was appropriate or inappropriate. In recent years, two visual methods have been developed to select the threshold. In the present study, methods were used to validate the selected threshold. The first method is the description of residual life, also known as conditional excess (Lechner et al., 1992: 229). In the MRL method, the excess rate is plotted from the threshold to the threshold .How to estimate GDP distribution parameters using the maximum likelihood methodFor different estimates, there are several methods such as torques, possible weighted moments, the existence of correct representation, and so on. However, the most efficient performance method is evaluated as the most complete method (Rao and Hamed, 2000: 21). Therefore, in the present study, the correct method of displaying the work was used.Results and DiscussionThe results of man-condensate precipitation statistics at the studied stations. The results obtained from Mann-Kendall test showed that no significant trend in success level was experienced in the studied stations in the statistical period of 1983-2016. Except that in Abali station, the reduction of the number of consecutive dry days and in Mehrabad station, the reduction of the one-day rate (PX1day) at the level of 90% is significant. One day exhibition at Mehrabad station is a downward trend in the level of 90% confidence with the rate of 1.9 days in the last decade.During the statistical period of 2016-1983, no significant trend was experienced in relation to the index of the number of values for 5 consecutive days. The annual show on other days does not make sense. The number of days with more than 10 mm (R10) and the number of days with more than 20 mm (R20) and the number of days with threshold (Rnn) in the two study stations are not significant.In this study, using the Mann-Kendall non-parameter test and sen slope estimator, the final rainfall trend analysis was performed at Abali and Mehrabad stations. According to the results of the Mann-Kendall test, the display of consecutive dry days (CDD) showed a decrease of 8.5 days per decade at Abali station. But on consecutive wet days (CWD) the upward trends are not significant. The Daily Intensity Index (SDII) is also significant without trend. One day exhibition at Mehrabad station is a downward trend in the level of 90% confidence with the rate of 1.9 days in the last decade. In Abali station with confidence intervals (-0.08, -0.11) and Mehrabad station with confidence intervals (-0.09), the figure is zero. Therefore, in these stations, it has a thin sequence with finite torque that is close to producing a show.The study of growth curves showed that in the 34-year statistical period (1983-2016), most events in stations have a return period of 1 to 10 years. In higher return periods, fewer observations are consistent. The confidence bands of the growth curves also showed to some extent that the deviation of the POT model is less even in the return periods. But as the return period increases, the confidence interval increases. This indicates that as the period increases, the uncertainty in the results increases that the extrapolation of the data is in the range beyond the time frame of the statistical period under study (34 years). Reliable bands have shown that return periods of 1000 years are too unreliable to use in practical applications.ConclusionThe aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the intensity and frequency in Tehran province during the period 1983-1916. In this regard, the study of the initial trend of rainfall showed that in relation to the marginal rainfall, most of the backgrounds had a downward trend in the region. The study of the sequence behavior of events and the frequency and intensity of these events, using them, are higher than the thresholds that have increased in frequency in the study areas. The results of this part of the study are highly consistent with the work of Rahimzadeh et al. (2009) who reported negative trends for cold-bounded appearances and thresholds for precipitation and positive trends for warm-range indices in 27 synoptic stations in Iran. . Rahimzadeh and Hedayat Dezfuli (2011) also showed intensification of heating and decrease along with extreme fluctuations and temperature limit power in Hormozgan province and Mohammadi and Taghavi research (2005) increased the frequency of hot limit indices and cold limit index indices in the city. Has stated Tehran. Maroufi et al. (2011) have achieved similar results in studying the trend of borderline events in the northern and southern coasts of Iran. Also, the estimates and severity of precipitation boundary events using the mean time intervals between events (ARIs) indicate return periods of 1 to 10 years for boundary precipitation. Finally, the resulting Q - Q diagrams and Chi - square test (χ 2) showed that the POT model has great potential for modeling precipitation limit events in the study area.
Geotourism
Davood Omarzadeh; Samereh Pourmoradian; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Bakhtiar Feyzizadeh; Hoda Khalagehi
Abstract
We amid to identify and introduce nature-based tourism and its potentiality in West Azerbaijan province. The study area is famous for its environmental and natural landscapes which accordingly implies significant potentials for developing sustainable ecotourism which accordingly leads to improve the ...
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We amid to identify and introduce nature-based tourism and its potentiality in West Azerbaijan province. The study area is famous for its environmental and natural landscapes which accordingly implies significant potentials for developing sustainable ecotourism which accordingly leads to improve the economic situation of this province as well. Within this research we applied GIS spatial decision support systems (SDSS) for data analysis and modelling the sustainable ecotourism in west Azerbaijan province. For this goal, 28 relevant criteria from different resources (e.g. physical properties, infrastructure, and facilities) were identified and processed using GIS-SDSS. GIS data aggregation method was applied to develop a final susceptibility map. Results indicated that about 57% of the study area represent a sustainability degree of moderate to significant for ecotourism development. The rest of 43 % basically locates in urban area, deserts resulted by Urmia lake drought which are not indicating a significance potential for ecotourism development. It has also to be highlighted in context of the 57 % there are also different level of sustainability in each area but results shows that ecotourism can be considered as one the main economic development in the study area. We conclude that, the obtained results are very important and critical for identifying nature-based tourism potential assessment. The results of this study provided valuable information for improving the situation as well organizing the sustainable ecotourism in the study area. Results are also great of important for decision makers and planners in light of developing a sustainable natural tourism.
Climatology
Zeynab Jawanshir; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Aliakbar Rasouly; Hashem Rostamzadeh
Abstract
Introduction
For the first time, Faddingham presented a geographic weight regression model. He tried to study the aspects of space heterogeneity. After that, Bronson examined the relationship between housing prices and areas. Which encountered a number of issues in relation to the model, which included ...
