Rural Planning
Mohsen Aghayari Hir; Hossein Asgharpur; soheyla bakhtar
Abstract
Food safety and health have become a crisis due to the inappropriate and indiscriminate use of Chemical inputs. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and identifying the most important factors affecting food security, with an emphasis ...
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Food safety and health have become a crisis due to the inappropriate and indiscriminate use of Chemical inputs. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and identifying the most important factors affecting food security, with an emphasis on organic agriculture in Tabriz County. This research is based on a mixed approach and on practical purposes. The statistical population of this research is the expert agricultural jihad of Tabriz County. In terms of collecting information, it was done in two forms: library and field, using semi-structured interviews. The statistical sample was initially conducted using targeted sampling and then using the snowball method with 16 people until theoretical saturation was reached. Qualitative data analysis was done using the six-step theme model. MAXQDA software was used to code the interviews. The reliability of the interview was checked using the retest method (within the subject). Acceptability and verifiability methods were used to measure validity. The results of the qualitative section included eight main themes, 28 sub-themes, and 62 optional themes. Acceptability and verifiability methods were used to measure validity. The results of the qualitative section included eight main themes, 28 sub-themes, and 62 optional themes. The quantitative part of the research was conducted based on the results of the qualitative part, and a questionnaire was prepared based on 62 selective themes. And in the form of a census, it was provided to 95 people who were directly and indirectly related to the cultivation of crops. To analyze the data from the questionnaire, Structural Equation Modeling with Smart PLS3 software were used. The results showed that the policy dimensions of organic agriculture, economics, health, quality, and standard of living, optimization of production, access, and environment had the greatest impact on food security, respectively.
Rural Planning
sefatollah rahmani; alireza nikooie; mehrnosh mirzaie; neda alizadeh
Abstract
Formulating a research program strategy based on the goals and policies of the upstream and making it operational based on the capacities and facilities is one of the important and basic measures that have been carried out in the Agricultural Research, Education, and Promotion Organization (TAT). Part ...
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Formulating a research program strategy based on the goals and policies of the upstream and making it operational based on the capacities and facilities is one of the important and basic measures that have been carried out in the Agricultural Research, Education, and Promotion Organization (TAT). Part of this program is strategic identification and priorities, economic and social research of agriculture and rural development. which has been done using descriptive, survey,and field research methods, using the SWAT technique.After reviewing the above documents,expert meetings were held with the presence of experts and experienced researchers in the field of economic and social research in the agriculture and rural development sectors in the country. The results show that among the 11 weak points examined,three cases are climatic diversity, the information obtained from studies, and the existence of legal capacity,and among the 21 weak points examined,territorial fragmentation, the absence of a positive economic and social attitude in research and program. Planning the development of the sector is of great importance.Also, among the 14 investigated opportunities, two cases are the orientation of the sector towards knowledge-based and the possibility of increasing the production capacity of agricultural products,and among the 11 investigated threats,two cases are the lack of practical belief in the proper structure and little attention to research results in planning. They have great privilege and importance. Based on the results of internal factors and external factors, the evaluation matrix shows that the current state of agricultural economics and rural development research is in the defensive area. In other words, trying to maintain the status quo.For 9 research areas in 14 research axes,more than 700 economic and social plans/projects have been identified, for their implementation, it is necessary to provide facilities, credits,and expert human resources with the participation of the private sector and universities.
Rural Planning
Zeinab Hematian larki; Moslem Savari; Masoud Yazdanpanah
Abstract
Objective: This research was conducted with the general purpose of investigating the behavioral tendencies of rural tourists based on the consumption value of local food.
Research Method: The statistical population of the research included all tourists in the rural areas of Shushtar. The main research ...
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Objective: This research was conducted with the general purpose of investigating the behavioral tendencies of rural tourists based on the consumption value of local food.
Research Method: The statistical population of the research included all tourists in the rural areas of Shushtar. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability.
Research Innovation: Shushtar County is one of the historical regions of Khuzestan province, which has been registered in UNESCO, and domestic and foreign tourists travel to this city every year. This city has many different local foods that have increased the desire of tourists to these areas. But so far, this has not been done in an official research. Therefore, this research tries to investigate the factors affecting tourists' willingness to use local food.
Findings: The results showed that the multiple consumption values of local food (value of taste/quality, health, price, emotional, social, interactive and cognitive) have a positive and significant effect on the attitude of tourists towards local food and the image of the tourist destination. In addition, the results showed that the attitude of tourists towards local food has an effect on the occurrence of positive behavioral responses from them in the future (intention to recommend local food to others and intention to visit again for food tourism). In general, the results of this research showed that the value-consumption theory is an efficient theory in this field because all its assumptions were significant in the present research and explained a large part of the variance of tourists' behavioral responses. Therefore, this research can help rural development planners to use the potential of local food tourism in rural areas, which are prone to economic prosperity.
Rural Planning
Seyed Hadi Tayebnia; mohamad Azadpour
Abstract
These settlements lose the ability to return to normal in times of crisis. The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and measuring the social resilience of the residents of Chabahar's informal settlements (Kamb, Moradabad, and Ramin) and also the effect of socioeconomic status ...
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These settlements lose the ability to return to normal in times of crisis. The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing and measuring the social resilience of the residents of Chabahar's informal settlements (Kamb, Moradabad, and Ramin) and also the effect of socioeconomic status on social resilience. In conducting the research, the descriptive and analytical method was used and in collecting information from the documentary and library method with the approach of a systematic review of related sources, in order to identify the main criteria of social resilience and the conceptual model of social resilience was formulated with the analogical method. Subsequently, the degree of importance of each criterion was evaluated through the distribution of the questionnaire extracted from the components of social resilience in a targeted manner and the analysis of the obtained qualitative and quantitative data. The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula of 381 questionnaires and distributed by simple random sampling method. In this research, data and information analysis have been done through statistical tests including correlation tests, analysis of variance, Wilcoxon test, one sample t-test, and post hoc test. The findings of this research show that in terms of social indicators, the Kamb neighborhood with an average of 3.358, and the Moradabad neighborhood with an average of 3.015 have the highest and lowest social indicators, but in terms of environmental indicators, Moradabad neighborhood with The average of 3.333 and Remin neighborhood with 3.044 have the highest and lowest average of this index. Taking another look at the results, we find that it is the Kamb neighborhood that surpasses the other two neighborhoods in terms of economic and cultural indicators, and the results make it clear that the Kamb neighborhood is more resilient than the other two neighborhoods in Chabahar city.
Rural Planning
Mohammad Javad Ahmadian; Elham Karimi
Abstract
In addition to the economic value, agricultural farms and their products can play an important role in tourism, especially in rural areas. This study examines the feasibility of agricultural tourism development in Saffron farms of Tiran-va-Karvan rural areas and attempts to identify and describe its ...
