Geomorphology
Imanali Belvasi; sayyad asghari; Fariba Esfandiari Dorabad; Batool Zeynali
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Assessment will be necessary to understand the current situation and the potential for possible river changes in the future. Natural factors such as floods, soil erosion, landslides and human factors such as land use change and sand removal from the riverbed affect the morphology. ...
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Introduction
Morphological Assessment will be necessary to understand the current situation and the potential for possible river changes in the future. Natural factors such as floods, soil erosion, landslides and human factors such as land use change and sand removal from the riverbed affect the morphology. River systems have always been of interest to humans as one of the most vital elements of the Earth's surface. Humans also change the face of the earth by changing their use, destroying natural resources, plowing the land in the direction of the slope, planting trees in the riverbeds. Any Manipulation into the riverbed will change the process of erosion and sedimentation along the river. Understanding the characteristics of flow and sediment is the basis for evaluating the behavior of rivers and deciding on engineering activities. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the necessary information on how they work before starting engineering projects for rivers.
Data and Method
In this study, geological maps at a scale of 1: 100000 of the Geological Organization, topographic maps at a scale of 1: 50,000 digits of the Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces, Landsat satellite images, 2020 April, November 1995, Climatic data Temperature and precipitation (1399-1374) of Lorestan Meteorological Organization and Digital elevation model of 30 meters has been used. Arc GIS software was used for spatial analysis and ENVI software was used for processing satellite images. The normalized water difference index is the first index of water extraction in images and remote sensing data. In this indicator, two green and infrared bands are used. Positive values of this index indicate water and negative values indicate phenomena other than water. Researchers have proposed different methods for studying changes in river channels. The transect method is used to evaluate changes and displacements in river channels. In this method, lines with specific distances on both sides of the river route are drawn as baselines. These lines are constant for the time periods studied. River channel displacements relative to these lines are quantified. To further evaluate the Kahman River canal, the canal migration rate method was used. The Kahman river Canal was divided into two areas, mountainous areas and plain and agricultural areas, based on topography and land use.
Results and Discussion
To calculate the area to the right and left of the transects, the Kahman river channel was cut separately with a transect layer in 1995 and 2020. Calculation of changes in the area of transects shows that about 185.85 hectares of land adjacent to the Kahman river (1995-1999) have been eroded. On average, about 7.43 hectares of these lands have been destroyed annually. The maximum value of this index in transect 30 is calculated at 8.27 hectares. In order to better understand the changes and dynamics of the Kahman river Canal, the migration rate index (Rm) was also used. First, two fixed lines were drawn around the Kahman river channel. The area between the two was calculated using Arc GIS software functions. The average migration rate of Kahman river (1399-1374) was 2.51 meters per year. The lowest level of this index occurred in Trasket 49 at 0.18 meters per year. The mountain factor and stabilization operations along the river have been the most important reasons for its control and stabilization. The highest rate of migration occurred in transects 4, 32 and 30 at 4.80, 5.5 and 6.12, respectively. Shortcuts and land use changes have been the main reasons for the high rate of duct migration in these transects. The largest amount of lateral changes in the Kahman river route occurred in parts of the plain and agricultural areas, including transects 30 to 35. The most important factor was the high lateral changes of the Kahman river route in the plain area due to the high erosion of the coastal and floodplain materials. Most of the constituents of the bed and banks of the Kahman river in these periods are from fine to coarse sands.
Conclusion
Duct migration rate index showed that the average displacement of Kahman river canal (1374-1399) was 2.51 meters per year. The lowest value of this index was 0.18 meters per year and the maximum value was 6.12 meters per year. Calculation of changes in the area of transects showed that about 185.85 hectares of land adjacent to the Kahman River (1374-1399) has been destroyed. On average, about 7.43 hectares of these lands are lost every year. In the mountainous area, the effects of the mountains were the most important factor in determining the morphological changes of the Kahman River channel. The presence of erodible materials along the Kahman River in the plains and agricultural areas has increased the lateral migration of meanders and the width of the valley and floodplains adjacent to the river has increased significantly. Therefore, it can be said that the Kahman River has had more geometric changes in the plains and agricultural lands.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
negin hosseinimand; Masoomeh yaghoobi; Habib Shahhosseini; Ali Javan Forouzandeh
Abstract
Introduction
Natural environments - including open spaces and green spaces - have wide-ranging benefits for urban populations. Providing open and green space under conditions of dense development is one of the important challenges of cities and a wide range of studies related to the subject ...
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Introduction
Natural environments - including open spaces and green spaces - have wide-ranging benefits for urban populations. Providing open and green space under conditions of dense development is one of the important challenges of cities and a wide range of studies related to the subject of green spaces. On the other hand, quality green space is increasingly recognized as an important factor for quality of life in urban areas and a key component for sustainable urban planning and design. Researchers believe that the quality of green space can be a better predictor of health (compared to its quantity). Public open spaces with good design and quality can attract more users to the space and provide a wide range of activities, unlike low quality spaces. In the meantime, visitors' perception of urban green space and the characteristics of green space is a key factor in understanding the mechanism of how the tangible and intangible benefits of urban green space ecosystems are. The results of studies show that the higher the residents' perception of the qualities of green space, the higher the mental and physical health scores. Therefore, by examining the effect of perceived qualitative components of the park on the satisfaction and vitality of residents, its effective components on health and healthy lifestyle can be Identified by creating a sense of satisfaction and vitality in people living in the surrounding areas. This research is done to answer the following two questions: 1. What are the qualitative / perceptual components of green spaces in promoting the sense of satisfaction and vitality of the residents of the neighborhoods around Eligoli Park and Valiasr Park? 2. What are the predictions of the qualitative / perceptual components of urban green spaces in the case studies of this article and what interpretations can justify them?
Data and Method
Considering the crystallization of positive qualities of urban green spaces in two characteristics of perception of vitality and satisfaction of its users; In this article, the subjective components of satisfaction and vitality in relation to intrinsic sub-qualities and sub-qualities related to use in green space in the neighborhoods adjacent to Elegli Park and Valiasr Tabriz were evaluated by quantitative survey method. A survey is conducted among the adjacent residents of Eilogli and Valiasr parks in Tabriz using a questionnaire. The questionnaire form is set in both face-to-face and online in which the various characteristics of the park environment, including: physical characteristics, naturalness, openness, tranquility, facilities, historical-cultural value and security, accessibility, Usability, variety of activities, maintenance and attachment to the park environment are questioned. Sampling was done randomly and 388 residents answered the questionnaire. The structural equation model is used in Amos Graphic software to analyze the data.
Results and Discussion
The results of structural equation model analysis show that usability, accessibility and tranquility of the park environment have a significant positive effect on residents' satisfaction in the two parks, but the facilities of the park environment have a significant effect on dissatisfaction. Also, the openness of the park environment has a significant positive effect on the vitality of residents. It was expected that more components would have a significant effect on the satisfaction and vitality of the residents adjacent to Elegli and Valiasr parks in Tabriz, but as can be seen, the results of studying the effect of other components of green space on satisfaction and vitality To a large extent, it did not meet expectations. Possible reasons for the lack of significant components of naturalness, historical-cultural value and security, maintenance, diversity of activities and attachment to satisfaction and vitality are stated in the discussion section of the article. In addition, a wide range of predictions, from cognitive to non-cognitive components, affect the perception and evaluation of satisfaction and vitality in Elgoli and Valiasr parks of Tabriz, because studies show that evaluation in Contrary to conscious judgment, satisfaction is based on general and inaccurate evaluation. Non-cognitive components such as accessibility components (generalized emotional beliefs), emotional components (attachment), and commitment components (degree of participation) lead to an overall assessment of satisfaction and vitality.
Conclusion
The analysis of the results of this study emphasizes the importance of perceptual dimensions versus physical dimensions of green spaces in urban design and planning. It is suggested that designers and planners of urban green spaces, in addition to using the qualitative/ perceptual components approved in this research in design and planning, To promote the satisfaction and vitality of the residents around the parks, take measures so that other identified components can play a more effective role in future parks. One of the limitations of the present study is the impossibility of studying seasonal and climatic effects, which is one of the limitations of cross-sectional studies. It should also be noted that this study and the intervals intended for people over 16 years.
Urban Planning
Hossein Hataminejad; noosha hamghadam; reza kanooni
Abstract
Introduction Due to the expansion of cities and population growth, the study of residential satisfaction of residents to meet future needs and achieve sustainable development, has found a special place in various studies. Residential satisfaction is examined on the basis of many components and is ...
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Introduction Due to the expansion of cities and population growth, the study of residential satisfaction of residents to meet future needs and achieve sustainable development, has found a special place in various studies. Residential satisfaction is examined on the basis of many components and is considered as a tool for decision making and policy making. In this regard, the study of residential satisfaction in the city of Rasht as the largest and most populous city in Gilan province is important. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the components of good urban governance in creating residential satisfaction in Rasht with a future study approach. The present study has been applied in terms of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods. Data collection is by documentary method as well as survey based on Delphi technique. First, 35 factors were identified as effective factors in residential satisfaction in Rasht according to the components of good urban governance and in the next step, Micmac software was used to analyze the data and the type of questionnaire was a matrix of interactions and According to the opinions of experts and specialists in urban planning in Rasht. The weighting of this questionnaire is measured by pairwise comparisons and the relationship between variables and numbers between zero and three. Finally, 13 key factors were identified and 29 possible situations were considered for key factors. The Wizard Scenario Questionnaire was also designed as an interaction matrix and provided to experts. the questionnaire ranges from +3 to -3 varying. management and integrated urban planning, participation of local citizens and communities, the existence of infrastructure and mechanisms necessary for citizen intervention and cooperation with the municipality has the highest consistency value among key factors in improving the quality of the Rasht city's residential satisfaction within the framework of good urban governance.the study of residential satisfaction of residents has been one of the most important research topics in various fields. Residential satisfaction assessment is based on many components and covers a wide range; Such as social-components, cultural-components, physical-components, service-components, and economic-components There are several main reasons for paying special attention to this issue. From the first point of view, residents' evaluation of residential environments can be considered as one of the most important criteria for measuring the achievement of goals and evaluating the success rate of any project. From the second point of view, residential satisfaction is considered as one of the important indicators of the general quality of life of individuals. Rasht is the most populous city in Gilan province. For this reason, the existence of components of good urban governance in meeting the needs of this population and housing satisfaction of people is necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the components of good urban governance in creating residential satisfaction. Materials and MethodsThe present study is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical method, which in line with the basics of futures science, research on the situation of residential satisfaction in the framework of good urban governance in Rasht. In this regard, data collection in the theoretical part by documentary method and in the practical part by survey, has been based on the Delphi technique. Due to the fact that Mick Mac software and Scenario Wizard have been used to analyze the data, the type of questionnaire is in the form of a matrix of interactions and is based on the opinions of experts and specialists. To identify the key factors by Mick Mac software, after identifying the factors affecting residential satisfaction, an interaction questionnaire was designed. Its validity was conducted by experts in the form of interviews. The statistical population of the study is 20 experts and specialists (geography and urban planning of Rasht). The weighting of this questionnaire is measured by pairwise comparisons and the relationship between variables and numbers between zero and three. Then, different possible situations were considered for each of the key factors and interaction effects were designed in the form of a questionnaire. Then the questionnaire was completed by the statistical community and through the Ensemble feature in the Scenario Wizard software, the questionnaires were entered into the software. Discussion and Results Mick Mac software and cross-matrix analysis have been used to extract the key factors affecting residential satisfaction in Rasht within the framework of good urban governance and the output of this software (key factors) will be used as input to the Wizard scenario software. 35 factors as effective factors in residential satisfaction in Rasht in the framework of good urban governance have been identified and studied with Mick Mac software to extract the main factors affecting residential satisfaction in Rasht (in this software the effect of variables on each other from zero to three Is valued). 29 possible situations were created for 13 key factors affecting the improvement of residential satisfaction in Rasht. The scenarios provided by ScenarioWizard software were 10,000 scenarios, of which 1294 are valid and 2 scenarios are highly compatible. Of the two scenarios with high compatibility, the first scenario shows the favorable conditions and the second scenario shows the critical conditions for the future of residential satisfaction in Rasht within the framework of good urban governance. In order to improve the situation of residential satisfaction, the possible probable situation should be strengthened and the possible critical situation should be weakened. Conclusion According to the obtained results, the first scenario is the best progressive scenario for improving the residential satisfaction situation in Rasht within the framework of good urban governance. With the realization of this scenario, 100% of the determinants of residential satisfaction in Rasht will be achieved. All 13 key factors in this scenario are among the possible probable situations and there are no critical and static factors in this scenario. The possible situations selected in this scenario have many positive effects on the factor of improving the residential satisfaction situation in Rasht within the framework of good urban governance. The second scenario is a critical scenario that with the realization of this scenario, the situation of influential factors in the future of residential satisfaction in Rasht will reach its worst. It is better for the initial measures to be in the direction of resolving the critical situations so that the system moves towards stability and the influential factors in the first scenario have their positive impact process. Integrated urban management and planning, citizen participation and local communities, the existence of necessary infrastructure and mechanisms for citizen intervention and cooperation of non-governmental organizations with the municipality are among the highest values of compatibility related to key factors in the future of residential satisfaction in Rasht.