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Introduction
For the first time, Faddingham presented a geographic weight regression model. He tried to study the aspects of space heterogeneity. After that, Bronson examined the relationship between housing prices and areas. Which encountered a number of issues in relation to the model, which included the selection of variables, bandwidth and spatial correlation errors. Using the GWR, Franklin analyzed the spatial characteristics of the rainfall along with the elevation changes. Elvi also used this model to study the spatial factors that affect land prices. The GWR produces spatial information that expresses spatial variations between variables' relationships. Therefore, the maps produced from these analyzes play a key role in the spatial non-static description and interpretation of variables (Mennis 2006) and an equation Generates a separate regression for each observation instead of calibrating an equation, so it allows the parameter values to be continuously changed in the geographic space. Each of the equations is calibrated using a different weight of the observations contained in the total data. And more relative weights are assigned to closer observations and less or zero weights to those who are far away.
Data and Method
The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) calculates the surface heat flux instantaneously as well as 24-hour. The latent heat flux shows the energy required for true evapotranspiration and is calculated as the remainder of the equilibrium energy equation (Mobasheri, 2005). In remote sensing estimates of surface Albedo, surface temperature and surface leakage in the thermal infrared region, reflectance is used to calculate spatial variations in short-wave radiation and long-wave radiation emitted from the surface of the earth. A combination of short-wave and long-wave radiation combines the ability to calculate the pure absorbed surface radiation for each image pixel. Each of the equations is calibrated using a different weight of the observations contained in the total data. And more relative weights are assigned to closer observations and less or zero weights to those who are far away. In other words, the GWR only uses geographically close observations to estimate local coefficients. This method of weighting is based on the idea that the use of geographically close observations is the best way to estimate local coefficients. The GWR method not only does not consider the effects of self-variables on the independent variable, but also the effects of neighboring situations. The values of the geographic weighting model can be used to describe the spatial correlation of the factors used. Therefore, we extend the study area to several sections We divide the values of the geographic weight coefficients in each of the sections in relation to each of the environmental parameters. Unlike regular regression models, they provide an equation for describing general relationships between variables. GWR allows the parameter values to be changed continuously in the geographic space. Each of the equations is obtained using a different weight of the observations contained in the total data.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of the relationships between selected indices by geographic weighted regression model and the classification of output values through the normalization of data in seven categories. The values obtained vary between 1 and 1, and the smaller the index, the spatial disjunction is variable, and the larger it shows the presence of spatial clusters. It was found that all three indexes of evapotranspiration, surface temperature and vegetation index have cluster spatial pattern. Therefore, the null hypothesis is based on the spatial correlation itself, and as a result, three of the above indicators can be used for spatial analysis of the actual evaporation. Based on the correlation between the factors affecting the macroeconomic factors, the factor of vegetation index has the most effect on the magnitude of the spatial distribution in the studied area (53% with an area of 471782864 square meters). However, as the results are clear, this number is an overall number and covers the overall situation in the area. And does not refer to spatial features of the area. In the results of weighted regression, the effect of elements can be observed spatially. Accordingly, according to the geographic weighted regression method, the relationship between evapotranspiration and surface temperature was negatively affected and negatively affected. The relationship between dehiscence and vegetation index was studied in different years. The highest digit on the seventh floor is 13/99 and in the area of 266611500, which shows a high positive effect. The relationship between evapotranspiration and the Albedo shows the highest value in the first and second classes. The values of 18 and 10 in the area of 490428000 and 1170753300 m 2, respectively, show a very negative impact and a significant negative effect.
Conclusion
Geographic weighted regression method is a statistical method that is adapted to study local patterns. This method is, in fact, a technical technique that analyzes the relationship between spatial variables in a hypothetical unpopular space. In this research, we tried to express the effect of several indicators on actual evaporation. These indicators are not all indicators that have had an impact on actual evapotranspiration Because actual evapotranspiration is closely related to other climatic factors. Because of the unique ability of spatial weighted regression to identify and analyze the relationships between variables, it is recommended to use it in quantitative analyzes. The Z classes resulting from the GWR analysis of the actual evapotranspiration in different years have different states that indicate the spatial effect of the surface temperature in different conditions.
Climatology
Zeynab Jawanshir; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Ali Akbar Rasuly; Hashem Rostamzadeh
Abstract
Introduction Water management has always emphasized the need to abandon water storage in reservoirs and pursue a policy of limiting water consumption. Spatial-spatial information on evapotranspiration helps users understand the evacuation and depletion of water due to evaporation and establish the relationship ...
