Rural Planning
masoumeh pazoki
Abstract
IntroductionRural tourism is one of the suitable alternatives to implement the requirements of sustainable development, environmental sustainability, community and economy of rural areas, job creation, public and private investment, improvement of infrastructure, and economic benefits in rural areas. ...
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IntroductionRural tourism is one of the suitable alternatives to implement the requirements of sustainable development, environmental sustainability, community and economy of rural areas, job creation, public and private investment, improvement of infrastructure, and economic benefits in rural areas. Rural tourism activities are small businesses that can respond quickly to new needs and markets, which is itself an introduction to a diversity of novelties. Various thinkers advocate entrepreneurship as an elixir for many social and environmental worries. In rural areas, factors such as the development of human driving force, the quality of the workforce, increasing the quality of management, development of education and technology are effective in tourism entrepreneurship. Consequently, entrepreneurship in the field of tourism and the use of natural and synthetic capacities depend on the availability of human drivers. The townships of Filestān village in Pakdasht city have many agricultural, historical and natural attractions, also are considered the most important centers of rural tourism, desert ecotourism, mountain eco-tourism, and flower tourism (tourism based on the cultivation of flowers and ornamental plants). Therefore, regarding the mentioned capacities and potentials, the study area can create jobs and develop entrepreneurship in the field of tourism, directly and indirectly. Therefore, entrepreneurship in the field of sustainable rural tourism can be considered as a corridor to attain sustainable development in the villages of the region. Due to the development of tourism in this region and the increasing number of visitors to this village, this study tries to study the human drivers of tourism entrepreneurship and its impact on sustainable rural development in the study area. Data and Method The current study is Practical due to the nature of the subject. The information required for the research was obtained using field and library methods. The statistical population of the study was non-native tourists who visited the villages of Filestān rural district in spring and autumn of 2019. Since the total size of the statistical population was unknown and the variance of the statistical population was unknown, the statistical population of this study was determined to be 170 non-native tourists. The questionnaire was provided to tourists as a research tool in the form of convenience sampling. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed according to the expert professors of geography and rural planning. Its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method and data analysis was performed using SPSS software and ARAS, WASPAS, and CODAS techniques. Results and Discussion After determining the research criteria via library studies, a questionnaire was prepared based on these criteria, and validation and reliability were provided to the statistical community. In the first step, regarding the growth of entrepreneurship in the field of rural tourism in the region and the high importance of the issue from the point of view of local people and officials, the WASPAS technique has been used to achieve more accurate results and to rank villages in terms of human propulsion. The results of the WASPAS technique reveal that different dimensions of human propulsion in Golzar village (in this village, Qi is equal to 0.1121) had the greatest impact on the process of entrepreneurship development in the field of rural tourism among the villages of this village. In the second step; regarding the effects of entrepreneurship on the development of sustainable rural tourism in Filestān rural area and the sensitivity of the issue in terms of environmental protection and rich culture and local identity of rural people, in this study, the CODAS technique is used to achieve more accurate results and to rank villages. Based on the CODAS technique, it shows that the effects of entrepreneurship on the development of sustainable rural tourism in Golzar and Filestān villages have been more than other villages in Filestān rural area. In the last stage, using the ARAS technique, the degree of sustainability of villages in the Filestān rural area has been studied and measured in environmental, physical, economic, social, and institutional dimensions. According to Ki, Golzar and Filestān villages are the first ranks among the other villages in Filestān rural district in terms of sustainability. The results of the ARAS model (ranking of villages in terms of sustainability) and CODAS model (effects of entrepreneurship on sustainable rural tourism development) and WASPAS technique (status of human drivers of sustainable rural tourism entrepreneurship development) are completely consistent. Golzar village is in the first place in terms of sustainability indicators, entrepreneurship effects, and the status of human drivers of entrepreneurship development. Conclusion Entrepreneurship growth in rural areas can be considered as a policy based on geographical reconstruction in rural areas, which can lead to a new spatial division of labor, energy, and resources, and ultimately, lead to a change in the quality of life of rural people according to sustainable development theory. In which different dimensions of entrepreneurship development and existing perspectives appear as the main components and ultimately create a combined approach to entrepreneurship development in rural areas. Entrepreneurship growth in Golzar village as an important strategy in rural development has been able to reduce the use of natural resources due to the expansion of modern greenhouses and hydroponic cultivation, minimizing the loss of resources by modern irrigation technologies, maintaining environmental quality, and biodiversity conservation. At the level of Golzar and Filestān villages, tourism and entrepreneurship in this field, in addition to generating income from new sources, has increased villagers' self-confidence, participation, and social cohesion and foresight, as well as achieving sustainable tourism development by gaining access to modern technologies, increasing income and capital, accessing more appropriate physical infrastructure and utilizing more knowledge and skills. According to the familiarity gained from the rural community under study, in the process of strengthening entrepreneurship in the field of sustainable rural tourism, human resource and sociological variables, especially motivational factors, play a key role. Because no development can happen without the participation, social cohesion and discipline, social security, and self-confidence of rural stakeholders and local communities.
Ahad Habibzadeh; Mohammadreza Nikjoo; Hamidreza Peyrovan
Volume 17, Issue 43 , October 2013, , Pages 79-91
Abstract
Marl units in territory-watershed basin in East Azerbaijan province have expanded significantly, and cause natural malformation, including soil erosion, erosion facieses types (surface, rill-gully) and sedimentation in the basin. In this study, digitized geological stratigraphy and lithology maps that ...
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Marl units in territory-watershed basin in East Azerbaijan province have expanded significantly, and cause natural malformation, including soil erosion, erosion facieses types (surface, rill-gully) and sedimentation in the basin. In this study, digitized geological stratigraphy and lithology maps that were prepared. Marlstone regions were drawn, Accordingly, three units, including Eocene, Miocene and Cretaceous marlstone were determined. The climate and slope maps of the province were crossed in GIS system and ILwis software and final maps of the area and working units were determined. Amount of runoff and sediment on marlstone regions were measured using artificial showers. Results indicated that the correlation coefficient of topographic slope was equal to the amount of runoff 0.479 and the statistical significance of their relationship together. Simple correlation coefficient between runoff and sediment calculated to be (0.452) and their relationship was acceptable was significantly meaningful. Correlation coefficient between the amount of sediment from soil erosion caused by rain instrument with organic carbon neutral materials were equal to -0.374 and are -0.382.
