Urban Planning
Freydoun Babayi Aghdam; rahim heydari chianeh; Ghasem Rahimifard
Abstract
in recent years , competitiveness is considered as an effective economic concept on sustainable development of tourism industry .perhaps until a few years ago , only a service such as clean rooms , transport service and appropriate food would satisfy the customers of hotels ; but at the moment the hotel ...
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in recent years , competitiveness is considered as an effective economic concept on sustainable development of tourism industry .perhaps until a few years ago , only a service such as clean rooms , transport service and appropriate food would satisfy the customers of hotels ; but at the moment the hotel passengers will evaluate the entire service of receiving services from entering residential places to the leaving stage and compare their expectations with the quality of the offered services and make the assessment the basis for future reference .one of the most important features of residential services is to create a sense of comfort and comfort to customers through a high - quality relationship and paying attention to providing mental and physical needs of passengers .the present research is descriptive - analytical and applied in terms of purpose .according to the studied indices , for gathering data , library research method and then میدانی ( questionnaire method - likert spectrum ) were used from tourists of residential centers in tabriz .to analyze the collected data using spss software and one sample t - test ( t - test ) was used to evaluate the competitiveness indices of tabriz city .multivariate regression analysis and analysis of variance ( anova ) were used to investigate and study the relationship between the indicators of tourism development in tabriz and total quality management and to determine the effect of each of the variables of total quality management on tourism competitiveness in tabriz .also , to investigate the relationship between variables in the period of june and october to 2023 , its correlation was also studied , which was positive and the results showed that by applying total quality management , the size of tourism competitiveness indices increase over time in tabriz residential centers .
GIS&RS
farahnaz Khadem; Kimia Ebrahimi; Nazila Dadash Zadeh
Abstract
In recent decades, the expansion of the population and the speed of the urbanization process have caused many inconsistencies at the level of cities, especially big cities. One of these cases is the excessive increase in the production of urban waste and failure to observe the principles of management ...
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In recent decades, the expansion of the population and the speed of the urbanization process have caused many inconsistencies at the level of cities, especially big cities. One of these cases is the excessive increase in the production of urban waste and failure to observe the principles of management and its proper burial. In such a way that how to deal with this issue in urban plans is one of the main concerns in different urban dimensions, especially the environmental aspect. the main goals in the urban area and in order to achieve sustainable development, as well as strengthening the public health of cities and reducing various environmental pollutions, is to find a suitable place for urban wastes in a completely principled and desirable way, for this purpose, different methods and there is a difference in terms of their treatment and executive operations. the purpose of this research is to find the effective factors on locating, as well as finding a suitable place for burying urban waste in the metropolis of Tabriz and investigating the current situation of the city with the daily production of 1200 tons of waste. The studied method in reaching the set goal is analytical-descriptive and using the hierarchical decision-making model AHP,
the parameters affecting the location of the waste landfill, which include geology, slope of the area, urban land use, distance from the surrounding villages, distance from the river, distance from the roads, geology of the area, in the analytical process and layer production Descriptive and raster are evaluated.
The results show that among the factors affecting the location of the waste landfill in Tabriz city, the geological factor is the most valuable and the important areas based on the spectrum of the final map are dark green and often have pastures and crops.
Urban Planning
baballah hayati; Hanieh Razzaghi; Ghader Dashti; Maryam Haghjou
Abstract
Own- ebn- Ali resort is the largest mountain resort in the country, with an average of one million visitors a year. Due to the natural limitations of the region, the increasing pressure of tourists leads to the destruction of natural values and thus the destruction of tourism capabilities in the region, ...
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Own- ebn- Ali resort is the largest mountain resort in the country, with an average of one million visitors a year. Due to the natural limitations of the region, the increasing pressure of tourists leads to the destruction of natural values and thus the destruction of tourism capabilities in the region, which is one of the reasons for paying attention to the sustainability of tourism in this region. The aim of this study is to evaluate the tourism sustainability of Own- ebn- Ali area of Tabriz.in This study the Social, economic and environmental dimensions were considered as decision criteria for sustainability assessment and indicators were considered for each of these dimensions. The weighted value of dimensions and indices was calculated by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).Results revealed that the environmental dimension with a weight of 0.520 has the most and the social dimension with a weight of 0.220 have the least impact on tourism sustainability. In the economic dimension, the indicators of "employment rate" and "existence of online communications in the region", and in the social dimension, indicators of "tourist satisfaction with the security of the region" and "health services status" were the most important criteria, respectively. Moreover, the indicators of "water quality" and "environmental health" had the greatest impact on the sustainability of tourism in the environmental dimension, respectively. According to the results, in order to achieve higher levels of tourism sustainability, the necessary policies should be adopted to increase the indicators affecting sustainability, the most important of which is to emphasize the natural face of Own- ebn- Ali region and reduce construction operations in that region.
Urban Planning
احمد اسدی
Abstract
Urban regeneration, as a comprehensive and integrated operational vision and approach, seeks to improve the economic, social, physical and environmental conditions of an urban community that has been subject to change; in a way that ultimately leads to a sustainable economic, physical, social and environmental ...
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Urban regeneration, as a comprehensive and integrated operational vision and approach, seeks to improve the economic, social, physical and environmental conditions of an urban community that has been subject to change; in a way that ultimately leads to a sustainable economic, physical, social and environmental development and improvement. Meanwhile, one of the ongoing problems of human settlements is biological hazards and epidemics such as malaria, influenza and coronavirus (Covid virus 19), which has faced many challenges in different parts of the world, especially cities in various economic, social, environmental and other dimensions. Therefore, there is a need for a framework for planning and regeneration approaches to future cities in order to deal with such risks. For this purpose, the present study has been written with the aim of developing applied knowledge in identifying the factors affecting the realization of sustainable urban regeneration of Tabriz in the post-Corona era. Therefore, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and exploratory in nature, and data analysis has been done using the Delphi method (15 elites and managers) and the application of cross-impact analysis technique in Micmac software. Based on the obtained results, the most effective among the studied components for sustainable urban regeneration of Tabriz in the post-Corona era are related to the components of information technology management in organizations in charge of urban affairs and emphasis on knowledge-based and knowledge-based management, emphasis on urban governance and urban management system integration, to create a mechanism to achieve the participation of citizens, private institutions and government organizations in the urban management system and the realization of a holistic view in the face of complex issues of cities.
Climatology
Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Mustafa Tahani Yazdali; farahnaz khoramabadi; Aazam Samadi; Farideh Ansari Maleki; Mohammad Hossein Pourghorban
Abstract
Problems caused by climate change are one of the most important environmental crises and threats of human society, especially in urban environments. In the city of Tabriz and in recent years, due to the growth of the population, a lot of migration from other cities, traffic, the development of industries ...
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Problems caused by climate change are one of the most important environmental crises and threats of human society, especially in urban environments. In the city of Tabriz and in recent years, due to the growth of the population, a lot of migration from other cities, traffic, the development of industries and production centers have caused an increase in the production and distribution of pollutants. Based on this, in this research, attention has been paid to the evaluation of the quality of dust occurrence in the years 2019 and 2018. The concentration of dust particles in different areas of the studied places varies depending on the geographical location, topographical, climatic conditions and also their origin, both internal and external. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of laboratory results and field studies, in the Tabriz region and during the research period, the concentration of lead metal in dust is moderate for adults and severe for children, and the risk of mercury metal for both the elderly and children. It has been intense. The adverse effects of cadmium metal have been very severe in children and adults. On the other hand, the high air temperature in the city center and the formation of thermal islands in it causes local winds from the suburbs to the city center. With the transfer of pollution from the suburbs to the city center by these winds, the pollution situation in the city center also increases.
Urban Planning
shahrivar rostaei; kosar Araghi
Abstract
Today,with the ever-increasing advancement in society,it is becoming a major issue for the society of transformation that has always been and continue.The desire for progress,not be possible without this transformation.The future of human beings is a vague and unknown future,and we must always try to ...
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Today,with the ever-increasing advancement in society,it is becoming a major issue for the society of transformation that has always been and continue.The desire for progress,not be possible without this transformation.The future of human beings is a vague and unknown future,and we must always try to know it with the help of future science.in recent decades, due to changes in events in various social, economic ,environmental and urban spheres, discussions about Urban density and Density.human look to the future also differ.This research, is based on a Futures studies approach, that with the using of descriptive-analytic method focus on the issues of urban congestion and future changes.and for data collection, using library-field-based approach and a new planning perspective (Futures studies) also In order to obtain information and collect relevant expert opinions, use of environmental scanning methods and to identify the proponents , the method of analyzing the interactions / structural effects and MICMAC software and for compiling the of the desired scenarios using the SCENARIOWIZARD software To the most important drivers in it The impact of these propellers on the situation has come to light, and, finally, the development of favorable scenarios in the future state of urban density in Region 2 of Tabriz Municipality will be achieved. At first, 60 effective factors identified in the condensation changes inTabriz city were investigated using a analysis MICMAC software of the 13 impeller agents, then by determining 47 possible probabilities for these13 factors and introducing them into the software the SCENARIOWIZARD, the number of strong scenarios4,and and the number of poor scenarios270 and the number of high-compatibility scenarios11.the analyzes from the scenarios show that the future status of the condensation changes in Tabriz city with the desired and better trend However,we should not forget about the occurrence of critical situations of the future situation.