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Introduction Water management has always emphasized the need to abandon water storage in reservoirs and pursue a policy of limiting water consumption. Spatial-spatial information on evapotranspiration helps users understand the evacuation and depletion of water due to evaporation and establish the relationship between land use, water allocation, and water consumption. Evapotranspiration is the second element of the water cycle (after precipitation) and its accurate estimation on a regional scale is necessary to design appropriate management strategies. Evapotranspiration is a function of the amount of energy available for vegetation and its exchange. Because of this dependence, it can be estimated using the principle of energy conservation. Due to the limited number of meteorological stations in the country and the high cost of collecting ground data, the cost-effectiveness of the use of satellite data is one of its advantages, and the possibility of retrieving data from all levels of the region at one time is its next advantage. Having timely information makes horizontal monitoring of meteorological and environmental parameters possible. The ability of remote sensing to measure some terrestrial parameters has had an important effect on estimating actual evapotranspiration. The SEBAL model is one of the remote sensing algorithms that calculate plant evapotranspiration based on the momentary energy balance at the level of each pixel of a satellite image. The study area of the current research was the eastern cities of Lake Urmia. The reason for studying this section was the impact of recent droughts on these areas and the reduction of surface and groundwater, which has increased the need to manage water resources in these areas. Methodology In the first step of radiometric corrections, the amount of spectral radiance in the thermal band and at the next step, the reflectance in the visible bands, near-infrared, and short-wavelength infrared bands were calculated. As mentioned above, in the SEBAL model, actual evapotranspiration is calculated through satellite imagery and meteorological data is calculated using the surface energy balance. When satellite imagery provides information for its transit time, SEBAL calculates the instantaneous evapotranspiration flux for that time. Landsat 8 images for 2017-2016-2014-2013 years and meteorological data such as Minimum temperature, maximum temperature, dew point temperature, evaporation pan data, sunny hours, and wind speed were analyzed using ENVI 4.8 - Excel 2013- Arc GIS 10.3 software. Results and Discussion SEBAL is an image processing model that measures evapotranspiration and other energy conversions on the Earth's surface using digital data measured by remote sensing satellites that emit visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared radiation. This method uses surface temperature, surface reflection, and normalized plant differential index (NDVI) and their internal relationships to estimate surface fluxes for different types of land cover. In this section, using the values obtained from latent heat flux and evaporation heat flux, first, the amount of instantaneous evapotranspiration for each pixel was calculated. Then, using Ref_ET software, the total 24-hour evapotranspiration was calculated and the daily evapotranspiration rate was obtained for the whole image. Conclusion The results showed that there was a good correlation between the values estimated by the remote sensing algorithm (SEBAL) and the FAO-Penman-Monteith method as well as the evaporation pan method. The difference between the amount of SEBAL and the FAO-Penman-Monteith method in the reference plant was less than 4.21 mm/day; the largest difference was related to the 22nd of October. In total, SEBAL and Penman-Monteith methods had an average absolute difference of 4.28 mm/day. According to the results of this study, it can be observed that using the SEBAL model, the actual evapotranspiration and water needs of crops and even orchards and rangelands can be calculated on a large scale. This case could prove the suitability of this model for estimating actual evapotranspiration at different levels of the farm and irrigation networks. Therefore, remote sensing has a very high potential to improve the management of irrigation resources in very large areas using various algorithms and providing an estimate of the amount of ET with minimal use of ground data. Using remote sensing technology and GIS, acceptable results can be obtained in estimating the actual evapotranspiration rate, especially in large areas. If the parameters of the energy balance equations and Penman-Monteith could be calculated from satellite images spatially, with a suitable plant coefficient, the two methods would have similar results in estimating the rate of evapotranspiration. Using this method, the plant coefficient, which is one of the important factors in calculating the evapotranspiration of plants, can be accurately determined.
Geomorphology
Leila Khodaei Geshlag; shahram roostaei; Davod Mokhtari; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introduction Risk management and landslide assessment begin with a comprehensive identification and monitoring of their movements and mapping them, which can be used as a basis for achieving knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution. The integrated vision of the radar remote sensing images ...
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Introduction Risk management and landslide assessment begin with a comprehensive identification and monitoring of their movements and mapping them, which can be used as a basis for achieving knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution. The integrated vision of the radar remote sensing images has made them a powerful tool for preparing distribution maps, assessing the risk of landslides, and evaluating the instabilities reoccurring at various time intervals. Therefore, this study aimed to identify, monitor, and measure the extent to which the region is at the risk of slope instabilities in the period of 2009-2011 in the Ahar-Varzeghan region in the Ahar Chay heights using the Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique. Data and Method The studied area is a part of Ahar Chay watershed with an area of 1593 km2, which makes it the largest watershed in the East Azerbaijan province. The said area has an east longitude of 35´ 46° to 10´ 47° and north latitude of 20´ 38° to 45´ 38°. This area is located on northern slopes at an altitude of more than 2730 m, and in the Alpaut and Chaligh areas with an altitude of less than 1260 m. Various types of data were used in this research, including radar imagines, ENVISAT-ASAR, and data captured by Global Positioning System (GPS) in field research. Besides, topographic maps of 1.25000 associated with the country's land surveying organization and geological maps of 1:250000 related to the country's geological and mineral exploration organization were used to examine the area's geology and morphology. Besides, SAR scape ENVI4.8 and Arc/GIS software environments were used to prepare and process radar images, and provide the displacement maps associated with the landslides. INSAR is a remote sensing technique developed to study the earth's surface movements in the 1992 Landers, California earthquake. When this technique is adopted, two or more SAR images are used to generate a digital elevation model or prepare a map of the movements of the earth's surface. Also, this technique measures the phase difference between two different waves, and this phase difference is attributed to the change in the distance between the sensor and the earth target or the movements of the earth's surface. SAR images show the movements of the earth's surface in the direction of the satellite's line of sight. However, SAR images can be used in both ascending and descending modes, which enable them to measure the earth's surface movements in three directions: vertically, from the north, and east. The following steps must be taken to measure the movements of the earth's surface and/or develop a digital elevation model using the InSAR technique: SAR image formation: - Interferogram generation - Ambiguous phase extraction - Phase recovery in the generated interferogram - Elimination of the effect of the topographic phase on the interferogram - Displacement phase extraction Results and Discussion The InSAR technique has been used in this study to identify the range of slope instabilities and the rate of displacement of unstable landslides. Based on the research findings, radar images and differential interferometry processing methods could potentially identify unstable active areas and calculate the rate of displacement. In this study, the results of the ASAR radar image processing were used to calculate the rate of displacement from 2009 to 2011. Figure 9 showed the displacement rate for the period of 2006-2011. It should be noted that positive and negative numbers in this figure indicated the rate of upward and downward movements, respectively. According to this figure, the highest and lowest rates of downward movements were associated with 2009 and 2011, respectively. In other words, the rate of downward movements had decreased by 2011. However, the rate of upward movement in the region was the highest for the years 2009 and 2010. Also, the lowest rate of upward movement recorded for this area was in 2011. Conclusion The present study utilized the InSAR technique to identify the range of landslides and to estimate the displacement of unstable landslides. The results of this study showed that radar images and differential interferometry processing methods could potentially identify unstable active areas and calculate the rate of displacement. In this study, the results of the ASAR radar image processing were used to calculate the rate of displacement between 2009 and 2011. Then, the validity of the results of the InSAR technique was measured by adapting the displacement maps to field operations and Google Earth. According to the research findings, the highest rate of fall or downward movement occurred in approximately 8 cm in the southern areas. Moreover, the highest rate of elevation or upward movement occurred in about 5 cm in the east northern areas in 2009. The highest rate of falls in this year was associated with areas with old landslides, among which the villages of Depigh, Nasirabad, and around Sariaraghan were more affected than other areas. These instabilities in the village of Depigh were mostly located around the bed of the Ahar Chay river, in a way that severe landslides in this area caused enormous rocks to accumulate on the surface of the river bed.
