Urban Planning
Rasoul Ghorbani; Mahdieh Tahooni; Naser Ghaderi
Abstract
Introduction The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and the stages of growth and development of the city, so that the population during the 35-year period (1976-2011) has doubled and the area of the city has doubled Increasing industries near ...
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Introduction The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and the stages of growth and development of the city, so that the population during the 35-year period (1976-2011) has doubled and the area of the city has doubled Increasing industries near Tabriz metropolis, which is located in Sardroud city, plays an important role in changes. As a result, population growth and industrial growth in Sardroud led to unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial-physical structure of the city, the destruction of agricultural lands so that the area of agricultural lands and gardens in 1999 was 6382180 square meters (65.2%) per year. 2011, 3252635 (26.35%) and the occurrence of various spatial-physical, environmental, social and economic problems in Sardroud city. Therefore, this study evaluated the spatial-physical effects of Tabriz metropolis on Sardroud city with the explanation that the factors affecting change The physical-spatial form of the city informs us of the logical understanding of these factors and of understanding the root of its problems. Each and every logical and correct confrontation with the problems as well as the thoughtful and thoughtful design of the future development of the city helped. Considering the above issues, the questions are as follows: - Has the proximity to Tabriz caused changes in the demographic structure of Sardroud city?- Has the spatial-physical developments of Sardroud city been affected by the expansion of industrial-workshop activities? Methodology In the present study, the method of analytical-comparative research is the type of applied-developmental research. Relevant information from comprehensive study studies and other relevant sources are obtained and classified according to the research needs. Then, the statistical indicators of the research are extracted from the mentioned data based on statistical relations. Quantitative models have been used to analyze the information, which are as follows: Study and analysis of demographic changes using population estimates based on statistics of fertility rates and mortality in Sardroud city through people software, calculation of economic activity diversity index using From the Gibbs-Martin model, comparing the position of different economic sectors of the city with respect to the province using the share change model and the Izard model and measuring the physical-spatial form of the city using quantitative relative entropy models, Gini coefficient, Muran, Gary, and Gary adjustment. Results and discussion In this study few models have been used. According to Bozhugarnia's diagram, the role of Sardroud city in 1996 was industrial, while in 2006-2011 it has taken on a commercial role. Comparing the position of different economic sectors of Sardroud city compared to East Azarbaijan province using the share change model, the growth rate of the total reference economy for 1996-2005 was equal to 1.6 and the economic structure of the province during this period has always been negative and declining. And the employment rate in agricultural sectors is -0.12, industry -0.04 and services are equal to 1.1; and by examining the changes in the economic sectors of Sardroud city based on the Izard model, the only service sector in the city compared to its similar coefficient in the level. The higher province is 252.6 against 137.3 percent, and the results obtained from the measurement of spatial-physical models indicate this. The form of the city is moving towards urban distribution and the values of the indicators in 1999 and 2011 are as follows: (relative entropy = 0.85, Gini = 0.35, Moran = 0.03, Gary = 0.05) And (relative entropy = 0.91, Gini = 0.36, Muran = 0.01, Gary = 1.99). Which has caused the destruction of agricultural lands and orchards, so that in the city of Sardroud in 1378 the share of orchards and agricultural lands was 65.2 and in 1390 it has reached 26.35%. Conclusion Considering that Sardroud city has the most impact from Tabriz metropolis, the development of urban infrastructure of Sardroud city should be considered in line with Tabriz metropolis so that the lack of infrastructure does not lead to marginal growth and inappropriate spatial-physical changes. And in areas where marginalization has taken place, urban renewal and rehabilitation measures and empowerment measures should be taken. Examining the changes in the economic sectors of Sardroud city in the field of industry, private sector investment should be activated and private sector investment in various economic fields should be invested in government economic policies, increasing the amount of investment from city credits, equipping and further development of Shahid Rajaei industrial town. It depends on the carpet weaving and carpet industry in the city.The spatial-physical structure of the city of Sardroud is a pattern of urban dispersion. Due to the need to guide the development of the city towards greater sustainability, the need to change it and the use of strategies for greater compression of the city is felt.- In order to prevent inappropriate urban-physical spatial development towards vulnerable and ecological areas, it is necessary to mention suggestions for improving urban development. Due to the poor growth of the city and its builders, it is necessary for the municipality to exercise strict supervision according to the existing laws and regulations, or for a specific organization or unit to do so under the supervision of the governorates or municipalities.
Geotourism
Mohammad Khodaverdizadeh; sadegh Khalilian; Babollah Hayati
Volume 19, Issue 52 , June 2015, , Pages 85-111
Abstract
According to change global approach of protected areas management plan in relation to tourist attraction in order to fund this areas, the aim of this study was to determine the Outdoor Recreation value of Saint Stephanus church one of the famous churches of Marakan Protected Area thatlocated ...
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According to change global approach of protected areas management plan in relation to tourist attraction in order to fund this areas, the aim of this study was to determine the Outdoor Recreation value of Saint Stephanus church one of the famous churches of Marakan Protected Area thatlocated in boarder between East and West Azerbaijan Province. Estimating the outdoor recreation value of this church can be effective in foresighting the needs, eliminating the shortages, and developing of tourism. The objectives of this study were to estimate outdoor recreation Value of Saint Stephanus Church with Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and separation of influential factors on visitors' willingness to pay (WTP) using Heckman two-stage model. Required data was gathered through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with 321 visitors of the church in 2013. Results showed that 52% of the visitors were willing to pay money for visiting the church. Variables of income, education levels, family size, and sexuality were effective in visitors' WTP acceptance, and variables of income, family size, education level, age and the Visitor satisfaction from amenities were effective in the rates of WTP. The average of WTP and the annual outdoor recreation value of Saint Stephanus Church was estimated at about 2445 Rials and 317 million Rials, respectively. Therefore, with respect to the great importance and value of Saint Stephanus Church from the view point of visitors, will required that planners to have more attention to this area for tourism development and increasing the number of tourists with increasing facilities and the financing of Marakan protected area and other protected areas.