Climatology
Atefeh Hoseini Sadr; Gholam Hasan Mohammadi; Firooz Abdoul Alizade; Vaheid Khjaste Golamei
Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 79-100
Abstract
Heavy rainfall occurrence on April 14th, 2017 which followed by flood in Azarshahr and Ajabshir regions caused 48 deaths at East Azerbaijan province. Detecting synoptic mechanisms for such event was our main motivation for this study. In this regard, observational, upper atmospheric and SkewT data were ...
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Heavy rainfall occurrence on April 14th, 2017 which followed by flood in Azarshahr and Ajabshir regions caused 48 deaths at East Azerbaijan province. Detecting synoptic mechanisms for such event was our main motivation for this study. In this regard, observational, upper atmospheric and SkewT data were used. First, spatial distribution of precipitation in the study area was plotted. Then, Geo-potential height, vorticity and omega, specific humidity, moisture transition, jet stream for upper level and Huff-Muller chart were analyzed for different atmosphere layers. Finally, some atmospheric stability indexes were surveyed by using SkewT charts. Results showed that, highest rainfall was occurred as a rain corridor between southwest of West Azerbaijan province and middle regions of Urmia Lake to the central regions of East Azerbaijan Province with 30 to 57 mm range. Synoptic maps showed that in this day simultaneous expansion of the ascending area of Mediterranean trough in mid atmospheric layers and the core of polar Jet stream in upper levels provided favorable conditions for unstable atmosphere on the northwest of Iran, so that the amount of omega was less than -0.3 Pascal per second. Specific humidity maps indicate that, at the same time a significant moisture flux has flown from the Red Sea to the northwest of Iran. Therefore, the rapid conversion of atmospheric moisture into the rain in the ascending area of Mediterranean trough was the main cause of the heavy rainfall occurring on this day. This issue was proved by convergence moisture flux map and the Hoff-Müller graph. SkewT charts and instability indexes of Tabriz station also confirmed high amount of moisture and favourable ascending conditions in the atmosphere on April 14th
Mohammadreza Pourmohammadi; zakiyeh Nasrollahzadeh
Volume 18, Issue 49 , November 2014, , Pages 81-100
Abstract
Rural architecture purpose is not only providing shelter for communities, but also representing powerful means of communication. Communication between human and natural environment, economic and social condition is the most important relationship in rural architecture. Vernacular architecture creates ...
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Rural architecture purpose is not only providing shelter for communities, but also representing powerful means of communication. Communication between human and natural environment, economic and social condition is the most important relationship in rural architecture. Vernacular architecture creates buildings that whose function arose from their attitude. The rock with natural element and minimal destruction by humans, have the highest point in terms of visual superior. Human attitude creates the world around them. But sometimes this attitude is affected by intervening forces in outdoor environment. In rocky architecture, in addition to cultural aspect, nature and geology of the region have important role in the formation of these types of settlements. In this research reviewing features and physical forms of rocky architecture, the reasons of establishment in Kandovan village were analyzed by descriptive-analytical methods and field survey. Results show that in the range of 1 to 6, habitats with average 23.5 and livelihood with average 3.5 are the most important factors in the formation of rocky architecture in Kandovan village respectively.
rahmat bahrami
Abstract
Introduction Development texts show that there are several ways to achieve development. Much of the village's economy is dependent on agriculture, and due to low land and labor productivity, agriculture alone is not the ultimate solution to the problem of unemployment or job creation. The high growth ...
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Introduction Development texts show that there are several ways to achieve development. Much of the village's economy is dependent on agriculture, and due to low land and labor productivity, agriculture alone is not the ultimate solution to the problem of unemployment or job creation. The high growth rate of the rural population and the wave of migration have doubled the problems of unemployment and job creation. Statistical surveys in the country show that the most important factor in the migration of villagers to cities is economic poverty. Numerous programs have been developed in Iran in recent years to overcome developmental bottlenecks, and the results show that, with few exceptions, they have failed in many areas and failed to achieve rural development goals. Therefore, economic development experts believe that strengthening economic foundations by focusing on activating the production cycle in rural areas and creating employment and entrepreneurship can pave the way out of the crisis of rural development. Today, the focus of economic development policies is on expanding small rural businesses (rural industries) as a way to achieve rural development. The drafting of such a law is a strategy to counter the rising unemployment rate and the migration process of villagers on the one hand, and the sustainability of the rural population through job creation in various dimensions of development, including the development of rural industries. Such ideas in the rural area could potentially be the driving force and accelerator in the rural economy. The article deals with the impact of rural industries on economic development and job creation in the local economy of Sanandaj villages. The importance of rural industries in Sanandaj is that on the one hand, rural industries reflect the cultural heritage of the village, and on the other hand, rural industries can empower rural households to increase their production capacity, productivity, welfare and quality of life. Be helpful. Research Questions: What is the development of rural industries and economic development and job creation in the villages of the study area? The development of rural industries in the study area has had the greatest impact on the factor of economic and social development? Methodology The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Theoretical studies have been compiled through documentary methods, field data through questionnaires. The interview method was also used to analyze and complete the data. The number of target villages, including 9 villages in the central part and Klaterzan of Sanandaj city, which has been engaged in the work of rural industries, has been studied. The statistical population of the study included 815 households with a population of 26620 people in 9 villages of Sanandaj city, which were distributed in Klatarzan and Markazi districts (Statistics Center of Iran, 2016). The sample size included all 115 families employed in rural industries. The type of activity of rural industries includes carpet weaving, kilim weaving, tailoring, weaving, carpentry, carpentry, etc. In order to investigate the effects of rural industry development in two economic and social components, a total of 10 indicators and 43 variables were measured using a 5-choice Likert scale questionnaire based on mean method, standard deviation and change coefficient. To ensure the design of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used and the reliability coefficient was 82 /. It has been obtained that the validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed based on the views of experts related to the village. Results and discussion Data were analyzed to explain the economic and social dimensions with the approach of job creation in Sanandaj villages from the average method, percentage calculation of options, method of coefficient of change and standard deviation. The inferential results of analyzing the economic and social dimensions of the development of local industries on rural development showed that 24 variables were studied in economic dimensions and 19 variables in social dimensions. The results showed that the economic average was 3.35. In terms of impact factor, it was divided into three groups. In economic dimensions, 9 variables with high impact factor, the second group with average impact coefficient of 11 variables and the third group with 4 variables, which were recognized as weak impact factor. In the social dimensions, 11 variables were evaluated with an average of 3.4. Of these, 6 variables with high impact factor, the second group with 8 variables with medium effect coefficient and the third group with 5 variables showed the least impact. Conclusion Establishing rural industries as a productive economic sector in such a situation where the country is in economic sanctions is a good opportunity to develop a resilient economy and an important step in adjusting income between urban and rural areas, increasing income and social welfare and attracting surplus rural forces. . Research in line with Article 27 of the Sixth Development Plan of the country in the field of economic development and job creation in rural areas has examined the role of rural industries in economic and social development with the approach of job creation in rural areas of Sanandaj city. Rural industries can have a significant impact on job creation, income generation for low-income rural people, and reduced immigration. Therefore, the development of rural industries is one of the best options for economic development and rural employment. To identify the impact factor of data in social and economic dimensions, they were divided into three groups: high, medium and low, and were ranked according to the average data method. The purpose of this method is twofold: first, through high results, clear strengths and through low coefficients, in fact, the challenging points express the development of rural industries. The results of the research strengths showed that the influential variables in rural industries, such as reducing the level of poverty, increasing the level of participation, reducing the level of unemployment and reducing migration have had the greatest impact. On the other hand, the challenges and weaknesses of rural industry development can be solved in variables such as lack of access to educational institutions in updating and prosperity of rural industries, low level of skills and their non-emergence, lack of workshops and lack of social security insurance. It is considered major.