Climatology
Ali Ghasemi Beqtash; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introduction Today, there are many factors involved in air pollution. PM10 is one of the significant elements influencing air pollution in the city. Due to their fineness, these particles can travel to high altitudes and long distances. The metropolis of Tabriz is known as one of the polluted cities ...
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Introduction Today, there are many factors involved in air pollution. PM10 is one of the significant elements influencing air pollution in the city. Due to their fineness, these particles can travel to high altitudes and long distances. The metropolis of Tabriz is known as one of the polluted cities whose air pollution is caused by burning a huge amount of fossil fuels, lack of green space and topographic and climatic conditions. Given that the purpose of synoptic studies is to explain the key interactions between the atmosphere and the surface environment, and synoptic climatology pursues a major goal and that is to find the relationship between atmospheric circulation and the surface environment. Given the importance of the phenomenon of dusty air pollution and on the other hand its widespread spatial expansion in recent years in the northwest, the need for this research was felt more than ever; Therefore, in this study, suspended particles in the atmosphere have been analyzed as one of the most important air pollutants in Tabriz Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of active pressure patterns on pollution in Tabriz metropolis, the synoptic analysis method was used. In order to influence the meteorological conditions on increasing and decreasing pollution, pressure gauging meters have been used in connection with the main PM10 pollutant. To achieve this goal, the average daily data of PM10 in the years 1992-2010 in Bagh Shomal station and meteorological data of Hamidid station in Tabriz have been used. The method was as follows: the data were first entered into Excel software and based on the standard table of air quality, the standard limit of pollutants was determined. Extreme contaminated days were filtered and extracted by Excel. Polluted days with dangerous conditions on March 15-16, 2009 and to May 6 the same year. Then using the surface pressure data, the level of 500 hPa of pressure patterns on the infected far days were analyzed. The study of air quality index showed that the highest number of polluted days occurred in 2008 and the lowest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in 2006. In addition, the highest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in March, May, April and June. The results of the study of synoptic patterns show the existence of a weak pressure cells at the level of 500 and the dominance of a strong low pressure system at ground level and the distribution of temperature along with the hot core over the region. Also, the effect of the condition of the upper levels of atmosphere on the contaminated days by drawing synoptic maps of 500 hPa on the polluted days were examined. The Lund correlation method was used to select the representative days of the groups obtained from the classification of atmospheric pressure data. In this way, to select the representative day, the day that has the most similarity with the most number of group days was selected. Findings and Discussion The correlation coefficient represents the degree of similarity of the patterns of the two maps with each other. To do this, a certain threshold correlation coefficient must be accepted. The value of correlation coefficient in such cases typically varies between 0.5 to 0.7. Representative days were extracted based on a threshold of 0.5. Thus, the day that has a correlation coefficient of 0.5 with more days was selected as the representative day. The 500 hPa pattern, which has changed the climate of Northwestern Iran, is a Rex-type blocking system. Such a system is called lateral lifting Rex. After re-combining the western current in the east of this system, hot and dry conditions are applied to the area under their coverage. From the Northwestern region of Iran, in the impact basin of the low eastern part of this Rex system, which is mentioned outside the combined flow; Therefore, the unstable conditions in the study area are due to the positive rotating tawny wind of this arrangement from the lateral Rex system. In the case of west and east winds, the type of flow is important because their flow can be orbital or meridional. The wave motion of the winds in the meridional direction causes cold air to accumulate and fall inside the vessels within the higher latitudes to the lower latitudes, and vice versa, in the ridges, the warm air of the lower latitudes ascends to the higher latitudes. Orbital component maps show the direction of the wind (if the direction of the wind is negative and if it is positive in the direction of the west) and the speed of the orbital winds. The meridional component shows the wind speed in the north direction (if the wind speed values are positive) and south (if the wind speed values are negative). The wind map on the first day of pollution shows that the current The wind blows in a counter-clockwise direction in the low-lying center of the Mediterranean and at the same time in Northwestern Iran it moves in a counter-clockwise direction (anticyclonic) and increases pollution in the metropolis of Tabriz, but on the last day it gets west-east and The severity of pollution in Tabriz metropolis is gradually decreasing. Conclusion Given the importance of the phenomenon of dusty air pollution and on the other hand its widespread spatial expansion in recent years in the Northwest, the need for this research was felt more than ever; Therefore, in this study, suspended particles in the atmosphere, which is one of the most important air pollutants in Tabriz, has been analyzed. Examination of the air quality index of Bagh Shomal station in a period of study showed that the highest number of polluted days occurred in 2008 and the lowest number of dangerous polluted days occurred in 2006; but based on the persistence index and the average, days polluted with the dangerous condition of suspended particles were analyzed. According to the air quality index, the highest number of dangerously polluted days occurred in 2008 and in March, May and April. The hot core is on the area. Also, the effect of the condition of the upper levels of atmosphere was studied by drawing synoptic maps of 500 hPa on the polluted days. From the polluted middays, the two time periods of March 15 to March 17, 2008 and May 15 to May 17, 1988 were analyzed due to the continuity of the three days and the results indicated that there was a direct correlation between airborne synoptic circulation patterns and the polluted days in Tabriz. The main source of dust entering the metropolis of Tabriz during two periods with severe pollution of the deserts of Central Asia and Afghanistan. In addition this study showed that high air pressure, especially in the morning in autumn, causes an increase in the density of pollutants on the ground.
Geomorphology
Ahad Ranjbari; Mousa Abedini; Davod Mokhtari; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introduction
Similar to other parts of Iran, Azerbaijan Plateau is active tectonically due to the Eurasia-Arabia cluster convergence, and its hydrogeomorphological impacts are evident as a strike-slip fault, folding, horst, graben, changes in the topography, and drainage system (Abedini, 2016: 75). ...