Climatology
mohammad ali khorshiddoost; mojtaba fakhari
Abstract
Abstract One of the most important issues in arid and semi-arid regions is water resources management. Thus the study of the occurrence or non-occurrence of precipitation behavior can improve management water resources in these areas. In this study, the occurrence of days with precipitation in the south ...
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Abstract One of the most important issues in arid and semi-arid regions is water resources management. Thus the study of the occurrence or non-occurrence of precipitation behavior can improve management water resources in these areas. In this study, the occurrence of days with precipitation in the south west of Iran using daily rainfall synoptic stations in the 1994-2009 periods and adapting Markov chain was performed. The frequency matrix, switching matrix and stable matrix as well as continuous rainfall and the rainfall return periods of 2 and 5 days were calculated. The results show that the minimum probability of rain is in the plain area while the highest probability of rainfall belongs to the mountainous area. Also the highest probability of monthly precipitation is in January and the minimum is that of summer. The minimum of return period and the maximum continuous rainfall are in the mountainous stations and the maximum of return period and minimum continuous rainfall are in the plain area. Also unlike the other months, the maximum of probability rainy days in June is in eastern parts of mountains.
Climatology
ali akbar rasouli; elnaz ostadi; mohammad reza aziz zade
Volume 23, Issue 69 , December 2019, , Pages 87-103
Abstract
The consequences of climate change in drought areas such as Iran, temporal and spatial changes are the distribution and concentration of rainfall, which can affect water resources. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of rainfall can causing hazards such as floods . The importance of the issue ...
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The consequences of climate change in drought areas such as Iran, temporal and spatial changes are the distribution and concentration of rainfall, which can affect water resources. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of rainfall can causing hazards such as floods . The importance of the issue of distribution and concentration of rainfall has encouraged researchers to study in this regard. Concentration Index (CI) is a method which is used to study the distribution and concentration of rainfall. This study was performed to calculate and analyze 23 station daily precipitation concentration index in Northwest of Iran during 1951 to 2015. In this research range of CI values calculated between 0.57 for Khoy station to 0.67 for Maku station and average 0.61 for all station. CI map obtain from values Interpolation and showed that the Northwest part of the study area with Maku station depute, compared to other regions, especially in central areas such as Tabriz station is not uniformly distributed. Also Northwest area with an average of 0.61 compared with an average CI of Iran ( 0.64) is more evenly precipitation distributed throughout the year.
Masood Taghavaee; Mahdi Zanganeh
Volume 16, Issue 42 , March 2013, , Pages 89-112
Abstract
Over recent decades, there has been paid so much attention to tourism in different communities and because of its making economical benefits, developing employment, importing foreign currency, making Iran culture known so much effort has been done for developing tourism industry. Taking advantage of ...
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Over recent decades, there has been paid so much attention to tourism in different communities and because of its making economical benefits, developing employment, importing foreign currency, making Iran culture known so much effort has been done for developing tourism industry. Taking advantage of tourism valuable benefits is possible if we get sufficient recognition with the nature of this phenomenon and its characteristics and tourism potentials of Iran’s different regions. Shandiz has been familiar to tourists and this indicates this region’s geographical, Cultural and historical high position. However, In spite of locating around cosmopolitan Mashhad and having natural gifts, Shandiz has not developed satisfactorily and has not become one of the profitable regions of Iran’ economy
Rasool Gorbani; Karim Hosseinzadeh Delir; pari Shorkri Firoozjah
Volume 16, Issue 39 , May 2012, , Pages 89-108
Abstract
Nowadays rapid development of urbanization, population growth, industrialization, unorganized transport system and urban traffic and green space shortage have caused increase of air pollution concentration in cities, especially in large cities. Therefore, attention into air pollution and factors and ...
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Nowadays rapid development of urbanization, population growth, industrialization, unorganized transport system and urban traffic and green space shortage have caused increase of air pollution concentration in cities, especially in large cities. Therefore, attention into air pollution and factors and causes of increased pollutant concentrations are very important. Hence the purpose of this paper is to identity the effective factors on air pollution at Namaz Square station in Tabriz city.
Therefore, through of component analysis method, main components were determined in each season of year and by the application of multivariate regression model, main factors were defined. Results show that climatic factors (such as temperature, wind speed and direction) human factors (such as crowded population, green space shortage, high traffic, unsuitable roads) have the highest influence in the air pollution. Special attention therefore, to human factors can cause to the decrease of air pollution in urban central area
Aliakbar Tagvae; Mojtaba Refieian; Hasan Salamani
Volume 18, Issue 50 , February 2015, , Pages 89-105
Abstract
QOL is a multidimensional concept that has an important effect on residents living within a residence and the most important effect is residential satisfaction. Therefore in the planning for these contexts, identifying the criteria affecting the satisfaction of residents and how effective each of these ...
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QOL is a multidimensional concept that has an important effect on residents living within a residence and the most important effect is residential satisfaction. Therefore in the planning for these contexts, identifying the criteria affecting the satisfaction of residents and how effective each of these criteria is a key priority. The aim of this study is to identify this issue.
Methods In this thesis, according to the research problem, is causal correlation. Technique used in this study is Hierarchical Multiple Regression (HMR). Criteria will be selected based on objective related to study quality of life in the residence environment with reviewed other studies and criteria models. Method of organization of Criteria in this study is up and down and for each macro criterion, sub criteria are brought, these criteria are pattern of questions. In the Criteria analysis stage, the last category criteria are used to calculate the regression and correlation between criteria is taken into account to rate their influence on each other.