Urban Planning
M. Taghvaei; sohila rezaiee adaryani
Abstract
Introduction A child-friendly city is one of the theories of urban planning, in line with allocating citizenship rights to children and taking care of their wishes and needs, with the aim of creating an opportunity for children to shape or change their surroundings (Sardar Masri,897:2017). Many ...
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Introduction A child-friendly city is one of the theories of urban planning, in line with allocating citizenship rights to children and taking care of their wishes and needs, with the aim of creating an opportunity for children to shape or change their surroundings (Sardar Masri,897:2017). Many studies have been conducted in connection with child-friendly cities in recent years. For the first time in 2007, UNICEF introduced the city of Bendigo, Australia, as the first city to successfully implement child-friendly city projects. Bendigo was introduced as a city where attention to children's rights is the priority in solving urban problems (Kiani & esmailzade kavaki,2012:51). Examining cities' current situation indicates children's neglect in urban planning, especially in Iran (Ghaffari et al., 2014:27). This is even though children, in addition to being an essential part of society, are strongly influenced by the environment and space. One of the urban places that require special attention in this regard is parks and green spaces because they play an essential role in children's leisure time.The present article has examined the studies that have been conducted in the field of the child-friendly city since 1980. Since the 1920s, Western countries have shown early attention to children and their relationship with the environment, and since the 1990s, they have begun to build child-friendly cities, and currently, they have made positive achievements in both the theory and practical examples (Yao & Xiaoyan,2017:699). This research is more about assigning citizenship rights to children and providing for their needs. Today, the child-friendly city is at the top of decision-makers agenda in urban affairs.Therefore, this article examines children's chances to have a share in creating their environment and highlights their ideas, especially in green space design.Data and MethodThe main goal of this study is to identify the indicators of child-friendly green spaces and, in the next step, to measure the realization of child-oriented green spaces in Nazhvan in Isfahan. The method adopted to conduct the present research is descriptive, analytical, and based on the library method and field studies. For this purpose, using the library and documentary method and referring to the available sources in this field, this theory's intellectual and theoretical foundations were studied, and valuable indicators for creating child-friendly green spaces were identified. These indicators were extracted from different scientific sources (including books, articles, and scientific reports). The framework of indicators is produced by collecting all the indicators in a matrix and deducing the most frequent ones. As the main and most important indicators of children's green space, these indicators include security, participation, and sense of belonging, a healthy environment, creativity, interactive spaces, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services. Then, the necessary information was collected by using the field method, including observation, interview, and completing the researcher-made questionnaire. The study sample was selected due to the uncertainty of the community's population size, which included the number of visitors to the green space; based on Cochran's formula in communities of unknown size, 384 cases were selected, including 200 children and 184 adults. Finally, data analysis was done using SPSS software and a T-test.The results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively. In order to improve the level of child-oriented in Nazhvan Park, measures such as: improving the level of services, increasing children's playgrounds suitable for different age groups with high safety, designing and implementing intellectual, group, and various games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park from Through public transportation, it is suggested to improve the safety of the environment and increase the participation of children.Results and DiscussionThe results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively.ConclusionIn order to improve the child-friendly approach in Nazhvan Park, some solutions were suggested, including the following: Improving the service level, increasing playgrounds suitable for children of different ages and groups and with high safety, applying and using all kinds of intellectual games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park through public transportation, improving environmental security and increasing Children's participation. Based on the obtained results, we can determine the score of Nazhvan Park in nine sections based on the opinions of children and adults. This result shows the strengths and weaknesses of the park in order to improve the situation according to the child-friendly approach.
Asghar Zarabi; Jamal Mahamadi; Jabbar Alizadeh
Volume 16, Issue 37 , November 2011, , Pages 83-109
Abstract
The current paper attempts to examine information and communication technology (ICT) in Esfahan’s central district. The research method is applied-developmental and the study method is survey-documental. To collect data, questionnaires were used and SPSS was used for analyzing data. The samples ...
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The current paper attempts to examine information and communication technology (ICT) in Esfahan’s central district. The research method is applied-developmental and the study method is survey-documental. To collect data, questionnaires were used and SPSS was used for analyzing data. The samples were selected from residents of Esfahan central district and its size was estimated 322 by Cochran method. Ultimately 400 questionnaires were provided from citizens and institutes. Findings show that there is a signficant relationship between information literacy and acceptance of ICT (correlation=0.47, Sig=0.000) that is to say, citizens do not have necessary knowledge to make use of ICT. Accessibility to ICT services in workplace (Sig=0.000) was suitable but in residencies, the case was not true (Sig=0.02). Citizens mostly fulfill their requests personally. The more the satisfaction of citizens with urban managers’ services, the more is involvement of citizens in urban management (correlation=0.43, Sig=0.000). There is a relationship between the use of ICT and the extent of citizen participation in urban management (correlation= 0.46, Sig=0.000). The more citizens were satisfied with ICT services, the more they tend to make use of these services. The results of current research is with the correlation of sig=0.031 are average downwards and it demands the care of urban managers. Finally, in order to promote this technology in urban societies, suggestions are presented.