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In addition to the economic value, agricultural farms and their products can play an important role in tourism, especially in rural areas. This study examines the feasibility of agricultural tourism development in Saffron farms of Tiran-va-Karvan rural areas and attempts to identify and describe its determinants and barriers. The statistical population was the Saffron farmers of the region. The practically experienced Saffron farms tourism, as the dependent variable, and farmers’ individual characteristics, crop’s economic characteristics, and several structural and organizational factors were independent variables of the study, which have evaluated and analyzed through appropriate processing procedures, following the operationalization and data gathering field operations. Based on the results, the limited practically experienced Saffron farms tourism has been positively influenced by factors such as general tourism infrastructures, advertising, demand from local authorities, economic characteristics of the crop, its cultivation history and the level of education of the farmers. Further analysis showed if the region’s potential of Saffron farms tourism, be accompanied by organizational supports and specialized farm amenities as the most important preconditions for farm tourism, and favorable mentalities of farmers to pursue and realize it, will be able to lead the Saffron cultivation system of the region towards the on-farm non-agricultural entrepreneurial activities, especially the tourism, more commercialized and profitable. That way, due to the harvest and post-harvest characteristics of Saffron, the women and even the non-agricultural occupants of the families can have a significant role in this regard.
Rural Planning
Hossein karimzadeh; hamdollah ssojasi gheidari; Robab Naghizadeh
Abstract
Objective: Rural tourism entrepreneurship is considered a strategic approach to the transition to a sustainable community, and the desire for rural tourism entrepreneurship is reflected via each rural's unique features and abilities. This paper aims to determine the essential ...
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Objective: Rural tourism entrepreneurship is considered a strategic approach to the transition to a sustainable community, and the desire for rural tourism entrepreneurship is reflected via each rural's unique features and abilities. This paper aims to determine the essential aspects of rural tourism entrepreneurship based on strategic advantages in connection with tourist villages of Ardabil province.
Methods: In this research, 15 tourism villages of Ardabil province, selected by the Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism, are the study areas. Random sampling has been used to select households in the tourism villages. In this sampling, people in the community are given an equal chance to be selected in the sample. The required data were collected through a questionnaire survey. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) designed with Lisrel software.
Results: The results indicate that, the variable "acceptance of new ideas and values" in the "flexibility" index, the variable "access to amenities (water, electricity, gas...)" in the index of "energy" and the variable "ability to transfer one's expertise and skills to others such as children, friends or acquaintances" in the index of "expertise and skill" have the first to third ranks according to the respondents. Finally, this study provides new ways to launch rural entrepreneurship related to tourism based on strategic advantages.
Conclusions: in this study all dimensions (economic, social, cultural, physical, Individual, and environmental) of strategic advantages are significant.
Rural Planning
Seyed Hadi Tayebnia; Maryam Hoseinzie
Abstract
Throughout history, human societies have continued to face dangers and have always suffered harmful effects. Environmental hazards are occurring not only in terms of number, but also with an increase in diversity and amount of damage, especially in rural areas. Close connection with the environment, ...
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Throughout history, human societies have continued to face dangers and have always suffered harmful effects. Environmental hazards are occurring not only in terms of number, but also with an increase in diversity and amount of damage, especially in rural areas. Close connection with the environment, deprivation, lack of awareness and preparation increases the vulnerability of rural areas. However, some phenomena are inevitable and the only way to deal with them is to manage them. One of the approaches to face environmental risks and crises is resilience. The studied area is exposed to various types of hazards and is in a high vulnerability condition, and it is necessary to measure its resilience. This research is of an applied type and its purpose is to investigate the level of resilience of rural settlements in Sarbaz city. The research method is descriptive, analytical and survey-based. The required data were collected using library studies and field survey at the household level, and the sample size was estimated according to Cochran's formula from the population of 2276 households, equivalent to 329 households, and the questionnaire was completed by simple random sampling method. The results of the research showed that the level of resilience in the social and physical dimension is optimal with an average of 3.45 and 3.23, respectively, in the economic dimension with an average of 3.01, it is in the average level, and in the leadership quarter with an average of 2.85, it is in an unfavorable level.
Rural Planning
aghil khaleghi; Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi
Abstract
Local planning of rural settlements is an inevitable issue and requires foresight and the development of appropriate development policies in this area. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and data collection is descriptive-analytical and based on the nature of data ...
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Local planning of rural settlements is an inevitable issue and requires foresight and the development of appropriate development policies in this area. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and data collection is descriptive-analytical and based on the nature of data is mixed and in terms of time is futuristic. The sample size of the present study consists of 30 panels of respondents. MICMAC method has been used for futurism and processing of interaction matrices. Local development plans, include "rural guide plans, rural areas reorganization plan, scattered village integration plan, improvement plan, reorganization plan and protection of valuable villages, development plan and Rural development is a plan for the sustainable development of rural systems and a program for the economic development and job creation of rural areas. Due to the importance of local development projects in the geographical space of rural settlements in East Azerbaijan province have been more or less effective, which include the scope of research. 22 influential variables and finally 7 key drivers: "Creating a single and clear management system for the villages, Local potential in planning, sectoral and local plans, stakeholder participation, resource self-sufficiency in a system, the role of middle cities in local rural development and finally the appropriate implementation model" in local planning of rural settlements were identified. "Creating a single and clear management system for the villages" is in the first place of direct and indirect impact and is of great importance.
Rural Planning
Moslem Savari; farshad Razmavar
Abstract
This study was conducted with the general purpose of developing strategies for the use of renewable energy in the agricultural sector in Bushehr province. In this study, first, using analytical studies and literature, the subject of the four SWOT points, namely strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, ...
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This study was conducted with the general purpose of developing strategies for the use of renewable energy in the agricultural sector in Bushehr province. In this study, first, using analytical studies and literature, the subject of the four SWOT points, namely strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, were identified and prioritized using the AHP technique. The statistical population of the study were subject-aware experts and specialists in relevant organizations who were purposefully selected for the study. Data analysis was performed using SWOT-AHP technique using Expert Choice software. Findings showed that in evaluating the criteria, strengths, weaknesses, threats, opportunities were the first to fourth priorities that the weights obtained from the results of these points indicate the dominance of risky space over space. useful. In addition, in prioritizing strategic areas, the results showed that the first SO strategy is aggressive strategy (maximum-maximum), the second strategy is ST strategy is contingent strategy (maximum-minimum), the third WO strategy is adaptive strategy (minimum-maximum strategy). And finally, the last strategy in the subject under consideration is the WT strategy, that is, the defense strategy (at least - at least). In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for energy and environmental policy makers.