Geotourism
Mohhamadhosen Rezaei moghadam; Mohamadreza Nikjou; Kamran KHalilvalizadeh; Belvasi Imanali; Mehdi Belvasi
Abstract
Landslide is one of the natural hazards in mountainous regions that results in huge losses every year. Alashtar Doab watershed with mountainous terrains, uplands and different natural conditions has the potential for landslide. The purpose of this study is landslide hazard zoning using artificial neural ...
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Landslide is one of the natural hazards in mountainous regions that results in huge losses every year. Alashtar Doab watershed with mountainous terrains, uplands and different natural conditions has the potential for landslide. The purpose of this study is landslide hazard zoning using artificial neural network model in Alashtar Doab watershed. In order to preparing the map, first of all parameters of the landslide were extracted and then the layers were prepared and after that a landslide distribution map that was occurred in the basin was prepared and then by combining landslide influencing factors with landslide distribution map, the impact of each of these factors such as slope, aspect, lithology, rainfall, land use, distance from fault and stream in ArcGIS software were measured. In this research, artificial neural network model with error back propagation algorithm and sigmoid activation function was used. The final structure of the network consisted of eight neurons in the input layer, eleven neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. Network accuracy in the testing phase was calculated by 85.93 percentages. After optimization of the network structure, all area information was imported to the network. Based on landslide hazard zoning using artificial neural network model, 37.44, 45.7, 93.8, 49.32 and 76.6 percent of the area at risk is located in very low, low, medium, high and very high classes, respectively.
Abdollah Seif; Seaed mortaza Abtahi
Volume 17, Issue 46 , February 2014, , Pages 91-111
Abstract
Two important characteristics, alternate climatic fluctuations and human being appearance, distinguish Quaternary from other geology periods. These climatic changes have shown increase and decrease of glacialical scope in high latitudes, but there are different and opposite theories about climatic situation ...
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Two important characteristics, alternate climatic fluctuations and human being appearance, distinguish Quaternary from other geology periods. These climatic changes have shown increase and decrease of glacialical scope in high latitudes, but there are different and opposite theories about climatic situation of low latitudes in Iran during glacial periods. In this study the climate of the last glacial era of Namak Lake basin, located in North central Iran was investigated by using the past geomorphic evidence and statistic analyzes. Present temperature and rainfall of this basin was studied and its related displacements were plotted. Glacial cirques and lake terraces as geomorphic evidences were also studied. Regarding the snowline in different points of basin, the temperature and rainfall of the basin in Wurm glacial period was rebuilt by Wright method and the changes related to the present time was studied. Morphogenetic plans of the basin in two periods were prepared by using annual rainfall and temperature and Politer method. Results show %48 (180 mm) increase in annual rain and a 5.6oC decrease in Wurm glacial era comparable to present. Reviewing geomorphic evidence out of climatic changes including NamakLake terraces, travertine mines, pediment vast and human civilization have proven the results.
Climatology
Saeed jahanbakhsh; yagob din pazhoh; mohammad hossein aalinejhad
Volume 23, Issue 67 , April 2019, , Pages 91-107
Abstract
According to the importance of snowfall in supplying water of different regions especially mountainous areas, accurate estimation of snow water equvallent and changes of its coverage would be effective in agriculture, energy, management of reservoir and flood warnings. In this study runoff orginated ...
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According to the importance of snowfall in supplying water of different regions especially mountainous areas, accurate estimation of snow water equvallent and changes of its coverage would be effective in agriculture, energy, management of reservoir and flood warnings. In this study runoff orginated from snow melting in ShahrChay basin under the terms of climate change calculated. For this purpose, snow cover for water year of 2012-2013 were extracted in ENVI software by using daily images of Modis satellite.Then, GIS software the physiographic specification of the basin was obtained. In the next step, data of snow cover, meteorological variables and other necessary parameters to SRM model provided as an input of model and run_off from snow melt was simulated. Then output of the 6 models of atmospheric general circulation with title of 3 scenarios nomely A1B , A2 and B1 converted to a downscaleing by using LARS-WG model. By comparing the output of 6 models in the future period to period based on monthly statistical, the best model and scenario for generation of air temperature and precipitation data in the period 2030-2011 were selected. As a result the HADCM3 model under the scenario A1B was used for generation of precipitation and the MPEH5 under scenarios A2 was used for generation of temperature data. In order to estimate the rate of change of runoff orginated from snowmelt rate of change of monthly data of air temperature and precipitation of the base time period as well as future time period under selected model and scenarios was entered to SRM model in simulation time period. Results for all of the scenarios show that runoff orginated from snowmelt in late spring will be reduced. The peak flow appeared earlier in comparison with base time period and its value would be larger than base time period.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Ali Reza Darban; Mostafa Haraeeni
Volume 23, Issue 68 , September 2019, , Pages 91-111
Abstract
Among the natural disasters of the earthquake, it has a special position because it causes more damage than severe floods and storms, as it occurs almost without fear of any warning. Due to Iran's location on the Alp-Himalayas earthquake belt, earthquakes sometimes shake different regions of the country ...
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Among the natural disasters of the earthquake, it has a special position because it causes more damage than severe floods and storms, as it occurs almost without fear of any warning. Due to Iran's location on the Alp-Himalayas earthquake belt, earthquakes sometimes shake different regions of the country and with their effects and consequences have incurred irreparable damage in various social, economic and environmental dimensions, especially in rural areas. For this reason, it disrupts the development of a settlement or region. Based on numerous studies carried out in Tehran, including the Aftab area in this city, in terms of vulnerability to earthquakes in high risk areas are very high. In this regard, the study of socio-economic capacities of communities in increasing the resilience and recognizing the dimensions of resilience in local communities is important and can be considered in future plans. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the socioeconomic resilience capacity and its spatial analysis in the villages of Aphat district in Tehran using primate techniques. Today, resiliency is proposed as a way to strengthen local communities against the natural disasters by using their capacities. In this regard, the aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the different dimensions of social economic resilience of rural communities in Aftab district of Tehran County.
