Journal of Geography and Planning

Urban Planning

Measurement and zoning of Urban Areas Environment Quality, The Case of Tabriz

Akbar Asghari Zamani; Hersh Mostafaei

Volume 22, Issue 64 , September 2018, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

Cities as a living environment play a significant role in creating satisfaction, they indeed shape human's lifestyle and determine their life quality. Regarding the quality of man-made environments not only encourages them to cooperate, but also induces a sense of satisfaction among individuals. Urban ... Read More

All other Geographic fields of studies , Interdisciplinary

Saltwater and freshwater interference by using Verruijt, Geo electric and geo-electromagnetic in Coastal Aquifer, Nur, Mazandaran

Abazar Esmali Ouri; mohammad Golshan

Volume 22, Issue 65 , November 2018, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

Coastal areas of groundwater reserves are of great importance for the management and proper planning in these areas, it is necessary to assessment the state of the aquifers. In this study were study the interaction of fresh and salt water levels in Nur subsections. In this section study was selected ... Read More

Geotourism

Tourists’ satisfaction from quality of tourism services based on SERVQUAL model (case study: restaurants in Tehran Darakeh area)

hassan esmaeilzadeh; Mostafa Haraeeni Haraeeni; mehrdad bahrami

Volume 22, Issue 66 , January 2019, , Pages 1-21

Abstract

Tourism is a service industry which is mainly affected by the quality of services. Moreover, it can be stated that quality of services and tourists satisfaction are important factors in tourism planning, getting to which may help develop tourism. In this study it is intended to evaluate satisfaction ... Read More

Urban Planning

Evaluation of Architectural Conformance of Mahshahr City Buildings with Bioclimatic Conditions through Mahoney Method

leila ebrahimi; siavash khalili; maryam ilanloo

Volume 23, Issue 67 , April 2019, , Pages 1-24

Abstract

Climatic conditions along with other environmental factors are among the most important factors in formation and development of cities and the sustainability of urban life. In fact, cities, urban factors and their performances have always been affected by climatic factors. Cities and climate are two ... Read More

Urban Planning

Analyzing Spatial Relationship between Smart- Making and Sustainability in Urban Spaces (Case Study: Zone 6 of Tehran City)

hassan esmaeilzadeh

Volume 23, Issue 68 , September 2019, , Pages 1-21

Abstract

In beginning of third millennium era, cities because of population growth and urbanization have been faced by increasing challenges such as urban poverty, lack of infrastructures, informal settlements, growth of pollutions, reduction of life quality, and finally growth of unsustainability. In this situation, ... Read More

Urban Planning

Measurement and zoning of Urban Areas Environment Quality, The Case of Tabriz

akbar asghari zamani; Hersh Mostafaei

Volume 23, Issue 69 , December 2019, , Pages 1-17

Abstract

AbstractCities as a living environment play a significant role in creating satisfaction, they indeed shape human's lifestyle and determine their life quality. Regarding the quality of man-made environments not only encourages them to cooperate, but also induces a sense of satisfaction among individuals. ... Read More

Urban Planning

Management of municipal solid waste using the SWOT model (Case study: Mahshahr Petrochemical Special Economic Zone)

Lotfallah Bovard; maryam ilanloo

Volume 23, Issue 70 , March 2020, , Pages 1-27

Abstract

Today, with the increase of waste production in urban and rural communities, the waste management system can be considered as part of comprehensive management systems. Basically, establishing a solid waste management system is one of the things that matters to control the production, consumption and ... Read More

Climatology

The Effects of Climate Change on Runoff and Suspended Sediment Values in Some Watersheds of Ardabil Province

Nayer Aghabeigi; Abazar Esmali Ouri; Raoof Mostafazadeh; mohammad Golshan

Volume 24, Issue 71 , May 2020, , Pages 1-21

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2020.10518

Abstract

Introduction Estimation of the rivers sediment load has high complexity due to effecting different parameters in this aspect. Regarding the power relationship between discharge data and suspended sediment load use of sediment rating curves is one of the most common methods for determining the sediment ... Read More Introduction Estimation of the rivers sediment load has high complexity due to effecting different parameters in this aspect. Regarding the power relationship between discharge data and suspended sediment load use of sediment rating curves is one of the most common methods for determining the sediment yield in ungauged watersheds. Sediment condition shows the upstream characters and using the obtained data makes a relationship between erosion and sediment load. The different parameters such as climate, land use, data accuracy, and the applied methods have an effect on the sediment rating curve shape. Agriculture activities such as tillage in the direction of slope lead to accelerated erosion in the watersheds, especially in the Mediterranean area. These decades many studies assessing the effects of climate changes in the future period and it affects runoff. In this study, the main objective is to obtain sediment changes during the future decade (2011-2030) using the curve rating in sediment estimating. For this purpose, the IHACRES hydrologic model and the LARS_WG climate model were used. Material and Methode The IHACRES model for seven hydrometric stations was calibrated and validated. This model is rainfall and runoff erosion that require a little data for running including minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall, discharge and study are. This model defined as a lumped model and highly common in watersheds with scarce data. With running this model in all of the models the model parameters were calibrated. Also, the LARS_WG model was used for determining the weather changes that are occurring in the Samian watershed. This watershed has near to 4 thousand square kilometers that have many sub-watersheds. In this study, the watersheds in the west of the Samian watershed were selected for modeling. The average of rainfall in this area is between 220 and 457 mm, and the weather temperature changes in this region are high and that is between -32 to 34 C°. The results of LARS_WG showed the weather changes in each part of the hydrological model inputs that these changes were applied to the IHACRES model and the discharge flow rate was estimated for the future. On the other hand, using the observed discharge and sediment yield were calculated the sediment curve rate. By changes in flow discharge at the study stations, were calculated the suspended sediment discharges for the future period. results and discussion The results of the LARS_WG model showed that the amount of precipitation decreased to 3.68 percent and the minimum and the maximum temperature increased by 16.48 and 5.39 percent, respectively. Decreasing the input precipitation in most parts of the world particularly in Iran watersheds mentioned in many studies. One of the other the most important effect of climate change in this area is minimum and maximum temperature increase that leads to evapotranspiration increasing and soil moisture loss. The results of the IHACRES model showed that this model has a suitable capability for simulation runoff in the study area, therefore, it was used for estimating the future runoff regarding climate changes. The model output showed that during the next decades the average flow rate in the hydrometric stations will decrease by a total of 16 percent and the number of peak flood events will increase, that the highest increase between the study watersheds observed in the Yamchi hydrometric station with a mean of 2.09 m3s-1 and 16 peak events with over 6 m3s-1. Using the obtained results of the climatic model, hydrological model and the sediment rating curve the suspend sediment changes were estimated for the future period. The result shows that these climatic changes will lead to a 47 percent reduction in the average suspended sediment load at study stations. Conclusion The consequences of climate change have a significant effect on water resources quality and quantity. The aims of this study were to calculate the weather changes and it's ruling on discharge and sediment yield changed. the results of this study indicate the effect of climate change on the Ardabil province watersheds is remarkable. Considering the environmental impacts of climate change and dependence on human life on the environment it is necessary to implement an appropriate approach for decent management in Watersheds. Keywords: Rating curve, climate change, LARS-WG, discharge, IHACRES.