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Introduction
Similar to other parts of Iran, Azerbaijan Plateau is active tectonically due to the Eurasia-Arabia cluster convergence, and its hydrogeomorphological impacts are evident as a strike-slip fault, folding, horst, graben, changes in the topography, and drainage system (Abedini, 2016: 75). Therefore, investigating and understanding the function of faults can significantly contribute to analyzing the tectonic activities, the occurrence of earthquakes, their geomorphic hazards as well as the environmental planning and management, the adaptation of the land use, and constructions regarding the tectonic situation of the regions and reduce their hazards.
The current research aims to identify the geomorphic hazards caused by the tectonic activities, especially the behavior of faults, for the planning and management before the occurrence of hazards and their resulted crises. In this regard, the principal purpose of this research is to study and identify the faults of the Qoshadagh fault zone and their geomorphic impacts in the northwest of Iran and a part of the structural block of Aras Fault Zone (Berberian & Yeats, 1999).
Data and Methodology
Three methods of manual, automatic, and mixture were used to precisely extract the region's faults, affected by the doublet seismic activities of 12 August 2012 with the magnitude of 6.4 and 6.2 Richter that had only 6 kilometers and 11-minute distance from each other (Donner et al., 2015). Moreover, survey study and manual measurement of the replacements were used. Hence, Envi 5.1 software was used to apply the techniques and process of images. Also, PCA Geometrica was used to automatically extract the lineaments, and ArcMap 10.4.1 was applied to draw the output map. In the automatic method, Landsat 8 satellite image of OLI sensor with 33 rows and 168 paths was fused with its panchromatic band (15 meters). Then, the edge detection, thresholding, and extraction of fractures were conducted using algorithms. The map of lineaments was prepared using filtering, PCA, and RGB color model in the manual or visual method, and, was adapted using the automatic method. Images of Sentinel-B2 and Spot were also used due to some properties to ensure. Finally, the obtained lineaments were checked by the field data.
Discussion and Conclusion
After analyzing the automatic method results, applying the lineaments manually along with the field controls, the obtained result is displayed in an overlaying map. Then, by investigating the obtained lineaments and removing the repetitive and incompatible lineaments automatically, and consultant with the tectonics experts and geomorphologists familiar with the region, the lineaments with 80% possibility of being a fault were drawn in a final map of the region’s faults. It is evident that the extraction of the definite faults of the region requires different RS sources, such as radar data, GPS, gravimetric satellites, etc. Rose diagram was used to understand the length and direction of the faults. As a result, the length of the faults was more in 100-280 degree and 145-325 degree, and no-fault was extracted along the 80 degrees, although this length can be seen in the field observations. The results of the field study, overlaying some of the geomorphological effects, including the obstruction and deviation of the waterways, formation of the pressure ridges, and fault pools, have confirmed and improved the software outputs.
Results
Using purposive remote sensing along with the field studies can play a significant role in identifying the structural ruptures that are usually hardly visible and emphasize the spatial-temporal changes after the earthquake and its role in reducing the ground hazards (Yang et al., 2017). In this regard, the faults of the Qoshadagh zone were extracted using automatic, manual, and semi-automatic methods with satellite images. The obtained results were compared with the field study and adapted to the effects and fractures caused by the earthquake and the new faults were also identified. The obstruction and deviation of the waterways, fault edges, tension, and pressure ridges, etc., are the most significant evidence that contributed to extracting the fault lineaments using the satellite images. In the current study, the faults of the region were displayed as the fault system instead of single fault lineaments that were in line with the previous studies with a different purpose (Copley et al., 2012; Ghods et al., 2015). Also, the privilege extension of faults in western and eastern directions was identified. Using automatic and manual methods is not sufficient. Therefore, the mixture method was used to obtain better and more precise results. It is evident that the extraction of the definite faults of the region cannot be obtained only by having optical images and other RS resources are required, such as radar data, GPS, and gravimetric satellites (with a high spatial separation). Furthermore, the field control and survey and investigating the geomorphologic forms must be considered an inseparable part of these studies.
Climatology
Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Soodabeh Namdari
Abstract
Introduction In recent years because of decrease of precipitation, use of water for agriculture, construction of hydraulic structures and etc, Urmia Lake surface area has been decreased. Considering the salinity of Urmia Lake and direction of wind, the costal and even further area of Urmia Lake is seriously ...