Rural Planning
ahmad hajarian
Abstract
The research method in the present research is descriptive-analytical and its type is basic in terms of purpose and documentary and field methods are used to collect information. The statistical population of this research consists of all the rural areas of Jiroft city. According to the statistics provided ...
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The research method in the present research is descriptive-analytical and its type is basic in terms of purpose and documentary and field methods are used to collect information. The statistical population of this research consists of all the rural areas of Jiroft city. According to the statistics provided by Iran Statistics Center in 2015, Jiroft city has a population of 308,858 people and 92,937 households. Of these, 153,153 people with 46,543 households live in urban areas and 155,698 people with 46,392 households live in rural areas of the city. Also, in this research, cluster sampling method (multi-stage) was used. For this purpose, in the first stage, among the 4 districts of Jiroft city, among the 14 villages of this city according to the census of 2015, 11 villages were selected as a cluster sample, and then a number of villages were randomly selected from each cluster, and in total, the desired samples were from The level of 11 villages was collected. According to the 2015 census, this city has 30 villages with more than 1000 inhabitants (Jabalbarz 2 villages, Markazi 21 villages, Ismaili 7 villages).In the following, to investigate the effect of distributive justice and procedural justice on the "infrastructure of the creative village", while confirming the positive and significant correlation of these two variables with Pearson's correlation test, the results of structural equation modeling with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach show that The dimension of distributive justice, taking into account the direct and indirect effects, has had a greater impact on the infrastructure of the creative village in the sample settlements with a coefficient of 0.755. In general, according to the coefficient of determination (R2) for the variable of creative village infrastructure (0.969),
Rural Planning
sakineh arab; Taererh Sadeghloo; hamid shayan
Abstract
The sense of belonging to a place is an indicator by which one can measure the degree of distinctiveness of that place for people compared to other places. For this purpose, in the present research, an attempt has been made to investigate and analyze the sense of belonging to a place in rural areas and ...
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The sense of belonging to a place is an indicator by which one can measure the degree of distinctiveness of that place for people compared to other places. For this purpose, in the present research, an attempt has been made to investigate and analyze the sense of belonging to a place in rural areas and the factors affecting it. The current research is descriptive-analytical in nature, survey-type in execution, and field-type in terms of data collection method. The area under study is Shusef village, one of the villages of Shusef district, Nehbandan city, South Khorasan province. This village has 56 inhabited villages, of which 15 villages are the basis of the field study. After collecting data and analyzing them based on statistical tests, the findings indicate that the significance level in all three dimensions of the evaluation of the sense of place belonging is less than 0.05 and the average is higher than the median value of 3. Among these dimensions, the identity dimension has the highest average with an average of 3.89. In the variable of factors affecting the sense of place belonging, the results of the average comparison test show the significance and more than the average effect of each of the three dimensions on the sense of place. The results of the regression test show that the level of significance in all the factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place is less than 0.05, which indicates that these factors have a direct impact on the sense of belonging to a place. Among the three factors, the environmental-physical variable or place characteristics with a beta of 0.556 had the greatest impact on the sense of belonging to the place
Rural Planning
ahmad hajarian
Abstract
In this research, using contextual analysis method, the contexts of rural home business development were identified. The information was collected based on semi-structured interviews and a study of sources and documents. Findings show that out of 126 open codes, 34 basic concepts were identified that ...
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In this research, using contextual analysis method, the contexts of rural home business development were identified. The information was collected based on semi-structured interviews and a study of sources and documents. Findings show that out of 126 open codes, 34 basic concepts were identified that can be divided into 11 categories of organizing themes. . These concepts are divided into 11 categories including: motivational, structural and infrastructural factors, marketing, policy-making, educational and extension, management, partnership, financial and credit resources, information system, attitude and support as organizing themes of the research subject. Were. The results of the analysis indicate that the participation of members, empowerment of stakeholders, change of attitude of villagers, improvement of credit and financial resources of villagers, improvement of infrastructure and comprehensive policy for the development of home-based businesses should be considered.Employment and unemployment, which are very important issues in rural areas, can be solved in general through home-based jobs and their development.
Rural Planning
Moslem Savari; Mohammad Shokati Amghani
Abstract
This study was conducted with the general purpose of the effects of adaptation behaviors of small-scale farmers in drought conditions on the level of household food security. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. The sample size was estimated ...
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This study was conducted with the general purpose of the effects of adaptation behaviors of small-scale farmers in drought conditions on the level of household food security. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. The sample size was estimated using Krejcie and Morgan table of 430 small-scale rural household heads. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed by SPSS19 software. The results showed that the rural households studied did not have adequate food security in drought conditions. In addition, factor analysis classified adaptation behaviors into three categories: active adaptation strategies, self-control, and integration. The results of ordinal regression also showed that adaptation classes have positive and significant effects on improving food security of rural households.
Rural Planning
Hossein karimzadeh; Mohsen Aghayari Hir; Mohammad Mohsenzadeh
Abstract
Food security and nutrition are the main themes of national development that new attitudes, necessities and priorities have been revealed at the policy-making level and have become one of the challenges of the 21st century in recent years. The current study is practical and in terms of nature and methodology ...
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Food security and nutrition are the main themes of national development that new attitudes, necessities and priorities have been revealed at the policy-making level and have become one of the challenges of the 21st century in recent years. The current study is practical and in terms of nature and methodology is descriptive and analytical. For collecting data, (questionnaire, interview, and observation) has been used. The context of study is Heris and Bostanabad Counties in East Azerbaijan city.Three factors were considered in selecting the sample villages in the above-mentioned cities; 1) Geographical distribution in rural areas, 2) Topographic factor and altitude, and 3) Number of rural population and households (villages with more than 50 households), and thus 18 villages from Bostanabad county and 10 villages from Heris county were selected for research. The statistical population consists of heads of rural households. The selected villages have a population of 26,087 people and 7,574 rural households, of which 392 households were selected using the Cochran's formula. In order to analyze the data, sample t-tests, SAW technique, Kendall, Kruskalovalis, etc. were used. The results showed that the status of all food security indicators (access, access, consumption method and stability) in the study area was evaluated favorably and the villages of Jigheh, shirvanehdeh and Charmkhurane-Sofla are in the first to third ranks in terms of food security and food security is high compared to other villages studied. Meanwhile, the villages of Khashndarq, Ein al-Din and Baroug are in the last ranks in terms of food security in the study area and in these villages, food security is low compared to other villages. Also, economic factor (income, employment, production, exploitation, economic diversification, etc.) has been identified as the most important factors in increasing food security in rural areas from the perspective of research respondents.
Rural Planning
masoumeh noroozinezhad; majid yasouri; Ruhollah Oji
Abstract
Since villages are the main cells of Iran's economic life, so the stability of the rural economy is a vital corridor to achieve the stability of the national economy. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of recognizing the level of economic sustainability of the villages of Langroud ...