Urban Planning
Bratali Khakpoor; Zohre Bolori; Roghayeh davari
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine and diagnose the relationship between viability indices of dense neighborhoods. For this purpose, nineteen operators were identified by studying the literature of the subject and interviews with urban planning specialists and urban planning that has been experienced ...
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The purpose of this study was to determine and diagnose the relationship between viability indices of dense neighborhoods. For this purpose, nineteen operators were identified by studying the literature of the subject and interviews with urban planning specialists and urban planning that has been experienced about life. These factors were divided into six general, functional, social, natural, economic, visual and perceptual categories. Then, in order to identify the axial indexes of the model, the cognitive fuzzy mapping was used and the penetration rate of each indicator was determined on each other In the following, the matrix obtained in the FCmapper software was implemented and the fuzzy cognitive map was drawn.In this study, after reviewing 19 indicators, land indices and density, residence satisfaction, parts size, social interactions, diversity of housing and prosperity and flourishing of the neighborhood economy are 6 important indicators in terms of focusing the most effectiveness and effectiveness in relation to other There are environmental indicators, among which the earth and density are more centered than other factors. The size of the components is important in the second rank. These two indicators have the greatest influences in other variables. The satisfaction index of residence receives the most influences from other variables.
Geomorphology
Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghaddam; Masoumeh Rajabi; Masumeh Mousavi
Abstract
r optimal land use, it is necessary to be aware of land use changes and the type of land use; this is possible by assessing and predicting land use changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of land use change over a period of 18 years (2000-2000) and predict it using the Markov chain ...
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r optimal land use, it is necessary to be aware of land use changes and the type of land use; this is possible by assessing and predicting land use changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of land use change over a period of 18 years (2000-2000) and predict it using the Markov chain model for 2025, 2050 in the Yellow River Basin of Baghmalek city in Khuzestan province. To achieve this goal, first corrections (geometric, radiometric and atmospheric) and necessary processing were performed on Landsat satellite images of 2000, 2006, 2012, 2018; Then, land use maps for four time periods were classified into five classes: green space and gardens, barren lands, agricultural lands, water levels (sedgereh) and man-made residential areas. These changes were addressed using the Markov chain model for 2025, 2050. After making the necessary corrections on the Landsat images, the land use estimate showed that the highest percentage of the study area is barren lands and arable lands. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient for 2000, 2006 and 2018 are above 0.80 and 0.92. .. The results of revealing the changes between the period 2000 to 2018 showed that barren lands with a rate of 823.51, green space and gardens with a decrease of 157.85 hectares. In contrast to the built-up areas of 439.59 hectares, 1356.56 hectares of arable lands and 404.94 hectares of water levels have been facing an increasing trend. Also, the results of the forecast using the CA-Markov model of land changes in the region for 2025 and 2050 showed that if the speed of land use change is the same as in previous years, in 2025 the use of built-up areas will be 1089.54, hectares of arable land. To 1154/52 hectares and surface water use will increase to 666/54; Landscaping and orchards will be reduced to 42/2012, barren land land use to 59,85279 hectares and in 2050 landscaping and orchards land use to be reduced to 192.62 hectares, barren land land use to be reduced to 8438.69 hectares, arable land land use Increase to 1243.73 hectares and surface water use increase to 8959.59 hectares of built-up areas to 1671/98 hectares. By examining land use change, valuable information can be obtained about man-made changes and natural factors. On the other hand, the prediction map derived from the Markov chain model is very important to provide an overview for better management of natural resources.
Climatology
Zeynab Jawanshir; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Aliakbar Rasouly; Hashem Rostamzadeh
Abstract
Introduction
For the first time, Faddingham presented a geographic weight regression model. He tried to study the aspects of space heterogeneity. After that, Bronson examined the relationship between housing prices and areas. Which encountered a number of issues in relation to the model, which included ...
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Introduction
For the first time, Faddingham presented a geographic weight regression model. He tried to study the aspects of space heterogeneity. After that, Bronson examined the relationship between housing prices and areas. Which encountered a number of issues in relation to the model, which included the selection of variables, bandwidth and spatial correlation errors. Using the GWR, Franklin analyzed the spatial characteristics of the rainfall along with the elevation changes. Elvi also used this model to study the spatial factors that affect land prices. The GWR produces spatial information that expresses spatial variations between variables' relationships. Therefore, the maps produced from these analyzes play a key role in the spatial non-static description and interpretation of variables (Mennis 2006) and an equation Generates a separate regression for each observation instead of calibrating an equation, so it allows the parameter values to be continuously changed in the geographic space. Each of the equations is calibrated using a different weight of the observations contained in the total data. And more relative weights are assigned to closer observations and less or zero weights to those who are far away.
Data and Method
The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) calculates the surface heat flux instantaneously as well as 24-hour. The latent heat flux shows the energy required for true evapotranspiration and is calculated as the remainder of the equilibrium energy equation (Mobasheri, 2005). In remote sensing estimates of surface Albedo, surface temperature and surface leakage in the thermal infrared region, reflectance is used to calculate spatial variations in short-wave radiation and long-wave radiation emitted from the surface of the earth. A combination of short-wave and long-wave radiation combines the ability to calculate the pure absorbed surface radiation for each image pixel. Each of the equations is calibrated using a different weight of the observations contained in the total data. And more relative weights are assigned to closer observations and less or zero weights to those who are far away. In other words, the GWR only uses geographically close observations to estimate local coefficients. This method of weighting is based on the idea that the use of geographically close observations is the best way to estimate local coefficients. The GWR method not only does not consider the effects of self-variables on the independent variable, but also the effects of neighboring situations. The values of the geographic weighting model can be used to describe the spatial correlation of the factors used. Therefore, we extend the study area to several sections We divide the values of the geographic weight coefficients in each of the sections in relation to each of the environmental parameters. Unlike regular regression models, they provide an equation for describing general relationships between variables. GWR allows the parameter values to be changed continuously in the geographic space. Each of the equations is obtained using a different weight of the observations contained in the total data.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of the relationships between selected indices by geographic weighted regression model and the classification of output values through the normalization of data in seven categories. The values obtained vary between 1 and 1, and the smaller the index, the spatial disjunction is variable, and the larger it shows the presence of spatial clusters. It was found that all three indexes of evapotranspiration, surface temperature and vegetation index have cluster spatial pattern. Therefore, the null hypothesis is based on the spatial correlation itself, and as a result, three of the above indicators can be used for spatial analysis of the actual evaporation. Based on the correlation between the factors affecting the macroeconomic factors, the factor of vegetation index has the most effect on the magnitude of the spatial distribution in the studied area (53% with an area of 471782864 square meters). However, as the results are clear, this number is an overall number and covers the overall situation in the area. And does not refer to spatial features of the area. In the results of weighted regression, the effect of elements can be observed spatially. Accordingly, according to the geographic weighted regression method, the relationship between evapotranspiration and surface temperature was negatively affected and negatively affected. The relationship between dehiscence and vegetation index was studied in different years. The highest digit on the seventh floor is 13/99 and in the area of 266611500, which shows a high positive effect. The relationship between evapotranspiration and the Albedo shows the highest value in the first and second classes. The values of 18 and 10 in the area of 490428000 and 1170753300 m 2, respectively, show a very negative impact and a significant negative effect.