Urban Planning

Investigation of the relationship between quantitative indicators of housing and the citizens’ mental health Case study: Mardavij neighborhood- Isfahan

Seyed Reza Azadeh; Jamal Mohammadi; Hamid Taher Neshat Dost

Volume 24, Issue 72 , July 2020, , Pages 1-33

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2020.10777

Abstract

Introduction In the present world and with the development of cities and urbanization, citizens’ mental health is at risk. In other words, rapid growth of the cities can be considered as one of the threats to the environment which influence the residents of the cities i.e. humans by devastating ... Read More Introduction In the present world and with the development of cities and urbanization, citizens’ mental health is at risk. In other words, rapid growth of the cities can be considered as one of the threats to the environment which influence the residents of the cities i.e. humans by devastating effects on their soul and body. Studies have shown that the quality of the constructed life environments and urban neighborhoods affects the citizens’ mental health. If we accept that the quality of the constructed environments affects the mental health, in this physical environment housing plays an important role in the indicators of mental health, because people spend much of their time at home and their residential environment. With this approach, this research is mainly aimed at investigating the mutual relationship of different patterns of residential densities on the indicators of the citizens’ mental health in Mardavich neighborhood, Isfahan. Methodology The main goal of this research is investigating the mutual relationship between quantitative indicators of housing and the citizens’ mental health. In this regards, independent variables include different types of housing patterns, household density in the residential unit, and density of peoples living in a room. Depression and perceived stress are dependant variables of the research. For measuring people’s stress, perceived stress scale by Cohen et al. (1983) was used and for measuring depression, the second edition of depression questionnaire by Beck et al. (BDI-II) was used. The research population includes the households living in Mardavich neighborhood. Regarding the fact that no precise statistics were available, for filling the questionnaires, 250 questionnaires were distributed among the households and at the end, 231 correctly filled questionnaires were gathered. Results and Discussion One of the independent variables of the research is housing pattern. In this research, the respondents’ homes were analyzed in three classes including house, apartment, and high-rise residential complexes. The results showed that the average depression and perceived stress in houses and apartments are much lower than high-rise residential complexes. Statistically, there is an almost strong relationship between different housing patterns and mental health indicators. The second independent variable of the research is building density. The results of the present research showed that with the increase of building density, the average scores of depression and perceived stress also increase. Statistically, building density has a relationship with the variable of depression with the correlation coefficient of 0.518 and also, it has a relationship with perceived stress with the correlation coefficient of 0.464. The other independent variable of the research is the per capita residential land. The results of the present research showed that there is a negative relationship between the per capita housing and mental health indicators. Actually, with the increase of per capita housing and allocation of more land area to every individual, stress and depression will be decreased. Statistically, the correlations between the indicator of per capita housing and the dependant variables i.e. depression and perceived stress are respectively equal to 0.447 and 0.373. The forth independent variable of the research is the density of people living in a room. According to the obtained results, with the increase of people density in a room, depression and perceived stress will also increase. Statistically, people density in a room has a significant and positive relationship with depression and perceived stress with the respective correlation coefficients of 0.405 and 0.380. In the following, for investigating the fact that which of the independent variables has a stronger effect on perceived stress and depression, modeling of the changes of depression and perceived stress levels is done based on quantitative indicators of housing by stepwise linear regression. According to the results, significance level of F statistics for the indicators of perceived stress and depression is equal to 0.000 in the proposed models. This finding which is the result of regression analysis by variance analysis suggests that the research conceptual model has an appropriate goodness of fit. The results of perceived stress showed that for the changes of this indicator, we can propose a model based on the indicator of building density. It means that of the four independent variables, building density has the strongest effect on perceived stress. Finally based on the proposed model, building density can predict 47 percent of the changes of this indicator. According to the proposed models, the two indicators of building density and people density in a room are introduced as the predictive indicators of the variable of depression. Actually, the results of stepwise linear regression analysis for the variable of depression showed that two models can be proposed for the changes of this variable. In the first model, building density is the only predictive indicator which predicts 51.9 percent of the changes of depression. In the second model, the two indicators of building density and people density in room can respectively predict 42.6 and 16.7 percent of the changes of depression. Conclusion In general, it can be stated that all the independent variables of the research i.e. the quantitative indicators of housing have a significant relationship with mental health indicators i.e. depression and perceived stress. So, this research hypothesis which is consistent with many other works is approved and it suggests that there is a significant relationship between quantitative indicators of housing and mental health indicators. Therefore, by improving the quantitative indicators of housing, people’s mental health can be improved. This fact suggests that the communication between housing planning experts and psychologists should be strengthened more than the past in order to be able to control the negative effect of increased density on mental health indicators.