Rural Planning
Ahmad Hajarian
Abstract
IntroductionSustainable livelihood is one of the most important approaches in the field of climate management, especially drought. Sustainable livelihood is defined as the ability of a social unit to upgrade its assets and capacities in the face of pressures over time. The goal of the sustainable livelihood ...
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IntroductionSustainable livelihood is one of the most important approaches in the field of climate management, especially drought. Sustainable livelihood is defined as the ability of a social unit to upgrade its assets and capacities in the face of pressures over time. The goal of the sustainable livelihood approach is to increase the ability to face change and unpredictable problems, improve justice and increase sustainability by reducing tensions by providing secure networks. Achieving sustainable rural livelihoods is not possible without considering the livelihood capital in rural areas. Given that today, especially in developing societies, the study of household livelihood in terms of rural development is of particular importance, to conduct studies that analyze the livelihoods of rural residents, especially in terms of sustainability and in the face of vulnerable factors such as drought, it is essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the level of livelihood stability of rural households in Hoome Jonobi city in drought conditions in order to understand the sustainability of their livelihood status. Data and Method This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of how to collect data. The statistical population of the study was the heads of rural households in Selseleh city (N = 2894) that using Krejcie-Morgan table, the statistical sample size of 339 people was calculated. In order to obtain samples in this study, multi-stage sampling method was used. The analytical framework used in this study was a sustainable livelihood framework. Stability radar method was used to calculate the level of stability. The results showed that among the five livelihood capitals, four human, natural, social and financial capitals are in terms of stability in terms of stability and physical capital is in a position of potential stability. The questionnaire was the main research tool whose content validity was approved by experts and professors. In order to evaluate the reliability of the research tool, 30 out-of-sample questionnaires were completed and the alpha-Cronbach value for its different sections was obtained from 0.762 to 0.862. Results and Discussion The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is shown by factor loading. Factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, the relationship is considered weak and it is ignored. A factor load between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if it is greater than 0.6, it is very desirable. It can be seen that all observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, all factor loadings at the 0.01 level. They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table, the significance level for factor loadings or standard regression coefficients of the four observed variables is not reported. This is due to the fact that these variables are respectively considered as reference variables or representative variables for four human, physical, social and financial variables, so that these hidden variables are without scale and, in other words, without their root and unit of measurement. be resolved That is why the initial path diagrams on the arrows corresponding to the paths between these observed variables with the corresponding hidden variable are considered as values of 1. The AVE measure represents the average variance shared between each construct with its indicators. In simpler terms, AVE (Average Variance Extracted) is used for convergence validity and shows the high correlation of indicators of one structure compared to the correlation of indicators of other structures. The value of this coefficient varies from zero to one, and values higher than 0.5 are accepted. Convergent validity or average extracted variance (AVE) for the human capital index is 766/. , the natural capital index was 0.711, the social capital index was 0.799 and the financial capital index was 0.526. Also, the value of the structural reliability coefficient or composite reliability (CR) is variable from zero to one, and values higher than 0.7 are accepted. , which for the human capital index is 755/. , the natural capital index was 0.737, the social capital index was 0.802, and the financial capital index was 0.514, which shows the appropriateness of these subscales. ConclusionIn order to analyze a sustainable livelihood in a geographical area, we need to examine the livelihood resources available to the residents of the settlements in that area. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling the livelihood capital of rural households in drought conditions in the rural areas of the southern suburbs and reached the following results.The stability of livelihood capitals of rural households in the study area showed that human capital explains 0.64% of the variance. Also, for natural capitals with a score of 0.45, social capitals with a sustainability score of 0.23 and finally financial capitals with a score of 0.37, this shows the intensity of the relationship between the variable of livelihood capitals and the following It has its own indicators.
Climatology
Seyyed mahmoud Hosseini seddigh; masoud jalali; Hossein Asakereh
Abstract
IntroductionThe results of the study showed that the correlation headley cell and subtropical jet on the atmosphere Iran at the level 200 hPa has a positive correlation with a value of 0.4-0.7 to 35 ° latitude and also regression analysis showed that in latitudes between 15 35 degrees north of the ...
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IntroductionThe results of the study showed that the correlation headley cell and subtropical jet on the atmosphere Iran at the level 200 hPa has a positive correlation with a value of 0.4-0.7 to 35 ° latitude and also regression analysis showed that in latitudes between 15 35 degrees north of the subtropical jet 1(m/s) is higher than normal, although in 2017 up to latitudes 30 degrees north showed an increase of 2(m/s), which had a negative effect on rainfall.Data and MethodThe relationship between Hadley cell and olr in the southern, southwestern and southeastern regions of Iran with a value of 0.4 and the Zagros and northwestern heights of Iran with a value of 0.7 and regression with a value of (w/m2) 0.01 more than normal.Results and DiscussionIt acts as a tangible source of heat in the middle Wordspehr and the heat is added directly to the middle Wordspehr and causes heating of the upper half of the Wordspehr.ConclusionRegression 2 to 1 is shown. Low relative humidity along with the dried air mass is located below the descending branches of the headley cell, which has ruled the drought conditions (-0/7) showed that it creates conditions for lack of rainfall and drought.
Urban Planning
Jalil Khatibi; Rahim Sarvar; Bakhtyar ezatpanah
Abstract
IntroductionThe issue of housing development and planning for it in the form of urban development plans with minimal costs and minimum interventions to create optimal living conditions in urban space, is one of the ideal goals of urban management. On the other hand, the realization of the goals of urban ...
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IntroductionThe issue of housing development and planning for it in the form of urban development plans with minimal costs and minimum interventions to create optimal living conditions in urban space, is one of the ideal goals of urban management. On the other hand, the realization of the goals of urban development plans depends on the development of sustainable and quality housing. In terms of form, beautiful and in accordance with environmental conditions, with a long shelf life and longevity, compliance with construction standards, high safety and low energy consumption. Therefore, the process of rehabilitation, improvement and modernization and production of housing in urban centers, especially dilapidated structures, is multifaceted, which has an undeniable role in population and socio-economic stability in sustainable neighborhood development. The present study tried to evaluate the role of urban plans in housing development interventions by analyzing and implementing urban development plans in the field of housing planning and meeting the needs of the housing sector in District 3 of Zanjan. In this regard, studies show that achieving the goals of urban development projects depends on the development of sustainable and quality housing. In terms of form, beautiful and in accordance with environmental conditions, with a long shelf life and longevity, compliance with construction standards, high safety and low energy consumption.Data and MethodThis article seeks to explain and analyze the role of urban development plans on housing development policies with a descriptive-analytical method with a future research approach in Region 3 of Zanjan. Data collection was done by field and library studies. The statistical population includes a group of urban experts who were selected for the Delphi panel by snowball sampling method. For data analysis, factor analysis, multiple linear regression test and interactive interaction analysis approach were used with the help of SPSS and Scenario Wizard software. First, by factor analysis, the common variance of one variable with other variables was investigated and minor variables were removed.Results and DiscussionThe correlation between "urban development plans" and "housing development" in region 3 of Zanjan city was analyzed by multiple linear regression test. Finally, by using interactive interaction analysis based on possible component relationships and experts' evaluation of possible future trends, by explaining the relationships between the factors of an impact network, desirable and sustainable patterns of housing development in the form of urban development plans are identified and analyzed. Took.Quantitative and analytical studies showed that the correlation and causal relationship between "housing production" and "urban development projects" is equal to 0.539. On the other hand, "urban development plans" justify 43% of the variable "housing production". In addition, the "management" index with a coefficient (β = 0.444) had the highest correlation with "urban development plans". On the other hand, the most important model of housing development and production in the form of urban development plans with the approach of balancing interaction analysis based on the sixth scenario with a total impact factor of 57 and a stability value of 1 is the physical components of the housing quality index with coefficient Impact 9+; Economic on housing price index with an impact factor of +3; Social on poor housing index with an impact factor of +3; Environment on environmental health index with an impact factor of +2; And management emphasizes the index of resolving property legal disputes with an impact factor of +1.ConclusionThus, studies show that the quality of housing in terms of strength, age, type of materials and compliance with urban planning and building engineering criteria to produce sustainable housing, along with solving the problem of common ownership and lack of ownership certificate of most dilapidated housing, as well as compliance with criteria. Environmental health, especially how to dispose of sewage, as well as controlling housing prices by producing cheap housing and controlling the stock market in the city can be effective in achieving housing production goals in urban plans. In view of the above, in order to achieve the desired pattern of housing development and production in the form of urban development projects in Region 3 of Zanjan, it seems necessary to observe the following:Granting facilities in order to reduce the poor housing ratio in the regionPer capita infrastructure improvementRegulate informal sales and chartersUpgrading housing production capacityDevelop legal rules and requirements for resolving legal and property disputesObservance of housing quality criteriaProviding a favorable pattern in the field of facade and exterior of the building
Rural Planning
Aboulghasem Taghizadfanid; sajedeh dinparast; Saeid Nasire Zare; Parsa Pashaei
Abstract
Introduction Rural areas are a well-known research topic. Development in these areas is due to the efficiency of agricultural institutions that should ensure the welfare of these areas and employment and population factors that lead to the growth of welfare. In relation to these areas, development ...
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Introduction Rural areas are a well-known research topic. Development in these areas is due to the efficiency of agricultural institutions that should ensure the welfare of these areas and employment and population factors that lead to the growth of welfare. In relation to these areas, development is to improve the living conditions and is the most important solution to solve the problems of the villagers. But for this issue, the first step will be to identify the challenges and obstacles to development in these areas, one of the main axes of which is to pay attention to the managerial performance of managers in these communities. Data and Method On the one hand, research is a qualitative research that seeks to explore and identify the factors affecting the management of managers in the development of rural areas, and on the other hand, it is a quantitative research, because it tries to describe these factors statistically by tests. From the point of view of research classification, based on purpose, research is of applied type. Because it seeks to apply the theories, regularities, principles and techniques developed in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling variables, the present study is a quasi-experimental research, because due to the post-event nature of the research, it is not possible to control variables completely. In the qualitative part of the research, sampling was done randomly and selectively from local residents. In the end, after reaching the theoretical saturation and reaching the repetitive answers, the qualitative part of the research was completed. But for the quantitative part of the research that sought to describe and identify the factors affecting the performance weaknesses of local managers for development in rural areas, first these criteria should be integrated into factors and sub-factors. On the one hand, this made the research criteria clearer and on the other hand, it made it easier to measure it in the researcher-made questionnaire. Therefore, the semantic units obtained from the interview were coded and classified in three stages. This classification was the basis for designing a questionnaire in the Likert scale. The validity and content of the questionnaire were also confirmed by a panel of experts after simplifying some of the questions and statements. The reliability of the questionnaire for Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.796, which indicates the appropriateness of the research tool for measuring the subject. The questionnaire was randomly distributed among the sample population which included 230 samples (according to Cochran's formula) from rural areas of Dolatabad district. The sample size for rural areas was proportional to the number of rural households in these areas. SPSS and Lisral were used to analyze the data. Thus, factor analysis was used as a multivariate analysis technique to evaluate the factors and to show their significance, the T-statistic model was used. ConclusionAccording to the results of the interview, 43 semantic units were obtained which after coding and classification, these criteria were classified into 26 criteria and 4 general dimensions. These criteria are the most important managerial performance of managers in the rural area, which has played an important role in the development of the rural area from the point of view of the local community. After identifying the desired criteria, these criteria were evaluated in a specialized questionnaire by 230 samples from the study population and analyzed in the LISR program. Based on the results, the value of t-statistic for all criteria is more than 1.96, which indicates a significant relationship between criteria and factors. Therefore, all criteria have the necessary accuracy to measure their own structure and each indicator only measures its own structure and the criteria are correctly classified in the form of key barriers. Based on the statistical values obtained, which are the most important results of the analysis, the highest factor load for administrative-organizational factors; Body; It has been social and economic. Therefore, the administrative-organizational factor is studied as the most important factor for the performance of managers in the development of rural areas. Results and Discussion Identifying and evaluating the performance of managers in the development of the studied rural area was in 4 main dimensions, administrative-organizational, social, economic and physical. In each of these factors, some criteria had the highest factor load. In the administrative-organizational factor, the standard of professional experience and activity of local managers; In the physical factor, the general standard of retrofitting houses in rural areas, which includes the sub-criteria of regulating suitable laws for rural constructions and providing suitable financial resources for retrofitting houses, had the highest factor load. In the social factor, the standard of effective communication and cooperation between managers and local people has been most important. In relation to this standard, it is clear that two-way and mutual communication between managers and local people will lead to cooperative management. This is a standard that the development literature considers its role in realizing development goals to be very important. In the economic factor, the criterion of paying attention to the economic interests of the village was the most important criterion, which had the highest factor load. In general, the findings of the research determined the challenges faced by managers in the development of rural areas. Of course, the subject of the research was only investigating the challenges of managers in rural areas, but the performance of local managers in some areas, especially in the physical-spatial field, has been appropriate. Construction and creation of new roads in the village, improvement and renovation of roads, security of residential units, etc.