Conclusion
Geographic weighted regression method is a statistical method that is adapted to study local patterns. This method is, in fact, a technical technique that analyzes the relationship between spatial variables in a hypothetical unpopular space. In this research, we tried to express the effect of several indicators on actual evaporation. These indicators are not all indicators that have had an impact on actual evapotranspiration Because actual evapotranspiration is closely related to other climatic factors. Because of the unique ability of spatial weighted regression to identify and analyze the relationships between variables, it is recommended to use it in quantitative analyzes. The Z classes resulting from the GWR analysis of the actual evapotranspiration in different years have different states that indicate the spatial effect of the surface temperature in different conditions.
Urban Planning
Gholamali Khammar; Sahar Azarian; somaye rahdarpoodine
Abstract
Sustainable development on a neighborhood scale means improving the quality of life in it and including all environmental, physical, cultural, social and economic features and components without creating obstacles for the next generation. In this regard, urban land use as the core of the planning system ...
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Sustainable development on a neighborhood scale means improving the quality of life in it and including all environmental, physical, cultural, social and economic features and components without creating obstacles for the next generation. In this regard, urban land use as the core of the planning system has an important role in providing welfare services, access and meeting the needs and diverse needs of citizens at the neighborhood level, while land use is evenly distributed in urban areas. Do not cause the emergence of gaps and heterogeneity of stability in urban neighborhoods and naturally increase the dissatisfaction of a wide range of urban residents with the living environment and reduce their quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of urban land use on the sustainability of urban neighborhoods in Zabol.For this purpose, the research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection was documented and analyzed by spatial analysis. The results show that there are inequalities between neighborhoods in terms of access to service use and the concentration and density of service uses is in areas 2 and 3. This has increased spatial and welfare inequalities between neighborhoods and this has reduced the quality of life in some neighborhoods. have given.
Geomorphology
Maryam Baiati Khatibi
Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 61-81
Abstract
Soil erosion is a major environmental proplem in the world which causes economic losses and threatens the sustainable development. Many factors are responsible for erosion acceleration in catchement scale. Soil erosion by water is the result of interplay between catchement environmental factors such ...
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Soil erosion is a major environmental proplem in the world which causes economic losses and threatens the sustainable development. Many factors are responsible for erosion acceleration in catchement scale. Soil erosion by water is the result of interplay between catchement environmental factors such as soil, topography, drainage density and land use pattern and other factors. The soil erosion problem is more serious with hilly catchements which are subject to heavy rainfall, in semi arid mountains. In the study area-as a semi-arid region–which is situated on eastern slope of Sahand mountain (NW of Iran) soil erosion with water is very intensive. This area is as a major farmland and grazing land. Gullies and rills are the traces of water erosion. These phenomens are seen in many parts of study area. In order to investigatien on responsible factors to soil erosion and assessement of the risk to erosion, we used USLE model. By using this model, we studied the role of topography, land use, and soil type on soil erosion. The results suggested that slope and slope length play a major role on determining the erosion pattern. The depth of gullies is increased at parts where the length of slopes is increased. In these parts there is increased linear erosion through the increased rates of silt.
All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary
Firouz Jafari; afshar hatami; sonya karami
Abstract
Introduction Economic growth is one of the goals pursued by every country, and this is because of the many benefits that come with the growth process. According to World Bank reports, more than 80 percent of people live in developing areas. Unfortunately, in developing countries such as Iran, balanced ...
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Introduction Economic growth is one of the goals pursued by every country, and this is because of the many benefits that come with the growth process. According to World Bank reports, more than 80 percent of people live in developing areas. Unfortunately, in developing countries such as Iran, balanced development has not taken place, which has created regional inequalities and economic divisions between regions. The increasing inequalities between different regions of a country indicate that part of the country's population is not benefiting from the consequences of economic growth and development. Theoretical framework The discussion of development and underdevelopment is one of the most challenging issues in today's world that is influenced by various spatial, temporal factors, and the varying value of different criteria in measuring development. The expansion of development concepts and policies has led the past decades called the era of development. This era has begun in the mid-20th century. Many indicators have been provided for measuring development and underdevelopment; however, based on most thinkers, especially thinkers of the 20th century, economics is a significant development factor. Moreover, there is a close relationship between human and the economy; as economic development cause the development and improvement of human living conditions, humans are the main factor of economic growth and development. Nevertheless, economic development happens when all regions of a country benefit from that. Therefore, to achieve comprehensive economic development, economic policymakers must create a kind of economic balance and cohesion in different regions and provinces so that with coordinated economic growth, the economic development differences can be solved in provinces of Iran. Methodology A descriptive-analytical approach was used in the present study. The required data from the statistical yearbook of 1395 have been collected in the form of 30 indices. Shannon entropy, coefficient of variation, and Vikor were used for weighting, distribution analysis, and developmental level determination, respectively. ArcGIS software was also used to display the map. Results and Discussion The coefficient of variation was used to determine the status of the distribution of indicators in the provinces. According to the results, about 11 indices have a coefficient of variation above 1, and two indices have a coefficient of variation above 0.9, indicating a lack of balanced distribution of economic indices in the provinces. There are the highest inequalities between the indicators of incoming tourists, durable housing, and mining workers with 2.00, 1.55, and 1.54 scores, respectively. In contrast, there are the lowest inequality levels between the indicators of male economic participation, economic participation, and working population with 0.6, 0.7, and 0.7 scores, respectively. Overall, 36.67% of the indices scored above 0.9 indicate inequality between more than two-thirds of the indices studied in the provinces. Based on economic indicators, the Q average for 31 provinces was 0.76, which is above average. Isfahan province with Q equal to 0.253 is at the highest level, and Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces are in second and third place with Q equal to 0.322 and 0.434, respectively. In contrast, Ilam province is at the lowest level, with Q equal to 0.996. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Ardabil provinces are ranked second and third most economically deprived, with Q equal to 0.977 and 0.964, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed that mainly central and populated provinces, including Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran, Kerman, Fars, East Azarbaijan provinces had a higher level of development, and the rest of Iran provinces had medium and lower economic development level. Among the 11 provinces with low development level are Gilan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Alborz, Lorestan, Hamadan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan and 7 provinces with lower development including Ardebil, Qazvin, Qom, Kermanshah, Ilam, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad require special attention and efficient policies and programs for faster and more effective economic development. Overall, 19.35% of provinces were at the highest economic development level, about 22.58% at a medium level, 35.48% at a low level, and 22.58% at a lower level. The interesting point is that the absence of any of the provinces in Iran at a high level of economic development. This point clearly indicates the inefficiency and hierarchy of economic development and other aspects of the imbalance of economic development in Iran.