Geomorphology

Evaluation of Fuzzy Logic and Network Analysis Models for Mapping Landslide Sensitivity Case Study: (Sarab - Nir Road)

sayyad asghari; delnya palizban; Hadi Emami; ehsan ghaleh

Volume 24, Issue 73 , September 2020, , Pages 1-22

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2020.10792

Abstract

Introduction Landslide is a term that encompasses a variety of amplitude motions and causes the movement of a mass of material in the slopes. And creep is classified. Natural slope instability is one of the geomorphological and geological phenomena that plays an effective role in deforming the ... Read More Introduction Landslide is a term that encompasses a variety of amplitude motions and causes the movement of a mass of material in the slopes. And creep is classified. Natural slope instability is one of the geomorphological and geological phenomena that plays an effective role in deforming the earth's surface. Identifying areas with potential for landslides and their zoning is one of the key steps in managing environmental hazards and reducing the damage caused by this phenomenon, because this phenomenon causes financial and human costs, soil and land degradation and increased sediment production at the basin outlet. It becomes. Iran with its predominantly mountainous topography, high tectonic activity and seismicity, diverse geological and climatic conditions, has the most natural conditions to create a wide range of landslides. The purpose of this study is to zoning the risk of landslides on the Sarab-Nir road. In this research, two models of network analysis and fuzzy logic are examined and evaluated. It is hoped that eventually, by preparing a landslide risk zoning map, it will be of great help to planners and managers in order to reduce potential damages and find safer locations for development, construction and road construction. Methodology Sarab-Nir road is located between East Azarbaijan province and Ardabil province and is a communication route between these two provinces, whose geographical coordinates are 37 degrees and 94 minutes to 38 degrees and 03 minutes north latitude and 47 degrees and 53 minutes to 48 degrees and 01 minutes. It is east longitude. In this study, network analysis model was used to determine areas prone to fall and zoning. In order to better understand the causes of landslides and also to organize the research in the field, the study area was visited and 15 geographical points from different areas of the study area were recorded. The geographical location of the points prone to fall was also recorded with GPS. Then, according to the network analysis model, information layers were prepared in ArcGIS software. The information layers for landslide risk zoning are: fault, slope, slope direction, distance from road, and distance from waterway, land use, geology (lithology), precipitation, altitude and vegetation. The elevation file or digital model of the elevation of the area was prepared with an accuracy of 30 meters from the USGS site and the desired DEM is a digital file obtained from the AST‌‌ER sensor and according to this DEM, the information layer such as streams, slope and direction ‌The slope was obtained. Results and Discussion Four maps have been developed to investigate landslide hazards, which are rainfall, slope, elevation and land use layers. After creating information layers in order to prepare the final landslide hazard map, fuzzy information layer maps were created. In this study, in order to determine the effect of different classes of criteria on landslide sensitivity zoning, the layers are based on the type of performance of each in the landslide event using fuzzy membership functions in the range of zero to 1 fuzzy. Were made. The results obtained from the information layers and finally the landslide hazard map show that altitudes of more than 2000 meters have the highest share of landslides, and altitudes of 1400 meters have been significant landslides due to the instability of the slopes against Climatic and environmental factors. Also, most of the landslides occurred at a distance of 3 to 6 km from the faults, which shows the importance of faults against landslides. About 40% of landslides occur in very high-risk classes. This indicates that the model has a high capability in predicting landslides. It is necessary to explain that most of the landslides occur in the area of Saein pass, which have very favourable conditions for the occurrence of range movements that start from 25 km of mirage and continue for a distance of 15 km of Nir. Conclusion Factors such as slope, precipitation and geology play a more important role in landslides than other factors. Slopes of 60 to 80% have the greatest impact on landslides, which are more pronounced at altitudes above 2000 meters. Therefore, altitudes above 2000 meters have the most landslides. Also, due to the direct relationship between altitude and climatic fluctuations in these altitudes, the amount of precipitation is higher and, of course, has a great impact on the occurrence of landslides. In these areas, vegetation is at a minimum and due to the cold region, the vegetation in these areas is very small, which prepares the conditions for landslides and due to the presence of sedimentary formations such as sandstone, Siltstone mudstone with tuff interbreeds in the area, the conditions for landslides have become more prone and because these formations lose their stability sooner and are strongly influenced by physicochemical factors, they are more prone to landslides than other formations. To be. According to the results, the low risk floor with the highest value, 405.44 square kilometers, occupies approximately 30.87 percent of the area, but the very high risk floor with 288.2 square kilometers and the high risk class with 23.23 square kilometers. , Occupy a total of 37.25% of the area of risk classes.

Climatology

Assessment the spatial correlation of precipitation in Iran

mehdi asadi; Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust; Abbas Ali Dadashi Roudbari