Land use Planning
Rahimeh Rostami; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Maedeh Bakuoyi
Abstract
IntroductionDrying up of Urmia Lake has great influence on the surrounding environment. The salinity of the soil on the edge of the lake, the increase of salt particles and the reduction of the usual agriculture in this area are among the effects of this drought. With proper planning and extensive studies, ...
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IntroductionDrying up of Urmia Lake has great influence on the surrounding environment. The salinity of the soil on the edge of the lake, the increase of salt particles and the reduction of the usual agriculture in this area are among the effects of this drought. With proper planning and extensive studies, it is possible to turn the created deficiencies into opportunities and take maximum advantage of them. One of the parameters that can be checked using satellite data is soil salinity. Soil salinity is the accumulation of dissolved salts in the form of electrical conductivity, and it can be measured. In this study, the changes in land use and vegetation from 2000 to 2016 have been investigated using Landsat 5 and 8 images. The analysis of the images has been done using object-oriented methods, and the soil salinity has been calculated using salinity indices and during the studied years. Soil salinity index as well as other indices such as plant indices has been used in the classification and examination of changes. Land use changes were obtained by object-oriented method in Ecognation software and calculations related to the amount of changes is done using Arc map and Idrisi software. The study was carried out on 4 periods of 2000, 2006, 2010 and 2016. The images related to each year are first classified into 9 classes of water, salt marsh, new salt, pastures and weak pastures, city, agriculture, barren land and garden by object-oriented method. After classification, the amount of changes during these years has been obtained.Data and methodsMost of the study area is located in pass 168 and row 34, and only parts of the lake in the northwestern part of the study area are outside this image, so to get the desired result, we have to mosaic the images of passes 168 and 169 with rows 33 and 34. Processing is divided into three stages: pre-processing, processing and post-processing.Segmentation is the first step in processing images in object-oriented methods. Segmentation is the integration of objects from small to large based on the parameters of color, shape, density, smoothness and scale. In this study for processing have used from ecognation Software. The method used to classify images is the thresholding method. In order to improve the classification method, salinity indices and vegetation indices have used in this study.ConclusionThe amount of water in the lake has decreased drastically between 2000 and 2016, and it has decreased from 54.39% range to 29.26%. By examining the changes, it can be seen that other land uses have been reduced, and salt marshes have been added. The comparison of land uses from 2000 to 2016 shows that the amount of salt marshes has increased from 12.37% in 2000 to 13.84% in 2006, 24.7% in 2010 and 33.25% in 2016. Studies show that the intensity of changes in the amount of water and salinity between the years 2006 to 2010 and 2010 to 2016 is much more intense than the period 2000 to 2006. It seems that before 2006, unprincipled exploitation of lake water and underground water was less than after 2006, or the environment had the ability to recover the amount of water harvested. As it can be seen from the map of 2000, the amount of new or wet salt around the lake is very small, which has increased with the decrease of the lake's water. The survey of gardens in the studied area shows that the area occupied by gardens has increased from 2000 to 2010, but the results of changes in use from 2010 to 2016 show that the area of gardens has almost halved (1099 pixels from the image in 2010 And 667 pixels in 2016) that one of the factors of this reduction can be soil salinity.Another thing that can be seen by studying the maps is the distribution of new salt in the areas far away from the lake, which at first was only attached to the water at the edge, but over time, when the amount of this type of salt increased, due to the occurrence of salt storms, it was spread to further areas. If measures are not taken to control this amount of salt and soil salinity that has occurred after that and will increase over time, we will witness more severe problems in the region.
Urban Planning
Vahid Bigdeli Rad; Bahareh Zarbafnia
Abstract
Introduction
The emergence of the mechanized phenomenon increased the human’s need for nature and using it in a peaceful environment so that the natural environments can be established to link nature to the city and create public and popular spaces to link the human to nature. Therefore, some ...
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Introduction
The emergence of the mechanized phenomenon increased the human’s need for nature and using it in a peaceful environment so that the natural environments can be established to link nature to the city and create public and popular spaces to link the human to nature. Therefore, some measures must be taken to improve the quality of the roads besides creating them to increase the walkability (Sharghi et al., 2017; Najafpour et al., 2014). Qazvin Health Road, located in the northern part of the city, was created to have a healthy society. However, it did not reach its highest level in terms of facilities and quality. The current research aims to evaluate the factors affecting the desirability of the urban pedestrian zones with an emphasis on the Qazvin Health Pedestrian Road through which the more presences of the people to improve the health level of the society in the urban and natural spaces is provided by recognizing the factors affecting their quality and improvement in this road. This plan is a dynamic process that was implemented to provide the mental and physical health of the people and increase their happiness and pleasure from the opposite of Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, to Barajin Park.
Data and Method
The current method used a questionnaire to collect the data as one of the most common tools in field studies. Cronbach’s alpha method was also used in confirming reliability, which is considered as the most practical and significant method to measure the reliability. If this value is higher than 0.7, it can be said that the tool has higher reliability (Siamak & Davarpanah, 2009). 30 primary questionnaires were distributed among the members of the statistical population to evaluate the validity, and as a result, the criteria with Cronbach’s alpha less than 0.7 were eliminated, and the criteria with a coefficient higher than 0.7 were obtained as the final questionnaire. Then, given determining the sample size obtained from Cochran’s formula, 400 questionnaires were filled. The data and the items of the questionnaire were first coded using SPSS software to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire, and then, the related values were typed in their specific order. In the following, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to study the normality or abnormality of the data distribution, and the results indicated that the distribution of the data was abnormal. Therefore, the Binomial test was selected as the analysis method, which is a non-parametric test, in proportion to the research purpose.
Results and Discussion
The research results indicate that the following criteria gained the maximum satisfaction of the residents: in physical factors, connectivity and the width of the axis, in environmental factor, the cleanness and hygiene; in comfort and convenience factor, the lack of noise pollution and the status of the flooring; in the physical and activity factor, the criterion of various usability of the path. In contrast, the following factors obtained the least satisfaction: landscaping in the physical factor, protecting the pedestrian against climate changes in the environmental factors, the facilitation in the comfort and convenience factor, and functional diversity in the physical and activity factor. As presented, paying attention to the four mentioned criteria has the maximum effect on the desirability while Siadati and Karimifard (2018) considered vitality the most effective criterion in increasing the desirability of the pedestrian axes. Similar to Hajrezaei (2019), the land use and activity along with the mixed land uses, functional diversity, and various usability of the path are among the factors that have the most effect on the desirability of the pedestrian axis in the current study. Furthermore, in a paper conducted by Punter and Carmona (1997), the environmental factor and the quality of the public area were considered significant. In a study by Habibi and Sheikhahmadi (2019), increasing the legibility using urban landmarks, land use diversity, and physical diversity, safety, and security, using natural elements, and the connectivity of the path are the factors that lead to increasing the desirability. Seyfallahi Fakhr et al. (2013) believe that the function has the most effect on creating a safe pedestrian path, resulting in increasing the desirability of the axis, which was also mentioned in the current study.
Conclusion
The current research aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the desirability of the urban pedestrian axes in Qazvin Health Road as a case study. After reviewing theoretical foundations and surveying the experts, the factors were selected as the main factors in the desirability of the urban pedestrian axes that are as follows: physical factors, environmental factors, comfort and convenience, physical and activity status of the Health Road. Then, through observation and field studies, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among them to investigate the desirability of the pedestrian axis. In the following, after collecting the questionnaires, citizens’ satisfaction with each one of the criteria were evaluated using the Binomial test. The research results indicate that the following criteria gained the maximum satisfaction of the residents: in physical factors, connectivity and the width of the axis, in environmental factor, the cleanness, and hygiene; in comfort and convenience factor, the lack of noise pollution and the status of the flooring; in the physical and activity factor, the criterion of various usability of the path. In contrast, the following factors obtained the least satisfaction: landscaping in the physical factor, protecting the pedestrian against climate changes in the environmental factors, the facilitation in the comfort and convenience factor, and functional diversity in the physical and activity factor. In the end, it is noteworthy that the research results and the recommendations that were determined based thereon can be considered by all the executive organizations, and finally, result in improving the quality of this road and the similar examples in Iran.
Urban Planning
Akbar Rahimi; Ramin Nagshbandi
Abstract
Introduction
The growing trend of urbanization in developing countries like as Iran has led to a threefold increase in the urban population, with 54% of the world's population living in cities and projected to reach 66% by 2050. From 1950 to 2014, the world's population increased by 423 percent. The ...
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Introduction
The growing trend of urbanization in developing countries like as Iran has led to a threefold increase in the urban population, with 54% of the world's population living in cities and projected to reach 66% by 2050. From 1950 to 2014, the world's population increased by 423 percent. The willingness towards machine life is the rapid development of construction in urban areas, causing psychological pressures along with physical pressures on the living environment in urban spaces) and can be said that construction without limitation in cities has a negative impact on urban landscape preferences. Also, rapid population growth in cities has a negative reflection on the environment and urban the pollution of cities, environmental degradation, also the ecological balance of the environment, destruction Cover plants of urban and suburban areas (farmland, gardens) and the conversion of natural ground cover to the impermeable surfaces. It also has an impact on the urban ecosystems. The sequence of that urban dispersal takes place. Extravagant use of suburban lands has led to dramatic changes in the landscape of suburbs and city entrances. Today's entrances, which serve as only an element to determine the city's boundaries, are decorative elements that are located in the middle of the city's entryway and can be said to have no identity. Some of the most important actions carried out in the field of organization of entrance gates in Iranian cities are the construction of the Boulevard and the Blvd and often has been added to the problems of these fields. The lack of proper city management, on the other hand, has led to undesirable uses at the entrance of cities that limit the attractiveness of tourism and the use of natural elements and make visual and environmental disturbances more evident.
The importance of urban landscapes has been revealed to everyone with its many benefits, so planning for urban landscape design is one of the most important issues in ecology and urban landscape. Landscapes are important in human life activities and how they affect the quality of our life. However, strategies for urban landscape management have been developed by experts and the perception of people from the urban landscape is often ignored. The European Landscape Convention (ELC) mentioned that people’s perceptions are the main factor in the assessment and planning of the landscape because general people think in a different way than experienced designers’ do. Studies show that human judgment is instinctive so that prospects for suitable for survival are more preferred. These responses are usually unconscious and immediate. So, in planning and managing public spaces, they need to be considered and understood by users of these.
The need to integrate public perception and expert approaches into landscape management processes can help improve the urban because the use of urban sights is a expect if the reality is not coordinated, it leads to incompatibility between space and citizens. It is obvious that recognizing the desires of people and their preferences is not only an educational challenge, but also vital for policymaking and implementation, and in addition to creating more attractive neighborhoods and promoting environmental services. In this way, urban spaces can be gained better acceptance and satisfaction by people of society. Evidence shows that in Iran, public perception of urban landscapes, especially at city entrances, has not been addressed at all, and therefore, this study attempts to examine the perceptions of people who use the entrances to Saqqez city in order to improve their perceptions. Environmental quality from the perspective of the indigenous peoples of Saqez, travelers, and tourists.
Materials & Methods
study area
The city of Saqqez is located in the northwest of Sanandaj City (center of the province) and approximately 190 kilometers. The city of Saqqez has located between orbit 36 degrees 13 minutes to 36 degrees 16 minutes north latitude and 46 degrees 14 minutes 46 degrees 17 minutes east longitude. The city of Saqqez, with a population equal to 168.258, has also been divided into 22 neighborhoods and 8 districts.The city of Saqqez has 4 entrances; it has one entrance to Sanandaj to the south-east, 1 to Boukan to the north, 1 to Baneh to the west and 1 inlet in the northwest of the city where this entry is a rural entrance, which in this study will examine three main entrances of the city Used.
Questionnaire Structure
The questionnaire is divided into three sections. The first section contains demographic information. Before scoring each landscape scene, the participants had to indicate their personal socio-demographic information; marital status, age, education level, monthly income, and city of residence. Finally, the third section deals with the independent and dependent variables of the research. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert spectrum and is structurally closed.
Scene Evaluation
The studies’ photographs were collected during the summers of 2018. All photographs in the studies were taken on sunny to partly sunny days from 10 am to 4 pm to avoid large differences in lighting. They were taken from approximately 5 feet above the ground from streets or sidewalks. A total of 40 images were selected and presented as a booklet. All 12 pictures related to one entrance and 2 photos of the beginning of each section and 2 final pictures were not considered in the analysis. participants were asked to evaluate the images on a 5-Point Likert-type Scale (Very nice + 2, beautiful +1, normal 0, ugly -1 and very ugly -2). The purpose of having two extra scenes at the beginning was to make the participants familiar with the photo rating procedure, whereas the two extra photos at the end of the photo-questionnaire served to prevent the participants from anticipating, which could render them easier. Finally, the images were calculated using the formula below.