Urban Planning
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Firouz Jafari; Kosar Sakhaeian
Abstract
Skyline can be an effective component in explaining the spatial and qualitative features of the urban landscape. Ignoring this important category, as well as not observing the proportion between the height of the wall and the width of the street, leads to the creation of an abnormal appearance and in ...
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Skyline can be an effective component in explaining the spatial and qualitative features of the urban landscape. Ignoring this important category, as well as not observing the proportion between the height of the wall and the width of the street, leads to the creation of an abnormal appearance and in some cases, excessive confinement in city streets. It is obvious that the streets do not only have a physical dimension, but also represent life and dynamics in communities and cities. Therefore, skyline can be an effective component in improving the quality of the urban landscape.In this research, the library studies methods and field surveying have been used. ArcScene was used for height simulation and evaluation of the appropriate as well as the required analysis (skyline, skyline graph, etc.). The selected areas in the city were from the new fabric (less than 20 years old), middle fabric (about 50 years old) and old fabric (more than 50 years old). The results obtained from the skyline graph analysis show that the skyline pattern of South Shariati Street (old fabric) with an average of 74.06% has better view of the horizon than Imam Khomeini street with an average of 63.5% and Takhti street with an average of 55.66%. Also, this research explains the reason for the relatively irregular skyline caused by high density sale in Tabriz metropolis, the method of densification and height zoning of that area. The results of 3D analysis show the existence of a direct relationship between the heights of building. In this way, the more proportional the height of the buildings, the more open the space will be, and the wider the passage, the wider the radius of the skyline graph will be.
Geotourism
Abolfazl Ghanbari; Taha Imanzadeh; khatereh Abdi
Abstract
Tourism in the New World has been considered by decision makers as an important industry in the economic development of countries. In order to achieve this and its expansion, the issue of security is undoubtedly one of the important parameters that researchers have paid special attention to; Therefore, ...
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Tourism in the New World has been considered by decision makers as an important industry in the economic development of countries. In order to achieve this and its expansion, the issue of security is undoubtedly one of the important parameters that researchers have paid special attention to; Therefore, in the present study, the role of security in the development of foreign tourism will be investigated. The results of research studies indicate that different types of security, including financial, social security, etc., as well as how to present the image of Iran and advertising, affect the development of foreign tourism in Iran. For this reason, recognizing the role of security in the experience of tourism and marketing of government officials in order to create more security and promote it, is very important. In this study, to investigate the role of security in the development of foreign tourism, a researcher-made questionnaire with 25 indicators and a Likert scale was prepared and distributed among foreign tourists in the city of Tabriz. 70 questionnaires were completed in three weeks, of which 65 were suitable for use; The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by structural equation modeling with least squares approach (PLS-SEM). The model variables of the role of security in the development of foreign tourism were extracted from the summary of previous studies. The results show that the factor of political security with a path coefficient of 0.327 has the greatest impact on the factors of development of foreign tourism.
Geotourism
Majid Dadash Pour Mogaddam; Hassan Ahmadzadeh; Reza Valizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionInterest in urban tourism since the early 1980s has greatly changed the trend and methods of tourism (Cianga & Popescu, 2013: 34). Thus, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Cities, as a collection of components, ...
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IntroductionInterest in urban tourism since the early 1980s has greatly changed the trend and methods of tourism (Cianga & Popescu, 2013: 34). Thus, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Cities, as a collection of components, spaces, cycles and governing laws, regardless of their current relationships, as the most attractive tourist places, can provide various manifestations of beauty, services and peace for local residents and visitors. Therefore, achieving sustainable urban development has always been one of the most important concerns of urban planners. Therefore, one of the most effective processes of sustainable urban development is tourism, which can become the most important economic poles of cities. However, in the last two years, the corona virus epidemic has directly affected cities and its developments. The present study evaluates the tourism potential of Tabriz metropolis for the development of this industry with a branding approach for the post-epidemic period of Covid-19 with a macro and comprehensive management perspective based on spatial information system, reference location factors and spatial analysis.Data and MethodThe research process is based on data, GIS and hybrid modelling approach. First, 18 social, environmental, meteorological and physical factors affecting the potential of urban tourism were selected and the data became a place from a non-spatial dimension. Data localization process was done in ArcGIS 10.5 software and 18 raster factors were produced. After that, Pearson's correlation was used to ensure the absence of a linear relationship between the factors and the independent effect of each of them. Then, based on the impact of each of the factors, their standardization was done using the increasing and decreasing method in a binary way.Results and DiscussionIn the present study, all linear correlations are less than 0.7 and all factors will have a unique impact on the modelling output. Also, the density factors of single citizens (0.154), population density (0.153), density of married citizens (0.151) and density of employees (0.135) are of the highest importance and are key factors affecting the development of urban tourism, respectively. Although social factors have a higher impact, all factors have weights higher than 0 and a significant impact. The output maps of the two models used in this study indicate the high potential of tourism in areas 2, 3, 6 and 7.ConclusionHigh-risk areas with high impact of the epidemic have a higher potential for tourism. Using the branding approach, an exciting and attractive atmosphere can be created to attract domestic and foreign tourists.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Ezzati; Karim Hosseinzade Delir; Mohamad reza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
IntruductionThe emergence of metropolitan areas is one of the most important phenomena of 20th century. This phenomenon happened primarily as a result of concentration of wealth in the most important cities of the world and then decentralization of population and activities in bigger areas along with ...
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IntruductionThe emergence of metropolitan areas is one of the most important phenomena of 20th century. This phenomenon happened primarily as a result of concentration of wealth in the most important cities of the world and then decentralization of population and activities in bigger areas along with political, social, economic and industrial processes. Nowadays the metropolitan regions face different challenges including: population distribution and activities in the region, lack of territorial balance, the process of physical growth of cities, the distribution of facilities among residents and etc. All of these have created problems for the municipal management of the city.Data and MethodThe present study, with its brief view on regionalist thoughts, tries to analyze the process of growth and distribution of population in the metropolitan region of Tabriz. The method of present research has been descriptive (library) -analytical so as to answer the main question of the research : “ How has the interaction of population of Tabriz with surrounding urban points been ?” by collecting data based on documentary and library method and using approved plans and existing statistics and reports .Results and DiscussionThe present article tries to present solutions for improving the territorial planning and appropriate distribution of population in the metropolitan region of Tabriz. The results reveal that the rapid growth of urbanization in Tabriz has led to deep distance between population of this city and the surrounding cities.ConclusionIn the past few decades in so far as the blueprint of distribution of population in the aforementioned region has been unplanned and it has not followed an appropriate order in proportion to the potentials and capacities and this has caused the management of Tabriz and the metropolitan region many problems. If this continues, this area will face even more problems.
GIS&RS
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Robab Rahmani
Abstract
IntroductionVarious physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among which the structure and visual values of the environment play an important role in improving the quality ...
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IntroductionVarious physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among which the structure and visual values of the environment play an important role in improving the quality of urban space (Hosseini and Et al., 1390: 84). Among these, one of the urban elements that can play an important role in promoting the quality and visual values of the environment and the appearance of the city is the sky line. The skyline is one of the most influential factors in arranging urban spaces and planning appropriate urban environments, etc. A factor that is rarely seen in metropolitan areas today. It seems that in order to have a diverse and at the same time harmonious urban skyline, in the first place, it is necessary to reconnect the fields of philosophy, art and daily life, which are free from the abstract and abstract view of experts. The development of interdisciplinary professions such as GIS, architecture and urban design is one of the measures in this direction that can have a different and more accurate view of the urban skyline. Therefore, the need for advanced geographical models for spatial three-dimensionalization and decision-making and forecasting goals in urban planning and design, especially in the case of vertical evaluation and development, is very clear and necessary. The advantages of using three-dimensional GIS models can be high potential in urban evaluation and analysis in various dimensions of urban aesthetics and high technology in the field of spatial analysis, the ability to test urban proposals and the power of semantic and topological storage. Mentioned above. Therefore, the use of these softwares to analyze urban issues is very important and increases the accuracy of urban planners and managers. For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the status of the urban skyline in the study areas and based on this, the importance of the perceptual and managerial dimension of the issue is analyzed using new methods and techniques.Data and Method The analytical approach of the research is physical and the method used in this research is three-dimensional vision analysis. Also, Arc GIS software has been used for easy preparation of the environment in 3D to perform the required analyzes. The data set used includes: digital model data of elevation, surface and floor layers of urban blocks.Results and Discussion In the present study, the concept of skyline was analyzed using three-dimensional GIS analysis in areas of urban areas 1 and 5 located in the east and northeast of Tabriz. Areas of interest include Valiasr town and Rushdieh town. So far, many different methods have been proposed to display and analyze the skyline. Some of these methods were reviewed in the research background and their strengths and weaknesses were identified. But the purpose of this article was to investigate the capabilities of 3D analysis and modeling through the development of 3D GIS in skyline display and analysis. Evaluating the results obtained in this research and comparing it with the results of studies in this field shows that three-dimensional analysis of GIS and 3D GIS development in comparison with other methods, provided there is accurate and comprehensive information, has high efficiency and capability. The research hypothesis is confirmed.ConclusionThe skyline is important both in terms of urban architecture and in terms of urban planners and designers; Although these specialties are different in terms of information extraction methods, methods and analytical contexts, but they are quite similar in terms of results. In general, it can be said that the skyline is one of the analyzes that are analyzed and evaluated in different software environments such as Arc GIS and in different fields.But the results of this study proved in another way that the three-dimensional GIS environment provides an opportunity to easily view and analyze the level of impact, effectiveness, volume, dimensions and angles of the skyline; This software also has high analytical power. While the analysis of the sky line in a two-dimensional environment gives a graphical and dimensionless result, percentage and frequency. But the most important difference and the ability to use 3D GIS analysis is that it provides a platform where even people with little knowledge of urban views can easily see the results and make decisions based on it. Also, the capabilities and capabilities of GIS in the field of various valuations and combined analyzes of vector and raster functions, as well as the presentation of three-dimensional analysis, have led its applications to urban design.