Volume 24, Issue 74 , January 2021, , Pages 1-11

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2021.10823

Abstract

Introduction As the stations measuring precipitation continuously are not regularly available, the best solution should be to investigate the points without statistics using optimal methods. Among these methods, we can mention geostatistical methods. Geostatistical methods have been approved as appropriate ... Read More Introduction As the stations measuring precipitation continuously are not regularly available, the best solution should be to investigate the points without statistics using optimal methods. Among these methods, we can mention geostatistical methods. Geostatistical methods have been approved as appropriate ways for studying precipitation data and estimating precipitation regions. Results of many studies have shown that geostatistical techniques are more accurate than conventional interpolation methods. Statistical context can also be used for precipitation variability. Accurate estimation of the spatial distribution of precipitation requires a dense and regular cell network. The spatio-temporal variation of precipitation is one of the most important issues of applied climatology, so the main purpose of this study is to monitor the spatio-temporal variation of precipitation in Iran in seasonal context by the application of the mentioned techniques. Data and Methods In this study, the common statistics of 125 synoptic stations in the country with the statistical period of 30 years (1980-2010) have been used. Also, the station data were generalized to the 15 km cell spaces using the Kriging interpolation method in ArcGIS 10.2.2 software. To speed up the computational process, the capabilities of GS + software were used to fit the variogram, and ArcGIS software was used to map the precipitation regions of the country. In order to study the pattern of precipitation, spatial autocorrelation techniques (local Moran and global Moran) were used. Also, the skewness coefficient (G1) and the peak degree coefficient (G2) were calculated separately for each of the months studied. Cluster and non-cluster analyses and hot spot method were used to study the patterns and spatio-temporal variations of precipitation. Cluster and non-cluster analysis, also known as Moran local Anselin index is an optimal model for showing the statistical distribution of phenomena in space (Anselin et al, 2009: 74). For cluster and non-cluster analyses for each complication in the layer, the value of the local Moran index score, which represents the significance of the calculated index, was also calculated. Results and Discussion The value of the global Moran index for all 4 studied seasons and the annual total is above 0.95, which indicates the pattern of high clusters of precipitation in the country at the level of 95 and 99%. However, the highest Moran index in the world with a value of 0.970356 is related to the winter. Statistics for each of the five decades studied are high, between 255 and 261. Therefore, based on global trends, it can be inferred that the annual changes in precipitation in the country follow a very high cluster pattern. Consequently, due to the high value and low value, the hypothesis of no spatial autocorrelation between data in each of the five decades can be rejected. If precipitation were to be normally distributed in space for different seasons in the country, the global Moran index would be -0.000139. Moran's spatial autocorrelation only determines the type of pattern. For this reason, to show the spatial distribution of the pattern governing the distribution of precipitation in Iran, local Moran has been used during the studied periods. In winter (36.56%) there was no pattern or in other words it lacked spatial autocorrelation. This amount increased by 1.14% for spring and reached 37.70. This amount has increased significantly in summer, so that it has increased by 47.04% compared to spring. It has reached areas with no spatial autocorrelation in autumn (41.92) and winter (36.56). LL precipitation patterns have been distributed in the five studied periods with values of 36.53, 0, 34.64, 35.31 and 38.29% in the country, respectively, and in the form of nationwide spots in the eastern, southeastern and central regions. Precipitation values with negative spatial correlation in summer had the highest value (84.74%) and the lowest annual average (35.06%). However, values with high rate or positive spatial autocorrelation in all five studied periods were limited to the northern regions of the country, the highlands of Alborz, Zagros and had significant fluctuations in some parts of the country. Local Moran Anselin statistics have been able to well determine the process of precipitation (Masoudian, 1390: 97) and the era of windbreak slopes as well as adjacent areas with climatic contrasts such as north-south slopes of Alborz and slopes of east-west Zagros. Due to the complexity of precipitation patterns in the country, spatial statistics can well explain precipitation patterns. The general results of this statistic (local Anselin Moran) indicate that the amount of rainy areas in the country has been reduced during five study periods. It should be noted that most of these reductions were related to the Zagros region, the southeast of the country and the northern regions of Khorasan. Conclusions Iran has special conditions in terms of precipitation due to its vastness with respect to latitude and longitude, the configuration of unevenness and exposure to air masses. The general structure of precipitation in Iran is affected by latitude, altitude and air masses, so that with the change of any of these factors, precipitation will also change. In other words, the general conditions of precipitation are a function of latitude and altitude, and other factors such as water areas and land cover, which are referred to as local factors, play a role in the formation of Iranian precipitation. In the present study, spatio-temporal analysis of Iranian precipitation has been done using a new method of spatial statistics. For this purpose, high and low clustering methods, local and global Moran, hot spots and cluster and non-cluster analyses have been used. The present study focuses on the assumption that precipitation in Iran follows a cluster pattern and the pattern of precipitation distribution is itself a function of internal and external conditions. To achieve this goal, the average seasonal and annual precipitation statistics of 125 synoptic stations in the country during the statistical period of 1980-2010 were used. Then, to apply the methods used in this research, the capabilities of GIS were used. The results of the global Moran method and the K-function of some distances showed that the annual changes in precipitation in Iran follow the pattern of high clusters. According to spatial autocorrelation analyses, the areas with negative spatial autocorrelation in all studied periods are related to the southeast, the coasts of the Oman Sea to Abadan and parts of the northeast of the country. Areas with positive spatial autocorrelation were often located on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and the Zagros strip. In all the studied periods, less than one quarter of the country's area lacked a significant spatial autocorrelation pattern. Spatial analyses showed that Iran's precipitation patterns are divided into two precipitation spots of southern tabs (low precipitation spot LL), and Caspian coasts west and northwest (precipitation spot HH). The results also indicated that during the period under study, low precipitation spots (negative spatial autocorrelation) had much more frequency than precipitation spots.

Climatology

Exploring the Extreme Precipitation in Tehran Province Using the Peak Over Threshold Values Model

Ebrahim Ahmadzadeh; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Davod Mokhtari; ali akbar rasoli

Volume 26, Issue 79 , May 2022, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2022.10845