Survey Population and Sample Size
The most relevant formula and a suitable solution would be the formula proposed by Mitra and Lankford (1999). This formula significantly prevents error by reducing the sampling error and increasing the confidence level, while at the same time reducing the non-sampling error. We assumed the standard deviation to be equal to 2.88, with the sampling size amounting to 300 persons. as a result, the sampling size amounted to 300 persons.
e = √ (P (1-P)/n); P = 50% and e = 2.88% 2.88% = √ (50 %( 1-50%)/n) → n = 300
Sampling Method, Survey Duration and Data analysis
During the spring months 2018, 300 entrance in Saqqez City users, aged 18 to 75, were randomly selected to answer a questionnaire containing 20 questions, using the booklet. The questionnaire was distributed every day at 8 am to 8 pm. These hours constitute the most frequently visited times of urban entrance. The data collected from the questionnaire survey were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), no. 20.
Discussion of Results
Examine people's preferences
The mean of the dependent variables of the research required to create an appropriate environment and to improve the quality of the environment are "public service, tourist, traffic, law enforcement, and green space. Green space with a mean of 4.40 was the top priority, and tourist destinations with a mean of 4.23 were.
Prioritizing independent variables from people's perspective
Friedman's test was used to prioritize independent variables from the viewpoints of indigenous people, travelers, and tourists in Saqqez City. Prioritizing independent variables is the indicator that it can have a positive impact on different applications within the city's entry range of those users. Green walkways in the range with an average rating of 8.20 as the first proper use of the entrance axis could have the most impact, creating parks or recreational or resorts with an average rating of 8.12 was the second most preferred, but there are repair shops and industrial applications with a mean rating of 2.62 was the lowest preference. The results also showed that the priority of independent variables of people is completely different and not at a level where the mentioned test was significant at the error level of 0.05 (P < 0.05).
People's preferences for independent variables according to demographic characteristic
People's preferences for independent variables were adjusted according to age, education level, marital status and residence in the form of sequential variables. Kruskal-Wallis test for age and level of education was used to compare the independent variables of the study, and the Mann-Whitney test for marital status and residence was used to compare the independent variables of the study. The results show that the choice of some variables (95% and 99% confidence level) was significant, which means that people with age, education, marital status, and different residence have the same priority in relation to variables. Top of form
Mean Description of Preference
Respondents' preferences at the entrances to Saqqez show That scenes 12, 16, and 34 are the most preferred scenes for the City entrances Saqqez. Sanandaj entrance Scene 12 (M = 3.50, SD= 1.050, pt=269) followed by bukan Entrance scene 16 (M = 4.08, s. d= 0.943, pt=324) and baneh Entrance scene 34 (M =4.06, SD= 0.929 pt=319). The favorable criteria natural landscapes, wide visibility, the presence of green spaces, Plant, elements and urban signs and service use in the desirability of spaces are important factors. But at the entrance to Sanandaj Scene 2 (M = 1.32, SD= 0.173, pt=-503) followed by bukan Entrance scene 15 (M = 1.40, s. d= 0.767, pt=-480) and baneh Entrance scene 32 (M =1.151, SD= 0.832 pt=-448) have the least preferred.The presence of visual turbulence by the waste collection center, range vendors and industrial applications, environmental degradation, lack of green space and lack of identity were the least effective preference. Bottom of Form
Conclusions
According to the results obtained from the present study, suitable land uses have been selected by the people from the perspective of Green walkways as the first priority of land use planning. In this regard, various studies show that green walkways or green trails contribute to the provision of multiple ecosystem services, protection, and conservation of biodiversity in cities. Tourists and travelers in the city of Saqqez have chosen the parks or recreational parks as a second priority in landscaping the entrances. Urban parks have been one of the most important cities. Top of form bottom of Form Urban parks are the main points of the cities. Green spaces, especially urban parks, give the community a wide range of environmental, psychological, social and economic benefits depending on their performance. The third priority of the people to use in landscaping entrances is "health centers". Health is one of the first basic needs of human societies for health and can be said to be an important part of one's social needs. Therefore, equal access to the primary health services for all social and economic groups of security and control with the aim of improving the quality of life and health of citizens is of the most important duties of Governments.
The lowest priority of the people is among the users from the perspective of entrances to "repair shop and industrial applications". Research has shown that the establishment of industrial and repair shops at the entrance axis is unauthorized due to the visual pollution they create, and it is suggested that they are transferred to the second layer. Or that these observations are covered with vegetation. Previous studies have demonstrated that different people could have different perceptions of landscape visual quality. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics significantly affect individuals’ preferences. Landscape preferences show in the entrances of cities, the existence of handmade objects such as houses, buildings in agricultural farms and index changes affect the preference of negative impact, but water, plant cover, shrubs, and trees have a positive impact on the viewpoint and study of verification of this issue.
Climatology
Mohammadreza Rafighi; Mehry Akbary; Mohammad Hassan Fakharnia; Mohammad Hassan Vahidnia
Abstract
IntroductionAlthough the air layer adjacent to the earth's surface - the boundary layer - is a small fraction of the entire atmosphere, the processes that take place on a small scale are very important to human life and activites. Among living organisms, plants and especially trees have undeniable effects ...
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IntroductionAlthough the air layer adjacent to the earth's surface - the boundary layer - is a small fraction of the entire atmosphere, the processes that take place on a small scale are very important to human life and activites. Among living organisms, plants and especially trees have undeniable effects on surface temperature and especially in urban environments have several balancing effects. This research was carried out using Landsat 8 satellite imagery and with Arc GIS software to compare the surface temperature of the earth in two areas with vegetation of coniferous trees (Chitgar Park) and broadleaf trees (Shahid Chamran Park). The values of Radiance, Reflectance, Brightness Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Proportion of Vegetation and Emissivity and then Land Surface Temperature were calculated and generated. A total of 1700 points were harvested from Chitgar Park and 800 points from Chamran Park. In SPSS software, Leven test (F) statistics was used to prove the homogeneity of variances of the samples and parametric tests (T with two independent samples) were used to prove the significant difference between the surface temperature of the earth in the mentioned areas. According to Leven test, the value was Sig = 0.409 (P_value), which confirms the homogeneity and equality of variance of the studied samples. Also, in the T test, the value was Sig = 0.000, which is less than 0.05, which means a significant difference. Therefore, the difference between the surface temperature data of the two parks was proved. Also, by comparing the graphs of LST values in the two groups, we found that Chitgar Park has a higher surface temperature than Chamran Park. In the current dilemma of the century, global warming, knowing these local realities and providing logical solutions to reduce surface temperature at the regional and regional scales as a whole can effectively solve the problem of global warming on a global scale.Data and Method The data used in this study is a Landsat 8 satellite imagery with the acronym: 8 (LC08_L1TP_165035_20190706) is LANDSAT.Retrieved July 6, 2019 from the USGS website.Production of component images for Shahid Chamran Parks in Karaj and Chitgar in Tehran: The surface temperature image was generated step by step using the Landsat 8 satellite image using the Raster Calculator command in the ArcMap software environment. First, relevant and effective indicators in calculating the surface temperature of the earth, Top of atmospheric radiance, reflectance, Brightness Temperature, normalized difference vegetation index, proportion of vegetation, emission coefficient (emissivity), calculation and their images are produced and then the land surface temperature, It was calculated and produced according to the following mathematical formulas.Step 1: Produce a spectral radius image from above the atmosphere To obtain the brightness temperature, the image must first be converted to radius. Therefore, the gray DN values of bands 10 and 11 of the Landsat 8 satellite TIRS sensor should be converted to high atmospheric radius separately with the help of the MTL file, which is an extension of the Landsat image (Tables 1, 2 and 3).Formula (1) :Calculate the radius of the upper atmosphere TOA (Lλ) = ML * Qcal + ALLλ = (Watts / (m2 * srad * μm)) The radius of the atmosphere in terms ofML = Multi-band radius_ 10 bandStep 2: Produce an image of the light temperature above the atmosphere After converting the DN values of bands 10 and 11 to high atmospheric radii, we converted these two corrected bands to Brightness Temperature.BT = (K2 / (ln (K1 / L) + 1)) - 273.15 Formula (2): Calculation of Brightness Temperature BT = Atmospheric Brightness Temperature (° C)Lλ = (Watts / (m2 * srad * μm)) Radius of the atmosphere in terms ofBT = (1321.0789 / Ln ((774.8853 / “% TOA%”) + 1)) - 273.15K1 = K1 Constant Band (No.), K2 = K2 Constant Band (No.)Step 3: Produce vegetation index image formula (3): normalized difference vegetation index image was generated usingNDVI = (Band 5 - Band 4) / (Band 5 + Band 4)Step 4: Produce a proportion of vegetation imageThe proportion of vegetation image was generated using normalized difference vegetation index.formulas (4):Calculate the proportion of vegetation PV = (NDVI - NDVImin / NDVImax- NDVImin) 2PV = Square (("NDVI" - 0.216901) / (0.632267 - 0.216901))Step 5: Produce the Emissivity image Emissivity image was generated using formula (5)ε = 0.004 * PV + 0.986 Formula (5): Calculate the Emissivity coefficientStep 6: Produce an image of the earth's surface temperature Land surface temperature image was generated using formula (6).Formula (6) :Calculate ground land surface temperatureLST = (BT / (1 + (0.00115 * BT / 1.4388) * Ln (e)))Results and Discussion Text Comparison of surface temperature phenomena (LST) According to Table (6), the highest land surface temperature with 44.42 ° C belongs to Chitgar Park, which is covered with coniferous trees, and the lowest in Shahid Chamran Park, in Karaj with 28.09 ° C with broadleaf trees. Has been. According to Tables (7) and (8), the lowest temperature of Chamran Park is 28.09 ° C and the highest is 36.51 ° C and the lowest temperature of Chitgar Park is 34.74 ° C and the highest is 44.42 ° C. . According to Figure (22), Chitgar Park with an average surface temperature of 38.92 ° C is warmer than Shahid Chamran Park with an average land surface temperature of 31.39 ° C. Figure (23) shows a red graphic showing the surface temperature of the ground in Chitgar Park with coniferous species (pine) and the blue diagram shows the surface temperature of Shahid Chamran Park in Karaj with broadleaf species. It is clear that the temperature is significantly higher in Chitgarh Park. The range of temperature fluctuations in Shahid Chamran Park is between 36.51 - 28.09 ° C and in Chitgar Park is between 42 / 44-74 / 34 which is exactly shown in the diagram. The fact that the red chart is higher than the blue chart explains this correctly. This is due to the lower density of trees in Chitgarh Park as well as the predominant tree species (needle-shaped) due to less shading and more input radiation. T test with two independent samples: This test, which is a parametric test, was used to prove a significant difference between the earth's surface temperature in areas with coniferous and deciduous trees. Leven test (F) was used to prove the homogeneity of sample variances and t-test with two independent samples was used to examine the homogeneity of the means of the two statistical populations, which resulted in the following results. As can be seen in Table (12), the value = 0.409 Sig, which is the same value as P_value, is greater than 0.05, ie the variance of the communities is homogeneous and equal. 0.05 is less, which means that the difference is significant. Due to religion, the difference between the land surface temperature data of Shahid Chamran and Chitgar parks is proved.ConclusionAccording to all the findings, Chitgar Park has a higher land surface temperature than Chamran Park, which is due to the lower density of trees and also the type of dominant tree species (needle-shaped). Coniferous species that take up less space than broadleaf species and have less shading. They also make it possible for the sun to collide with the ground due to the fact that the leaves of the adjacent trees do not meet, and this is an important factor in raising the surface temperature in the mentioned park. Species compatible with the climate of the study areas are broadleaf species because they have more leaves shading and care than coniferous species and ultimately cause more climate adjustment. The difference in temperature between the two parks confirms this fact. In the current dilemma of the century, global warming, knowing these local realities and providing logical solutions to reduce surface temperature at the regional and regional scales as a whole can effectively solve the problem of global warming on a global scale.
Geomorphology
Masoumeh Rajabi; Shahram Roustaie; Seyed Mohammad Reza Javadi
Abstract
IntroductionLand subsidence is commonly referred to as vertical downward movements of the earth's surface that can be accompanied by a slight horizontal vector. Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors that ...