Urban Planning
ali akbar taghipour; Hossien Rostami
Abstract
Introduction Security has always been one of the most important issues facing human beings. Throughout history, man has sought to have security through various defending instruments. This defense has two types including military and civil defense called respectively, active defense and passive defense. ...
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Introduction Security has always been one of the most important issues facing human beings. Throughout history, man has sought to have security through various defending instruments. This defense has two types including military and civil defense called respectively, active defense and passive defense. Passive defense is a strategic plan requiring direct management and planning of expert human forces including instruments, enginery, organization, training, and management of forces (Taghvayi and Jozi Khamselouyi, 2012:17). Considering the high volume of capitalization and establishment of many installations as well as economic tools and most importantly, high population residences, cities have significant financial and bodily vulnerabilities in case of the outbreak of war. Due to its strategic status, Tabriz city, as a metropolitan in the northwest part of Iran, faces various human threats. This city is one of the five regions of Iran facing ethnic regionalism (Mohammadi et al., 2008:60). According to the geographical, geopolitical, political, and economic conditions of Tabriz, it has been sometimes recognized as the economic center of Iran, and sometimes at least in the north-west region of the country (currently), it has been identified as the first pole of industry, trading, and commerce (GHorbani, 2003:123). The existence of important economic, military and political centers has made the discussion of the passive defense subject of this city an important issue. Data and Method The purposeful article was developmental-applied in terms of policy-making, and it was analytical-descriptive in terms of the design of the study. To collect the literature of the subject and theories of the study, library and documentary method was utilized. Moreover, Arc Gis, version 10, software was used to analyze the data and provide the required maps, which had an important role in the advancement of the study after collecting various layers since they showed different terms. Among the most important utilized criteria and indexes for the analysis, urban electrical substation privacies, urban gas pressure reduction substation privacies (Siami et al., 2013:31), gas and petrol station privacies (Valipour et al., 2014:174), military center privacies, distance from hospitals, distance from main streets (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2010:111), water sources privacies (Ministry of energy, 2014:161), distance from firefighting centers (Azizim Bornafar, 2012:132) and distance from open and green spaces (Razavian, 2002:142) could be highlighted. Results and Discussion Having accomplished the standardization of layers, their integration was the second part of the research. To this end, and for determining their importance and the weight of each layer, a hierarchal analysis method was utilized for such samples whose criteria number was high. The target Expert Choice hierarchal analysis model was determined in specific software and the final weight of each layer was calculated. As the weight of each layer was obtained, they were integrated using GIS, thus the final map of vulnerability status was shown. The results of zoning indicated that some parts of Tabriz city, especially regions from the center of the city to the eastern parts and northern parts, were the most suburbanite fabrics of the city and had higher densities; moreover, some of the newer fabrics in the western parts of the city had higher vulnerabilities. Besides, moderate and high vulnerabilities could be observed around the main streets of the city and highroads due to the importance of these infrastructures and the establishment of other related infrastructures related to transportation services. Conclusion The results of this study were somehow in line with the studies conducted by Siami et al., (2013) since both of the studies showed that regions having high population densities that needed various infrastructures had high vulnerabilities. Moreover, the hierarchal analysis method indicated that the vulnerability of infrastructures in Tabriz included respectively, military centers, electronic, telecommunication, streets, gas, and hospital infrastructures. Besides, having a view on the population and building density map and their adjustment with the vulnerability of infrastructures, it could be stated that most of the areas having high vulnerability were located in these overgrown regions, thus, the populated regions would have more vulnerability in crisis time; this fact makes the subject of crisis management and serving an important issue. In central parts of the city, the vulnerability was low due to the lack of vital installations (lack of empty lands), however, the vulnerability of infrastructures was high in suburbanite regions.
Rural Planning
Moslem Savari; Mohammad Shokati Amghani
Abstract
This study was conducted with the general purpose of the effects of adaptation behaviors of small-scale farmers in drought conditions on the level of household food security. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. The sample size was estimated ...
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This study was conducted with the general purpose of the effects of adaptation behaviors of small-scale farmers in drought conditions on the level of household food security. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. The sample size was estimated using Krejcie and Morgan table of 430 small-scale rural household heads. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed by SPSS19 software. The results showed that the rural households studied did not have adequate food security in drought conditions. In addition, factor analysis classified adaptation behaviors into three categories: active adaptation strategies, self-control, and integration. The results of ordinal regression also showed that adaptation classes have positive and significant effects on improving food security of rural households.
Urban Planning
seyadasadolah Hejazi; Fariba Hemmati
Volume 20, Issue 56 , August 2016, , Pages 73-88
Abstract
Environmental protection in rural areas is of the necessities in rural development. One of the important issues in rural areas is to find the appropriate landfill site. In this article, in order to assess the proper places for landfill in Lighvan village, corresponding geomorphological factors are provided ...
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Environmental protection in rural areas is of the necessities in rural development. One of the important issues in rural areas is to find the appropriate landfill site. In this article, in order to assess the proper places for landfill in Lighvan village, corresponding geomorphological factors are provided and analyzed. In evaluating landfill site, GIS software and network analysis process modeling (ANP) are used. Five human-economic key factors of topographicalmorphology, climate-hydrology, soil-vegetation and geology are considered. These factors produce 12 layers of land use, distance from residential areas, and distance from the lines of communication, distance from fault, distance from the river, slope, elevation classes, and direction of slope, climate, soil, vegetation and the lithology. The appropriate landfill site is identified by using the layers and models in Arc Map. Results show that proper places allocate 23.87 and improper places allocate 21.13 percentage of the desired area. By zoning plan, appropriate places in the entire Lighvan village are introduced which can be used in future planning.