Urban Planning
Mohammad Reza Pourmohamadi; Rasoul Ghorbani; Ghafour Alizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionTabriz city, the largest metropolis in northwestern Iran, has a privileged and strategic position in Iran due to its location on the political and cultural borders and in the transit route of neighboring countries (former the Soviet Union, Turkey and Iraq). In the current situation, due to ...
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IntroductionTabriz city, the largest metropolis in northwestern Iran, has a privileged and strategic position in Iran due to its location on the political and cultural borders and in the transit route of neighboring countries (former the Soviet Union, Turkey and Iraq). In the current situation, due to the large number and variety of threats and the establishment of a large number of centers of gravity in this city, the probability of injuries has increased sharply; As a result of this, in order to improve the security of the city, by examining the vulnerability of the centers of gravity against potential threats based on the safety considerations of passive defense, the necessity of intervening is a very smart affair.Data and MethodThis research in terms of purpose is applied-developmental with a descriptive-analytical approach, and the method of collecting data is in the form of documents, library and field surveys (questionnaire and survey of 20 experts in the fields of urban planning, architecture and passive defense) have been. In the methodological discussion, first, the literature on the three concepts of threat, vulnerability and passive defense requirements in the field of urban planning in Iran and other countries, To identify assets and identify potential threats to those assets as influential factors in the vulnerability of gravity centers in the ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz, has to be studied. By selecting the latest questionnaire models prepared by the Passive Defense Organization of Iran, determining the grading of gravity centers and basic threat assessment of centers of gravity was done by provincial experts and experts of the statistical community. To determine the importance coefficient of graded gravity centers, using ANP network analysis and Super-Decision software (by determining the correlation and comparisons of standard pairs and indices by experts in the statistical community), unbalanced, balanced, and limited matrices were formed, followed by the determination of the importance coefficients of Centers gravity were determined; Then, the criteria and indicators of the research were prepared in a categorical manner. Spatial maps of all layers related to criteria and indicators in the GIS environment related to Arc-Map software were overlapped by applying the coefficient of importance and evaluating the appropriate distance from the objectives, criteria, and indicators with emphasis on the underlying threat. In the end, the vulnerability zoning map of the centers of gravity of the ten areas of metropolitan Tabriz was prepared.Discussion and ConclusionThis research process is as follows:Using a quantitative model to determine the levels of gravity centers of Tabriz metropolis, showed that out of 32 selected assets, 17 assets are classified as vital and sensitive centers and 15 assets as important and maintainable centers. The result is the existence of numerous vital and sensitive centers; By creating several important centers instead of a single vital and sensitive center and increasing the distribution of important centers in the city, effective action to improve the security of the city against military attacks is one of the key issues in discussing harm and threat in passive defense.Based on the quantitative threat model affecting the assets of Tabriz metropolis, the threat of air and missile attacks was selected from the possible threats of sabotage, terrorism, cyber and people-centered protests, and missile and air attacks as the base threat. This threat has overshadowed its damage. The result indicates that this threat dominates the city over assets, so missile and air strikes as a basic threat in modeling, network analysis, and standardization of layers in the GIS environment.By calculating the final map related to the vulnerability of ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz through fuzzy overlap functions in the ARC- GIS environment based on 22 effective indicators obtained from the model of determining the level of centers of gravity, in the form of 5 criteria of vital arteries, crisis management centers, military and law enforcement centers , Urban equipment and support centers, the basic threat of air and missile attacks and determining the significance coefficient of criteria and indicators were obtained in network analysis software using SuperDecision method of damage zoning in Tabriz. Vulnerability zoning of Tabriz city is classified into five classes: Zone with very low vulnerability of 13.7%, Zone with the low vulnerability of 9.5%, Zone with medium vulnerability of 23.5%, Zone with high vulnerability of 32.3% and Zone with the vulnerability of very much 21% of the total area of Tabriz metropolis. The result of this is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and intensifies the spatial vulnerability of the city and requires the development of a strategy based on the principles of passive defense to eliminate the vulnerability of the city.A very important conclusion that was obtained based on the average model of the nearest neighbors, the average distance expected from the centers of gravity of Tabriz metropolis is calculated to be 455 meters, while the average distance of existing centers of gravity is 264 meters, which indicates the ratio of the closest The neighborhood is 0.58. The result of this ratio and the p and z values of the model shows the cluster distribution of the centers of gravity of Tabriz. This is far from the principles and considerations of passive defense and aggravates the spatial vulnerability of the city.Based on the studies of the SWAT model, the conclusion of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of internal factors by studying and identifying vital, sensitive, and important centers in the metropolis of Tabriz city, indicates that the weaknesses of the city are more than its strengths. As a result, strategies should be formulated in such a way that their strengths are addressed to eliminate their weaknesses from the perspective of passive defense principles. The result of measuring the external environment to identify the opportunities and threats of the city in relation to the analysis of defense elements indicates that the opportunities for advancing the city are less than the threat, so strategies should be formulated in a way that can improve measures and repair existing threats and failures. Do different cities; The combination of the above two strategies indicates the development of defensive strategies as the main objectives of this study in the metropolis of Tabriz in order to reduce the vulnerability and threats to eliminate the vulnerability of the city.Research ResultsSome defensive strategies in order to improve the quality of passive defense in Tabriz are presented as follows:1- Parallel access networks should be organized in accordance with the hierarchical system. Establish safe havens against threats at the point of rupture between tissues;2- Create a suitable distance between the bridges and create complementary communication routes next to the bridges;3- Underpass and metro networks should be organized for multi-purpose use and temporary accommodation;4- Construction rules should be observed in the area of faults and rivers. Create proportionate functions in these