Urban Planning
Leila Sohelivand; Farzin Haghparast; ALIREZA soltani; mahsa faramarzi
Abstract
Introduction
Due to the need to provide housing in different countries, governments have taken comprehensive measures and planning to provide housing for different groups, especially the low-income classes. But the reality is that the methods of planning and intervention in housing production, land ...
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Introduction
Due to the need to provide housing in different countries, governments have taken comprehensive measures and planning to provide housing for different groups, especially the low-income classes. But the reality is that the methods of planning and intervention in housing production, land supply, and established urban standards have been inefficient and have not benefited the lowest-income groups. On the other hand, policies that emphasize the construction of housing for the low-income classes have paid little attention to its environmental effects. It is also important to note that the challenge of providing housing for low-income urban groups in developing countries is not limited to housing alone. Lack of living space and interior spaces of the house and inefficiency of heating and cooling facilities, insecurity against natural hazards, are among the most important issues that are not considered and studied when providing housing policies for these groups. To take. On the other hand, according to experts, housing programs for low-income groups have been the only housing for swollen housing wounds among these income groups; A large number of households in the conditions of homelessness, housing shortage and poor housing, show a lack of macro vision of this sector and the ineffectiveness of policies implemented in the housing sector and solving its problem in the country. For a variety of reasons, these policies have always faced serious challenges from the public and critics, as managers and planners in the field are now convinced that many policies and Investments in the housing sector may improve temporarily in this sector, but it will not be a way to achieve safe and sustainable conditions. What is needed is a rethinking of macro-management approaches and the use of new tools in planning, tools that make sense of the third wave of management (change to adapt to the future environment). In this regard, this study intends to identify and investigate the most important factors affecting the provision of adequate housing for low-income urban groups in the city of Tabriz.
Data and Method
The present study, with a futures research approach, identifies the most important factors affecting the housing of low-income groups in the city of Tabriz and examines the extent and how these factors affect. This research is applied in terms of purpose and according to the components under study, the approach is the descriptive-analytical method. Environmental and Delphi scanning techniques have been used to identify variables and indicators. In this regard, in the first stage, to collect variables from online articles, a review of published articles on the factors affecting the provision of housing for low-income groups was used; Then, a semi-structured questionnaire was distributed between experts in the field of urban issues and they were asked to score points in the matrix of intersecting effects on variables, based on effectiveness and influence with numbers in the range 0 to 3. In this rating, "zero" means no effect, "one" means weak effect, "two" means medium effect and "three" means high effect. The scores were then entered in a cross-matrix to measure the direct and indirect impact of each factor and to obtain key drivers according to the scores of the factors. In scenario-based studies, the expertise and knowledge of experts take precedence over the overall quantity and the sample size should not be less than 25 people. In this study, in order to consciously select the participants, purposive sampling method has been used. The basis for using purposive sampling method is to select a group of experts who have an in-depth study or general understanding of the nature of the research questionnaire. Based on the above explanations, the statistical population of this study is 50 experts in the field of urban issues, including experts of Tabriz metropolitan municipality, consulting engineers and some university professors specializing in the field of study.
Results and Discussion
Based on the rank obtained from key factors, 16 factors were identified as drivers in low-income housing planning in Tabriz. These drivers are in order of importance: per capita construction credits (government development credits in the housing sector), security against earthquakes and natural disasters, housing prices, the quality of urban space, the level of security against urban crime, how to access Educational centers, access to cultural and recreational centers, access to health centers, urban green space, quality of design and construction, access to public transportation, cost of urban infrastructure, access to water, electricity, gas, telephone, sewage, residential density and Construction cost.
Conclusion
Given the obtained key drivers, it can be acknowledged that success in achieving comprehensive goals in this field depends on continuous interaction between key factors and careful planning for these drivers. In other words, sufficient attention by planners and city managers to the influential factors and drivers and considering these key factors and the relationships between them will provide the necessary conditions for providing housing for low-income groups in the city of Tabriz.
Urban Planning
farhad sheidaei; Abbas Heydari
Abstract
IntroductionGeo-marketing is a tool that uses geographic, or location-based, information to help companies put together marketing strategies and campaigns. Using digital mapping to organize and display data enables marketers to analyze data by region or a particular physical location. Geo-marketing can ...
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IntroductionGeo-marketing is a tool that uses geographic, or location-based, information to help companies put together marketing strategies and campaigns. Using digital mapping to organize and display data enables marketers to analyze data by region or a particular physical location. Geo-marketing can be used to choose a website for a new business or branch, determining key locations for advertising, displaying website content that is distinct to a user’s origin, and offering online advertising based on a user’s location. Other applications include showing how a customer segment might be distributed in particular. Geo-marketing is a new way of knowledge-based marketing, which is supported by digital maps and specialized GIS software. Knowledge-based marketing use packaged information such as marketing information systems, such as model building, data mining, etc., to determine customer profiles, deviation analysis, and trend analysis. Location Intelligence is a technical way to organize spatial data with business and human data in a geographically correct way in order to reveal hidden relationships that may lead to benefitting a business and/or avoiding spatially wrong located investments. Digital urban environments and e-cities in the rapidly evolving world have created many opportunities for people's living, working and entertaining environments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a model based on e-city management for the development of e-cities with the data theory approach which was particularly applied for Tabriz city as a case study. This research was in the framework of a qualitative approach and by applying the data research method of the foundation. The data collection approach was semi-structured interviews and 28 experts were selected using purposive sampling method to collect information. Data analysis was performed in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding in GIS environment. Based on that, a qualitative research model was applied. MethodsThe research methodology was developed based on the GIScience approaches. This technology is the spearhead of geospatial research in a) the connection between technology and thinking, b) training and, c) professional upgrade. All of the above tools are essential for the improvement of a business because they are real time data, they can collect, visualize and analyze their client’s assets in real-time in combination with the real world of a satellite image or any other aerial imagery (i.e. image from a drone) and the process of the data in real-time. This allows an almost instant updating of the maps used by the business. This can be done when the business uses web mapping software in order to update its database. All web mapping software is on the cloud and gives the opportunity to be used from any place any time by any employee of the company who has the right to do so. Also, the database is on the cloud and can be retrieved accordingly. Results and conclusionThe results of the present study show the identification of 367 open sources, 22 subcategories or concepts, and 6 categories of extraction and their characteristics. In this regard, the extractive categories were categorized as follows: Causal conditions: lifestyle change, smart governance (participation), reduction of environmental damage and the development of new technology and social networks, pivotal conditions: individual and social requirements, achieving sustainable economic development and information technology, ruling context: Infrastructure platforms, electronic infrastructure, financial and legal indicators of the country and the status of communication networks, intervention conditions: managerial, educational and cultural anomalies, strategies: upgrading infrastructure, using the experiences of other countries and localizing them, establishment Electronic unit window, using IT managers, culture and education, consequences: improving the quality of services and welfare and satisfaction of citizens, comprehensive development of the country and reducing pollution, traffic and environmental damage. The results of the present study are of great importance in the development of concrete electronic city management on data processing techniques and can pave the way for future research for the implementation of electronic cities. Results also indicated that the Janbo store is well located spatially and has a chance to build up a successful business. Results of this research are of great importance for developing a GIS by bridging GIS and marketing and presenting a new approach for GIScience.
Urban Planning
Yousef Darvishi; omid hosseini
Abstract
Introduction
Access to open spaces in urban areas is one of the important principles of passive defense. This is because of the large number of post-crisis casualties, mostly due to the inability to access outdoor space as well as the ability to escape the danger zone.