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Introduction In recent years because of decrease of precipitation, use of water for agriculture, construction of hydraulic structures and etc, Urmia Lake surface area has been decreased. Considering the salinity of Urmia Lake and direction of wind, the costal and even further area of Urmia Lake is seriously in danger of salt intrusion. Then knowledge of the spatial-temporal distribution of aerosol characteristics is critical for quantification of salt intrusion impacts. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a column-integrated measure of extinction coefficient, representing the attenuation of solar radiation by aerosol scattering and absorption. Satellite images of AOD are useful for studying dust storms owing to the large spatial nature of such plumes. Lack of an AERONET station makes studying dust storms difficult in this area. The present study was conducted to understand spatial AOD patterns and the variability and intensity of inter- and intra-annual MODIS AOD for the longest possible period of 14 years (2000–2015). Methodology In this study, monthly AODs from average MOD08 are used to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of dust storms over Urmia lake for the period between 2000 and 2015. Monthly average MOD08 product files are available at spatial resolution of 1 degree by 1 degree (http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/data). This study focuses on AOD at 550 nm over land, as this is close to the peak of the solar spectrum and is, therefore, associated with major radiative effects (Papadimas et al. 2009). MODIS data are compared to AERONET data at the nearest station (Kuwait University) for the period between 2005 and 2014 (http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/aerostat/). The AERONET site shows better AOD correspondence with MODIS Terra (RMS = 0.028, R = 0.916) than with MODIS Aqua (RMS = 0.166, R = 0.646); therefore, hereafter AOD data are discussed from Terra. In this study, monthly mean aerosol optical depths (AODs) from MODIS are used to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of aerosol in these affected areas (2000-2015). The monthly and annual mean AOD trends has been extracted. With the aim of displaying and analyzing the spatial distribution of particulate matter concentrations, the mean change map was extracted and each map was classified according to the standard deviation method. Using the standard deviation method, the amount of change in each of the pixels can be determined from the mean of the region. Results and discussion The changes in dust concentrations for shows that in June, July and April, there is the most similarity is between the trend of change in order in West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan. There are two provinces under study, and in February, November and December there is the most differences between the two provinces, which has declined sharply since 2009. Also, the trend of changes in all months shows that the slope of AOD changes has been increasing during the study period. Most monthly AOD fluctuations are seen in January, February and December during different years; It is worth noting that in these months, in terms of dust concentration, AOD also shows low values. The increasing trend of fine dust is much more pronounced at the end of the warm season and the beginning of the cold season (August, September, October and November). Most AOD values are observed in spring and early summer, ie in March, April, May, June and July. Until 2008, the amount of AOD in the southwestern part of the study area was high, indicating that fine dust observed in the southwestern part of the region could be carried by westerly winds from the deserts of neighboring countries during these years. From 2009 to 2014, the average amount of fine dust in Pixel of including Lake Urmieh, increased sharply over the entire region, which cannot be attributed to dust carried by western winds due to the AOD status in the west and southwest of the lake. Conclution In this study, annual and monthly averages were used to examine how dust changes in the last 16 years in the provinces of East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan, which are adjacent to Lake Urmia. One of the main objectives of this study was to monitor the oscillations of fine dust in the area of Lake Urmia and its adjacent areas to show the presence of salt dust in Lake Urmia, which has been the result of the drying up of large parts of the lake in recent years. The monthly and annual mean AOD trends show the increasing trend in AOD values. Then to show the spatial distribution during the period of study, mean annual maps for each year was extracted. Results show there is two seperated period in area of study for AOD spatial pattern. First during 2000 to 2009 there is higher AOD in south-western part of area and the existence of Urmia lake had caused reduction in AOD in western part of lake. Second period started from 2010 there is significant high AOD above Urmia lake. This fact shows the lake as a source of aerosols. In next step to show the spatial distribution of AOD changes during time, based on AOD value two years with high (2014) and low (2004) AOD was selected. The difference between these two years shows the most changes in area of study has occurred over Urmia lake and also around the lake. Based on the result of this study the increase of salty aerosols that originated from Urmai lake is one of major aspect of drought of the parts of lake and must be considered.
Climatology
sakineh kadkhodaei; Saeed Jahanbakhsh asl,; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Abstract
Introuduction Snow reserves of mountain areas considered as one of the most important water resources of country which accurately recognition of quantity of these resources are essential due to the increasing value of freshwater and optimal utilization of resources. Sabalan mountain are one of the important ...
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Introuduction Snow reserves of mountain areas considered as one of the most important water resources of country which accurately recognition of quantity of these resources are essential due to the increasing value of freshwater and optimal utilization of resources. Sabalan mountain are one of the important basins of country that the water from melting snow which has fallen in winter, provide water for agriculture and surrounding areas drinking in spring and summer. In this study for simulations runoff from snowmelt in the Sahzab catchment, (of sub-basin in the southern part of Sabalan) from mod 10a2 product and changes in snow cover of 2010-2011, using SRM model(based on degree-day method), has conducted. Results suggest during the statistical period, the greatest and lowest amounts of snow coverage are for February and may, respectively. Methodology The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) as the most frequently used model in model in prognosticating and simulating runoff in mountainous basins using snow covered areas as an input, was employed in current study to simulate the runoff produced from snowmelt. The S factor (snow cover area) was extracted using 8 day images of MODIS sensor (combining bands number 6 and 4), NDSI index (with the necessary thresholds) ENVI and GIS software. In order to achieve the desired objectives, ground data such as temperature , rainfall and debit were also used. Results and discussion Evaluation of SRM model using correlation coefficient and volume subtracting indicator are 81 and 2/3 percent, respectively. R-value indicator acceptability depends on the quality of data and may not be acceptable even by having enough data of 85% value but in a catchment with inappropriate and low data, lower value also is acceptable. With respect to shortage of meteorological and terrestrial data in Sahzab catchment, the SRM results of this study showed acceptable simulations for runoff simulation that was caused by snow melting in sahzab catchment. Conclusion Using of hydrological models and satellite images combined with powerful ground-based data can be used as a tool for planning and management of water resources, particularly in the area where snow melting is one of the factors leading to runoff. If studies on snowcovered area, snowmelt and its effects are considered on small scale such as riverside tributaries extraction of snow cover maps for each of the catchment basins, careful planning can be done for each region which will be in line with sustainable development.
Majeid Rezaei Banafsheh; Kaleil Valizadeh; mina mohsenzadeh
Volume 23, Issue 68 , September 2019, , Pages 111-133
Abstract
Pre-crisis management planning is a matter of paramount importance which nowadays, urban managers have to deal with, especially in the filed of crisis management. In this research, finding locations for multi-purpose crisis management stations in regions 1, 4 and 10 of Tabriz municipality has been studied. ...
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Pre-crisis management planning is a matter of paramount importance which nowadays, urban managers have to deal with, especially in the filed of crisis management. In this research, finding locations for multi-purpose crisis management stations in regions 1, 4 and 10 of Tabriz municipality has been studied. At first step, the parameters affecting the selection of locations have been investigated. After gathering and preparing the layers, raster maps were obtained and subsequently, parameter weighing was done throughout the AHP process using Expertchoice software. At next step, data layers were combined together based on IO Boolean and Fuzzy models and the results were utilized to present some locations as desired onse, Due to the Geographic Information System in solving complex problems of urban and ease of analysis and spatial analysis , the ability of the system to prepare , collate and analyze the layers have been applied . The results obtained from this study, the southern part of the region which was set four as the best urban spaces such as green spaces, educational, sportive and etc, and better access conditions for the establishment of these bases is to have the highest priority and the best places for locating the base of the parks Amir Kabir, Anna, Tawhid and Jihad area around the field to 22 Bahman and a few other points is evaluated
Climatology
Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; maryam longbaf
Volume 22, Issue 65 , November 2018, , Pages 287-299
Abstract
The agriculture is the sector that uses most of fresh water resources. Since the water resources are always subjected to severe depletion, the agriculture sector requires using the water with high efficiency and more effective ways One of the procedures leading to improvement of water management productivity ...