areas;5- Dilapidated and compacted tissues in the city center should be reconstructed according to the requirements of passive defense. Create green spaces and neighborhood parks to create temporary shelter spaces and blast waves;6- Prevent the establishment of sensitive and dangerous centers inside dense tissues. These centers should be moved to low-density areas and open spaces that are close enough to residential areas;7- The satellite cities of Tabriz should play a functional role in synergistic activities. These satellite cities play a role in establishing industrial activities and sensitive facilities for their dispersal;8- To reduce the immigration rate of Tabriz city. Excess population to settle in suburban areas and interconnected cities;9- To reduce the concentration of hazardous and polluting industrial activities in the west of Tabriz;10- Using green spaces with tall and umbrella trees within the confines of facilities and equipment, in order to create natural camouflage and develop green belts and improve the quality of the environment;11- Decentralization of the establishment of a large number of sensitive and important centers in the form of clusters in the central core of the city, especially in areas 8, 3, and 4, which should be done step by step due to the high cost;12- Decentralization of population density from zones 1 and 10 based on the principles of passive defense;13- Maintaining the proximity of endangered land uses with areas 5, 9, and 6 and part of 7 with relatively low population density, which are almost desirable and well located;14- Basic action should be taken to remove military centers in the form of creating multi-purpose and recreational uses due to excessive accumulation of military, industrial, facilities, and urban equipment in the southern, southwestern, and northern suburbs of the city, which are endangered uses.A basic action to remove a number of sensitive land uses and vital artery transfer centers (which are constructive and mobile urban elements) from sparsely populated areas 2, 1, 9, and 5, in the form of creating land uses. Multifunctional and recreational, to be done. Transfer some of them to areas 6, 4, 3, 10, 8, and part of 7 (areas 10, 8, and to some extent 4 have a dense population);16- Basic action to adjust the ignition uses due to more accumulation and lack of open and green space in the central areas of the city, and 8, 2 and to some extent 3;Although areas 6, part of 7, and to some extent 4 have the most open and green spaces, the existence of large industrial uses with transnational products (tractor and machine building) and the airport has threatened these areas. This requires preventing the development of the city towards these areas;18- Due to the circular structure of Tabriz, the existence of unsuitable arterial networks in areas 1, 10, and 8, which have a high population density, have small and old parts, and have a suburban texture of the city. In these vulnerable areas, safe points and networks of appropriate thoroughfares should be established and repaired in order to guide the population in times of crisis;Lack of optimal distribution of relief and hospital centers in the city can be seen. So that the central saturation areas and suburban areas, including areas 9, 5, 6, and to some extent 3 and 7 do not have this use. This makes it difficult to provide optimal service operations in times of crisis;Necessary action should be taken regarding the camouflage and concealment of urban facilities with high identification capabilities, such as high-voltage power substations, gas pressure reduction substations, and water tanks that are distributed in urban areas;Establishing several important centers instead of single sensitive centers and adopting safe spaces in them is one of the key measures to improve the level of security in military attacks.
Ali Shamai; Najmeh Heidarzadeh; Babak Lotfi Moghadam
Volume 17, Issue 43 , October 2013, , Pages 93-122
Abstract
Iran is one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world. Almost 90% of Iran is located in an earthquake belt. Based on seismic zoning maps, Tehran metropolitan area is highly dangerous and unsafe. Tehran’s district 1 is situated in one of the main Tehran's faults called North Tehran fault. Since ...
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Iran is one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world. Almost 90% of Iran is located in an earthquake belt. Based on seismic zoning maps, Tehran metropolitan area is highly dangerous and unsafe. Tehran’s district 1 is situated in one of the main Tehran's faults called North Tehran fault. Since recognizing the deleterious factors plays an important role in reducing earthquake dangers, so analysis of these factors can have a significant role in controlling the harmful factors and reducing death toll and financial losses.
The main goal of this study is to identify the most important predisposing factors which result from earthquakes in Tehran's district 1, also to distinguish target areas according to their level of vulnerability as high, moderate and low is another aim of this paper. Data and information collected in this study are spatial, statistical and descriptive. The method of research is descriptive-analytic. In this paper, also the geographical information systems (GIS) have been used. The results indicate that the most important predisposing factors in the region are by an order of preference: the distance from the fault, the slope of the land, proximity of incompatibilities with applications, the building's life, population density, lack of access to open spaces and urban areas are parts. The most vulnerable regions of this area are 8-6-10-4 respectively.
Jahantab Khosrovanian; Majid Onagh; Masud Guderzi; Seyyedasadollah Hejazi
Volume 19, Issue 53 , September 2015, , Pages 93-115
Abstract
Abstract
A stochastic weather generator can serve as a computationally inexpensive tool to produce multiple-year climate change scenarios at the daily time scale which could incorporate changes both in mean climate and in climate variability as well. In this paper, LARS-WG model was used to downscale ...
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Abstract
A stochastic weather generator can serve as a computationally inexpensive tool to produce multiple-year climate change scenarios at the daily time scale which could incorporate changes both in mean climate and in climate variability as well. In this paper, LARS-WG model was used to downscale GCM outputs and then tp assess the performance for generated daily data of precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature and sunshine hours. Study area was Ghare-su basin in Gorgan and the station is called Gorgan synoptic station. The first step was running the model for the 1970-1999 periods. Then mean of observation and synthetic data were compared. T-test was used in the 99% significance level, and the difference between observation and synthetic data was not significant. Finally monthly mean of observation and synthetic data were compared using statistical parameters such as NA, RMSE & MAE. As a final result, it was found that performance of model was appropriate for generating daily above-listed data in Ghare-su basin. Thus, it was possible to predict the climatic parameters from GCM output using LARS-WG model. Also minimum and maximum temperatures had the highest and sunshine hours involved the lowest correlation. After ensuring performance of model to simulate above-mentioned parameters, this model used to predict future trends (in 2011-2030 and 2080-2099) with A2, A1B and B1 scenarios of the HadCM3 model was. Results showed that future temperature would increase 0.56-4.04 degrees centigrade while precipitation would increase 10.28-23.71%.