Data and Method
The ...
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Introduction
Access to open spaces in urban areas is one of the important principles of passive defense. This is because of the large number of post-crisis casualties, mostly due to the inability to access outdoor space as well as the ability to escape the danger zone.
Data and Method
The aim of this study is to investigate and accessibility of open spaces of urban areas in case of emergency from the perspective of passive defense of region 1 of Tabriz. For this purpose, in this research, related software such as 10 ARC GIS, Auto cad and Excel software have been used to zoning different spaces based on vulnerability and also to analyze information.
Results and Discussion
The results and findings of the study indicate that 67.3% of Tabriz Region 1 is in a good position in terms of access to open space in terms of passive defense against crises. But to increase the quality and quantity of these conditions to the desired level, improve the functional condition of open spaces (green and enclosed space) and increase the width of streets and alleys leading to the open space.
Conclusion
so that quick and easy access to the organ is possible. Provides things like volcanism, etc. in times of crisis, is of particular importance.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
negin hosseinimand; Masoomeh yaghoobi; Habib Shahhosseini; Ali Javan Forouzandeh
Abstract
Introduction
Natural environments - including open spaces and green spaces - have wide-ranging benefits for urban populations. Providing open and green space under conditions of dense development is one of the important challenges of cities and a wide range of studies related to the subject ...
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Introduction
Natural environments - including open spaces and green spaces - have wide-ranging benefits for urban populations. Providing open and green space under conditions of dense development is one of the important challenges of cities and a wide range of studies related to the subject of green spaces. On the other hand, quality green space is increasingly recognized as an important factor for quality of life in urban areas and a key component for sustainable urban planning and design. Researchers believe that the quality of green space can be a better predictor of health (compared to its quantity). Public open spaces with good design and quality can attract more users to the space and provide a wide range of activities, unlike low quality spaces. In the meantime, visitors' perception of urban green space and the characteristics of green space is a key factor in understanding the mechanism of how the tangible and intangible benefits of urban green space ecosystems are. The results of studies show that the higher the residents' perception of the qualities of green space, the higher the mental and physical health scores. Therefore, by examining the effect of perceived qualitative components of the park on the satisfaction and vitality of residents, its effective components on health and healthy lifestyle can be Identified by creating a sense of satisfaction and vitality in people living in the surrounding areas. This research is done to answer the following two questions: 1. What are the qualitative / perceptual components of green spaces in promoting the sense of satisfaction and vitality of the residents of the neighborhoods around Eligoli Park and Valiasr Park? 2. What are the predictions of the qualitative / perceptual components of urban green spaces in the case studies of this article and what interpretations can justify them?
Data and Method
Considering the crystallization of positive qualities of urban green spaces in two characteristics of perception of vitality and satisfaction of its users; In this article, the subjective components of satisfaction and vitality in relation to intrinsic sub-qualities and sub-qualities related to use in green space in the neighborhoods adjacent to Elegli Park and Valiasr Tabriz were evaluated by quantitative survey method. A survey is conducted among the adjacent residents of Eilogli and Valiasr parks in Tabriz using a questionnaire. The questionnaire form is set in both face-to-face and online in which the various characteristics of the park environment, including: physical characteristics, naturalness, openness, tranquility, facilities, historical-cultural value and security, accessibility, Usability, variety of activities, maintenance and attachment to the park environment are questioned. Sampling was done randomly and 388 residents answered the questionnaire. The structural equation model is used in Amos Graphic software to analyze the data.
Results and Discussion
The results of structural equation model analysis show that usability, accessibility and tranquility of the park environment have a significant positive effect on residents' satisfaction in the two parks, but the facilities of the park environment have a significant effect on dissatisfaction. Also, the openness of the park environment has a significant positive effect on the vitality of residents. It was expected that more components would have a significant effect on the satisfaction and vitality of the residents adjacent to Elegli and Valiasr parks in Tabriz, but as can be seen, the results of studying the effect of other components of green space on satisfaction and vitality To a large extent, it did not meet expectations. Possible reasons for the lack of significant components of naturalness, historical-cultural value and security, maintenance, diversity of activities and attachment to satisfaction and vitality are stated in the discussion section of the article. In addition, a wide range of predictions, from cognitive to non-cognitive components, affect the perception and evaluation of satisfaction and vitality in Elgoli and Valiasr parks of Tabriz, because studies show that evaluation in Contrary to conscious judgment, satisfaction is based on general and inaccurate evaluation. Non-cognitive components such as accessibility components (generalized emotional beliefs), emotional components (attachment), and commitment components (degree of participation) lead to an overall assessment of satisfaction and vitality.
Conclusion
The analysis of the results of this study emphasizes the importance of perceptual dimensions versus physical dimensions of green spaces in urban design and planning. It is suggested that designers and planners of urban green spaces, in addition to using the qualitative/ perceptual components approved in this research in design and planning, To promote the satisfaction and vitality of the residents around the parks, take measures so that other identified components can play a more effective role in future parks. One of the limitations of the present study is the impossibility of studying seasonal and climatic effects, which is one of the limitations of cross-sectional studies. It should also be noted that this study and the intervals intended for people over 16 years.
Urban Planning
elnaz hadi; mohammadreza pourmohammadi; hadi hakimi; elham hadi
Abstract
Introduction
Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the ...
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Introduction
Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the major causes of damages and casualties caused by the earthquake, in addition to the negligence and nonchalance in observing the safety standards of structures, can also be resulted from the lack of appropriate urban development principles and plans. It is noteworthy that one of the issues of urbanization and urban planning that can be effective in reducing the earthquake effects and incrementing the urban Resilience is the compatibility of various forms of urban usages versus each other.
Data and Method
The term resilience is derived from the Latin word "Resilio" which means “to return (or to bounce back) suddenly”. The concept of resilience has undergone many changes throughout the time. Although the existing interpretations for this term are complex and diverse, but what is certain is that there is a close relationship between disaster risk, resilience and the built environment. In this context, consideration of resilience as the ability to organize the threats posed by accidents as well as the ability to attract people and resistance against disasters- while still retaining essentially the same function - is particularly concerning. Thus, it can be concluded that the characteristic of returning to the situation that existed before the disturbance occurred, and also improving the situation, for further development of the system, is called resilience.
By compatibility factor in planning, we mean the land use compatibility, which means that the use of lands that are within the sphere of influence of each other, should be consistent with each other in terms of compatibility, stability and activities and do not cause problems for one another or impede others from accomplishing their activities.
Results and Discussion
In this study, considering the proximity of urban usages relative to each other and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the urban usage compatibility of district 4 in Tabriz was assessed. For this aim, first all urban usages in the study area were classified in 10 classes and the compatibility of each usage relative to other usages were studied. Then the usage layers were combined in GIS software by AHP model and finally, the compatibility map of urban usages for district 4 was obtained.
Conclusion
The results show that 5.9 % of the urban land usages in district 4 are totally incompatible with each other and 43.9 % of the urban usages are completely compatible with each other in the case of an earthquake. In general it can be said that most parts of the district 4 of Tabriz are in good condition in terms of the index of the urban land use compatibility and in case of an earthquake, less damage will be imposed on this area. Only the lands used for industries and workshops as well as municipal, administrative and military facilities are not in proper conditions in terms of the compatibility factor. So, on the basis of GIS-generated maps, because of incompatibility of industrial, municipal, administrative and military land uses, it is necessary to take effective measures in order to create a favorable environment in the city; because neglecting and disregarding the importance of the compatibility of these land uses can be dangerous for the surrounding area and it can increase the casualties caused by the earthquake in an area.
Urban Planning
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Hossein Karimzadeh; ozra fazaeli kelvanaq
Abstract
Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. ...