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The agriculture is the sector that uses most of fresh water resources. Since the water resources are always subjected to severe depletion, the agriculture sector requires using the water with high efficiency and more effective ways One of the procedures leading to improvement of water management productivity and ultimately to increase of water efficiency is the accurate estimation of the evapo-transpiration or estimation of water use efficiency of the crops. The remote sensing by giving an estimation of the degree of evapotranspiration (with little use of ground data) has a high potential for modification of cultivation patterns and management of water resources This research aims to determine the actual evapo-transpiration (need of water) of maize, which is an indigenous plant in the northern Khuzestan province, using the image processing of Landsat 8 in four passes include: 13 Aug, 14 Sep, 16 Oct and 17 Nov 2013 and also using the required metrological data based on Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL). The results showed that the amounts of needed water estimated by SEBAL model for maize in the initial growth stage, development stage, middle stage and the end stage are 5.04, 8.23, 5.55, and 1.46 mm per day respectively. The values from remote sensing were compared for values assessed by FAO- Penman-Monteith and evaporation pan methods and it was observed that MAE and RMSE are 0.45 and 0.18 mm per day compared to FAO- Penman - Montieth method. In sum, the results indicated that the SEBAL model is able to give answers with high accuracy and in short time and can be used as a beneficial and efficient tool in organizing water resources and meeting the plant water needs.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Mousa Abedini; Khalil Valizadehkamran; Nader Sarmasti
Abstract
Physical expansion of Tabriz metropolitan increases the possibility of earthquakes risks. Given the importance of this issue, this research is trying to pay to monitor the activities and seismic potential of Tabriz fault and the estimates of casualties in Tabriz metropolitan using remote sensing and ...
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Physical expansion of Tabriz metropolitan increases the possibility of earthquakes risks. Given the importance of this issue, this research is trying to pay to monitor the activities and seismic potential of Tabriz fault and the estimates of casualties in Tabriz metropolitan using remote sensing and GIS techniques. To achieve this goal, ASTER satellite image was processed in ENVI 5.3 software. Fault seismic potential is determined with empirical models and average calculations were used as the basis for assessment. The casualties are determined in accordance with the terms of seismicity and structure of our country urban elements, respectively. Based on visual interpretation of satellite data, along Tabriz fault are exposed geomorphic changes that reflect the tectonic activity is in the range of Tabriz metropolitan. Tabriz fault evidences examples of diversion of watercourse Ajichai, cliffs and lens shape phenomenon are most important that have been considered in the interpretation of the activities on satellite images. Based on empirical models, be created in Tabriz fault earthquakes is average of magnitude 6.8 on the Richter scale. Assuming earthquake seismic activity according to Tabriz fault scenario, the total population of about 1605884 of the Tabriz metropolitan was estimated approximate number 1252589 casualties consist of 658412 people dead and 594177 people injury at night
Climatology
MohammadHoseein Rezaei Moghaddam; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Mehdi Belvasi; Hoseein KheiriAstiyar; Sayad Asghari Saraskanroud
Volume 20, Issue 56 , August 2016, , Pages 127-148
Abstract
One of the most important procedures in the water sources studies is the estimation of the local distribution of precipitation in different time scales. The study of precipitation is a basic element in the water balance studies and is an important factor in the natural sources programs of each country. ...
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One of the most important procedures in the water sources studies is the estimation of the local distribution of precipitation in different time scales. The study of precipitation is a basic element in the water balance studies and is an important factor in the natural sources programs of each country. Also, because of the rain-evaluation stations deficiency and their discreteness, it is necessary to use a special model. Besides the interpolation of precipitation amounts of stations, this model should interpolate topography, moisture and the slope direction of precipitation. In this work, at first, some data were gathered, in one year. These data were connected with the precipitation and moisture of 9 synoptic stations and 31 rainevaluation stations. These stations were located in the Lorestan province. Second, using the least square method and with the help of Maple software, the relations between precipitation and moisture was extracted. Third, by using the Python programming language, these relations were linked into the GIS. Finally, by so doing, the digital precipitation modal was achieved. The results obtained from the digital precipitation model show that, the precipitation amounts are different from the measured data in the stations, from 0.02 to 11.6 mm. Also, to investigate the efficiency of the considered model, the data obtained from this model were compared with the precipitation data achieved from TRMM radar at 21 April 2010. The concluded result show that, the determination coefficients are 79 and 86% for the TRMM data and for the digital precipitation model, respectively
Kalil Valizadekamran
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 353-382
Abstract
Abstract
evapotranspiration have the essential role in water balance, accurate estimates on many projects and scientific studies in the fields of hydrology, agriculture, industry, water engineering and other allied sciences, for efficient management of water resources and the design of hydraulic structures ...