Abstract

IntroductionRecently, high extreme and frequency distribution of higher sequence of precipitation have been attended more. Through this, because of geographical characteristics of each area, diverse and different thresholds have been presented and utilized for the mentioned precipitation’s characteristics. ... Read More IntroductionRecently, high extreme and frequency distribution of higher sequence of precipitation have been attended more. Through this, because of geographical characteristics of each area, diverse and different thresholds have been presented and utilized for the mentioned precipitation’s characteristics. Through the present research, for exploring and analyzing the extreme precipitation event in Tehran through the 1983-2016 statistical periods, some of the indexes presented by World Meteorological Organization Committee were utilized.Data and MethodThe study area in the present study is Tehran province. Tehran province is located in the center of Tehran, with an area of about 12981 square kilometers, between 34 to 36.5 degrees north latitude and 50 to 53 degrees east longitude. Data from Abali and Mehrabad synoptic stations were selected daily for use in the present study during the statistical period of 2016-1983. Before analysis, the data were subjected to quality control and homogeneity test. In cases where for any reason there were incomplete data in the data series of each station, they were reconstructed and supplemented.Analysis of non-parametric I-Kendall trend and age slope estimatorIn the present study, in order to study and analyze the trend of limit events, the indexes provided by the National Climate Committee of the World Meteorological Organization and the Acceptable Research and Climate Prediction Research Program, abbreviated as ETCCDMI, are used. These indexes are part of a set of indexes presented by the World Meteorological Organization's Working Group on Climate Change (Peterson et al., 200: 341), which are used by numerous researchers for analysis in different parts of the world.Model of peak values Above the threshold (POT)The POT first fits the set limit and then one above this threshold with the generalized parity distribution. In the present study, the ninety-fifth percentile was considered as the initial threshold (Coelho et al., 2008: 120; Friederichs, 2010, 211). The test threshold was then set to determine whether it was appropriate or inappropriate. In recent years, two visual methods have been developed to select the threshold. In the present study, methods were used to validate the selected threshold. The first method is the description of residual life, also known as conditional excess (Lechner et al., 1992: 229). In the MRL method, the excess rate is plotted from the threshold to the threshold .How to estimate GDP distribution parameters using the maximum likelihood methodFor different estimates, there are several methods such as torques, possible weighted moments, the existence of correct representation, and so on. However, the most efficient performance method is evaluated as the most complete method (Rao and Hamed, 2000: 21). Therefore, in the present study, the correct method of displaying the work was used.Results and DiscussionThe results of man-condensate precipitation statistics at the studied stations. The results obtained from Mann-Kendall test showed that no significant trend in success level was experienced in the studied stations in the statistical period of 1983-2016. Except that in Abali station, the reduction of the number of consecutive dry days and in Mehrabad station, the reduction of the one-day rate (PX1day) at the level of 90% is significant. One day exhibition at Mehrabad station is a downward trend in the level of 90% confidence with the rate of 1.9 days in the last decade.During the statistical period of 2016-1983, no significant trend was experienced in relation to the index of the number of values for 5 consecutive days. The annual show on other days does not make sense. The number of days with more than 10 mm (R10) and the number of days with more than 20 mm (R20) and the number of days with threshold (Rnn) in the two study stations are not significant.In this study, using the Mann-Kendall non-parameter test and sen slope estimator, the final rainfall trend analysis was performed at Abali and Mehrabad stations. According to the results of the Mann-Kendall test, the display of consecutive dry days (CDD) showed a decrease of 8.5 days per decade at Abali station. But on consecutive wet days (CWD) the upward trends are not significant. The Daily Intensity Index (SDII) is also significant without trend. One day exhibition at Mehrabad station is a downward trend in the level of 90% confidence with the rate of 1.9 days in the last decade. In Abali station with confidence intervals (-0.08, -0.11) and Mehrabad station with confidence intervals (-0.09), the figure is zero. Therefore, in these stations, it has a thin sequence with finite torque that is close to producing a show.The study of growth curves showed that in the 34-year statistical period (1983-2016), most events in stations have a return period of 1 to 10 years. In higher return periods, fewer observations are consistent. The confidence bands of the growth curves also showed to some extent that the deviation of the POT model is less even in the return periods. But as the return period increases, the confidence interval increases. This indicates that as the period increases, the uncertainty in the results increases that the extrapolation of the data is in the range beyond the time frame of the statistical period under study (34 years). Reliable bands have shown that return periods of 1000 years are too unreliable to use in practical applications.ConclusionThe aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the intensity and frequency in Tehran province during the period 1983-1916. In this regard, the study of the initial trend of rainfall showed that in relation to the marginal rainfall, most of the backgrounds had a downward trend in the region. The study of the sequence behavior of events and the frequency and intensity of these events, using them, are higher than the thresholds that have increased in frequency in the study areas. The results of this part of the study are highly consistent with the work of Rahimzadeh et al. (2009) who reported negative trends for cold-bounded appearances and thresholds for precipitation and positive trends for warm-range indices in 27 synoptic stations in Iran. . Rahimzadeh and Hedayat Dezfuli (2011) also showed intensification of heating and decrease along with extreme fluctuations and temperature limit power in Hormozgan province and Mohammadi and Taghavi research (2005) increased the frequency of hot limit indices and cold limit index indices in the city. Has stated Tehran. Maroufi et al. (2011) have achieved similar results in studying the trend of borderline events in the northern and southern coasts of Iran. Also, the estimates and severity of precipitation boundary events using the mean time intervals between events (ARIs) indicate return periods of 1 to 10 years for boundary precipitation. Finally, the resulting Q - Q diagrams and Chi - square test (χ 2) showed that the POT model has great potential for modeling precipitation limit events in the study area.

Urban Planning

Investigating the Functional Contradictoriness of Urban Land Use in relation to land value (Case study: Region 1 of Tabriz)