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Since villages are the main cells of Iran's economic life, so the stability of the rural economy is a vital corridor to achieve the stability of the national economy. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of recognizing the level of economic sustainability of the villages of Langroud county; The data collection tools in the present study include documentary methods in the form of libraries and field methods in the form of questionnaires. The statistical population of this study includes the Rural managers with 20 households and more in the county of Langroud and a total of 110 people in 7 rural areas of this city, which has been studied in a total number. In this study, in order to investigate the level of economic sustainability of villages, the sustainability barometer method was used. Binomial test was also used to compare the research components. The results showed that the level of economic stability in rural settlements of the city in the three components of justice, stability and welfare and finally, overall economic stability, were significantly different. The results of the level of sustainability of the studied components showed that economic justice, economic stability, economic welfare, and finally the economic sustainability of the villages in the region are at a weak level. In terms of the level of economic stability, the highest level has the villages of Klidbar, Sigarud, and the lowest level of economic stability have the villages of Fetideh and Koholboon.
Rural Planning
rahmat bahrami
Abstract
One of the important pillars of sustainable rural development is attention to environmental health and pollution-free. The aim of this study is to identify environmental pollutants and their impact on the health of rural residents in Kurdistan province in mountainous and foothill areas. Descriptive-analytical ...
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One of the important pillars of sustainable rural development is attention to environmental health and pollution-free. The aim of this study is to identify environmental pollutants and their impact on the health of rural residents in Kurdistan province in mountainous and foothill areas. Descriptive-analytical analysis method in which 6 major pollution variables of natural and human origin were identified. 3 natural variables. Including temperature, dusty days, local wind, in human dimensions, 3 variables, lack of planning in locating landfills, lack of investment in safe water supply and lack of design and architecture compatible with climate are important factors in environmental pollution. Rural biology identified.The results showed that one of the factors threatening the health and well-being of rural residents in the interior of houses is due to the production of incomplete methane and monoxide produced by animal waste at the rate of 25-30 ppm in 10 hours. But in the rural environment, dust, regional and local winds, high temperatures in summer and the release of livestock waste in the rural environment, which leads to the production of various insects and vermin. The combination of these factors is considered as the most important environmental pollutants and a threat to the health of rural people.
Rural Planning
ahmad hajarian
Abstract
Corona virus is one of the infectious and infectious diseases of the 21st century that has spread from China to the world since the end of December 2019 and has had many effects and consequences on the social structure of various regions, including rural areas. Rural areas, especially in developing countries, ...
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Corona virus is one of the infectious and infectious diseases of the 21st century that has spread from China to the world since the end of December 2019 and has had many effects and consequences on the social structure of various regions, including rural areas. Rural areas, especially in developing countries, are less prepared to deal with the direct and indirect impact of this crisis. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the future of rural social indicators.The results of the first stage were identified using Mick Mac software to identify 5 key factors (family health, anxiety and depression, family food security, family isolation, religious ceremonies and happiness) among 15 factors. These factors were used as the main basis in the following script writing. In the second stage, 15 possible situations were defined for 5 factors. With the analysis performed by Scenario Wizard software, 3 strong scenarios, 20 plausible scenarios based on 15 possible situations related to 5 key drivers were extracted. Also, the results of the study showed that the strongest scenario is that in the post-corona period and the effects it has on social indicators, due to the prevalence of corona, the health of rural households decreases. Anxiety and depression increase. The food security of rural households is also affected by the corona virus, but the isolation of the family before and after the corona does not change. People do not attend ceremonies due to fear before the corona.
Rural Planning
hossein karimzade; Abolfazl Ghanbari; Samira Hashemi Amin
Abstract
This research has been done with practical purpose and descriptive-analytical survey method. Research data were collected by field method through questionnaire and also by archival method by referring to related documents, books and articles.The statistical population of the study includes tourists who ...
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This research has been done with practical purpose and descriptive-analytical survey method. Research data were collected by field method through questionnaire and also by archival method by referring to related documents, books and articles.The statistical population of the study includes tourists who have traveled to the target villages of tourism and nomadic areas with creative tourism potential in Arasbaran region during the summer of 1398 and 1399. To determine the sample size, Cochran's sampling formula for indeterminate communities was used.According to the obtained values, the appropriate sample size for conducting research is 384 tourists. Content validity was used to assess validity. By measuring the reliability of the questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.987, its reliability was confirmed at a high level. To measure quantitative and qualitative variables, three methods have been used: 1. Friedman test has been used to compare the means of the statistical population related to creative tourism with SPSS software. 2. For multivariate analysis of creative tourists' sense of pleasure, statistical techniques of factor analysis by using Amos Graphic 22 software have been used to determine the structural relationships between variables in the conceptual model. 3. To analyze the data related to the factors affecting the future behavior of rural and nomadic tourists, the method of minimum squares with the help of PLS software version 3 and ArcGIS software has been used to prepare the map.The results of the present study show that among the dimensions of creative rural tourism, the interaction with an average rank of 3.70 has the greatest impact on creative rural tourism. In addition, the physical and environmental dimension of pleasure with a coefficient of 1.01 has the highest coefficient among the dimensions of pleasure. The effect of factors affecting the future behavior of tourists has shown a significant relationship between research variables
Rural Planning
Ahmad Hajarian
Abstract
IntroductionSustainable livelihood is one of the most important approaches in the field of climate management, especially drought. Sustainable livelihood is defined as the ability of a social unit to upgrade its assets and capacities in the face of pressures over time. The goal of the sustainable livelihood ...