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Abstract
evapotranspiration have the essential role in water balance, accurate estimates on many projects and scientific studies in the fields of hydrology, agriculture, industry, water engineering and other allied sciences, for efficient management of water resources and the design of hydraulic structures required. In recent years expanded use of satellite imagery in estimating real evapotranspiration, methods have been developed such that they can be SEBAL method mentioned. SEBAL model for estimating evapotranspiration in the study- the actual evapotranspiration in the study area (Meshginshahr region) was selected. This model has been implemented in many countries and it has achieved remarkable results. These models are generally designed for flat areas and the impact of altitude, slope and is ignored in the calculation. In this study, the involvement of these factors in the model, the new model called “Mountain SEBAL “has been introduced. Meshginshahr region in northwestern Iran with respect to an appropriate specification for the model selection and the calculation of the inputs to the model are: layer DEM, Slope, aspect, incoming sun, the sun angle Cosine, Radiance spectral reflectance, kind of surface, the incident radiation, the normalized vegetation index, surface radiation surface temperature, outgoing longwave radiation, incident longwave radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux to calculate the evapotranspiration actual moment have been studied in the region. By comparing the normalized surface temperature and vegetation index (NDVI) -0.969 correlation was observed between them. The comparison between evaporation-actual evapotranspiration calculated vegetation indices, indicating the applicability of these two factors together (correlation of 0.81), so that areas with high vegetation density, with areas of evapotranspiration and high real comply. On the other hand, compared to images of surface temperature and actual evapotranspiration inconsistency confirms them as areas of high surface temperatures and evapotranspiration are down.
Geomorphology
Mohammadreza Rezaei Moghaddam; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Soghra Andaryani; Farhad Almaspoor
Volume 19, Issue 52 , June 2015, , Pages 163-183
Abstract
Land use and land cover maps are necessary for planning and natural resources management. In the way, remote sensing data have special place because of providing update data, repetitive covers and low cost images. Therefore Optimum Land Image/ Thermal Infrared Sensor were used to map land-use and land-cover ...
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Land use and land cover maps are necessary for planning and natural resources management. In the way, remote sensing data have special place because of providing update data, repetitive covers and low cost images. Therefore Optimum Land Image/ Thermal Infrared Sensor were used to map land-use and land-cover in 1 and 2 level. Because of, this images are new thus radiometric correct was used ERDAS software model maker. Also Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Bare Soil Index (BI) and Principal Component Analyze (PCA) were used as inputs to improve classification accuracy. On the other hand kernels functional and polynomial ranks of Support Vector Machine method evaluated in side others bands and the best result of SVM method compared with Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results indicated that SVM method has accuracy: 92% with Kappa Coefficient: 0.91 and ANN method has accuracy: 89% with kappa coefficient: 0.87 also SVM method has a good performance in the regions that, classes show similar spectral behavior.
Hkalil Valizadeh Kamran
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 317-334
Abstract
The accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration is very important in water source management, agriculture, forestry and pasture sciences. Recently using of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for accurate estimation has been developed and has showed good results. In this paper we estimate ...
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The accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration is very important in water source management, agriculture, forestry and pasture sciences. Recently using of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for accurate estimation has been developed and has showed good results. In this paper we estimate potential evapotranspiration in eastern Azerbaijan by Estefnz method. For calculation of coming net radiation (Rs) we used DEMSRTM images and solar analyst in ArcGIS software for 31 May, 10-11 am. After calculation of slope and aspects through digital elevation model, net radiation was estimated. The average temperature calibrates for elevation was imported in equation. Final maps show that the amount of potential evapotranspiration is between 0~15 mm/hour. Northern aspect and areas with high temperature have the higher potential evapotranspiration. Elevation and aspects are important factors than other factors in potential evapotranspiration control in the study area. The amount of evapotranspirtaion is higher than precipitation and therefore it is better that agricultural activities move to higher areas
Mirkamel Hosseini; Majid Zahedi; Mohammad Hossein Fathi; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Volume 17, Issue 45 , November 2013, , Pages 42-67
Abstract
This research aims at studying and understanding the full capabilities of West Azerbaijan province for sunflower cultivation. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to carry out the research. Climate data elements such as the minimum temperature during the growing season (May to September), the ...
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This research aims at studying and understanding the full capabilities of West Azerbaijan province for sunflower cultivation. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to carry out the research. Climate data elements such as the minimum temperature during the growing season (May to September), the rainfall during the growing period, the relative humidity during growth of sunflower, were prepared in 9 stations in the region between the years (1387-1373). Slope, soil and elevation data were included to determine and identify the appropriate area of study in the range of sunflower cultivation.
Using vegetative needs (favorable climatic conditions) of the crop, the production of information and data rate of each series were classified. In order to investigate the influence of each element in the earth's climate and physical factors affecting agro-climatic planting of sunflower, the data on temperature, precipitation and relative humidity were combined and then all data elements in the earth's climate and physical factors together were then integrated. The final map of the land capability for planting of sunflower was produced. Finally, the AHP model, and overlapped data in both weighted area of Zone 2, were used. Sunflower planting area in the north east and eastern parts of the study area (the city of Khoy, Qara Zyaaldyn, Poldasht and Shoot) was specified. The areas suitable for cultivation in both models were chosen to be the city of Qara Zyaaldyn and Poldasht.
Saeed Jahanbakhsh; Majid Zahedi; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 19-42
Abstract
In a wide variety of scientific climatology studies earth surface temperature, is important, Astronomy, meteorology hydrology, ecology, geology, medical science, design and optimization of transportation network and site selection of fire extinction and particularly cases required. In the calculation ...
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In a wide variety of scientific climatology studies earth surface temperature, is important, Astronomy, meteorology hydrology, ecology, geology, medical science, design and optimization of transportation network and site selection of fire extinction and particularly cases required. In the calculation of the actual evapotranspiration also we consider these.. Considering the earth's surface temperature monitoring in a limited number of meteorological stations to the distribution point and the need to place the surface temperature in a wide area and at the same time the surface temperature were estimated. To access the earth's surface temperature and classification SEBAL algorithm and decision tree were used. Using ETM + image dated 31 August 2000 and pre- process, files became ready for implementation. For processing of SEBAL method. the above mentioned software Envi4.5 and ArcGIS9.3 were used. This paper estimates the difference less than 5.57° C, temperature difference between a satisfactory level was estimated through remote sensing and statistics. Temperature measured from ground level 12 years (1993 - 2005) in Maragheh meteorological station was achieved. Temperature was estimated through remote sensing and studies applicable in earth sciences research and the environment.