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IntroductionLand subsidence is commonly referred to as vertical downward movements of the earth's surface that can be accompanied by a slight horizontal vector. Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors that may become a threat to humans and human achievements. The phenomenon of subsidence, although imperceptible and gradual, but is associated with many risks, including the creation of potholes, failure and cracking of buildings, skewing of high facilities, damage to agricultural facilities, breakage and destruction of stairs Roads and network of urban thoroughfares. Therefore, this issue affects the urban areas more, which if not addressed can lead to many human and financial losses. Accordingly, monitoring the rate of land subsidence in order to reduce the negative effects as well as controlling its development process, will be very important and it is necessary to regularly estimate the area subsidence trend. Due to the importance of the issue, in recent years, various studies have been conducted in the field of subsidence and advances in the field of remote sensing have led to monitoring the phenomenon of subsidence, unlike in the past, with greater accuracy and speed. One of the methods that has received a lot of attention in recent years is the radar interference method, which has high accuracy and speed in processing information and monitoring land surface changes, so in this study, this method is used to monitor the situation. Subsidence of cities located in Hamedan-Bahar plain has been used.Materials and methodsIn this study, in accordance with the intended objectives of Sentinel 1 radar images (73 radar images during the period 16/01/2015 to 14/01/20120), the information of piezometric wells in the region (related to the Water and Regional Organization of Hamadan Province ) And the 30 m SRTM digital elevation model have been used as research data. Important research tools also include GMT (for radar interference measurement and SBAS time series) and ARCGIS (for mapping). This research has been done in 2 general stages. In the first stage, the amount of subsidence in the area is assessed using radar images. In order to perform this step, radar interferometry and SBAS time series method have been used. In the second stage, the annual drop in groundwater in the region is evaluated. At this stage, in order to assess the annual drop in groundwater in the region, information about 25 piezometric wells located in the study area in the period of 1375 to 1395 has been used.Discussion and resultsThe study of subsidence results in the study cities indicates that the average annual subsidence in the urban area of Hamedan was about 23 mm, the highest amount of which was related to the western regions of the city. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Bahar was about 9 mm, the highest rate of subsidence was in the southern areas of the urban area. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Salehabad with 6 mm was lower than other cities, but the average annual subsidence of Lalejin with 47 mm was the highest among cities. Also, in this research, information related to 25 piezometric wells (statistical periods of wells related to the years 1375 to 1695) located in the study area has been used. Examination of the level of water level drop in the studied wells indicates that these wells have faced a lot of water level drop, so the average annual drop of wells is calculated between 100 to 2070 mm. The study of the spatial status of groundwater depletion indicates that the middle areas of the study area have the highest average annual groundwater level depletion.ConclusionThe results obtained from the assessment of subsidence in the studied urban areas indicate that the highest amount of subsidence occurred in the urban area of Lalejin, so that this area during a period of 5 years (01/16/2015 to 01/14 /2020) had a subsidence between 26 and 234 mm (average annual 47 mm). In this study, the situation of groundwater resources decline has also been evaluated. The results show that the average annual drop of wells in the region is between 100 to 2070 mm, which is the highest rate of decline in the middle areas of the study area, and given that in this region, the highest rate of subsidence also occurred. Given that there is a significant relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level decline (correlation 0.7). In fact, a study of the subsidence of cities in relation to the decline of groundwater resources indicates that the city of Lalejin, due to its location in the middle of the area and the high annual rate of groundwater decline, had the highest rate of subsidence. Also, the results of evaluations have shown that in addition to the decrease of groundwater resources, constructions have also played a role in increasing the rate of subsidence, so that the city of Hamedan has faced less groundwater loss than the city of Bahar, but it had more subsidence. Considering that the highest rate of subsidence occurred in the western, southern and eastern regions of Hamedan urban area and these areas have faced a lot of physical development in recent years, so it can be said that in addition to water loss Underground, the development of construction has also played an important role in the rate of subsidence in this city.
Urban Planning
Isa Piri; Leila Hashemi
Abstract
Introduction
With the advent of modernity and modernity, the urban body witnessed the bitter experience of failed modernization. This failure was especially evident in Third World cities and led to a decline in human quality of life in various economic, social, cultural and aesthetic dimensions.
Data ...
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Introduction
With the advent of modernity and modernity, the urban body witnessed the bitter experience of failed modernization. This failure was especially evident in Third World cities and led to a decline in human quality of life in various economic, social, cultural and aesthetic dimensions.
Data and Method
The present study challenges the effects of the growing trend of various types of urban renewal in the social dimension, as the most prominent form of human life in dealing with human affairs is the "city"; Thus, the city's reputation may be honored or shattered by human norms or anomalies. Urban spaces affected by anthropogenic anomalies are often trapped in an uncivilized spirit in the body of civilization. Thus, the Renaissance in urban spaces, especially the streets, which is the most important arena of citizenship, seeks to eliminate the anomalies of unfinished modernism that dominate public spaces by producing human-based civil spaces.
Results and Discussion
In fact, street renaissance is a response to how social relationships are discovered, strengthened and revealed in one of the most important behavioral centers of the city, which as a strategic tool is able to produce and reproduce social spaces in the city. Considering that Sabzeh-e-Meidan, as one of the main bases of Zanjan city, has been affected by unthinkable modernization, the revival and production of human spaces in addition to commercial spaces seems inevitable.
Conclusion
This study is based on the idea of producing a qualitative analytical Lefebvre space in order to acknowledge the impact of social indicators on the central part of the city (Sabzeh-Meidan), which finally confirms the existence of potential social potentials in the area by providing a qualitative model with Maxqda software.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar Rostaei; Mina Farokhi Someh; Rasoul Ghorbani
Abstract
IntroductionLifestyle is one of the most popular concepts used to explore consumer behavior. In various fields, the lifestyle concept has been widely used to understand and explain certain consumer behaviors. Residential lifestyle is defined here as the way of life related to residence associated with ...
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IntroductionLifestyle is one of the most popular concepts used to explore consumer behavior. In various fields, the lifestyle concept has been widely used to understand and explain certain consumer behaviors. Residential lifestyle is defined here as the way of life related to residence associated with the consumption of time, space and money. In other words, residential lifestyle is all of the lifestyle factors related to residence. The structure and components of residential lifestyles are comprehensive and complicated, with numerous influencing factors. Here, we propose the concept of residential lifestyles as two-sided properties as individuality and sociality, subjectivity and objectivity, actuality and ideality. Residential satisfaction, Residential environmental choice, and residential preferences are one of the most studied themes in the field of the residential environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the residential choice, satisfaction, and preferences as determined by their lifestyles. A total of 206 usable questionnaires were collected from ten regions in TABRIZ City. Six residential choice factors (Safety, Social, Spaces, and Economical and Education) were derived, and the respondents were grouped into four lifestyle clusters (Urban Cluster, Natural Cluster, Economical Cluster, and Social Cluster). Data and MethodIn this research, we analyzed the characteristics of residential preferential patterns with cluster analysis, residential choice with factor analysis and residential preference and relationship with preferences with factor analysis and hierarchical multi-attribute index system and variance analysis. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency tables, graphs, percentages, and variance) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, ANOVA, T-test) were used. Results DiscussionIn this research, on the basis of the understanding of residential lifestyles and its influence factors, we firstly aimed to interpret the concept through the approach of urban planning as the initial step. Among the factors, we focus on the residential preference, residential emphasis on housing selection, and residential satisfaction as well as the individual attributes such as age, housing ownership, household structure and living years, etc.ConclusionWe have studied residential lifestyles from the perspectives of residential choice factors, residential preference, and residential satisfaction. We have made clear the principal residential choice factors of samples from TABRIZ City. Three subjective residential preferences patterns were obtained: Pattern (1) is the urban preference pattern; (2) is the enjoying life and natural preference pattern; (3) is economical preference pattern and (4) is social preference pattern.
Urban Planning
Fereshte Rezaee; JAMILE TAVAKOLINIA; Mozaffar Sarrafi
Abstract
IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. ...
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IntroductionDuring the past century, the city management system has faced shortcomings due to weaknesses in civil and local institutions, absence of a well-defined organizational position within the national hierarchy, and lack of participation in planning as a result of centralized, top-down administration. Today, as a metropolitan city that is supposed to play an international role in the region and a national role in the country, Tehran is facing numerous problems and issues that stem from underdeveloped local communities and absence of good urban governance. Consequently, the present study seeks to address the role of NGOs as an institutional capacity in realizing and improving the governance process in line with increasing the participation of local communitiesMethodologyConducted with the purpose of examining the role of NGOs in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city, this research employed the survey method and field studies. Data collection was carried out via distributing questionnaires among the sample population. The hypotheses of the study were then tested using statistical softwares such as the SPSS. The questionnaire included 35 items, out of which 10 and 25 items were specified to measure variables of NGOs and good urban governance, respectively. In this regard, 5 items were considered for each component of good urban governance which included participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The scale of the study was validated by extracting the components of variables under measurement from the existing literature. Subsequently, they were localized using the comments of experts. Content validity and measurement scale were evaluated through qualitative reasoning. That is, the questionnaire used in this study had 3 content validities as the variables under measurement were derived from related research and constructs in questionnaires were correctly perceived by the sample population. To pretest the designed questionnaire, they were distributed among 10 experts and professors; next, following the correction and balancing of a few points, they were distributed among 30 individuals within the initial sample population; given the comments of this group, the relevancy of questions was ensured in relation to the sample population. Ultimately, the final questionnaire was designed and used for data collection.Results and DiscussionThe hypotheses were examined and the results are explained below:In the main hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that in order to realize good governance in cities as local environments, it is necessary to utilize capacities present in the constitution, century-long experiences of consultative localism (city association, Islamic council), and global experiences in the area of NGOs. Indeed, addressing the management of cities through a participatory approach requires an efficient framework which, according to the experiences of developed countries, is the good urban governance; an approach that is recommended by the UN as the global policy trustee in line with offering development. Accordingly, by increasing the social capital and accountability of local managers, emotional refining of the citizens, attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, and providing social solidarity in Tehran metropolitan city, NGOs have provided the means for realization of good urban governance.In the first secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “participation” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of participation in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. In affairs such as participation and delegation of authorities, urban management needs to mitigate legal ambiguities and increase localized educational and research centers. Subsequently, the government can play an effective role in this process by carrying out a set of sociocultural actions such as producing educational contents for schools and universities, instructing teachers, judges, government staff, and law enforcement personnel, teaching the principles and frameworks on the importance of utilizing the participation of NGOs through media and particularly the IRIB, reviewing the current rules and regulations in Iran, and modifying bureaucratic procedures. Governments can also increase the authorities of civil institutions such as the NGOs and mitigate urban management issues with the help of the local citizens as local governments, using the indices of good urban governance.In the second secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “reliability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of reliability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Findings suggest that NGOs currently do not occupy a suitable position in Iran; accordingly, any collective movement considered as voluntary activities are at a declining level throughout the society. Therefore, despite the considerable willingness of individuals to participate in such activities, factors such as low levels of trust and reliability in the society and absence of common positive values has resulted in these activities to remain as mere mental desires rather than practical, objective actions. In these circumstances, NGOs cannot be expected to be significantly effective on the area of reliability.In the third secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “transparency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of transparency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. There is an insignificant percentage of individuals within NGOs who believe in the effectiveness of these organizations on the transparency of the authorities; subsequently, an inconsiderable extent of willingness is shown to carry out activities in NGOs in line with establishing transparency among government authorities. It appears that in the current conditions, NGOs do not have a considerable effectiveness in realizing good urban governance due to issues that obstruct their activities along with the risks of engaging in political areas. As a result, to achieve success in increasing transparency, the entire government and non-government bodies and sectors including schools, universities, newspapers, the IRIB, and other mainstream media should work in harmony.In the fourth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “accountability” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs are capable of playing a role in realization of accountability in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. By attracting social elites and guiding them in managing urban affairs, NGOs have managed to elevate the spirit of questioning among the members of the society; in addition, these elite individuals have managed to get their questions across to the government using modern communication tools including social networks. This has led to urban authorities to be held accountable, hence properly realizing this important aspect of good governance.In the fifth secondary hypothesis, it was stated that “NGOs play a role in realizing “efficiency” in Tehran metropolitan city.” The significance level of F statistic value in regression test showed that NGOs do not play a role in realization of efficiency in Tehran metropolitan city at 95% significance level. Such lack of effectiveness can be attributed to a number of reasons including structural inadequacies in NGOs, weak social trust in these organizations, economic issues present in voluntary activities, and absence of professional functions in NGOs in shaping the civil society.ConclusionResults showed that in general, NGOs do play a role in realizing good urban governance in Tehran metropolitan city; however, despite their effective roles in actualizing components of participation and macro accountability, they do not seem to have an adequate role in realizing components such as reliability, transparency, and efficiency. Ultimately, it should be pointed out that the structure of urban management in Tehran at local levels requires enhancing the role of NGOs and participation of local communities and multilevel and multi-agent governance in line with efficient and effective urban management whilst reinforcing indices of good urban governance including participation, reliability, transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Reinforcing good urban governance against a government-centered urban management approach requires a strong political will at the higher echelons of governance, particularly their belief in such pattern of administration.
Climatology
Behrooz Sarisarraf; Hashem Rostamzadeh; Mohamad Darand; Omid Eskandari
Abstract
Precipitation is one of the most important and variable climatic elements that changes in time and place. Critical rainfall at various time scales, especially daily, causes severe damage to human communities in densely populated urban areas and natural ecosystems and affects many arid economies. Earth ...