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Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. Though, the growth of the capitalist relation in cities has turned the land economy and the resulting surplus value to the means of gaining economic benefit, which is created by supply constraints and increasing demand; in such a way that this surplus value inspires citizens to change their land-use even illegally and replace it with profitable uses proportionate with this value. This change eliminates the user-functional inconsistencies in the detailed plans and it causes unrest in cities. If the increase in land value in parts of this area and the resulting rent intensify the incentives to trade in the land market, district 1 of Tabriz, as an economically active district and one of the commercial centers of the city, will probably not be an exception to this rule. Data and methods The current article is applied research based on the purpose of research, in terms of nature and data collection it is descriptive-analytical. The land price in the neighborhoods of district one of Tabriz is the independent variable and land-use change based on a detailed plan is the dependent variable. Land-use changes in the area are harvested in the field and land prices by neighborhoods are also obtained through real estate agencies. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the two variables and the hotspot analysis function was used to determine the distribution of changes in the range. The kernel function is also used to examine the relationship between the changes and the access network. Results and Discussion Land prices for the two periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2015 and land-use changes in the District through field harvesting and in the neighborhoods of the district were collected and to determine the relationship between price and the amount of change, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used in SPSS software. Its result for the first period is 0.840 and the second period is 0.853. Likewise, the hotspot analysis model has been used to analyze the distribution and focus of changes in the GIS environment. The results indicate a positive and high correlation between price variables and the amount of change in the neighborhoods of the District so that the highest concentration of change is seen in neighborhoods with more land prices. About 96% of the total change occurred within a hundred meters of the road network, of which 52.6% was within 25 meters of the main roads. Abbasi Street along the east and west, Abersan crossroads to Pasdaran Highway, and most parts of Valiasr are areas prone to change. In this case, the role of economic centrality and the existence of uses with regional and supra-regional functions can be considered as the causes of this phenomenon. One of the economic components that can affect the land use planning process in cities; is the price of land. In some parts of the city, the existence of some benefits increases the price of land and creates additional value for them, and thus affects the decision of property owners in the type of use. Regarding the hypotheses and analyzes, the results reveal that land price is not only a factor but also a qualitative factor and a high-impact economic component that results from various physical and environmental factors to government policies. It is the reason for land-use change and material benefit can be a robust stimulus for any change, whether positive or negative, towards society. The economic value of land in the study area has had a high impact on the formation of land-use change in this area and changes have occurred mostly in areas where land prices are high. Hotspot analysis on changes indicates a major accumulation of changes in areas where the land value is high and there is a direct relationship between land-use change and access network.
Urban Planning
ali akbar taghipour; Hossien Rostami
Abstract
Introduction Security has always been one of the most important issues facing human beings. Throughout history, man has sought to have security through various defending instruments. This defense has two types including military and civil defense called respectively, active defense and passive defense. ...
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Introduction Security has always been one of the most important issues facing human beings. Throughout history, man has sought to have security through various defending instruments. This defense has two types including military and civil defense called respectively, active defense and passive defense. Passive defense is a strategic plan requiring direct management and planning of expert human forces including instruments, enginery, organization, training, and management of forces (Taghvayi and Jozi Khamselouyi, 2012:17). Considering the high volume of capitalization and establishment of many installations as well as economic tools and most importantly, high population residences, cities have significant financial and bodily vulnerabilities in case of the outbreak of war. Due to its strategic status, Tabriz city, as a metropolitan in the northwest part of Iran, faces various human threats. This city is one of the five regions of Iran facing ethnic regionalism (Mohammadi et al., 2008:60). According to the geographical, geopolitical, political, and economic conditions of Tabriz, it has been sometimes recognized as the economic center of Iran, and sometimes at least in the north-west region of the country (currently), it has been identified as the first pole of industry, trading, and commerce (GHorbani, 2003:123). The existence of important economic, military and political centers has made the discussion of the passive defense subject of this city an important issue. Data and Method The purposeful article was developmental-applied in terms of policy-making, and it was analytical-descriptive in terms of the design of the study. To collect the literature of the subject and theories of the study, library and documentary method was utilized. Moreover, Arc Gis, version 10, software was used to analyze the data and provide the required maps, which had an important role in the advancement of the study after collecting various layers since they showed different terms. Among the most important utilized criteria and indexes for the analysis, urban electrical substation privacies, urban gas pressure reduction substation privacies (Siami et al., 2013:31), gas and petrol station privacies (Valipour et al., 2014:174), military center privacies, distance from hospitals, distance from main streets (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2010:111), water sources privacies (Ministry of energy, 2014:161), distance from firefighting centers (Azizim Bornafar, 2012:132) and distance from open and green spaces (Razavian, 2002:142) could be highlighted. Results and Discussion Having accomplished the standardization of layers, their integration was the second part of the research. To this end, and for determining their importance and the weight of each layer, a hierarchal analysis method was utilized for such samples whose criteria number was high. The target Expert Choice hierarchal analysis model was determined in specific software and the final weight of each layer was calculated. As the weight of each layer was obtained, they were integrated using GIS, thus the final map of vulnerability status was shown. The results of zoning indicated that some parts of Tabriz city, especially regions from the center of the city to the eastern parts and northern parts, were the most suburbanite fabrics of the city and had higher densities; moreover, some of the newer fabrics in the western parts of the city had higher vulnerabilities. Besides, moderate and high vulnerabilities could be observed around the main streets of the city and highroads due to the importance of these infrastructures and the establishment of other related infrastructures related to transportation services. Conclusion The results of this study were somehow in line with the studies conducted by Siami et al., (2013) since both of the studies showed that regions having high population densities that needed various infrastructures had high vulnerabilities. Moreover, the hierarchal analysis method indicated that the vulnerability of infrastructures in Tabriz included respectively, military centers, electronic, telecommunication, streets, gas, and hospital infrastructures. Besides, having a view on the population and building density map and their adjustment with the vulnerability of infrastructures, it could be stated that most of the areas having high vulnerability were located in these overgrown regions, thus, the populated regions would have more vulnerability in crisis time; this fact makes the subject of crisis management and serving an important issue. In central parts of the city, the vulnerability was low due to the lack of vital installations (lack of empty lands), however, the vulnerability of infrastructures was high in suburbanite regions.
Urban Planning
Akbar Asghari Zamani; Shahrivar Rostaei; Mohammad Ali Koushesh Vatan
Abstract
Introduction Land use planning, especially land subdivision, plays a key role in making a decision on how to properly use the land and subdivide it. That is why such planning influences the state of the environment and can have positive and negative effects (Metternicht, 2018: 3). In simple words, with ...
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Introduction Land use planning, especially land subdivision, plays a key role in making a decision on how to properly use the land and subdivide it. That is why such planning influences the state of the environment and can have positive and negative effects (Metternicht, 2018: 3). In simple words, with different street network patterns, land subdivision creates various lots in different shapes and with various advantages. In other words, at the execution stage, land subdivision affects the land price. So, some lots will have a higher value due to their advantages compared to some other lots (Evans, 2004: 75). Considering what abovementioned, this comparative study aims: 1 – To evaluate the quality of the existing land subdivisions in the planned texture, worn-out texture, and informal settlements using the current land subdivision standards; 2 – To assess the correlation between the opinions of experts, real estate agents, property owners, and non-owners on the quality of land subdivision with the current status of the land subdivision based on research indicators; 3 – To evaluate the impact of human-managerial factors and the land value in the land subdivision process. Data and Method To collect data, a field study was used. To select blocks randomly as research sample, the Fishnet tool in ArcMap software was used. Totally, 353 blocks in district one and 386 blocks in district three were selected as research samples. To collect data on the status of the land subdivision in the selected blocks, a database was constructed for the study areas using the indicators of area, number of frontages, building orientation, chamfer or fillet, street width, street function, lot shape, aspect ratio, and distance to different land-uses, then the required analyses were performed. In the next step, using a researcher-made questionnaire, the three groups of experts, real estate agents and property owners, and non-owners were surveyed to align the observed advantages and disadvantages with the opinions of the three abovementioned groups. The validity of the questions was estimated using face validity. Its Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.76, which was within the acceptable range. The statistical population included the total population of the two studied districts (n=448,121 people) and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula at 95% confidence level and with a 5% error. Also, SPSS software was used for questionnaire analysis. Results and Discussion According to the analysis carried out for the first aim, the obtained averages revealed the inappropriate residential and commercial subdivisions. In this issue, streets play a very important role, because different street network patterns significantly affect the characteristics of lots. As observed, for residential and commercial land-uses in both districts, the average width of the streets and the adaptation level of land-uses with the street function were below the standards, which also reduced the quality of access. According to the analysis performed for the second aim, it was found that experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Also, property owners and non-owners on five cases in district three and two cases in district one were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Real estate agents' opinions on one case in each district were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. For the third aim, it was found that the respondents in district one and district three considered the land value and human-managerial factors as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions, respectively. In other words, it can be said that the land value and human-managerial factors, along with the lack of efficient solutions and proper surveillance of land subdivision, are considered as factors for inappropriate land subdivision in the study area. In addition, with an average of 3.5 in district one, experts and real-estate agents have assessed the land value more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the property owners and non-owners. Also, with an average of 3.7 in district three, experts and property owners and none property owners have assessed the human-managerial factors more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the real estate agents. Conclusion Findings showed that according to the land subdivision indicators used in our research, residential and commercial land-uses don’t meet the land subdivision standards. In this case, streets play the more dominant role than other factors. Measuring the alignment of experts, real estate agents, property owners and non-owners' opinions on the quality of land subdivision with its current status based on research indicators showed that with the highest frequency, experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three are significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Finally, according to the three abovementioned groups' opinions, the land value in district one and the human-managerial factors in district three were evaluated as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions.
Urban Planning
Ahmad Pourahmad; rahmat alah farhudi; Saeid Zangane Shahraki; Tahoura Shafaat Gharamaleki
Abstract
Introduction
Historical texture includes various spiritual, symbolic, and aesthetics aspects. It also indicates the regions as evidence of urban civilization because it is reflecting the city identity. There are various approaches for sustainable regeneration in the cities. An approach can create sustainability ...