Urban Planning
Freydoun Babaie Aghdam; Hasan Ahar; Hadiseh Gheysari; Farrokh Tahmasebi
Abstract
In recent decades, cities have grown organically and urban areas in a short time have been several times its original size and city development has been the forms of the individual components, without planning, uncoordinated that urban sprawl pattern is the main feature. Urban Smart Growth cities were ...
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In recent decades, cities have grown organically and urban areas in a short time have been several times its original size and city development has been the forms of the individual components, without planning, uncoordinated that urban sprawl pattern is the main feature. Urban Smart Growth cities were developed for deal with problems of sprawl. The case study is Maragheh city. The research method is descriptive and analytical. In this paper, the capacity of Maragheh, using the development from within the main principles of smart growth is about the sprawl, is marked. Indexes such as population density, rate of open space, building quality, access and permeability, compressibility, etc. are used. Neighborhoods with using Analytical Hierarchy presses (AHP) to prioritize and ultimately the level was estimated for each of them. Results show that in 1392 the gross population density of 59.3 persons per hectare is which is considered very low density and On the other hand there is a lot of undeveloped land, 333 hectares, Uses of unconventional urban, and the average per capita level of infrastructure per person is 162.3 square meters. With this description, using the principles of smart growth and in particular, the principle of development from within and Suitable density, Building on wasteland and etc., sprawl can be prevented the sprawl.
Climatology
Saeid Jahanbaksh; Gholam Hasan Mohammadi; shahnaz rashedi; Atefeh Hoseini Sadr
Abstract
In this study, non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of monthly mean minimum temperature in the Northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the data from 35 synoptic stations in the cold part of year including November, December and January-to-April have been used in the period of 24 ...
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In this study, non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of monthly mean minimum temperature in the Northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the data from 35 synoptic stations in the cold part of year including November, December and January-to-April have been used in the period of 24 years (1987-2010). Kriging interpolation method was used to obtain spatial distribution of mean minimum temperature over study area. The results showed that the minimum temperature in most parts of study area is rising so that in the months of February, March and December respectively in 22, 19 and 17 stations of the 35 stations were determined an increasing trend. While only in April, at 6 weather stations decreased and this parameter is relatively stable in November and January. Spatial distribution of monthly mean minimum temperature indicated that this element is lower in the mountainous parts of study area (including Northwest and Southeast) and whiles in lowlands (including Northeast and Southwest parts), is higher than its regional average. It was also found that regional minimum temperature and its trend in the Northwest of Iran Does not have the same characteristics in different months, so that this parameter in January and in April increased and decreased in November and December. Finally, in November and December minimum temperature has not substantially changed.
Saeed Jahanbakhsh Asl; Roghayeh Roshani
Volume 18, Issue 48 , June 2014, , Pages 81-96
Abstract
In this research we have studied Tabriz temperature inversion using radio-sound information, Skew-t maps and synoptic maps during the 2004-2008 period in daily and monthly scales. After reviewing the information and data at first days with weak, medium, and intense and very intense temperature inversion ...
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In this research we have studied Tabriz temperature inversion using radio-sound information, Skew-t maps and synoptic maps during the 2004-2008 period in daily and monthly scales. After reviewing the information and data at first days with weak, medium, and intense and very intense temperature inversion conditions were specified. Thereafter, the synoptic pattern of very intense and weak samples relating to three earlier days and two days after the peak of temperature inversion were analyzed using ground surface synoptic maps of 850 and 700 hp. The results indicate that there is a strong correlation between the occurrence of high pressure systems and the intense and very intense temperature inversion. In such a way that the intensity of temperature inversion has a straight relationship with synoptic pattern conditions especially the entrance of high pressure systems in the area. When the high pressure system in a stable condition is coming to the area in few-days scale, the intensity of temperature inversion is maximized. After the entrance of the low pressure cells, the temperature inversion is eliminated. Findings of this research have shown that with analyzing the synoptic systems that lead to the occurrence of temperature inversion and through the recognition of the patterns dominating over it, one can predict extreme temperature inversion. In addition, we can distinguish the patterns leading to the air pollution
Iesa Jokar Sarhanghi; Hosein Jabbari
Volume 19, Issue 51 , April 2015, , Pages 81-105
Abstract
It is impractical to exactly uncover the degree of potential of the areas for the land use purposes. However, the application of fuzzy logic, as a mathematical modeling logic of imprecise and vague processes, can pave the way so as to do processing modeling and to determine the ecological potential. ...
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It is impractical to exactly uncover the degree of potential of the areas for the land use purposes. However, the application of fuzzy logic, as a mathematical modeling logic of imprecise and vague processes, can pave the way so as to do processing modeling and to determine the ecological potential. In the present research the ecological urban development model of West Azerbaijan was considered as the basis and performed using fuzzy logic. The fuzzification of ecological resources maps and indeed fuzzy inference system in geographic information systems (GIS) is a way of determining the fuzzy membership degree and the overlapping of different layers for urban development. The results of the ecological evaluation of urban development and analysis of fuzzy logic strengths and weaknesses as compared to implementation of Makhdoom model illustrated that the fuzzy inference engine in the geographic information systems can yield much real output particularly in the sides of borders which form the ecological resources maps. Finally, this study invites further economic, social, and modeling studies in the issues of assigning lands for different usages
Urban Planning
iraj Teimouri; hadi hakimi; vida Hossianpour Shad
Abstract
Housing as a heterogeneous product, lasting, immovable and assigning is the main part of family budget. In other words, the housing as one of the main goods not only contains use value in its nature but also is considered as an investment in which selection of the price has main role. Therefore this ...
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Housing as a heterogeneous product, lasting, immovable and assigning is the main part of family budget. In other words, the housing as one of the main goods not only contains use value in its nature but also is considered as an investment in which selection of the price has main role. Therefore this article attempts to explore the affecting variables on housing prices in the Sahand new town. The research method is correlation test and the use of hedonic function. The results showed that the factors like lot size and building area, number of floors and the number of apartment in per floor among the physical and spatial factors’ distance to nearby park and green space, distance to nearby shopping center have the highest effect on housing price. The correlation analyses used were Spearman and Kendal methods. These analyses only used for spatial factors. Results showed that there was straight correlation between the price and nearby mosques, which means the price arises when it is far away from the mosque.