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Precipitation is one of the most important and variable climatic elements that changes in time and place. Critical rainfall at various time scales, especially daily, causes severe damage to human communities in densely populated urban areas and natural ecosystems and affects many arid economies. Earth outgoing long-wave radiation is studied as a significant parameter to detect clouds and estimate this type of precipitation. The current study aims to examine the relationship and analysis of outgoing long-wave radiation variables and precipitation values in Arc GIS software environment for the four cold months 17 statistical years in Iran using AIRS sensor products of Aqua satellite and GPM satellite. Correlation and regression models and confidence interval estimation were used to measure the correlation of long-wave radiation output in predicting precipitation patterns and their changes. According to the results obtained in all months studied, In the whole country, except Caspian Sea basin in January, parts of the central and eastern plateau of eastern Iran, there is a negative correlation of 10 to 92%, Which indicates that the country's atmosphere is humid and prevents the release of outgoing long-wave radiation. In the western rainfall areas of the Zagros Mountains, negative correlations above 70% and outgoing long-wave radiation is less than 260 W⋅m−2 which is due to cloudy and humid atmosphere with precipitation.In December and February, the rainfall areas north of the Caspian Sea basin range have negative correlations of above 50% and OLR less than 235 W⋅m−2 of rainfall and the reason for the lower numerical value north of the Alborz mountain range to predict is the existence of high relative humidity in the region, which is the cause of less outgoing long-wave radiation output of the earth.
GIS&RS
Firouz Jafari; Fatemeh Movahed
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONExtraction and processing of various features with the help of aerial imagery reduces the time and financial costs associated with the use of ground mapping and the resulting human error. Advances in the field of aerial sensors in terms of spatial and spectral resolution with precise place ...
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INTRODUCTIONExtraction and processing of various features with the help of aerial imagery reduces the time and financial costs associated with the use of ground mapping and the resulting human error. Advances in the field of aerial sensors in terms of spatial and spectral resolution with precise place and performance picking up altitude from the ground have led to the use of each part of information about terrestrial phenomena such as spectral and spatial characteristics Brought. Today, complementary data used to detect complications are Lidar data, the sensor of which is sent and received, and the electromagnetic spectrum in the near-infrared spectrum (in its aerial form) and joined the spectrum. Pays close infrared and green band (in space type). DATA AND METHODSLidar data and spectral images were analyzed using different types of algorithms effective in landfill extraction to assess density. New layers of images were obtained in the form of raster from the study area, which was analyzed by performing slope extraction steps on flat and sloping surfaces. Buildings that were definitely not buildings were removed. The size and spectral characteristics of the missing structures were identified and the parcels were redistributed to extract the impermeable surfaces. Which led to the achievement of two levels of parcels and impenetrable points. The data set is related to the northern part of Bandar Anzali, which includes a vertical aerial photograph, irregular cloud points of the region with dense one to two points per square meter with an average point space of 0.69 square meters, and vertical aerial photograph with spatial resolution. It is 8 cm square. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn this study, a different method for extracting buildings using airborne Lidar data and ultracam images was presented. The proposed system used geometric and spatial information of Lidar data and ultracam images, which included three general steps, in the first step; Lidar data were filtered and extracted using spectral clustering of buildings. In the second step; The obtained model was compared with the two-dimensional boundaries of buildings by the height threshold method. In the third step; After extraction, the first building boundaries were merged with the structures extracted by the checker algorithm. In the stage of separating terrestrial from non-terrestrial points, all points related to land were classified and extracted. The remaining points were classified as roof points, which were dealt with in the fault section of the buildings. All the functions used enabled the system to successfully extract the structures from the Lidar data. CONCLUSIONThe data for the first return points were subtracted from the data for the last return points and a fixed value was obtained which depended on the altitude accuracy of the difference between the two returns. In addition to the mentioned method, the clustering method was used during the research that each cluster belonged to a roof section so that the characteristics of each surface model could be easily determined.Then, to complete the shape of the roof, the footprint of the building that was extracted was used. In fact, the borderlines and inner vertices extracted only part of the shape of the border. Other sections, such as vertical edges, were not detected due to intersection. This is due to the lack of front sampling. Finally, the items extracted through spectral clustering in eCoginition software and two-dimensional boundaries extracted from ENVI Lidar software, to increase the accuracy of land surface extraction (buildings) and make the area of buildings studied in this data Were merged. As mentioned; After extraction, the primary building boundaries were merged with the structures extracted by the checker algorithm. In the section of buildings diagnostics, buildings with errors were discussed and the evaluation of the results showed that the system used has relatively reached the set goals and the methods used include the threshold method. Elevation, clustering, spectral method, and integration method were evaluated for each of the four blocks with error rates of 28%, 15%, and 0%, respectively, based on the area of extracted tolls to the study area. The error of each building was first examined in general and then in detail, and it was found that aerial Lidar technology has an extraordinary ability to collect very right and dense samples of altitude measurements of cities and a new level of detail information can be Accurately extracted building density automatically and efficiently from aerial Lidar data. In 417 buildings that were surveyed and analyzed, the height of the buildings was achieved with high accuracy and all the buildings in the study area were extracted with a compact and organic density as well as scattered and planned.
Geomorphology
Mousa Abedini; biuk fathalizadeh; Masomeh Rajabi
Abstract
Introduction
When a natural process threatens human life or property, it is called natural hazard. Disasters’ statistics have shown that their effects are, considerably, increasing all over the world. Most of such disasters originate from geomorphological events. In fact, natural disasters have ...
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Introduction
When a natural process threatens human life or property, it is called natural hazard. Disasters’ statistics have shown that their effects are, considerably, increasing all over the world. Most of such disasters originate from geomorphological events. In fact, natural disasters have been a global concern and most of them have mainly been geomorphological. Hence, developing countries, in particular, are deeply influenced by such disasters. One way of decreasing damages caused by natural disasters is identification of disaster-prone areas and prevention of their development in such areas relying on land use planning. In this research, geomorphological hazards of flood, landslide and neotectonics were investigated in Zonouzchay catchment. The catchment in an area of 323 square km has been located in political-administrative zone of Marand county.
Methodology
The aim of the present study is to evaluate geomorphological hazards in Zonouzchay catchment through preparing zoning maps of flood, landslide and neotectonics hazards. Digital evaluation model images of height (DEM), geological maps and sentinel satellite images are the most important data used in the present study. For preparation of flood and landslide hazards’ map in Zonouzchay catchment, ten variables and effective parameters on flooding and flood spreading were combined in GIS environment. These variables are considered for zoning flooding hazard factors such as height, slope, convexity of the land surface, valley depth, lithological units, drainage density, distance from the main streams, height of the runoff, use and vegetation. For zoning landslide occurrence risk, the above mentioned variables (except for stream height, drainage density and valley depth) were used along with the three variables of distance from fault, slope direction and rainfall. ANP model in GIS was used in order to combine effective variables on flooding risk and landslide in Zonouzchay catchment. Moreover, zoning relative neotecnic activities for the underlying area was conducted by using relative tectonic activity index (Al Hamdouni, et al, 2008). Relative tectonics activity index (Iat) is developed by combination of other indexes. The index classifies the perspectives in four classes of relative tectonic activities:
Class 1: too high tectonic activities with values 1 < S/n < 1.5
Class 2: high tectonic activities with values 1.5 < S/n < 2
Class 3: medium tectonic activities with values 2 < S/n < 2
Class 4: low tectonic activities with values S/n < 2.5
Results and Discussion
Zoning Relative Tectonic Activity
Results of Iat index-basedzoning indicate that neotectonic activities in Zonouzchay catchment are, generally, medium to relatively weak. Field observations also indicate that erosive processes (in spite of resistant formations) are predominate in the study area. Lack or rare dispersion of neotectonic landforms, retreat and destruction of mountain fronts and widening of the valleys are among the reasons, which show relative weakness of the active tectonic in Zonouzchay catchment. The main part of the morpho-tectonic landforms of the catchment is in line with Zonouz-Harzand fault. For most of the sub-catchments Iat values are in classes 3,4, which shows average to weak status of the relative active tectonic in the catchment.
Zoning Flood Event Risk
ANP model-based results indicate that from among the employed variables, slope, distance from river and land surface convexity are, relatively, the most important variables with coefficients 0.23, 0.19 and 0.16. Findings of the study indicate that about 4% of Zonouzchay catchment area is in too high risk class, 7.4% in high risk class, 8.3% in medium risk, 21.7% in too low risk class and 58.6% is in too low risk class. Almost all upstream parts of the study catchment are in low risk to high risk classes. In the middle parts of the study catchment, flood zones are mostly bounded to two main valleys of the catchment. Width of the valleys has increased in different periods and, consequently, flood plains have been formed in the basin of such valleys. Some parts of Miyab and New Harzand villages have been located in this geomorphologic position. In the downstream parts of the catchment, width of Zonouzchay has increased considerably and also the two main streams of the study catchment join each other in this part. Presence of low slope lands, low relative height, adjacency to the main rivers, lower values of convexity index, higher density of drainage and the valley depth are considered as the most important effective factors of this part of the catchment in terms of flood event.
Landslide Risk Zoning
According to the results of ANP model, the three variables of slope with coefficient of 0.24, lithology with coefficient of 0.22 and rainfall with coefficient of 0.16 have the key influence on landslide occurrence in the study area. Hence, about 16.6 % of the catchment area is in too low risk class, about 38.1% is in low risk class, about 23% is in medium risk class, 15.8% is in high risk class and finally 6.5% is in too high risk class. Spatial distribution of the risk classes indicates concentration of high risk and too high risk classes in the middle arts of the study catchment. This can be related to various factors. Maybe, the most important reason is related to presence of geological formations prone to landslide and appropriate slopes for occurrence of such geomorphological process. In fact, in the middle parts of the study area dominance of slope 10%-40% , presence of high alluvial terraces , also occurrence of Marens , conglomerate formulations with Maren interlayers and dispersion of Flysch type have provided appropriate conditions for landslide.
Conclusion
Results of geomorphological indexes indicate that considerable part of anomalies of this index are originated from lithological differences of the area. Moreover, active tectonic zoning of the area shows relative weakness of neotectonic processes and movement of the area’s faults along with dominance of erosive processes. Regarding flood occurrence risk, results of ANP model indicated that the variables of slope, distance from river and convexity of the land surface have higher importance in flooding. From flooding occurrence perspective, about 4% of Zonouzchay catchment is in too high risk class and 7.4% is in high risk class. The dangerous zones are accordant to valleys’ bed of the two main streams of the catchment and hence, some parts of the residents in these valleys are exposed to destructive floods. Finally, based on results of ANP model results, three variables of slope, lithology and rainfall have higher importance in probability of landslide occurrence in the study area. About 16% of Zonouzchay catchment is in high risk class, and 7% of it is in too high risk class of landslide. Landslide occurrence in the middle parts of the catchment is highly expected due to a set of conditions such as vulnerable slope and geological formations.
Urban Planning
Mostafa Shahinifar; Farzin Charehjoo
Abstract
IntroductionThe urban environment is a complex system that includes various physical and social elements. The complexity of the interaction between the physical and social structure of cities has led urban designers to use different methods to explore these relationships. In urban spaces, many variables ...