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Introduction
Historical texture includes various spiritual, symbolic, and aesthetics aspects. It also indicates the regions as evidence of urban civilization because it is reflecting the city identity. There are various approaches for sustainable regeneration in the cities. An approach can create sustainability for the city that not only can implement reconstruction in physical dimensions but also can lead to the sustainable economic, social and cultural-identity performance of the texture. Regeneration with the tourism development approach can lead to texture sustainability. The historical context of Tabriz, with its many historical monuments, is an attractive area with many potential assets that can be used for tourism development. While the historical context of Tabriz has long been a center of production and trade, the city has lost much of its main attraction due to a wide range of social, cultural, economic, and physical issues. Research suggests that urban regeneration is the dominant theory for intervening with problems of historical and worn-out textures. It also shows that efforts to develop tourism can lead to the regeneration of historical textures. In this study, the impact of tourism on regeneration has been investigated, and its purpose is to analyze the relationship between tourism and urban regeneration in economic, socio-cultural, physical, and environmental dimensions.
Methodology
The current research is an applied study, and the research method is analytical-descriptive. The study area is the historical texture of Tabriz City. The statistical population is the residents of the historical texture of Tabriz, which is 115580, according to the statistics in 2016 (Statistics Center of Iran, 2016). The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula, which is 383. It must be mentioned that the proper sampling method in the current study is the cluster sampling method. A number of questionnaires were completed by the residents of the historical texture. The questionnaires were prepared using a five-point Likert scale. The research results were analyzed using SPSS software and the Chi-square test.
Results and Conclusion
According to the conducted studies, tourism development leads to employment, increasing income, and investment in the texture, and results in the economic growth of the texture. This growth solves the social issues caused by the internal economic decline in society. On the other hand, one of the attractions of using tourism as an element in urban regeneration is its economic justification, which can be provided for the improvement and physical regeneration of the worn-out urban center. Environmental improvement in the historical texture can create positive feelings, resulting in the visitors’ satisfaction and loyalty. This is also followed by more serious support of the tourism development. The studies indicate the relationship between tourism development and urban regeneration in the texture. The total impact of the economic factor on the regeneration pattern of the historical texture of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 4.37, which is at a significant desirable level. It was revealed that most of the historical texture residents of Tabriz consider this texture valuable for investment (Public and private) and believe that the urban tourism development can lead to economic growth in the historical texture. Also, they consider economic growth a preventive factor of the migration of the youth and economic activists. In terms of the social-cultural aspect, the total impact of the social and cultural dimension on the regeneration pattern of the historical texture of Tabriz with tourism development equals 3.49, which is at a significant and relatively desirable level. Urban tourism development in the area increases the behavioral settings, the tendency to be present in the society, and improves the social relations and welfare and entertainment facilities, and leads to improving the living and security standards level for the women, children, and reducing the crime in the city. The total impact of the physical aspect on the regeneration pattern of the historical textures of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 2.64, which is at a significant and relatively desirable level. The urban tourism development leads to eliminating the ruined spaces and improving the access to the recreational centers and urban spaces, and enhancing the physical quality of the urban spaces and historical monuments. Moreover, improving the urban infrastructures will be followed by the improvement in the quality of the public services and urban landscape. However, tourism development will have less impact on the texture traffic and the number of parking lots. The total impact of the environmental aspect on the regeneration pattern of the historical textures of Tabriz city with tourism development approach equals 3, which is at the significant and relatively desirable level. Tourism development leads to improving the environmental situation and reducing environmental pollutions, and increasing the green space per capita in the city.
Conclusion
This case study shows that the historical properties and tourism potentials can have a significant impact on urban regeneration or lead to their possibility in terms of social, economic, physical, and environmental aspects. However, measures must be taken into account to reduce the negative impacts of the tourism development, such as lack of access to parking, lack of possibility to pass due to high traffic, and increase in costs, so that the tourism development leads to urban regeneration. The main issue in the Iranian cities is the fact that urban regeneration and tourism development are implemented by two different organizations. Therefore, tourism development cannot contribute to regenerating the historical textures. Urban regeneration with tourism development will be possible when integrated planning is conducted.
Climatology
Hashem Rostamzadeh; majid rezaei banafsheh; Akbar hosseinnejad
Abstract
Introduction
The global warming of the Earth due greenhouse gases diffusion (GHGs) is undeniable now; over the past century, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased significantly and caused an increase in global temperature of 0.44 ° C compared to Pre-industrial era. The Intergovernmental ...
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Introduction
The global warming of the Earth due greenhouse gases diffusion (GHGs) is undeniable now; over the past century, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased significantly and caused an increase in global temperature of 0.44 ° C compared to Pre-industrial era. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) shows that there is a positive correlation between the amount of CO2 and global temperature rise. Today, climate change has attracted many scientists and researchers. The reason for this is the huge impact this phenomenon has on life on Earth. Potentially, climate change can endanger drinking water supplies, food production, and sustainable development in many parts of the world, For this reason, the International Committee of Climate Change (IPCC) calls for studies on climate change at the regional and local scale. Studies have shown that the mean temperature of the Earth has increased by about 0.18 ± 0.74 °C during the twentieth century And an increase in the temperature of the 21st century is estimated to be 1.8 to 4 degrees centigrade.
materials and methods
In this study, the three-hour temperature data of the synoptic station of Tabriz for the statistical period of 67 years (2017-1951) was prepared. Using Matlab's coding, seasonal and annual time series were prepared for each synoptic. Then, in order to provide the seasonal and annual time SYNOPs for the daily and night temperatures, the data are divided into two groups of nightly temperatures (including mean SYNOPs temperatures from 00:00, 03:00, 18:00 and 21:00) and daily temperature (including average SYNOPs temperatures at 06:00, 09:00, 12:00 and 15:00).
Discussion and results
Temperature is one of the most important elements in climatic zonation and classification, and it plays an important role in the distribution of other climatic elements. Accordingly, fluctuations and temperature changes are very important. In recent decades, the applied results of temperature analysis have led to a study of its long-run fluctuations, especially in the global arena. Therefore, in this study, the temperature fluctuations of three hours (SYNOPs), night temperature and daily temperature of the synoptic station of Tabriz during the statistical period of 1951-2017 and the seasonal and annual time scale were studied.
The results of the study show that SYNOPs, (3:00 pm local time), have more severe changes than other SYNOPs, which in summer increases at 0/66 °C per decade. Most annual changes are related to SYNOP 00:00 (an increase of 0.47 °C). Seasonal variations in daily and nightly temperatures also indicate that the highest changes in the night temperature were observed in summer (an increase of 0/62 °C), and the highest daily temperature changes were observed in spring and summer (an increase of 0.3 °C) Is.
the findings of this study are largely consistent with the findings of other studies in the study area. For example, Dinpajoh et al. (1394) obtained the same results by analyzing the process of weather parameters in Tabriz, indicating an increase in the minimum, maximum and average temperature in Tabriz. The results of the study, Sari Sarraf et al. (1394), also show that in the Urmia Lake basin, the minimum, maximum and average temperature has experienced an increasing trend in the annual and seasonal scale. Jahanbakhsh Asl et al. (1396) also studied the trend of variations in the average monthly cold-year average temperature in the northwest of Iran, with the result that the average minimum temperature in most parts of the northwest is increasing. Therefore, the results of this research and previous studies indicate that the temperature in the study area is increasing. The important thing about this research and its difference with previous studies is the use and application of temperature data. So, using daily temperature data (SYNOPs), the temperature changes were dealt with, while in other studies, the average temperature or minimum and maximum temperature parameters were used, so the results of this study could be information It will provide a more accurate description of the process of temperature variation in the Tabriz Synoptic Station.
Conclusion
According to the results, it can be said that the signs of climate change in Tabriz city, especially in terms of temperature, are visible. Considering the role of temperature in increasing evapotranspiration and urban energy consumption, over the next decade, there should be solutions to better manage water and energy resources, especially heat energy during the warm season.
Urban Planning
Alireza Novin; Karim Hossienzadeh Dalir; Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Introduction Since the second half of the twentieth century, the tourism industry is known as the third economic industry due to the globalization and development of modern transportation and communication means (Oila et al., 2012: 596). Therefore, in 2005, the World Bank considered this industry a dynamic ...