Hosein Raheli; Rahim Heidari; Mohammad Khodaverdizadeh
Volume 17, Issue 44 , September 2013, , Pages 95-117
Abstract
After oil industry, tourism makes revenues as the second world’s economy for many countries. Tourism today not only has become the world's largest and most widespread industry, but one inseparable from the needs of mankind contemporary life. Protection of natural resources as a major ecotourism ...
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After oil industry, tourism makes revenues as the second world’s economy for many countries. Tourism today not only has become the world's largest and most widespread industry, but one inseparable from the needs of mankind contemporary life. Protection of natural resources as a major ecotourism capital faced challenges because most people think of the natural resources has free. Therefore, assessment of environmental resources and ecotourism areas for economic policy and strategic decisions should be considered important as the principles of tourism development. Asiabkharbe waterfall in Jolfa city being located in East Azerbaijan province is considered as one of the most attractive tourism destinations in regional level. Present paper attempts to determine and estimate the recreational value of this ecotourism attraction by using contingent valuation method (CVM) and reviews the factors affecting willingness to pay (WTP) by logit model. The results show that 68 percent of visitors are willing to paying for visiting this ecotourism destination and the amount proposed, education, income, satisfaction, family size, age and gender are the most important factors in WTP, and on the other hand, average willingness to pay per visitor is 4000 Rials and annual recreational value of this ecotourism attraction is 380,000,000 Rials. Planners should give more attention to develop tourism and enhance the welfare of visitors to the Asiyabkharabe waterfall, according to high value and importance of this waterfall.
Hashem Dadashpour; Saeed Hosseinabady; Mahdy Pourtahery
Volume 16, Issue 41 , November 2012, , Pages 95-127
Abstract
Informal settlements are one of the main aspects of urbanization in Iran so that, such a phenomenon exists not only in big cities but also medium and small cities. Sabzevar is one of the most important cities of the country involved in this field due to the presence of about one eighth the populations ...
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Informal settlements are one of the main aspects of urbanization in Iran so that, such a phenomenon exists not only in big cities but also medium and small cities. Sabzevar is one of the most important cities of the country involved in this field due to the presence of about one eighth the populations residing in informal settlements; which is highly needed comprehensive approach. Hence this study is to seek to measure whether the enabling of local communities in East kal e eydgah - as the main core of the city’s informal settlements-physical improvements of this location is possible or not? The research methodology is analytical-descriptive. The method of data gathering is based on the combination of librarian, documentary and survey studies. Data gathering tool is a questionnaire. The method of sampling is simple random and sample size is 150 households. The Pearson correlation and linear regression through SPSS software has been used for the analysis the Results of findings. In this study, each of the dimensions of economic, social and institutional enabling including, meaning, competence, self-determination, influence and trust has been discussed as independent variables, and variable of willingness to participation in physical improvements is considered as the dependent variable. The results of findings show that there is a significant relationship between the levels of enabling of residents and their willingness to participation in physical-environmental improvements. R2 was determined for social enabling, 4 percent, economic enabling 2.9 percent and institutional enabling 4.4 percent. On the whole, it can be said that institutional enabling is much more effective than social and economic ones for increasing participation of residents in physical improvement programs.
Urban Planning
Hossein Panahi; Parviz Mohammadzadeh; Yadollah Divsalar
Volume 22, Issue 66 , January 2019, , Pages 95-115
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal size of the metropolises of Iran during the years 2006-2015, by using the surplus function, based on the presence of the government as a provider of public goods and services. To do so, using the total surplus function approach which is defined by ...
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The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal size of the metropolises of Iran during the years 2006-2015, by using the surplus function, based on the presence of the government as a provider of public goods and services. To do so, using the total surplus function approach which is defined by the difference between the total income and the total expenditure of the households working and living in the large cities, the optimal size of the metropolises of Iran is estimated. Findings of research show that the total benefits and total costs increase as population of cites increases. The coefficient of population in the household expenditure function is very close to the coefficient of population in total cost function, this means that the expenditure of household in the metropolises of Iran is increasing. The greater the coefficient of population in benefit cost function Than the coefficient of population in total cost function indicates that people living in cities benefit from urban interests, which is the same increase in income and do not participate in paying social costs and this has caused that the size of the metropolises of Iran exceed its optimum level.
Urban Planning
AKRAM TAFAKORI; Hamidreza Varesi
Abstract
Introduction Metropolises, along with internal transformation and structural changes, produce new spatial forms and processes that, although seemingly different, have essentially the same logic of formation. This spatial logic is based on a chain of "exclusion" and "integration" processes that is the ...