Akbar Asghari Zamani; Hossein Karimzadeh; ozra fazaeli kelvanaq

Volume 25, Issue 75 , April 2021, , Pages 1-16

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2021.12781

Abstract

Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. ... Read More Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. Though, the growth of the capitalist relation in cities has turned the land economy and the resulting surplus value to the means of gaining economic benefit, which is created by supply constraints and increasing demand; in such a way that this surplus value inspires citizens to change their land-use even illegally and replace it with profitable uses proportionate with this value. This change eliminates the user-functional inconsistencies in the detailed plans and it causes unrest in cities. If the increase in land value in parts of this area and the resulting rent intensify the incentives to trade in the land market, district 1 of Tabriz, as an economically active district and one of the commercial centers of the city, will probably not be an exception to this rule. Data and methods The current article is applied research based on the purpose of research, in terms of nature and data collection it is descriptive-analytical. The land price in the neighborhoods of district one of Tabriz is the independent variable and land-use change based on a detailed plan is the dependent variable. Land-use changes in the area are harvested in the field and land prices by neighborhoods are also obtained through real estate agencies. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the two variables and the hotspot analysis function was used to determine the distribution of changes in the range. The kernel function is also used to examine the relationship between the changes and the access network. Results and Discussion Land prices for the two periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2015 and land-use changes in the District through field harvesting and in the neighborhoods of the district were collected and to determine the relationship between price and the amount of change, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used in SPSS software. Its result for the first period is 0.840 and the second period is 0.853. Likewise, the hotspot analysis model has been used to analyze the distribution and focus of changes in the GIS environment. The results indicate a positive and high correlation between price variables and the amount of change in the neighborhoods of the District so that the highest concentration of change is seen in neighborhoods with more land prices. About 96% of the total change occurred within a hundred meters of the road network, of which 52.6% was within 25 meters of the main roads. Abbasi Street along the east and west, Abersan crossroads to Pasdaran Highway, and most parts of Valiasr are areas prone to change. In this case, the role of economic centrality and the existence of uses with regional and supra-regional functions can be considered as the causes of this phenomenon. One of the economic components that can affect the land use planning process in cities; is the price of land. In some parts of the city, the existence of some benefits increases the price of land and creates additional value for them, and thus affects the decision of property owners in the type of use. Regarding the hypotheses and analyzes, the results reveal that land price is not only a factor but also a qualitative factor and a high-impact economic component that results from various physical and environmental factors to government policies. It is the reason for land-use change and material benefit can be a robust stimulus for any change, whether positive or negative, towards society. The economic value of land in the study area has had a high impact on the formation of land-use change in this area and changes have occurred mostly in areas where land prices are high. Hotspot analysis on changes indicates a major accumulation of changes in areas where the land value is high and there is a direct relationship between land-use change and access network.

Urban Planning

Critical Analysis on the Performance of Urban Actors Production of Problematic Urban Settlements (Case Study: Islamabad neighborhood of Zanjan City)

mohsen ahadnejad reveshty; Abolfazl Meshkini; Heydar Salehi Mishani

Volume 25, Issue 76 , July 2021, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2021.41564.2690

Abstract

Introduction Rapid urbanization poses a significant challenge to accommodating the poor particularly in developing countries. To address this issue, affordable housing has become the agenda for many governments in a bid to improve the living condition of low income households. The exclusivity of government ... Read More Introduction Rapid urbanization poses a significant challenge to accommodating the poor particularly in developing countries. To address this issue, affordable housing has become the agenda for many governments in a bid to improve the living condition of low income households. The exclusivity of government agencies in dealing with the provision of affordable housing and ensuring a revolving stock to the public can add significant pressure on available limited budget and resources. To redress the investment shortfall (current and future), and more so for the construction of infrastructure and housing development, most governments in developing countries are turning to PPPs. The first step in achieving an appropriate model of public-private partnerships is to identify, analyze, and classify the various factors that are necessary to ensure the success of these projects. In order to achieve this important, the present study aims to examine experts' perceptions of the "Critical Success Factors (CSFs)" for public-private partnership (PPP) projects in the housing sector of developing countries. It therefore has an international approach. Data and Method The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive - analytical in terms of method. In the first step, the content analysis method was used to conceptualize public-private partnerships and identify success factors. Then, in a survey process in the form of a questionnaire, experts in this field were asked to rank each of the identified success factors according to the level of critical or degree of importance. The data gathered through the relevant documents and respondents were analysed respectively with NVivo and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). In this context, one sample t test was used to compare the average of factors, the Normalization function in order to standardize and identify the critical factors and Path Analysis in order to determine the direct and indirect effects of the indicators and also to identify the main dimension in explaining the Public-Private Partnership model. Results and Discussion The findings showed that from the preliminary list of 24 key indicators that was identified through an extensive literature review, 16 CSFs were finally highlighted. "Efficient legal framework ", "Political will and commitment to PPP housing ", "Equitable risk sharing", " Stable political system " and " Access to low interest housing loan to developers" are five factors that have the highest degree of critical according to experts in different countries. The findings of factor analysis also clarified that the four factors of "political-institutional dimension", "economic dimension", "reasonable contract" and "incentives", respectively, with the explanation of 30.29, 17.31, 11.69 and 9.650 % of the variance are the most influential factors in achieving the appropriate model of public-private partnerships for affordable housing. Conclusion Identifying Critical Success Factors plays a fundamental role in the scientific literature of public-private partnerships and achieving an appropriate PPP for affordable housing model in developing countries requires, above all, reforming the macro-political, legal and economic conditions prevailing in these countries.

GIS&RS

Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Gamasiab River Sediments with Interpolation Model in GIS

maryam Ebrahimian najafabadi; Alireza Ildoromi; samar mortazavi; Ebrahim Mohammadi Manesh

Volume 27, Issue 83 , May 2023, , Pages 1-11

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2023.14307

Abstract

Today, one of the most important environmental problems around the world, especially in aquatic ecosystems, is heavy metals pollution. since sediments are the main source of heavy metals, in this study, Gamasiab River sediments were evaluated for heavy metal contamination of chromium, copper, nickel, ... Read More

GIS&RS

Comparative study of urban skyline using 3D GIS analysis, Case study: Valiasr and Rushdieh towns in Tabriz

Akbar Asghari Zamani; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Robab Rahmani