Climatology
Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Robab Razmi; Nasim Maiali Ahari; Karim Abbaszade
Abstract
Subsidence is a natural phenomenon which can be reinforced by the interferences and activities of human beings. Ghaleh area in Tasuj is located in North Eastern part of Uremia Lake. The frequent occurrences of draught, expansion of agriculture and the over-population and thus over-exploitation of the ...
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Subsidence is a natural phenomenon which can be reinforced by the interferences and activities of human beings. Ghaleh area in Tasuj is located in North Eastern part of Uremia Lake. The frequent occurrences of draught, expansion of agriculture and the over-population and thus over-exploitation of the water belonging to underground beds and the delicate texture of soil have caused subsidence in some parts of the area. Regarding the existing evidences, the researchers are going to investigate the source of such a phenomenon in this area. To do so, we have used Geomorphologic and geologic data plus fault maps and hypsometric levels during 11 years period (2001-2011). integration and analysis of the maps by using ARC GIS software and the preparation of isopies maps for each of the monthly and annual by using Surfer win software and the cluster analysis based on tree diagram, showed that during the 11 years the amount of subsidence has increased due to the considerable reduction of underground water levels in some parts of the area such as Ghaleh village. On the other hand human factor has been recognized as the most important factor for the subsidence in the area.
Geomorphology
Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Mogaddam; Mohammadreza Nikjoo; Davod Mokhtari; Ahmad Fakeri Far; Kazem Koshdel
Volume 22, Issue 64 , September 2018, , Pages 81-101
Abstract
The streams of rivers are extremely complex in nature. Rivers are beneficial for natural vegetation, animals, living organisms and human communities. The river provides the possibility of drinking water and irrigation of agricultural fields. Rivers are considered as active land cultivators with erosion ...
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The streams of rivers are extremely complex in nature. Rivers are beneficial for natural vegetation, animals, living organisms and human communities. The river provides the possibility of drinking water and irrigation of agricultural fields. Rivers are considered as active land cultivators with erosion and sedimentation. Some of the negative effects of rivers such as floods are considered as a natural disaster. Such natural disasters have been shown when the river by anthropogenic activities by changing the shape of the river and arched their plans change. Meandering parts of the rivers are vulnerable to floods. Therefore, river studies are very important in terms of hydraulic characteristics, sediment, width to depth ratio, morphology and arched plan. Kaleibar Chai basin has located on the North West of the country. This research pays attention to the arcuate plan of Kaleibar River from the city of Kaleibar to Jananloo village (one of the branches of Aras River). The study region is part of Kaleibar Chai River with 72 km of length. The channel consists of right, waving, meandering, and braided patterns. The study of horizontal plan of the river in relation to different active processes shows the mutual relationship between hydrological parameters and the materials in the river. The continual changes in sinuosity index in the channel are indicators of variations in the river behavior. For doing this research we used Google Earth and DEM 10m images. The river was divided into 4 openings in which topographic conditions were considered. The river sinuosity index was calculated for all 4 openings in GIS software under the formula: TSI= . In this equation TCI is topographic sinuosity index, CL is the length of the river channel, Al is the aerial length of the beginning and ending part of the channel. The maximum sinuosity index for different lengths of the Kaleibar Chai River was estimated at 1.05 to 1.83. The heterogeneity of bed materials causes erosion and deposition on the river bed of Kaleibar Chai. Erosion and depositional processes occur in the area during the spring and fall floods. The variety of materials and their sizes cause erosion and the collapse of the brinks and the loop in sinuosity index, which finally lead to channel changes. The study of sinuosity index and the identification of rivers patterns help ease the planning procedure
Climatology
Saeed Jahanbakhsh Asl; Shahnaz Rashedi; Mehdi Eslahi
Abstract
Freezing is one of the weather phenomena that almost happen in parts of the east Azerbaijan province such as Maragheh causing significant losses in agriculture, industrial activities, and transportation. The end of this research is studying of distribution and freezing return periods in Maragheh synoptic ...
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Freezing is one of the weather phenomena that almost happen in parts of the east Azerbaijan province such as Maragheh causing significant losses in agriculture, industrial activities, and transportation. The end of this research is studying of distribution and freezing return periods in Maragheh synoptic station during 48 year period (1343-1391) based on the minimum daily temperature. The methods of this study is Gumbel distribution method, three parameter log-logistic method and log-logistic method to analyzing probability of freezing parameters occurrence (starting date, ending date, length of the freezing season, length of the growing season).The Results of the computation of the spring and fall freezing return periods show that the first freezing in the fall starts on 10 Aban and the last freezing end on 17 Farvardin. Also analyzing of the beginning and end freezing trend shows that fall's freezing have an ascending trend , in other words, the dates of the occurring fall freezing goes ahead and spring's freezing have a descending trend. It means that, the dates of spring freezing go back. Therefore, length of the cold season according to the global warming becomes shorter.
Climatology
khadijeh javan; ali akbar rasuli; mahdi erfanian; behroz sari sarraf
Volume 22, Issue 65 , November 2018, , Pages 83-100
Abstract
Rainfall is one of the most important elements to determine the climate. Therefore, it is important to estimate its value accurately. The main purpose of this study is the evaluation of the TRMM (Tropical Rain Measurement Mission) 3B42 rainfall estimates, an exponential model and conceptual cloud model ...
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Rainfall is one of the most important elements to determine the climate. Therefore, it is important to estimate its value accurately. The main purpose of this study is the evaluation of the TRMM (Tropical Rain Measurement Mission) 3B42 rainfall estimates, an exponential model and conceptual cloud model in Lake Urmia Basin. Therefore, this study focuses on the comparison of these methods to identify and select the most appropriate model for rainfall estimation in Lake Urmia Basin. The comparison are performed during the period 2007 to 2011 and the hourly rainfall, temperature, barometric pressure and dew point temperature, the three-hourly rainfall rate of TRMM 3B42-V6 at 0.25° resolution and thermal infrared images (TIR) of Meteosat 7 at six-hour intervals are used. The results indicated acceptable match of estimated rainfall with rain-gauge data. Comparison of three methods of rainfall estimation shows that exponential model has the determination coefficient (equal to 0.61). In addition to the high correlation, due to low levels of RMSE and MAE (respectively 1.58 and 1.01), has a good performance to estimate rainfall in this basin. Therefore, this model can introduced as the most appropriate model for estimating rainfall in Lake Urmia basin.