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Introduction Since the second half of the twentieth century, the tourism industry is known as the third economic industry due to the globalization and development of modern transportation and communication means (Oila et al., 2012: 596). Therefore, in 2005, the World Bank considered this industry a dynamic industry by creating 214 million job opportunities and producing 10.5% of the global GDP (Choi and Sir Kaya, 2006: 127). Furthermore, in the past decades, cities were considered as one of the most significant tourism destinations among tourists (Edvard et al., 2008: 1032), following which, urban tourism was investigated by many scholars (Potof, 2006:15). The historical-cultural contexts in the cities make these centers one of the main tourism destinations. The old and ancient context of the cities has an exclusive place in the urban space and functional structure due to the historical value and historically valuable elements, the proper transportation position, and location in the city’s main bazaar and its economic core, etc. (Pourahmad et al., 2010: 74). Considering the architectural, social, and environmental conditions of the city, the historical centers indicate a community's social and cultural life (Moosavi, 2011: 111). The Iranian cities with the historical- traditional contexts, are considered the undeniable fact that enjoys a historical background; an element and area of the city that lived not a long time ago and welcomed the travels and material and spiritual exchanges of people back then (Habibi, 2010:55). Since the economy of the historical center of the city is formed and revived by tourism activities, the regeneration of the historical centers and bringing back the superior and excellent functions to these spaces is necessary with respect to the regeneration approach (Azimi et al., 2011: 76). Regeneration has been emerged as a response to the reduction of urban issues and is applied in the areas that are being destroyed (Egercioglu et al., 2015: 330). Nowadays, due to the lack of urban life, most of the historical contexts of Iran are being demolished.
Methodology The current study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of nature. The data collection method is also the documentary-survey method. By studying the research literature and the relevant texts to the regeneration of the cultural-historical texture, the considered criteria were extracted. Then, the effect of the functional-space variables of the regeneration of the cultural-historical context in the tourism development was gathered using the survey method (distributing questionnaire). Using the Friedman Ranking Test, One-sample T-test (to prioritize the study indicators and their effectiveness in the tourism development), and Multivariate regression tests and path analysis (to evaluate and predict the effects of indicators in the tourism development in the future as well as the direct and indirect effects of the functional-space indicators of the regeneration in the tourism development), the impact of the functional-space variables of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context in tourism development was evaluated. Also, to calculate the data reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was used for its popularity, and the alpha coefficient was obtained at 0.756. It is noteworthy that the statistical population of research consists of the managers and experts of the urban issues of District 8 and other municipalities of Tabriz Metropolitan (1400). The sample size was obtained 220 using Cochran’s formula p=q=0.5 and an error value of 0.06 (d). The results obtained from data analysis show that the most functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development are as follows: conservation and restoration of the historical area (conservation of the valuable body and facades, restoration and reconstruction of the entrance gates), restoration of the man structure of the historical center (the main squares, streets, symbolic buildings, etc.); the use of the proper materials and colors regarding the texture, increasing the safety in context and historical buildings with the numerical average of 4.73, 4.54, and 4.37, and the ordinal average of 19.63, 17.43, and 16.07, respectively. The Chi-square test also indicates the correlation of the studied variables at the confidence level of 99%. Multivariate regression method was used to identify and predict the functional-space impact of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on the urban tourism development. According to R or multiple correlation coefficient in the Table below, it can be said that there is a considerable correlation between the variables. R Square or determination coefficient is the squared correlation coefficient that indicates the variance and the variations of the dependent variable by a set of independent variables. The value of this coefficient is also between zero to 1 variable. The more it declines towards 1, it indicates that the independent variables have been able to explain a large amount of variance of the dependent variable. According to the above, the value of the determination coefficient value is acceptable in the present equation as it indicates the variance of the dependent variable. On the other hand, based on its value, it can be said that it can explain the variance of the dependent variable to a great extent. Adjusted R square in the Table below indicates that 6 variables are appropriate in this model to evaluate the functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development. For example, the adjusted coefficient value in improving the quality of the space organization and physical structure of the context explains 90% of the urban tourism development, and the rest of these variations is the result of the external factors of the model, known as the square error. Discussion and Conclusion District 8 of Tabriz Municipality, as the old and historical area of Tabriz Metropolitan, must be considered as a symbol to preserve the Iranian and Islamic culture and civilization and history of Tabriz and Iran due to the historical mosques and buildings as well as the Grand Bazaar of Tabriz with the age of more than thousands years. To improve the cultural-historical spaces in line with urban tourism development, nowadays, the regeneration of the contexts plays a significant and influential role. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the historical-cultural context on urban tourism development. The results indicate that improving the quality of the space organization and physical structure of the texture, the organization of the land uses of the area considering its function and role, and development of green public transportation are the most significant functional-space impacts of the regeneration of the cultural-historical context of Tabriz metropolitan on the urban tourism development. Also, the secondary indicators affecting the urban tourism development influenced by the functional-space impact of regeneration are as follows: physical conservation and restoration of the historical area, the restoration of the main structure of the historical texture, the use of the materials and colors in proportion with the texture, increasing the safety in context and historical buildings. Therefore it can be said that the regeneration of the historical-cultural context with an emphasis on the functional-space indicators is the influential factor in the urban tourism development of Tabriz Metropolitan, leading to improving the place and quality of the environment of the historical neighborhoods in the vicinity of Bazaar through directing the interventions in two external (urban edges) and internal (residential structure) levels to attract the tourist, establishing a physical-space and communication relationship between the neighborhoods and the commercial centers and creating the walking paths for tourists’ access to the commercial centers and tourism elements, activating the internal core by creating the new activities and spaces and not merely restoration of some buildings to specify the indicators of the tourism elements, creating the compatibility between the activities with respect to the context and tourism development, and completing the infrastructural network and tourism infrastructures. The regeneration cannot be realized depending on the measures of the public sector and to achieve sustainability and development of urban tourism due to the regeneration of the studied texture, the participation of the private and public sector along with the public sector is one of the most important strategies to achieve success in this field. Comparison of the research results with other studies indicates that the most similar research to the current research is a research conducted by Tissel (1996) and Gominska (2015) that addressed restoration strategies of the historical contexts to achieve sustainability in terms of different indicators. Other conducted studies either described the features and issues of cultural and heritage tourism or addressed historical tourism quality in different places.
Climatology
HABIBEH NAGHIZADEH; ali mohammad KHorshiddoust; Rashid Saeidabadi; MohammadSaeid najafi
Abstract
Introduction Today, one of the most important issues in the field of climatology is air pollution and its relationship to the general circulation of the atmosphere. The atmosphere around the planet Earth is made up of gases called fixed atmosphere gases. Humans and all living things are accustomed to ...
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Introduction Today, one of the most important issues in the field of climatology is air pollution and its relationship to the general circulation of the atmosphere. The atmosphere around the planet Earth is made up of gases called fixed atmosphere gases. Humans and all living things are accustomed to this composition of the atmosphere and have adapted to it. Any changes in the quality and quantity of these elements can be considered as air pollution. Therefore, since the main cause of all changes in the characteristics of the human environment is related to changes in atmospheric pressure, so in all climate-related studies, the first step is to identify patterns of air masses. Anti-cyclonic circulation patterns, both at the Earth's surface and in the upper atmosphere, create sunny weather, leading to temperature inversion and subsequent air pollution, especially in densely populated and industrial cities. In winter, when these inversions are stronger, hot air on the cold air acts like a cap that prevents air mixing. Thus, urban areas have a strong potential to face serious problems of air pollution as a result of a combination of limited conditioning of air and emission of pollutants from high atmospheric levels. Atmosphere in terms of temperature inversion is associated with minimum air mixture and stable conditions. So the highest density in the direction of the wind extends from the source of diffusion. Methodology For the recognition and extraction of the synoptic patterns affecting the temperature inversion in Tabriz city, we initially prepared the data records on the temperature inversion for the time period of 2001-2010 by the use of upper atmosphere station data. This was followed by the utilization of digital data on sea surface pressure as daily mean from the reanalyzed data series of NCEP/NCAR in the eastern longitudes of 10°-60° and the latitudes of 10°-90° in 651 pixels of 2.5/2.5 degrees. With the PCA analysis on the data of sea surface data pressure in the days having temperature inversion, we reduced their volume and carrying out cluster analysis on the obtained components we recognized the most important atmospheric patterns and through which the map of each pattern was drawn. Results and discussion Based on the results of cluster analysis on the matrix of factor scores in this study, the occurrence of temperature inversion in the city of Tabriz is due to the domination of four consecutive patterns. The general characteristics of these patterns are as follows. 1- In general, in the hot period of the year, the high-pressure pattern of Migrant Europe is the most important system in the formation of temperature inversions. In this pattern, languages from the highlands to the western shores of the Caspian Sea are advancing, and due to the presence of a mid-level ridge, it is possible to strengthen the anticyclone core at sea level and thus create a stable atmosphere. With the dominance of the downward process of air, the stability of the earth's surface air and the possibility of inversion formation in the warm period of the year intensify. Two summer patterns, which have been associated with the establishment of a high-pressure pattern on the northwest and in some cases with a low pressure on the Persian Gulf, have caused the upheavals of this period of the year.2 - In other patterns that have occurred more in the cold season, the surface stable layer due to the penetration of the tabs of Anti-cyclonic systems including high-pressure Siberian and European Migrant Europe high-pressure is done alone or in combination and in some cases with high-pressure Migrant Europe. North pressure is also present on the map, which is exacerbated by the Convection of cold weather. Despite the process of air fall due to the dominance of the convergence region of the mid-level convergence creates deep inversions and sometimes double-layer. In these patterns, the thickness of the inversion layer is low and the temperature difference between the peak and the base is high, which indicates the acute conditions of inversion to create air pollution. This phenomenon is likely to occur in any season. But its severity, which depends on synoptic factors. Conclusion The most important factor in causing temperature inversion in most cases is how to arrange the dominant pressure patterns, In this Patterns the cold weather due to the presence high pressure system expanded in the surface with the establishment Left side of a deep trough over the region, the cold air has diffused from higher latitudes on Tabriz and strong sustainability has been created in vertical column of the atmosphere. In cases of being cause the Northern low pressure along with pressure-immigrant Europe for the spread of a cold into the region. The warm air of lower latitudes has been placed over the cold air of ground by domination of a deep ridge over the region. Therefore the intensity of stability increased and severe temperature inversion into the air near the surface formed.