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Introduction Metropolises, along with internal transformation and structural changes, produce new spatial forms and processes that, although seemingly different, have essentially the same logic of formation. This spatial logic is based on a chain of "exclusion" and "integration" processes that is the result of the functions of these structural transformations. This dual process is the main mechanism of spatial development of metropolises. In Iran, there are metropolises that have faced with the problem of the growth of cities and settlements. The rapid growth of urban population, the growing trend of land use and unbalanced location of settlements make the need for management and planning for sustainable development. Today, Tehran, as a national metropolis, has faced with a large number of settlements around it. This study aims to find out what has the role of influential forces in urban land policies and consequently Damavand urban growth been. Therefore, in order to answer this question, it has explained the growth pattern of the city above as a city in the east around the metropolis of Tehran with emphasis on urban land policies. Methodology The current research is consistent with the descriptive-analytical method and is considered as an applied research. In this research, the method of receiving information is in the field of library-documentation. The statistical population of this study is the city of Damavand since the way of growth and growth pattern of this city have been considered in this research. First, the government policies in the field of land use in Damavand city are explained, then the trend of changes in the structure of Damavand city in the period 1366-1366 using the automatic cell model is analyzed and finally, the physical growth trends of the city in the period 1396-1410 has been stimulated. Results and Discussion Damavand city is generally one of the summer areas around Tehran and is located in the foothills of Damavand mountains. Due to its geographical location and summer, as well as being located on the main road Tehran-Firoozkooh-Mazandaran in recent years, especially in the part of Gilavand ،Damavand city has developed significantly. The results of the study show that the city of Damavand in the early years of urban growth (1987) had an irregular and scattered pattern. Continuation of urban growth until 2003 has not been able to make much change in its urban growth pattern and urban growth is still scattered and irregular. But urban growth in the years 1382-1382 has experienced a different aspect. Urban growth in these years has not only happened very fast, but also in certain directions and has been more regular. This growth is mostly on the northwest and southeast sides and has been along the Tehran road. The more interesting point in the urban growth of Damavand in the years between 1382-1386 is that the southwest side has had faster urban growth; in this part of the city lie Mehr housing lands, so under the influence of government policies, urban growth towards the capital has occurred. Conclusion The study of urban growth patterns in many developing countries according to the specific socio-economic conditions of countries shows that scientific management and planning should be based on a proper understanding of the spatio-temporal processes of urban growth. The city of Tehran, as the most important city in the country since the beginning of the new era, affected the surrounding settlements and these settlements were directly and indirectly affected by the physical-economic and social changes in Tehran; especially since the 1350s, Tehran's continuous development has given way to separate development and access to surrounding settlements. In general, it can be concluded that urban land policies have been one of the most important factors in the formation of Damavand urban growth patterns, in other words, government forces through the development of rules and regulations, the preparation of urban development plans, assignment of land and housing in the form of preparation plans show their roles in the formation of urban growth patterns in Damavand.
Faramarz Khoshakhlagh; Seaed omid Nabavi; Esmail Abbasi
Volume 16, Issue 40 , September 2012, , Pages 97-118
Abstract
The presented study aims to investigate synoptic atmospheric conditions along with heavy precipitation in Khorasan Razavi and Khorasan Shomali provinces. The identification of temporal and spatial distribution of heavy precipitation associated with these extreme conditions is another goal of this study. ...
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The presented study aims to investigate synoptic atmospheric conditions along with heavy precipitation in Khorasan Razavi and Khorasan Shomali provinces. The identification of temporal and spatial distribution of heavy precipitation associated with these extreme conditions is another goal of this study. The amount of precipitation greater than 20 mm was chose to distinguish heavy rainfall from others. The parameters such as sea level pressure, temperature, relative humidity, specific humidity at the level of 700 hPa and wind direction were analyzed to identify sources of heavy precipitation moisture. Geopotential height at the level of 500 hPa was considered to determine heavy precipitation synoptic patterns. Wind speed and direction at the level of 300 HPA were evaluated to track the high-speed wind (jet stream). Then, these parameters were averaged monthly to investigate the general behavior of the atmosphere status associated with heavy precipitation in the studied area. The results show that in cold period of year the foci of heavy precipitation are located in KhorasanRazaviCounty. Mediterranean deep trough and Red Sea were identified as synoptic pattern and the main moisture source of heavy precipitation, respectively. Subtropical jet stream also recognized along with almost all heavy precipitation cases at level of 300 hPa.
Masoomeh Rajabi; Abolfazl Soleimani
Volume 17, Issue 45 , November 2013, , Pages 97-120
Abstract
Sabalan Mountain is one of main morphtectonic units of Iran. This unit has extensive area, therefore in this research only southern slopes of Sabalan have been selected. Study area is located between 37° 56´ to 38° 14´ N and 47° 36´ to 48° 00´ E. Selected area ...
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Sabalan Mountain is one of main morphtectonic units of Iran. This unit has extensive area, therefore in this research only southern slopes of Sabalan have been selected. Study area is located between 37° 56´ to 38° 14´ N and 47° 36´ to 48° 00´ E. Selected area from hydrograph is formed of four basins, including Pislarchay, Aghmion, Biokchay and Aghlaghanchay. There are several faults in this area as geomorphic evidences. Main effects of these include linear valley, offset stream, escarpment, shutter ridges, displacement of alluvial fan and hot spring.
Southern slopes of Sabalan Mountain are active in terms of tectonic processes. For investigation of neotectonic characteristic we used several geomorphic indexes such as mountain front sinuosity (Smf), ratio of valley-floor with to valley height (VF), drainage basin shape ratio (BS), asymmetry factor (AF), topographic symmetry factor (T) and latitude ratio. This index was calculated in four basins in separation. According to Smf and VF results, two basins have active conditions and two others are semi active. BS index for all basins presents active tectonic. The results of AF and T confirm the above conclusion. In the end we used Latitade (Lat) ratio. According to this index, three basins are in active condition.
Geotourism
Aboulghasem Taghizadfanid; Monir Moghanni Jansouz
Abstract
IntroductionThe development of urban tourism has been considered by tourism planners and city managers due to its various economic, social, cultural and environmental effects. Following the growth of urbanization, cities are becoming one of the main pillars of the world's commercial economy.Materials ...