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IntroductionSustainable livelihood is one of the most important approaches in the field of climate management, especially drought. Sustainable livelihood is defined as the ability of a social unit to upgrade its assets and capacities in the face of pressures over time. The goal of the sustainable livelihood approach is to increase the ability to face change and unpredictable problems, improve justice and increase sustainability by reducing tensions by providing secure networks. Achieving sustainable rural livelihoods is not possible without considering the livelihood capital in rural areas. Given that today, especially in developing societies, the study of household livelihood in terms of rural development is of particular importance, to conduct studies that analyze the livelihoods of rural residents, especially in terms of sustainability and in the face of vulnerable factors such as drought, it is essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the level of livelihood stability of rural households in Hoome Jonobi city in drought conditions in order to understand the sustainability of their livelihood status. Data and Method This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of how to collect data. The statistical population of the study was the heads of rural households in Selseleh city (N = 2894) that using Krejcie-Morgan table, the statistical sample size of 339 people was calculated. In order to obtain samples in this study, multi-stage sampling method was used. The analytical framework used in this study was a sustainable livelihood framework. Stability radar method was used to calculate the level of stability. The results showed that among the five livelihood capitals, four human, natural, social and financial capitals are in terms of stability in terms of stability and physical capital is in a position of potential stability. The questionnaire was the main research tool whose content validity was approved by experts and professors. In order to evaluate the reliability of the research tool, 30 out-of-sample questionnaires were completed and the alpha-Cronbach value for its different sections was obtained from 0.762 to 0.862. Results and Discussion The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is shown by factor loading. Factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, the relationship is considered weak and it is ignored. A factor load between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if it is greater than 0.6, it is very desirable. It can be seen that all observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, all factor loadings at the 0.01 level. They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table, the significance level for factor loadings or standard regression coefficients of the four observed variables is not reported. This is due to the fact that these variables are respectively considered as reference variables or representative variables for four human, physical, social and financial variables, so that these hidden variables are without scale and, in other words, without their root and unit of measurement. be resolved That is why the initial path diagrams on the arrows corresponding to the paths between these observed variables with the corresponding hidden variable are considered as values of 1. The AVE measure represents the average variance shared between each construct with its indicators. In simpler terms, AVE (Average Variance Extracted) is used for convergence validity and shows the high correlation of indicators of one structure compared to the correlation of indicators of other structures. The value of this coefficient varies from zero to one, and values higher than 0.5 are accepted. Convergent validity or average extracted variance (AVE) for the human capital index is 766/. , the natural capital index was 0.711, the social capital index was 0.799 and the financial capital index was 0.526. Also, the value of the structural reliability coefficient or composite reliability (CR) is variable from zero to one, and values higher than 0.7 are accepted. , which for the human capital index is 755/. , the natural capital index was 0.737, the social capital index was 0.802, and the financial capital index was 0.514, which shows the appropriateness of these subscales. ConclusionIn order to analyze a sustainable livelihood in a geographical area, we need to examine the livelihood resources available to the residents of the settlements in that area. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling the livelihood capital of rural households in drought conditions in the rural areas of the southern suburbs and reached the following results.The stability of livelihood capitals of rural households in the study area showed that human capital explains 0.64% of the variance. Also, for natural capitals with a score of 0.45, social capitals with a sustainability score of 0.23 and finally financial capitals with a score of 0.37, this shows the intensity of the relationship between the variable of livelihood capitals and the following It has its own indicators.
Rural Planning
Aboulghasem Taghizadfanid; sajedeh dinparast; Saeid Nasire Zare; Parsa Pashaei
Abstract
Introduction Rural areas are a well-known research topic. Development in these areas is due to the efficiency of agricultural institutions that should ensure the welfare of these areas and employment and population factors that lead to the growth of welfare. In relation to these areas, development ...
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Introduction Rural areas are a well-known research topic. Development in these areas is due to the efficiency of agricultural institutions that should ensure the welfare of these areas and employment and population factors that lead to the growth of welfare. In relation to these areas, development is to improve the living conditions and is the most important solution to solve the problems of the villagers. But for this issue, the first step will be to identify the challenges and obstacles to development in these areas, one of the main axes of which is to pay attention to the managerial performance of managers in these communities. Data and Method On the one hand, research is a qualitative research that seeks to explore and identify the factors affecting the management of managers in the development of rural areas, and on the other hand, it is a quantitative research, because it tries to describe these factors statistically by tests. From the point of view of research classification, based on purpose, research is of applied type. Because it seeks to apply the theories, regularities, principles and techniques developed in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling variables, the present study is a quasi-experimental research, because due to the post-event nature of the research, it is not possible to control variables completely. In the qualitative part of the research, sampling was done randomly and selectively from local residents. In the end, after reaching the theoretical saturation and reaching the repetitive answers, the qualitative part of the research was completed. But for the quantitative part of the research that sought to describe and identify the factors affecting the performance weaknesses of local managers for development in rural areas, first these criteria should be integrated into factors and sub-factors. On the one hand, this made the research criteria clearer and on the other hand, it made it easier to measure it in the researcher-made questionnaire. Therefore, the semantic units obtained from the interview were coded and classified in three stages. This classification was the basis for designing a questionnaire in the Likert scale. The validity and content of the questionnaire were also confirmed by a panel of experts after simplifying some of the questions and statements. The reliability of the questionnaire for Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.796, which indicates the appropriateness of the research tool for measuring the subject. The questionnaire was randomly distributed among the sample population which included 230 samples (according to Cochran's formula) from rural areas of Dolatabad district. The sample size for rural areas was proportional to the number of rural households in these areas. SPSS and Lisral were used to analyze the data. Thus, factor analysis was used as a multivariate analysis technique to evaluate the factors and to show their significance, the T-statistic model was used. ConclusionAccording to the results of the interview, 43 semantic units were obtained which after coding and classification, these criteria were classified into 26 criteria and 4 general dimensions. These criteria are the most important managerial performance of managers in the rural area, which has played an important role in the development of the rural area from the point of view of the local community. After identifying the desired criteria, these criteria were evaluated in a specialized questionnaire by 230 samples from the study population and analyzed in the LISR program. Based on the results, the value of t-statistic for all criteria is more than 1.96, which indicates a significant relationship between criteria and factors. Therefore, all criteria have the necessary accuracy to measure their own structure and each indicator only measures its own structure and the criteria are correctly classified in the form of key barriers. Based on the statistical values obtained, which are the most important results of the analysis, the highest factor load for administrative-organizational factors; Body; It has been social and economic. Therefore, the administrative-organizational factor is studied as the most important factor for the performance of managers in the development of rural areas. Results and Discussion Identifying and evaluating the performance of managers in the development of the studied rural area was in 4 main dimensions, administrative-organizational, social, economic and physical. In each of these factors, some criteria had the highest factor load. In the administrative-organizational factor, the standard of professional experience and activity of local managers; In the physical factor, the general standard of retrofitting houses in rural areas, which includes the sub-criteria of regulating suitable laws for rural constructions and providing suitable financial resources for retrofitting houses, had the highest factor load. In the social factor, the standard of effective communication and cooperation between managers and local people has been most important. In relation to this standard, it is clear that two-way and mutual communication between managers and local people will lead to cooperative management. This is a standard that the development literature considers its role in realizing development goals to be very important. In the economic factor, the criterion of paying attention to the economic interests of the village was the most important criterion, which had the highest factor load. In general, the findings of the research determined the challenges faced by managers in the development of rural areas. Of course, the subject of the research was only investigating the challenges of managers in rural areas, but the performance of local managers in some areas, especially in the physical-spatial field, has been appropriate. Construction and creation of new roads in the village, improvement and renovation of roads, security of residential units, etc.