Volume 26, Issue 80 , August 2022, , Pages 1-26

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2022.45719.2832

Abstract

IntroductionVarious physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among which the structure and visual values of the environment play an important role in improving the quality ... Read More IntroductionVarious physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among which the structure and visual values of the environment play an important role in improving the quality of urban space (Hosseini and Et al., 1390: 84). Among these, one of the urban elements that can play an important role in promoting the quality and visual values of the environment and the appearance of the city is the sky line. The skyline is one of the most influential factors in arranging urban spaces and planning appropriate urban environments, etc. A factor that is rarely seen in metropolitan areas today. It seems that in order to have a diverse and at the same time harmonious urban skyline, in the first place, it is necessary to reconnect the fields of philosophy, art and daily life, which are free from the abstract and abstract view of experts. The development of interdisciplinary professions such as GIS, architecture and urban design is one of the measures in this direction that can have a different and more accurate view of the urban skyline. Therefore, the need for advanced geographical models for spatial three-dimensionalization and decision-making and forecasting goals in urban planning and design, especially in the case of vertical evaluation and development, is very clear and necessary. The advantages of using three-dimensional GIS models can be high potential in urban evaluation and analysis in various dimensions of urban aesthetics and high technology in the field of spatial analysis, the ability to test urban proposals and the power of semantic and topological storage. Mentioned above. Therefore, the use of these softwares to analyze urban issues is very important and increases the accuracy of urban planners and managers. For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the status of the urban skyline in the study areas and based on this, the importance of the perceptual and managerial dimension of the issue is analyzed using new methods and techniques.Data and Method The analytical approach of the research is physical and the method used in this research is three-dimensional vision analysis. Also, Arc GIS software has been used for easy preparation of the environment in 3D to perform the required analyzes. The data set used includes: digital model data of elevation, surface and floor layers of urban blocks.Results and Discussion In the present study, the concept of skyline was analyzed using three-dimensional GIS analysis in areas of urban areas 1 and 5 located in the east and northeast of Tabriz. Areas of interest include Valiasr town and Rushdieh town. So far, many different methods have been proposed to display and analyze the skyline. Some of these methods were reviewed in the research background and their strengths and weaknesses were identified. But the purpose of this article was to investigate the capabilities of 3D analysis and modeling through the development of 3D GIS in skyline display and analysis. Evaluating the results obtained in this research and comparing it with the results of studies in this field shows that three-dimensional analysis of GIS and 3D GIS development in comparison with other methods, provided there is accurate and comprehensive information, has high efficiency and capability. The research hypothesis is confirmed.ConclusionThe skyline is important both in terms of urban architecture and in terms of urban planners and designers; Although these specialties are different in terms of information extraction methods, methods and analytical contexts, but they are quite similar in terms of results. In general, it can be said that the skyline is one of the analyzes that are analyzed and evaluated in different software environments such as Arc GIS and in different fields.But the results of this study proved in another way that the three-dimensional GIS environment provides an opportunity to easily view and analyze the level of impact, effectiveness, volume, dimensions and angles of the skyline; This software also has high analytical power. While the analysis of the sky line in a two-dimensional environment gives a graphical and dimensionless result, percentage and frequency. But the most important difference and the ability to use 3D GIS analysis is that it provides a platform where even people with little knowledge of urban views can easily see the results and make decisions based on it. Also, the capabilities and capabilities of GIS in the field of various valuations and combined analyzes of vector and raster functions, as well as the presentation of three-dimensional analysis, have led its applications to urban design.

Rural Planning

Identifying the factors of environmental pollution in rural settlements and its impact on the health of villagers Case: Villages of Kurdistan province

rahmat bahrami

Volume 27, Issue 84 , July 2023, , Pages 1-9

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2023.14858

Abstract

One of the important pillars of sustainable rural development is attention to environmental health and pollution-free. The aim of this study is to identify environmental pollutants and their impact on the health of rural residents in Kurdistan province in mountainous and foothill areas. Descriptive-analytical ... Read More

GIS&RS

Development a Spatial Recommender System for Covid 19 Vaccination Center Based on Fuzzy Method Type II (Study Area: District 6 of Tehran)

Anahita Omidi; Meysam Argany; Sahar Daraee

Volume 27, Issue 85 , October 2023, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2022.50262.2969

Abstract

Covid 19, also known as coronavirus, is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Anyone can get Covid 19 at any age and become seriously ill or even die. In the meantime, vaccines have saved millions of lives. Covid vaccines are effective for most people 18 years of age and older with autoimmune ... Read More

Urban Planning

Presenting an evaluation model of quantitative and qualitative indicators of green space in Mashhad

Hossein Aghajani; farnaz sarkari

Volume 27, Issue 86 , December 2023, , Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2022.50982.2986

Abstract

Urban green spaces are essential for the well-being of the population. However, due to various factors, the distribution of green spaces among city neighborhoods in quantitative and qualitative dimensions is often skewed. Hence, urban planners require effective tools to evaluate and analyze green spaces ... Read More

An Evaluation of the Proportion of Urban Spaces with Accessibility Standards for the Disabled People and Ranking of Urban Areas (Case Study of Dogonbadan City)

Mehrei Azani; Easfandeyar Kohzadi; Alireza Rahimi; Rasoul Babanasab

Volume 18, Issue 50 , February 2015, , Pages 1-28

Abstract

Being able to equally benefit from the advantages and amenities of a civil life in the best way is considered as one of the indispensable rights of all citizens and residents of a city. Physically disabled and handicapped people and veterans are a part of the society whose needs must be satisfied disregarding ... Read More

Geomorphology

Environmental Effects of Weathering and Degradation of Rocky Cone Shape Houses in the Kandovan Village

Ebrahim Asgari Kalajahi; Farideh Amini Beirami; Masood HajialilouBonab

Volume 19, Issue 54 , February 2016, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

Kandovan village with cone-shaped rocky houses is one of the tourist attractions in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Investigations show that the cone-shaped rocks are eroded and deteriorated by environmental factors. For investigation on this issue, in addition to the field word, the samples were taken ... Read More

Land use Planning

Geographical thinking is the basis of optimal sit selection for sensitive projects (Case study: Special wastes in Kermanshah province)

Iraj Jabbari; Majid Ahmadi-Molaverdi; Nafise Jami Alahmadi; Ali Rezapoor; Mohammad Mohammadnejad