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IntroductionThe development of urban tourism has been considered by tourism planners and city managers due to its various economic, social, cultural and environmental effects. Following the growth of urbanization, cities are becoming one of the main pillars of the world's commercial economy.Materials and methodsIn this regard, the role of public participation in the development and improvement of urban tourism should be considered. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between people's participation in tourism development in Tabriz. The present research is an applied descriptive-survey method based on a questionnaire. The statistical population of the citizens of Tabriz is considered. The sample size was determined according to Cochran's formula of 384 people and was performed by available random sampling method.Result and discussionThe results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the two variables of economic participation and tourism development and with a correlation value of 0.632 and close to 1, it has a high correlation compared to other variables. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the two variables of environmental participation and tourism development and with a correlation value of 0.288, it was found that these two variables have a low correlation with each other. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between the two variables of socio-cultural participation and tourism development and with a correlation value of 0.102, it was found that these two variables have a low correlation with each other.ConclusionAs a result, economic participation has a more important role in the development of tourism in Tabriz compared to environmental participation and socio-cultural participation. Thus, providing a recognition of the priority levels of participation of the host community in tourism development is a research innovation compared to other studies.
Urban Planning
Zahra Kamelifar; shahrivar rostaei
Abstract
What is happening today at the dawn of the 21st century as a crisis in our cities and changes the cities to an ugly and unhappy places and makes citizens tired and prosaic is the breakdown of human-nature transplantation which has unfortunately been neglected in recent years in urban development and ...
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What is happening today at the dawn of the 21st century as a crisis in our cities and changes the cities to an ugly and unhappy places and makes citizens tired and prosaic is the breakdown of human-nature transplantation which has unfortunately been neglected in recent years in urban development and the urbanization system of the country. The importance of social health in today's densely populated and polluted cities is one of the main factors in attention to urban green spaces. Today, in many cities in the world, the development of health and social welfare policies in cities has emphasized on the availability of urban green spaces in the closest accessible areas for residential areas and workplaces. In the present study the optimal deployment of urban green spaces in the zone 8 of Tabriz has been assessed. Zone 8 as the central texture of Tabriz which has mainly a commercial-residential role (given the prevailing commercial role) receives a massive population from different parts of the city and even the province during certain times of the day. However only a few pieces of green space have been built in this zone. Regarding this issue, it is necessary to pay attention to the construction and optimal location of urban green space in accordance with demographic needs of the region.
Fariba Karami
Volume 16, Issue 38 , February 2012, , Pages 101-122
Abstract
Sarab Plain is located between SabalanMountain and Bozgoosh chain. This plain has rich groundwater resources, but waters asre saline due to movement toward the center of plain. This study assesses chemical quality of Sarab groundwater, and studies salinity changes of groundwater sources, in a duration ...
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Sarab Plain is located between SabalanMountain and Bozgoosh chain. This plain has rich groundwater resources, but waters asre saline due to movement toward the center of plain. This study assesses chemical quality of Sarab groundwater, and studies salinity changes of groundwater sources, in a duration of a decade (1999-2008). It uses the result of chemical analysis 45 deep and semideep wells in plain including EC, SAR and Cl indexes. It shows the distribution of quality indexes with mapping quality maps. The results of this study show that piedmonts of around plain have low and very low saline groundwaters, and the rate of salinity increases toward center and west of plain. Also, variation of EC index show that the rate of fresh groundwater has declined from June 1999 until June 2008. In this period low salinity of groundwater has inceased to 14.5%
Ali mohammad Khorshiddoust; Ali asghar Shirzad
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 101-118
Abstract
In this research we used multivariable statistical methods (cluster and discriminative analysis) with the purpose of the recognition of spatio-temporal differences of precipitation in similar areas. We used monthly precipitation of 35 synoptic, climatic, and rain-gauging station data records of Northern ...
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In this research we used multivariable statistical methods (cluster and discriminative analysis) with the purpose of the recognition of spatio-temporal differences of precipitation in similar areas. We used monthly precipitation of 35 synoptic, climatic, and rain-gauging station data records of Northern Iran including three provinces of Golestan, Guilan, and Mazandaran for 1995-2007 periods. For grouping and homogenizing the stations, we initially applied Ward cluster analysis method. Then we used discriminative analysis and Wilk’s Lambda for finding out the validity of cluster analysis calculations. Results obtained from cluster analysis with Euclid interval method indicated that 4 major clusters can be drawn according to the amount and the location of the precipitation in the study area. Discriminate analysis showed that 82.3% of the clusters in our analysis were valid and about 17.7% were incorrect. The Wilk’s Lambda method also proved the differences between the means.
Climatology
mehdi asadi; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 101-122
Abstract
Limited fossil energy source and increase of energy use is always pushed man to replace the energy source. In this case the winds have always had a special place in the new generation of energy sources. East Azarbaijan province because of the topographical and relativity situation is one of the best ...
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Limited fossil energy source and increase of energy use is always pushed man to replace the energy source. In this case the winds have always had a special place in the new generation of energy sources. East Azarbaijan province because of the topographical and relativity situation is one of the best places for building a wind farm. therefore this research have been done to find out the best places for building wind farms in East Azarbaijan province, to find this places different criteria and sub criteria have been used. Given the importance of information fusion, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were selected for weighting the layers and were implemented by the help of Expert choice software. For special analyses and overlapping of layers the Arc GIS program have been used and after the analysis of information, according to the capacity of building wind farms, province of East Azarbaijan have been divided to four parts, great, good, normal, weak. At last, final conclusions represent that Geographic Information System as a Supportive Decision making system can be practical both in preparing of data and designing the priorities and expert's ideas dealing with different factors and also help the designers to select the proper location to found the wind farms. In this research,15 regions have been determined, considering priority of, overlay, limitation of land and places, survey of priority area, climate condition and personal observation have been determined that in sequence this places are Tabriz, Sahand, Osko, Azarshahr, Bostanabad, Shabestar, Jolfa, Haris, Miyane, Bonab, Marageh, Sarab, Ahar, Charayomagh and Hashtrod.