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IntroductionThe urban environment is a complex system that includes various physical and social elements. The complexity of the interaction between the physical and social structure of cities has led urban designers to use different methods to explore these relationships. In urban spaces, many variables are involved in the spatial integrity of cities. Accurate definition and calculation of these variables and evaluation of their relationship are the concerns of urban planners. The main question that this research seeks to answer is what is the relationship between the physical structure of cities and the pattern of natural movement and the level of space use. In fact, the logic that this research seeks is how the relationship between the body of the city and its function is crystallized through natural movement in the city. Obtaining a common understanding of the relationship between urban form and structure with urban outcome and performance is an issue that this study seeks to test in the central context of Kermanshah. Despite the fact that the project of improving and renovating old and worn-out structures has been one of the executive priorities of development projects in the city of Kermanshah during the last two decades, but these plans are only descriptive and lack the appropriate methodology, and weakness in their methodological and theoretical basis has led to their failure in practice. The lack of belief in these plans to establish a link between this context and the urban structure is one of the main reasons for the failure and weaknesses of these plans. In fact, choosing the method of arranging the space by quantifying the qualitative characteristics of the city structure is a new step towards evaluating the structure of the central texture of Kermanshah.MethodologyThe present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive research in terms of nature and method. the method of data collection is of two types: field and documentary. to analyze the data after determining and introducing the parameters of the layout of the space that affects the outdoor activities of the city, First, the axial map of the central part of the city has been prepared through the Axial Map module in Arc GIS software, In the drawing of axial lines, the principle has been to draw the least lines to cover each space in the first place. the second principle was to draw lines that did not cross lines over buildings, and the next principle is to connect all the lines to the axes from which the lines are branched. And if necessary have crossed those axes. Secondly, the desired pivot map is inserted into the UCL Depth map 10 software environment. and after turning it into a pivotal map, its various parameters such as, interconnection with different radii, connection, spatial depth, control, resolution, etc. have been calculated. In the next step, the desired map table was connected to the initial layer in Arch GIS software and other steps including: symbolism and preparation of outputs in this software were prepared with appropriate quality.Results and DiscussionAfter recognizing and analyzing the spatial configuration features of the central texture of Kermanshah, in order to answer the research questions, the findings were discussed and explained. Spatial layout components were very effective as quantitative indicators in understanding the relationships between structural and social factors of cities. The most important indicator of space layout is the degree of interconnection. The value of this index is high in some of the streets that play a significant role in the construction of the main ossification of the city. Low interconnection in the area is directly related to the isolation status of some neighborhoods. The research findings show that the most connected axes are Modares Street (between the Grand Mosque and the municipal parking lot), Nawab Safavi, Motahhari and the southern part of Jalili Street. with their active walls, these streets allow a kind of natural movement and visual connection between people outside and activities inside the shops. this has encouraged pedestrians to continue to be present on the street and to be more sociable. The increasing sociability of these streets has led to the formation of social interactions and increased spatial attachment. Coherence, visual acuity, depth and control were other indicators that were analyzed. Briefly analyzes graphs and graphs of control, depth, continuity, and visibility indices the organic tissues that are enclosed within the neighborhoods are in a more unfavorable situation compared to other axes, especially the main axes of the region. it is noteworthy that the application of the results of this study in addition to recognizing urban spaces in an integrated way can lead to the predictability of movement patterns in urban spaces.ConclusionThis study developed a quantitative spatial arrangement method to analyze the parameters of integration and cohesion of urban spaces. the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the physical structure and the type of urban activities. the central fabric of Kermanshah has played an extra-urban and trans-regional role as the main skeleton of the city in recent centuries. the commercial center of the city and valuable historical and cultural elements are located in this section and as a space attraction, it has attracted many of the main functions of the city. Scientific understanding of the relationship between spatial construction and social patterns in this area has increased the importance of this issue due to its direct impact on other urban sectors. So far, studies on this context have been conducted based on productive approaches and using statistics on the quantity and quality of uses. An example of such studies is the plan to improve and renovate the central fabric of Kermanshah. Although these studies have provided a statistical basis for further studies, they have failed to address the qualitative study and the deep relationships between spatial structure and social patterns and how space is used using natural motion theory due to the quantitative approach. but through this approach, the ability to deeply understand the spatial structure in order to use space effectively is possible.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
rasoul samadzadeh; Ahmad Khajavy; mohamad taghi masoomi
Abstract
IntroductionOver the last few decades, natural disasters and their aftermath have become a major concern for leaders and organizations around the world. Vulnerability is the "characteristics of an individual, group or system and their situation that affect their ability to anticipate, cope with, resist ...
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IntroductionOver the last few decades, natural disasters and their aftermath have become a major concern for leaders and organizations around the world. Vulnerability is the "characteristics of an individual, group or system and their situation that affect their ability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from natural hazards." Physical vulnerability is: "The probability (or potential) of being affected or damaged by a specific physical component or element under the influence of a particular external driving force, for example a natural hazard such as an earthquake. Today, physical vulnerability is a component. The main key elements are used as model input data by organizations in charge of risk prevention and mitigation, and the development of building codes and guidelines. A look at the seismic history of Iranian cities in less than a hundred years, the widespread vulnerability of Iranian cities to this natural disaster is evident, of course, among the concerns of residents of dilapidated cities. It will be far more than others. The main goal of the action plan is to provide a rapid and effective response that minimizes potential damage to people, property and the environment, and returns basic services to people in the shortest possible time. Data and MethodIn this study, a method based on the vulnerability index has been used to assess the expected damage in Ardabil. Risk analysis for seismic scenarios defined by seismic intensities V, V-VI, VI, VI-VII and VII has been performed to design seismic emergency plans. This method uses the mean of quasi-experimental vulnerability functions, which for a given vulnerability index is strongly related to the seismicity and the expected damage. According to the country's seismic Codes, the basic peak ground acceleration for a 475-year return period is 0.04g, which corresponds to an intensity of VII. Thus, while quantifying physical damage, its impact on the population and other amounts such as debris and economic costs have been investigated. Results and DiscussionVulnerability of buildings in Ardabil shows an average value of 0.59 for concrete buildings and 0.93 for buildings with building materials, which are the most vulnerable. Therefore, it is predicted that buildings with building materials that belong to worn-out structures will have a higher degree of damage. The distribution of highly vulnerable neighborhoods is seen in the central core of the city. The vulnerability index of areas 1 and 3 is higher than other areas. For the seismic scenario VII, the degree of vulnerability of these textures is heavy, very heavy and completely devastated. In the worst-case scenario, about three in a thousand people die of decayed textures, and not every thousand people suffer various injuries. An earthquake with a intensity of V-VI will cost approximately 98 million Rials and a intensity VII equal to 6800 million Rials for these textures. Due to the impact of a seismic crisis on narrow and uneven communication passages and arteries, there is a significant volume of expected debris production among the eroded neighborhoods (for scenarios V-VI and VII, respectively, between 1701 up to 13989 tons). Due to the combined effects of the large volume of debris produced and the urban pattern of narrow and irregular passages, any movement will face several problems. In the seismic scenario with intensity V-VI, 332 people from the population of decayed textures and in the scenario with intensity VII, 3224 people from the population of textures these become homeless. Therefore, the only way to reduce seismic risk with a vulnerability reduction approach is to apply seismic instructions and increase public awareness of these issues. ConclusionThe city of Ardabil is in the range of moderate to high seismic hazard, which is mainly due to the large accumulation of population and old and vulnerable buildings. Vulnerability of residential buildings is high, mainly due to their age and lack of knowledge and awareness of seismic hazard and in terms of seismic actions expected in the design and construction of buildings. This high vulnerability causes significant direct physical damage to buildings, especially worn-out structures, even for low-intensity earthquakes. As a result, the expected physical damage in the case of moderate earthquakes is significant. For a intensity V earthquake, the damage is not expected to be significant, but for a intensity VII scenario, all five areas and the dilapidated tissues within them will experience a level of damage that is slightly higher. Damage is 2 (moderate). In addition to the significant number of casualties, emergency management after the earthquake and subsequent recovery of normal city activities in the medium and long term is important.
Geotourism
mashood Safari Aliakbari; hojatollah sadeghi
Abstract
Introduction Tourism, as a dynamic industry in the regional and territorial economy, can manage many social and economic challenges. In this regard, recognizing the obstacles ahead in the first stage and then presenting effective strategies in the second stage, can help the development of tourism in ...
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Introduction Tourism, as a dynamic industry in the regional and territorial economy, can manage many social and economic challenges. In this regard, recognizing the obstacles ahead in the first stage and then presenting effective strategies in the second stage, can help the development of tourism in each region; Because each region, regardless of major tourism issues, has its own obstacles and strategies. Dezpart county was separated from the Izeh county in 1400 and is known as a separate political area. Therefore, on the one hand, considering that this city has recently become administratively independent and planning for its development by managers and officials is very important and vital, and on the other hand, one of the programmable capacities for its development is tourism. Obstacles and strategies for the development of this industry can not only provide a proper knowledge to the authorities, but also can identify important obstacles and strategies for the development of tourism in the Despart region for optimal and sustainable planning. The purpose of this study is to identify obstacles to tourism development in the Dezpart County and then provide effective strategies to address these obstaclesData and MethodDue to its descriptive-analytical nature, the research method is in-depth and applied in terms of purpose. It is also quantitative-survey based on method. The statistical population of the study is the population of Despart region in 2016 equal to 19,351 people. Based on the calculation of Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to be 377 people. There are 84 villages and one urban point in this area, and it was not possible to conduct interrogation operations in all of them. Based on this, the city center (Dehdez city) and rural areas over 400 people in this study were selected for questioning, the number of which was 7 villages. Therefore, Dehdez city and the villages of Shivand, Faleh, Kalimalek, Mallah, Chaman, Deh Kian and Mozarm were selected in this study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the elite community and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.74. SPSS software was used for data analysis.Results and discussionThe result of one-sample t-test at the level of indicators shows that all four indicators of environmental barriers, managerial barriers, socio-economic obstacles and infrastructure barriers are significant at the level of less than 0.05. In other words, the study of the results at the level of indicators shows that in order to develop tourism in the region, managerial, environmental, infrastructural and socio-economic obstacles play an important role. The study of the difference between the average of environmental index (0.111), socio-economic index (0.160), management index (0.965) and infrastructure index (1.012) also confirms this in all four dimensions in the field of tourism development. They have a great impact and action should be taken to remove these obstacles.The strength of effective obstacles (environmental, socio-economic, infrastructure and management) in the development of tourism in the region is not the same. Environmental barriers with a rate equal to 0.113 units predict the tourism development variable, which means predicting 11% of the changes in this variable. Also, managerial obstacles with a rate of 0.176 units, means a forecast of 17% of changes in tourism development. In other words, managerial barriers to the development of tourism in the region are 17% effective. Infrastructural obstacles with an amount of 0.231 units, ie 23% of the explanation has also been effective. Socio-economic barriers can also explain more than 13% of tourism development variables. Conclusion The analysis showed that environmental, socio-cultural, managerial and infrastructural obstacles have a great impact on the development of tourism in the Dezpart region. These obstacles are 65% effective, with infrastructure barriers with a coefficient of 0.231 having the most impact and environmental barriers with a coefficient of 0.113 having the least impact on tourism development in the region. In order to remove obstacles, six strategies of cultural planning, integrated management, improving services and facilities, capacity measurement and product supply, development-infrastructure development and improving tourism knowledge were presented.According to the results and strategies of tourism development in the region, it can be suggested that cultural planning, management reform, increasing knowledge and awareness of the local community about tourism and its effects, improving tourism technology, developing access and development of the region and finally improving Tourism services in the Dezpart region should be considered.
Urban Planning
Akbar Abdollahzadeh Taraf; samira sarvi
Abstract
IntroductionTraditional contextures and neighborhoods, as the primary residents center for urban residences, play a key role in the citizens’ life and one or more neighborhood center in its spatial structure cause the neighborhood spine to be more prominent. With the advent of modernism, such neighborhoods ...
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IntroductionTraditional contextures and neighborhoods, as the primary residents center for urban residences, play a key role in the citizens’ life and one or more neighborhood center in its spatial structure cause the neighborhood spine to be more prominent. With the advent of modernism, such neighborhoods could not find chance to conform themselves with the new conditions and they lost their coherent contexture gradually as a result of street making and the function of the neighborhoods’ centers became prone to destruction, changing into low prosperous environments for their residents and this caused the current social activities to be fade out in the neighborhood.Data and Methoddeveloping a strategy of regenerating spatial structure of current condition in the Hokmabad neighborhood to create a lively urban space.The research strategy is a cases study. Firstly, for identification of overall structure of the neighborhood, in addition to studying the neighborhood background and investigating library documents, we proceeded on studying and investigating aerial maps and field data. Then analyzing the available data, regeneration manual of the neighborhood centers and their indexes were explained and lastly, the objective-oriented regeneration model of the area was developed.Results and DiscussionNeighborhood center regeneration through exact identification of the neighborhood spine and generating new spaces in between traditional structure, relying on necessities and needs of time and past place of the neighborhoods might result in protecting their social and economic system and spatial organizing and this organizes spatial and physical structure of the neighborhood in accordance with its exclusive spatial and form features.Conclusion: Making change in the form-spatial structure and function of the Hokm Abad neighborhood centers seems necessary, because improvement of physical identity and liveliness revival in the neighborhood and organizing overall structure of the neighborhood will not be achieved without reviving centers of the neighborhood and its main street.
Urban Planning
Asghar Abedini; Aram Khezerlou; Behrang Akrami; Amin Khalili; Parviz Azizi
Abstract
Introduction Perhaps housing can also Introduced as the main factor and objective of shaping skeleton and structure of the city, because firstly whatever of cities explicitly at citizenry possession, are homes and housing; secondary, home is a space for birth and growth and maturation ...