Rural Planning
sirous ghanbari; Azam Bordbar Galavi
Abstract
IntrouductionIn recent years, the role of enterprises (high-yield) in developed countries as well as developing countries is increasing. Enterprises are one of the most important and vital units active in today's societies that can be helped to solve the problem of unemployment, increase production and ...
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IntrouductionIn recent years, the role of enterprises (high-yield) in developed countries as well as developing countries is increasing. Enterprises are one of the most important and vital units active in today's societies that can be helped to solve the problem of unemployment, increase production and national exports with proper planning as well as supportive and regulatory solutions. But today, these enterprises face many obstacles. According to available statistics, about 23% of small units in the first year and about 42% at the end of the fifth year have failed for various reasons and have been forced to stop operating. Zabol city Enterprises, Islamabad and Hosseinabad districts are no exception to this rule. Due to lack of necessary skills and expertise, the majority of residents in these areas are not attracted to the formal sector of the urban economy and are employed in informal jobs. Considering that about 90% of the economic enterprises in these neighborhoods are serviced and commercial enterprises, and due to the unfavorable economic situation and low income, these enterprises cannot survive in the field of competition, and as a result, the owner enterprises are forced to close down. Considering the importance of the development of economic enterprises in Sistan region and its important role on the sustainability of employment and even continuoued job creation, the above article aims to investigate the obstacles to the development of economic enterprises in Islamabad and Hosseinabad neighborhoods.Data and MethodThe method in this research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research is economic enterprises located in Islamabad and Hosseinabad neighborhoods (226) which then, according to the number of economic enterprises in the above neighborhoods (142 enterprises), 142 enterprises have been calculated as the sample size of enterprises using Cochran's formula at 95% confidence level. Of these, 88 enterprises in Islamabad neighborhood and 54 enterprises are located in Hosseinabad neighborhood. To collect information, in addition to library studies and field observations and interviews with enterprise owners, indicators appropriate for the enterprises in the study area were determined. Based on the determined indicators, the studied enterprises questionnaires have been prepared. To analyze the data, Shannon and Saw entropy multivariate decision weighting models have been used. Also, in order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used along with one-sample t-test. Results and DiscussionIn order to assess the barriers to the development of enterprises in (Islam Abad and Hossein Abad neighborhoods), several methods are used, which are different based on the purpose of the study and the expertise level and analysis method. In order to determine the weight and importance of the selected indicators using the opinions of the respondents, the entropy coefficient was used. Finally, in order to obtain accurate final results, the final weight obtained for the indicators was multiplied by the data (items) obtained from the respondents' questionnaire. The weight assigned to each selected indicator is calculated and presented. Political obstacles (lack of a single trustee in the field of development of small and medium enterprises, problems for exporting goods inside and outside the country), weighing 0.246, have the highest amount of obstacles. Financial barriers (disproportion of capital and labor, fluctuations in raw material prices, retail sales of products, trade sanctions on Iran, high inflation in the country, financial problems of enterprises, reduced liquidity, high bank interest rates) with a weight of 0.200 has second rank and skills-training barriers (lack of labor skills, low level of education in the labor force, unwillingness to consult marketing, weakness in economic, financial and managerial knowledge); With a weight of 0.189, it has third rank. Then, indicators of legal obstacles (necessary instability in regulations, rules and policies of foreign exchange and trade, lack of timely implementation of government incentive policies such as tax exemptions and export bonuses, insufficient facilities and financial and non-financial support provided by small and medium enterprises, administrative barriers to receiving facilities, lack of specialized banks to pay facilities to small enterprises, lack of unity of procedure between banks in providing facilities to enterprises, the existence of numerous and sometimes contradictory laws in the country) with a weight of 0.188, have fourth rank and indicators of infrastructure barriers (weakness of local constructions, being in the false place, lack of suitable bandwidth for the Internet) with a weight of 0.187 have the lowest rank. Also, in describing the barriers to the development of enterprises in the studied neighborhoods based on the saw method, an Islam Abad neighborhood with a final score 0.507 has the highest and Hossein Abad with 0.490 has the lowest level of development barriers.ConclusionComparing the results of the present study with other similar studies shows that some of the results are consistent and contradictory. According to the research findings, political barriers (lack of a single trustee in the field of development of small and medium-sized enterprises, problems for exporting goods inside and outside the country), weighing 0.246, have highest number of barriers to the development of enterprises. These results are consistent with the findings of the study (Rezaei and colleague, 2015). In the study of Rezaei and colleague, among the six factors extracted, the political-infrastructural factor with a value 3.715 alone explains 17.38% of the total variance. Also, the third barrier for the development of economic enterprises was the financial barriers that have been emphasized in the research (Zargar and Beidakhti, 2011).
Rural Planning
Mahdi Naderianfar; Sirous Ghanbari; Javad Bazrafshan
Abstract
Introduction Sistan region also has special environmental characteristics due to its location in arid and desert region. Low rainfall, high temperature and evaporation, poor vegetation, dependence of the region on the Helmand River water, intermittent reduction or cessation of ...
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Introduction Sistan region also has special environmental characteristics due to its location in arid and desert region. Low rainfall, high temperature and evaporation, poor vegetation, dependence of the region on the Helmand River water, intermittent reduction or cessation of the annual Helmand River water and the occurrence of droughts, the presence of alluvial soil with alternating layers of sand and clay and 120-day winds and the consequent occurrence of dust and the formation of quicksands, cause fragile and sensitive environmental conditions prevail in the region. In addition, in this region, after the closure of the border and the creation of a security wall at its periphery (which practically eliminated the concrete wall, the possibility of border crossings), water played the largest role in the economic, social and political development of the region. The reason for the increase in investment in the implementation of water control and diversion projects upstream (Afghanistan) and the restriction of water entering the Sistan plain, water should be considered as a very valuable commodity. Therefore, in the circumstances that the severity of water limitation in most villages of Sistan is a serious issue, paying attention to increasing water consumption efficiency and improving its productivity will be an inevitable necessity (Asghari Lafmajani and Naderianfar, 2012). According to studies, increasing water efficiency using pressurized and semi-pressurized systems from wells and reservoirs will increase from 20% to 90% and water transfer with piping system is more economically justified than water transmission system with It has open canals (Piri et al., 2014). The region is designed to increase the economic power of the villagers with the sustainability approach. The sustainability zone has been designed in 766 villages of Sistan in the form of 2137 groups of 20 hectares of water. An overview of scientific texts related to the subject of research shows that many researches have been done in relation to environmental issues and its effects; However, no research has been done on the impact of irrigation projects on environmental sustainability and there is a gap in studies in this field. Therefore, the present study, in the framework of a systemic approach, analyzes the spatial-spatial changes of the impact of the 46,000-hectare Sistan plain irrigation project on the environmental sustainability of rural areas of Hamoon city.Results and discussionThe statistical population of the study includes 159 villages of Hamoon city with a total population of 66,675 people and 19,133 households. To achieve the desired results, villages with a population of more than 20 households were identified and then among these villages, with the opinion of social and technical experts, 40 villages in which the irrigation network was implemented and operated (10 villages in each development area) with a total population of 10150 people. And 3477 households were surveyed as sample villages. The sample size of households living in villages was determined based on Cochran's formula of 346 households, which were finally distributed according to the number of households in the sample villages of the questionnaires.Conclusion The study of the distribution of the studied villages in terms of the level of environmental sustainability before the implementation of the project shows that the villages with poor stability are mainly far from the wells and in low water years when the inflow of Helmand River to the region is somewhat reduced. He finds that the agricultural activities of these villages are completely stopped. Meanwhile, with the implementation of the water transfer plan to the agricultural lands of the villagers, there have been positive changes in the environmental stability of almost 30% of the villages compared to the past.