Urban Planning
Akbar Rahimi
Abstract
Introduction In recent decades, research on land use/land cover change has become an important aspect of global change, or global warming studies, since land use/land cover change is a major factor for global change because of its interactions with climate, ecosystem processes, biogeochemical cycles, ...
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Introduction In recent decades, research on land use/land cover change has become an important aspect of global change, or global warming studies, since land use/land cover change is a major factor for global change because of its interactions with climate, ecosystem processes, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and, even more important, human activities. Dynamic urban change processes, especially the tremendous worldwide expansion of urban population and urbanized area, affect natural and human systems at all geographic scales. Todays, the rapid growth of urban areas has led to complex problems, including traffic congestion, environmental pollution, reduced open space, the deterioration of old downtown centers, and unplanned or poorly planned land development. Urbanization both in population and spatial extent, transforms the landscape from the natural cover types to impervious urban lands. This phenomenon is one of the most important factors that changes land surface leading to modification of receiving environments which are usually composed of natural cover. Rapid urbanization in recent decades and land use changes in urban periphery especially in big cities are the fundamental challenges of sustainable development in the world. Increasing of urbanization tendency and rural – urban migration, unsuitable management of urban development caused that the green spaces and gardens in urban periphery and in inner areas changed to urban profitable land use and especially residential areas. In this research urban expansion and rapid urbanized areas and effect of these challenges in urban green spaces are analyzed. Methodology To address these urban problems and to identify approaches for sustainable development, many researchers have focused on evaluation urban land-use changes. In this research, we selected Tabriz City for analyzing as a case study. Urban green spaces changes in Tabriz analyzed using Landsat satellite images for past decades. Satellite remote sensing provides an important source of land use/land cover data and can be utilized to monitor the changes in these data efficiently. In the first, we were made geo reference and necessary correction for satellite images and then we classified images using Erdas imaging 2014 software. For Quantitative assessment, the maps export to Arc GIS 10. 3.1 Software and finally, the green spaces land use maps and tables are produced. For analyzing green areas in future, green spaces changings in 1410 are modeled using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) base of past changes pattern. Artificial neural networks are able to approximate accurately complicated nonlinear input–output relationships. Like their physics-based numerical model counterparts, ANNs require training or calibration. After training, each application of the trained ANN is an estimation of a simple algebraic expression with known coefficients and is executed practically instantaneously. The ANN technique is flexible enough to accommodate additional constraints that may arise in the application. Results and discussion Result show that, urban expansions to per-urban and especially in green areas and orchards have been made major changes in urban green spaces. Evaluation of green space areas from 1355 to 1385 show that the green areas are decreased from 5916.53 to 4373.96 hectares. In 30 years periods, 1542 hectares of green areas destroyed and percent of green areas in Tabriz limit, reduced from 23.31 to 17.23. The land use changing in this period has been slowly. But, the green rate damages, in last decade is too fast and urban green areas in 1395 is 1709.02 hectares that contain 6.73 percent of city limit (25000 hectares city limit). In last decade, 2664 hectares in Tabriz green spaces, change to other land use and especially in 1385 to 1390 the rate of changing was faster and most of 50 percent of green areas in this period are demolished. In ANN modeling results, Tabriz will lose 1076 hectares of green areas from 1395 to 1410. Conclusions Therefore, the results indicate that the lack of proper planning of Tabriz's urban development in the last half century and especially in the past decade has caused irreparable damage to the green spaces of Tabriz, and will continue the trend in the coming years will threaten sustainable urban development and ecological balance of Tabriz city
Urban Planning
ataollah zarafshan; Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi; Esmail Nasiri; Seyyed Mahdi Moasa Kazemi
Abstract
Introduction Changes in urbanization after the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of modernism in urban planning have destroyed the traditional elements and structures of cities, and functional zoning has replaced the organic system and functional diversity of cities and urban neighborhoods. Based ...
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Introduction Changes in urbanization after the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of modernism in urban planning have destroyed the traditional elements and structures of cities, and functional zoning has replaced the organic system and functional diversity of cities and urban neighborhoods. Based on this division, a special space was provided for each of the city's functions so that their performance did not interfere with each other and did not disturb each other. Because cities are complex, complex, and multifunctional systems, limiting them to four functions and separating them through segregation and zoning has reduced the efficiency of cities and thus imposed many problems on cities. Following the criticism of this model, postmodern urbanism was introduced, in which a kind of nostalgia for the past, lost truth, and the search for the lost meaning can be seen. Postmodernists are interested in mixing urban lands to enliven urban neighborhoods, emphasizing pluralism. Today, land use - the immediate vicinity of homes, places of activity and services in buildings, neighborhoods of mixed use and urban areas - has become an important principle for the good urban shape in the 21st century. In Iran, with the beginning of developments in the second half of the twentieth century, the city went out of its traditional form and took a step towards renewal and expansion. In the meantime, the city of Tabriz, as one of the most important historical cities in the country, has not been deprived of these developments. In this city, in addition to the traditional textures that have undergone changes, new areas have also been built around the criteria of modern urban designs. Poverty zones have also been added to the city without any plans. At present, it seems inevitable to return to the traditional concept of a neighborhood in order to achieve a sustainable and sustainable human city. Given the importance of this issue, this research firstly wants to measure the level of land use mix in different residential areas of Tabriz in the current situation and secondly it wants to know whether mixing land use in urban areas can be an incentive for pedestrians be on top of most residents? Methodology The type of research in this paper is practical and its review method is analytical-comparative. The data collection method has been performed both in the library and in the field. To measure the mixing of land uses, first, urban land uses in the study areas were classified into six categories: 1) residential land uses, 2) commercial land uses, 3) administrative and law enforcement land uses, 4) Cultural uses and leisure, 5) General uses such as educational use, health use and 6) Other uses. Then, through the entropy index and the Atkinson index, the amount of mixing in each of the three tissue tissues was calculated. Also, 588 people were selected using the Cochran's formula and the necessary information was collected through a questionnaire to collect the level of desire to access each user on foot in the neighborhoods of the study areas. The instrument for measuring the questionnaire was a 7-item questionnaire that included a five-item Likert scale that assessed respondents' views on how much they wanted to access different uses on foot. Finally, the relationship between the degree of desire to access pedestrians and the level of mixing of users through Pearson correlation coefficient was evaluated. Results and discussion Based on the two main components of this research, namely pedestrian and mixed use, the neighborhoods of traditional, modern and unplanned textures in Tabriz metropolitan area were compared, the results of which revealed many differences between different neighborhoods. According to the calculation of the Entropy index and the Atkinson index, the average land use mixed in traditional texture neighborhoods is 0.673 and 0.588, respectively; This indicates that land use mixed is more common in traditional neighborhoods than in modern and unplanned textile neighborhoods. Of course, there is a large gap between the use of mixed among the neighborhoods of traditional textures. The difference between the Entropy Index and the Atkinson Index in calculating the mixing rate is that the Atkinson Index shows a gap between the higher availability and changes in the ranking of some neighborhoods. In examining the relationship between the tendency of pedestrians to access the required land uses and the level of mixing of land uses in different contexts, different results were obtained. The result was a very high correlation between the two variables of mixed use and the tendency to access pedestrians in traditional tissue neighborhoods, but this correlation is less common between modern tissue and unplanned neighborhoods. Thus, neighborhoods of traditional textures, despite their physical problems (such as wear and tear, lack of proper infrastructure), are still considered human-oriented neighborhoods where the human scale prevails. Conclusion The results of this study are in line with most of the research conducted in this field, with the exception of one case mentioned in the background of the research. Jun and Hur believe that despite the strengthening of the centralized sidewalk with increasing land use mixing, other variables such as the prevailing social and economic conditions, such as poverty and insecurity, could affect the relationship between land use mix and the central sidewalk. In general, it can be noted that this research can have a small but important contribution to the impact of physical elements on the social environment. However, according to the dimensions of the study area, its findings cannot be generalized. Because multiple and complex factors can affect the level of social behavior of neighborhood residents. Therefore, various variables such as social, economic, and political factors can be studied in relation to the effect of the physical environment on the social behavior of citizens