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Introduction Perhaps housing can also Introduced as the main factor and objective of shaping skeleton and structure of the city, because firstly whatever of cities explicitly at citizenry possession, are homes and housing; secondary, home is a space for birth and growth and maturation of man at individual or among the family situation; Third, home is a place of activity establishment and growth of family which that is the smallest social unit; Fourth, housing is the main and the most basic factor of identity of man and society and the basis of unification or vice versa Scattering of them (Naghizadeh, 2013). Affordable Housing, is a housing that its features based on the cultural values and their regeneration and promotion in the society and toward the obliteration of self- alienation and return to itself; and cultural activities and the introduction of national identity and searching the special methods in format of qualitative policies and executive policies in it is necessary (Naghizadeh, 2012). Codification of housing basics by using the foundations of Iranian- Islamic architecture of the past decades and Islam monotheism worldview principles and also requirement of pay attention to improving the quality of housing and transformation in methods of construction of buildings is inevitable (Naghizadeh & Asadzadeh Birjandi, 2013). Consideration to muslim housing in Islam is knot with insight to divine verses and this matter sacredness of the human living place. Sacredness that explain the unique features of good home and at muslim human dignity; that pay attention to each of them provide human heavenly and earthly bliss (Hoseini & Samimi, 2015). City housing and residential context are as the main manifestation of appearance of Islamic values (because of filling major section of the city area) can be in the both of old and organic urban fabrics, that based on their period native and cultural conditions, and evolved over time and remained up to now and investigated and evaluated in new fabric of cities, which forms based on urbanism methods and new patterns. This research, look for two main objectives, firstly, analysis and assessment of the housing current status of old and new neighborhoods in Urmia city based on Islamic housing indicators, secondary, analysis and assessment of Iranian- Islamic indicators status of old and new neighborhoods of Urmia city, so that this way able to achieve the strengths and weaknesses of observe of Iranian-Islamic indicators with the matching of results.Data and Method Islamic housing indicators classify in two categories of quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative indicators include: housing area, housing facades, housing quality, housing resistance and safety, housing orientation to the qibla, existence of green spaces in the neighborhood and qualitative indicators include: the use of natural light, comfort in housing, housing relation with nature, non- overlooking into housing, accessibility to housing. In the first stage, quantitative indicators were extracted through the library studies and in the next step housing quality indicators was evaluated through questionnaires. For this work, 330 number of questionnaires through Cochran formula was obtained that among residents of the studied neighborhoods were collected. Also, for weighting the Islamic housing indicators, 30 numbers of expert questionnaires were set, which 15 numbers of questionnaires were polled by experts of seminary courses and 15 numbers of questionnaires were polled by academic experts related to housing. AHP model also has been used for weighting the intended indicators by expert questionnaire. To analysis and assessment of the studied neighborhoods situation with the Islamic housing indicators and also for assessment of Islamic- Iranian housing indicators in the studied neighborhoods, TOPSIS method was used. After initial analysis and assessment of condition by using the output of TOPSIS, was proceed to the pathology and identify weaknesses of indicators, which finally was leaded to present solutions in order to reduce the problems related to having Iranian- Islamic indicators in the studiedneighborhoods.Results and Discussion According to TOPSIS method results, Behdari neighborhood as one of the new neighborhoods of the Urmia city, with consideration of Iranian- Islamic indicators toward the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood, which that is one of the old neighborhoods of the Urmia city, is more favorable. With the return to the indicators, respectively determine that, resistance and safety, housing area, comfort in housing and overlooking have the greatest impact in undesirable position of Mahdi- al- qadam. In other words, having weakness of mentioned indicators in the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood has caused that this neighborhood toward the Behdari neighborhood placed in a lower position. Therefore, in planning for the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood its necessary that solutions be explained to improvement of indicator status. Also, according to the results presented in table number 3 that shows the ranking of indicators in neighborhoods, resistance and safety indicator has been ranked first. Comparison between situation of the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood and resistance and safety indicator shows having major weakness of mentioned indicator in Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood.ConclusionConducted analyzes in this research showed that among the chosen indicators, overlooking indicator as the factor that covering visibility and Create privacy lies in itself, also it is important from the point of view of the Seminaries and academic experts, but unfortunately this indicator is among the weakest indicators in Mahdi- al- qadam and Behdari neighborhoods and needs more attention. In both neighborhoods, interesting point is located the resistance and safety indicator in the highest position among the other indicators, that shows favorable situation of this indicator among the other indicators. Also, the results of comparing two neighborhoods represents this point that Behdari neighborhood, with consideration of all Iranian- Islamic indicators, is in a more favorable situation toward the Mahdi- al- qadam neighborhood.
Land use Planning
Rahimeh Rostami; Ali Mohammadkhorshidduost
Abstract
Introduction One of the physical factors in the development of Maragheh is the change of utilities and their conversion into residential use, which in turn have a direct impact on the process of physical development. The city of Maragheh is one of the most important cities in East Azerbaijan province, ...
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Introduction One of the physical factors in the development of Maragheh is the change of utilities and their conversion into residential use, which in turn have a direct impact on the process of physical development. The city of Maragheh is one of the most important cities in East Azerbaijan province, which has no exception to the rule of physical development. In this research, the characteristics of the city development process are examined physically. Statistics show the growing population in the city of Maragheh during the years 1966 to 2011. Understanding the factors affecting the physical expansion and development of cities helps understand urban growth and development trends. The study clarifies the factors that cause horizontal and physical growth of cities and, conversely, the repulsive factor of other parts of the city that are left behind by physical growth for any reason, and this explains the need for this research. The causes of urban growth are exactly the same as the origins of urban sprawl. In many cases, no distinction can be made between urban growth and urban sprawl however, it is important to have a clear understanding of the difference between urban sprawl and urban growth. The most imperative problems that have arisen from the uncontrolled growth of city due to physical development are the excessive use of land, the lack of sufficient urban facilities and equipment, the disconnection of the suburbs and thus adding to the urban problems. The purpose of this study is to study environmental and physical factors and their impact on the physical growth and development of Maragheh city and provide the best place for future development of the city. Data and Method In the present study, the criteria and sub-criteria and the relationships between them were first defined by the ANP method using Super Design software, and after obtaining the weight for each criterion and sub-criterion, the sub-criteria were first fuzzy and according to the weight of each of them the main criterion was obtained from the sum of these sub-criteria. Finally, the three main criteria of human, environmental and topographic parameters, considering their weight, have provided the main layer of the possibility of physical development of the city. Choosing a suitable method and approach for modeling a system depends entirely on the complexity of that system and complexity is inversely related to the amount of knowledge and understanding of our system. Fuzzy systems can be well used to model two main types of uncertainty in the phenomena. The first type is uncertainty due to the lack of knowledge and human tools in recognizing the complexities of a phenomenon. Results and Discussion Using the three main layers obtained for topographic, environmental and human criteria and according to the weight of each, the final location map of physical development of Maragheh city was obtained. The development map of Maragheh shows that the south-eastern parts are very unsuitable for physical development, while the north-eastern, north-western and south-western parts are suitable for development in terms of three environmental, human and topographic features. Environmental factors seem to have the greatest impact on the development and expansion of cities. According to our findings, and depicting the map of the city development over different years, the final map was obtained for the development of this city which is almost in line with the expansion of the city during the years 1996 to 2006 and 1976 to 1986. Conclusion With the arrival of the third wave of industrialization in Third World countries since the beginning of the twentieth century, production and income in cities, followed by increased demand for urban services and consequently urbanization has expanded. One of the effects of physical growth is related to the expansion of the outskirts of cities beyond the administrative boundaries of any city. Such urban development goes to areas outside the administrative boundaries and changes in land uses. The city of Maragheh has many limitations in terms of physical expansion due to the gardens around the city. In order to prevent the destruction of gardens and agricultural lands as well as physical expansion in line with natural and human criteria, extensive studies should be conducted. Information and data were applied in this study for the analysis of these parameters.The city of Maragheh needs to expand physically following the increase in population naturally and its increasing expansion goes on due to uncontrolled urban migration. In the present study, three main criteria of human, environmental and topography have been used. From the topographic criteria, the south-western parts are the most suitable places and the north-eastern parts of the city are the most unsuitable parts. In terms of environmental criteria, the western and south-western parts and to some extent parts of the north are suitable for development. Due to being a garden city, it is limited to gardens from the surroundings, which makes it difficult to expand from a human and environmental standards point of view. By combining three layers of environment, human and topography, the best place for the development of this city according to the final map was prepared for the optimal location of the future development the city based on ANP Fuzzy method by which it is more suitable in the west and north-west than in the south and south-west.Paying attention to horizontal expansion preserves the traditional texture of the city and single-storey buildings and prevents its vertical expansion. Although vertical expansion has advantages over horizontal spreading out, the current conditions of Maragheh city and its size, as well as its traditional texture and culture, make the need for horizontal expansion more tangible than vertical expansion.By using the right development model, both the traditional construction of the city can be preserved and the problems caused by sporadic development can be reduced, provided that the horizontal development goes in the direction that environmental and human conditions demand.
Urban Planning
Shahrivar Roostaei; mohammad reza pourmohammadi; Hakimeh Ghanbari
Abstract
IntroductionThe implementation of the smart city requires a change in the governmental (institutional) and managerial structure. The government must engage with the private sector and civil society to enforce its rulings. The government must regulate the rules in such a way that these interactions take ...
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IntroductionThe implementation of the smart city requires a change in the governmental (institutional) and managerial structure. The government must engage with the private sector and civil society to enforce its rulings. The government must regulate the rules in such a way that these interactions take place. Therefore, creating good urban governance is considered as the most important factor in creating smart cities. The purpose of the smart city is to improve the quality of life of citizens and improve productivity and quality of services provided. (Luis M. Correia & et.al, 2011: 7). The development of effective e-government is a prerequisite for the development of smart cities and a way to establish good urban governance (Taewoo Nam & Theresa A. Pardo, 2011: 22). There is a lack of proper planning to create a smart city and efforts to increase smart quality services in Tabriz Municipality. There is no adequate infrastructure and planning in investing in the development of ICT. The budget is not commensurate with the capital needed to develop information and communication technology. The municipal subdivisions are carrying out sporadic projects with a short-term vision and hope that by continuing this method and entrusting the projects to private sector contractors, the city will be made smarter.Data and methodsIn this study, 376 questionnaires have been completed to examine the effective variables of Tabriz Municipality. Municipal experts have been selected by random cluster sampling.The questionnaire consists of two parts; the first part of the smart city items consists of 3 concepts and 28 questions. The second part of the items of good urban governance consists of 8 concepts and 40 items. In selecting the thematic concepts of smart city and good urban governance, the theories of experts, the goals of previous research and unique analyzes of third world cities have been considered. After extracting the components and identifying the items, the collected data were entered in SPSS software. Then the data analyzed in the LISREL software. The independent variable is smart city and the dependent variable is good urban governance.Discussion and conclusionIn structural modeling in LISREL software, According to the Kaiser Criterion, Eigenvalues is a good criteria for determining a factor. If Eigenvalues is closer to one, we should consider that a factor and if Eigenvalues is less than 0.3, then we should not consider that a factor. According to the variance extraction rule, it should be between 0.3 to 0.6. If variance is more than 0.6, then we should consider that a factor.According to the results, among the internal latent variables (dependent variable), the component of accountability with direct effect is 0.78, transparency with direct effect is 0.76, effectiveness is 0.69, participation with direct effect is 0.63, responsibility with direct effect is 0.60, justice With a direct effect of 0.56, consensus with a direct effect of 0.52, regularity with a direct effect of 0.50, respectively, have the most effects on the hidden external variable (independent variable) of the smart city. The response variable of the components of urban governance with a direct effect of 0.78 has been selected as the most effective variable in the smart city.The results of the respondents' analysis show that city officials have little accountability to citizens and projects are not based on responsiveness. The concepts of transparency and effectiveness are important after the concept of accountability and according to experts in the urban management of Tabriz have not received much attention.The results of the analysis show that good governance in urban management guarantees effectiveness, citizen participation, justice, consensus and ultimately the legitimacy of the urban complex. The mentioned factors have an effect on the good governance of Tabriz city, which according to the respondents does not have a suitable structure for their implementation in Tabriz Municipality. In the results, there is a correlation between the external latent variable (smart city) and its observed variables, the internal latent variables and its observed variables, as well as the correlation between the external independent variable (independent variable) and the internal independent variable components (dependent variable). Findings indicate significant numbers related to internal and external latent components and variables. There is also a significant correlation between the observed variables and the hidden variables. The significance of the numbers (t-value) is greater than 1.96.Results:The success of a smart city does not depend on capital and technology, but depend on community leadership and intra-group cooperation with good urban governance. The results of this study show that the condition for creating a smart city is good urban governance. ICT development is not possible unless urban management is committed to accountability, responsibility, efficiency, transparency, consensus, legitimacy, justice and participation.It will be difficult to develop ICT and innovation in the city if the municipality continues to live without paying attention to the needs of the citizens through the sale of building density and the rent economy. This is more implied in the field of technology. Technology usually requires a lot of investment in infrastructure, which unfortunately is not tangible. Considering the direct impact of the components studied in this research, in order to escape the duality in understanding and implementation of the smart city, governance should become good governance. Therefore, introducing laws, transparency and accountability to citizens with a fair approach and obtaining collective opinion of people in participatory projects, will be effective in urban management. The lack of a systematic structure in urban management reduces the number of expert and specialized work in smartening the city and most projects fail. The precondition for accountability in urban management is the specialization of officials and the creation of specialized working groups. Working groups whose approvals are effective and reach the implementation stage.Cities in developing countries such as Tabriz can not create transparent, accountable, coherent and effective management by empty imitating modern technologies or technology imports. In Tabriz urban management, modernization (modernization) is pursued with a misunderstanding. Modernization (modernism) and restructuring of management is not accompanied by it. This dual approach makes the components of smart city and good urban governance that were studied in this study, not successful in implementation.