Rural Planning
masoumeh pazoki
Abstract
IntroductionRural tourism is one of the suitable alternatives to implement the requirements of sustainable development, environmental sustainability, community and economy of rural areas, job creation, public and private investment, improvement of infrastructure, and economic benefits in rural areas. ...
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IntroductionRural tourism is one of the suitable alternatives to implement the requirements of sustainable development, environmental sustainability, community and economy of rural areas, job creation, public and private investment, improvement of infrastructure, and economic benefits in rural areas. Rural tourism activities are small businesses that can respond quickly to new needs and markets, which is itself an introduction to a diversity of novelties. Various thinkers advocate entrepreneurship as an elixir for many social and environmental worries. In rural areas, factors such as the development of human driving force, the quality of the workforce, increasing the quality of management, development of education and technology are effective in tourism entrepreneurship. Consequently, entrepreneurship in the field of tourism and the use of natural and synthetic capacities depend on the availability of human drivers. The townships of Filestān village in Pakdasht city have many agricultural, historical and natural attractions, also are considered the most important centers of rural tourism, desert ecotourism, mountain eco-tourism, and flower tourism (tourism based on the cultivation of flowers and ornamental plants). Therefore, regarding the mentioned capacities and potentials, the study area can create jobs and develop entrepreneurship in the field of tourism, directly and indirectly. Therefore, entrepreneurship in the field of sustainable rural tourism can be considered as a corridor to attain sustainable development in the villages of the region. Due to the development of tourism in this region and the increasing number of visitors to this village, this study tries to study the human drivers of tourism entrepreneurship and its impact on sustainable rural development in the study area. Data and Method The current study is Practical due to the nature of the subject. The information required for the research was obtained using field and library methods. The statistical population of the study was non-native tourists who visited the villages of Filestān rural district in spring and autumn of 2019. Since the total size of the statistical population was unknown and the variance of the statistical population was unknown, the statistical population of this study was determined to be 170 non-native tourists. The questionnaire was provided to tourists as a research tool in the form of convenience sampling. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed according to the expert professors of geography and rural planning. Its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method and data analysis was performed using SPSS software and ARAS, WASPAS, and CODAS techniques. Results and Discussion After determining the research criteria via library studies, a questionnaire was prepared based on these criteria, and validation and reliability were provided to the statistical community. In the first step, regarding the growth of entrepreneurship in the field of rural tourism in the region and the high importance of the issue from the point of view of local people and officials, the WASPAS technique has been used to achieve more accurate results and to rank villages in terms of human propulsion. The results of the WASPAS technique reveal that different dimensions of human propulsion in Golzar village (in this village, Qi is equal to 0.1121) had the greatest impact on the process of entrepreneurship development in the field of rural tourism among the villages of this village. In the second step; regarding the effects of entrepreneurship on the development of sustainable rural tourism in Filestān rural area and the sensitivity of the issue in terms of environmental protection and rich culture and local identity of rural people, in this study, the CODAS technique is used to achieve more accurate results and to rank villages. Based on the CODAS technique, it shows that the effects of entrepreneurship on the development of sustainable rural tourism in Golzar and Filestān villages have been more than other villages in Filestān rural area. In the last stage, using the ARAS technique, the degree of sustainability of villages in the Filestān rural area has been studied and measured in environmental, physical, economic, social, and institutional dimensions. According to Ki, Golzar and Filestān villages are the first ranks among the other villages in Filestān rural district in terms of sustainability. The results of the ARAS model (ranking of villages in terms of sustainability) and CODAS model (effects of entrepreneurship on sustainable rural tourism development) and WASPAS technique (status of human drivers of sustainable rural tourism entrepreneurship development) are completely consistent. Golzar village is in the first place in terms of sustainability indicators, entrepreneurship effects, and the status of human drivers of entrepreneurship development. Conclusion Entrepreneurship growth in rural areas can be considered as a policy based on geographical reconstruction in rural areas, which can lead to a new spatial division of labor, energy, and resources, and ultimately, lead to a change in the quality of life of rural people according to sustainable development theory. In which different dimensions of entrepreneurship development and existing perspectives appear as the main components and ultimately create a combined approach to entrepreneurship development in rural areas. Entrepreneurship growth in Golzar village as an important strategy in rural development has been able to reduce the use of natural resources due to the expansion of modern greenhouses and hydroponic cultivation, minimizing the loss of resources by modern irrigation technologies, maintaining environmental quality, and biodiversity conservation. At the level of Golzar and Filestān villages, tourism and entrepreneurship in this field, in addition to generating income from new sources, has increased villagers' self-confidence, participation, and social cohesion and foresight, as well as achieving sustainable tourism development by gaining access to modern technologies, increasing income and capital, accessing more appropriate physical infrastructure and utilizing more knowledge and skills. According to the familiarity gained from the rural community under study, in the process of strengthening entrepreneurship in the field of sustainable rural tourism, human resource and sociological variables, especially motivational factors, play a key role. Because no development can happen without the participation, social cohesion and discipline, social security, and self-confidence of rural stakeholders and local communities.
Rural Planning
Zahra Arabi; Rezvan Ghorbani salkhord; yosef darvishi
Abstract
IntroductionDrought is one of the environmental disasters that are very common in arid and semi-arid country regions. Rainfall defects have different effects on groundwater, soil moisture, and river flow. Meteorological drought indices are calculated directly from meteorological data such as rainfall ...
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IntroductionDrought is one of the environmental disasters that are very common in arid and semi-arid country regions. Rainfall defects have different effects on groundwater, soil moisture, and river flow. Meteorological drought indices are calculated directly from meteorological data such as rainfall and will not be useful in monitoring drought in the absence of data. Therefore, remote sensing techniques can be a useful tool in measuring drought. Drought is a known environmental disaster and has social, economic, and environmental impacts. Lack of rainfall in an area for long periods is known as drought. Drought and rainfall affect the water and agricultural resources of each region. Materials & MethodsDue to the nature of the problem and the subject under study, the present study is descriptive-analytical with emphasis on quantitative methods. In this study, satellite images of Tera Sensor Modis in 2000 and 2017 were used to verify the existence of wet and drought phenomena. In the next step, by examining the rain gauge and synoptic data of the existing stations and using the standardized precipitation index model of three months (May, June, and April), the sample was selected. Next, we compared temperature status indices (TCI) and vegetation health indices (VHI) in these three months to determine the difference between these indices over the three months. Modira Terra satellite was used to study the vegetation status in the study area. Subsequently, vegetation-free areas were isolated from vegetation areas using the conditions set for the NDVI layer, the experimental method was used to determine the threshold value of this index. For this purpose, different thresholds were tested, with the optimum value of 1 being positive. NDVI is less than 1 free of positive plants and more than free of vegetation. MODIS spectral sensor images for surface temperature variables with a spatial resolution of 1 km, including 31 bands (1080/1180 bandwidth, central bandwidth / 11.017 spatial resolution of 1000 m) and 32 bands - 770/11Central Wavelength Band 032/12 Spatial Resolution Power (1000 m) Selected for months that are almost cloudless. All images are downloaded from the SearchEarthData site and edited. Total rainfall in June, April, and May for 20 years has been provided by the Meteorological Organization of Iran. ARC GIS software and geostatistical methods were used to process Excel data. Pearson correlation coefficient was also used to estimate the correlation between the data. Results & DiscussionA standard precipitation index is a powerful tool in analyzing rainfall data. This study aimed to compare the relationship between remote sensing indices and meteorological drought indices and to determine the effectiveness of remote sensing indices in drought monitoring. The correlation between the variables with the SPI index was evaluated and calculated. The results of the indicators are different, so a criterion should be used to evaluate the performance of these indicators. SPI index on a quarterly time scale (correlation with vegetation) was selected as the preferred criterion. According to the results of correlations, the TCI index with the SPI index had a strong correlation with other indices. In the short run, this index has the highest correlation with thermal indices at the level of 1%. The correlation between meteorological drought index and plant water content and thermal indices increases with increasing time intervals. The positive correlation between vegetation indices and plant water content with meteorological drought indices shows that the trend of changes is in line. Therefore, the TCI index makes the drought more accurate and is a better method to estimate drought.ConclusionThe results showed that among the surveyed fish, the most drought trend was observed in the eastern provinces and covers more than 50% of the region. The trend of changes in this slope was statistically significant. According to the results of correlations, the TCI index had a strong correlation with the SPI index with other indices. It can also be concluded that Modis images and processed indices along with climatic indices have the potential to monitor drought. The use of maps derived from drought indices can help improve drought management programs and play a significant role in reducing the effects of drought.
Rural Planning
Mansour Ghanian; latif mohammadzadeh; Afshin Marzban; Somayeh Shadkam
Abstract
IntroductionOne of the important factors for success in organizing and managing natural resources, including agricultural lands, is identifying stakeholders and studying their behavior. An analysis of the potential, roles, demands, information, and knowledge of project stakeholders to interact and coordinate ...
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IntroductionOne of the important factors for success in organizing and managing natural resources, including agricultural lands, is identifying stakeholders and studying their behavior. An analysis of the potential, roles, demands, information, and knowledge of project stakeholders to interact and coordinate with them will greatly help to estimate their expectations. Without accurate and complete identification of all stakeholders in the management and organization of agricultural land, the logical and acceptable results of decisions cannot be assured. As such, stakeholder involvement and participation is considered the cornerstone of planning and organizing any work, so that it is one of the tools for achieving sustainability and democracy. Stakeholder involvement and participation is considered the cornerstone of planning and organizing any work, so that it is one of the tools for achieving sustainability and democracy. Stakeholder participation leads to the use of common potential, knowledge, and values, which reduce differences in opinions and increase trust between people and officials. This study was conducted to design a framework and identify priorities for organizing land use in the southern basin of Lake Urmia using "stakeholder analysis" method. Data and MethodThis study, with a sociological approach, attempted to analyzing the behavior of users in the field of land use planning in the south basin of Urmia Lake. Hence, this research was closed in 2 steps. First, to understand the farmers' behavior, a survey research will conduct. The research statistical population were the all farmers in the south basin of Urmia lake who were 153 farmers were selected as the sample by a randomized cluster sampling method in the second stage. The sample size is predicted using Cochran formula. The instrument for collecting data was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α=0.74). The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Finally, the "stakeholder analysis" method was used to summarize the results. To perform this section, 28 specialists were selected purposefully according to the subject and objectives of the research. Results and DiscussionResults showed that behaviors of "change in the method of planting crops", "change of land use" and "use of native cultivars", in the group of farmers with change of land use, and behaviors of "seasonal migration of the head of the household to another place of work", "increase of use" "Chemical fertilizers and pesticides" and "permanent migration to the city" in the group of farmers without land use change are in the first to third priorities. Also, according to the results, agricultural land management is one of the topics that have received special attention and many stakeholders. More importantly, in most sectors, farmers have been identified as the main and key stakeholders. Therefore, these stakeholders can be included in the group of influencers. It can be concluded that stakeholders are divided into two groups. The first group comprises only those who are directly affected and benefit from agricultural land-use management. Other groups of actors are individuals or groups who, in addition to benefiting from their interests, are influential. Also, Land use change decisions of farmers in the south basin of the Urmia Lake essentially aimed at improving farmers’ economic status through collective actions, such as shifting to animal husbandry a, cultivating products with a shorter growth period changes in planting method and changes in irrigation system. Therefore, improving the livelihoods and food security of farmers is a key in Iran, like other developing countries. In addition to this component, the lack of competent professionals and managers has led to a tougher challenge. ConclusionThe results obtained in the stakeholder analysis showed that farmers at the farm level are key stakeholders and the main pillar in the design, presentation, and implementation of conservation programs to organize lands, along with the Jihad Agricultural Organization and other government organizations. Designing a framework and identifying priorities for organizing land use as a development approach to use all available capacities requires attention to the institutional dimensions of development, especially the analysis of key stakeholders and the use of various tools by expanding coordination and interaction. The important result is that local communities, especially local leaders, see themselves as partners in the program, which leads to cooperation in the program as well as strengthening their weaknesses. Also, the results showed that farmers are at the heart of land management, particularly in rural and agricultural areas. However, the results show that their behavior in the face of environmental change is more of a personal decision and to the extent of the capacity to exploit individually rather than as a group or following a regular schedule. This makes the existing challenge more critical than before.