Volume 27, Issue 84 , July 2023, , Pages 11-23

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2023.14301

Abstract

With the development of industries and the expansion of human activities and the production of hazardous wastes, it is necessary to dispose of them in a suitable place that has the least threat to human life, and requires basic considerations about the site's vulnerability to natural and human hazards, ... Read More

Urban Planning

Evaluating the Land Subdivision of Residential and commercial Lands in terms of Land Subdivision Indicators and Land Stakeholders Case study: District 1 and 3 of Tabriz City

Akbar Asghari Zamani; Shahrivar Rostaei; Mohammad Ali Koushesh Vatan

Volume 24, Issue 74 , January 2021, , Pages 13-28

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2021.10793

Abstract

Introduction Land use planning, especially land subdivision, plays a key role in making a decision on how to properly use the land and subdivide it. That is why such planning influences the state of the environment and can have positive and negative effects (Metternicht, 2018: 3). In simple words, with ... Read More Introduction Land use planning, especially land subdivision, plays a key role in making a decision on how to properly use the land and subdivide it. That is why such planning influences the state of the environment and can have positive and negative effects (Metternicht, 2018: 3). In simple words, with different street network patterns, land subdivision creates various lots in different shapes and with various advantages. In other words, at the execution stage, land subdivision affects the land price. So, some lots will have a higher value due to their advantages compared to some other lots (Evans, 2004: 75). Considering what abovementioned, this comparative study aims: 1 – To evaluate the quality of the existing land subdivisions in the planned texture, worn-out texture, and informal settlements using the current land subdivision standards; 2 – To assess the correlation between the opinions of experts, real estate agents, property owners, and non-owners on the quality of land subdivision with the current status of the land subdivision based on research indicators; 3 – To evaluate the impact of human-managerial factors and the land value in the land subdivision process. Data and Method To collect data, a field study was used. To select blocks randomly as research sample, the Fishnet tool in ArcMap software was used. Totally, 353 blocks in district one and 386 blocks in district three were selected as research samples. To collect data on the status of the land subdivision in the selected blocks, a database was constructed for the study areas using the indicators of area, number of frontages, building orientation, chamfer or fillet, street width, street function, lot shape, aspect ratio, and distance to different land-uses, then the required analyses were performed. In the next step, using a researcher-made questionnaire, the three groups of experts, real estate agents and property owners, and non-owners were surveyed to align the observed advantages and disadvantages with the opinions of the three abovementioned groups. The validity of the questions was estimated using face validity. Its Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.76, which was within the acceptable range. The statistical population included the total population of the two studied districts (n=448,121 people) and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula at 95% confidence level and with a 5% error. Also, SPSS software was used for questionnaire analysis. Results and Discussion According to the analysis carried out for the first aim, the obtained averages revealed the inappropriate residential and commercial subdivisions. In this issue, streets play a very important role, because different street network patterns significantly affect the characteristics of lots. As observed, for residential and commercial land-uses in both districts, the average width of the streets and the adaptation level of land-uses with the street function were below the standards, which also reduced the quality of access. According to the analysis performed for the second aim, it was found that experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Also, property owners and non-owners on five cases in district three and two cases in district one were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Real estate agents' opinions on one case in each district were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. For the third aim, it was found that the respondents in district one and district three considered the land value and human-managerial factors as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions, respectively. In other words, it can be said that the land value and human-managerial factors, along with the lack of efficient solutions and proper surveillance of land subdivision, are considered as factors for inappropriate land subdivision in the study area. In addition, with an average of 3.5 in district one, experts and real-estate agents have assessed the land value more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the property owners and non-owners. Also, with an average of 3.7 in district three, experts and property owners and none property owners have assessed the human-managerial factors more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the real estate agents. Conclusion Findings showed that according to the land subdivision indicators used in our research, residential and commercial land-uses don’t meet the land subdivision standards. In this case, streets play the more dominant role than other factors. Measuring the alignment of experts, real estate agents, property owners and non-owners' opinions on the quality of land subdivision with its current status based on research indicators showed that with the highest frequency, experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three are significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Finally, according to the three abovementioned groups' opinions, the land value in district one and the human-managerial factors in district three were evaluated as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions.

Urban Planning

A study on the concept of rent and key factors affecting its occurrence in urban management in Iran (Case study of Tabriz Municipality)

Akbar Asghari Zamani; Shahrivar Rostaei; Hojjat Mohamadi Torkamani

Volume 26, Issue 79 , May 2022, , Pages 13-37

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2021.41206.2675

Abstract

IntroductionPlanning as a regulatory process between public and private goals, as a result of the actions of individuals and groups deviates from its regulatory path and acts in a specific direction. This competition, influenced by power, has its own manifestation in the urban environment.The urban revolution ... Read More IntroductionPlanning as a regulatory process between public and private goals, as a result of the actions of individuals and groups deviates from its regulatory path and acts in a specific direction. This competition, influenced by power, has its own manifestation in the urban environment.The urban revolution and the consideration of the city as a spatial object, according to Lefebvre, put this socio-economic entity on a path that was increasingly attacked by capitalism, and the reproduction of artificial spaces for the accumulation of capital intensified.This reproduction is done in a set of rules and regulations and management policies that should, in fact, allocate space for public use, While the objective function of this city management organization has collapsed in favor of capital. This point has its own conditions in cities with rentier system. This is because in rentier systems, decentralization policies and, consequently, the strengthening of local institutions and urban management, in the absence of democratic conditions, have created a suitable environment for creating various types of rents and sometimes corruption.When urban space is considered as a commodity for possession, in this process urban management has its own impact. Sometimes as a law enforcement officer and sometimes as a competitor with private capital over urban space. All of this can be described as rent-seeking, in which individuals and groups try to divert resources to their advantage. All of these influences and everything that happens in the urban space are based on factors and contexts that seem to be rooted in the rentier political economy that governs the city system. Therefore, the present study tries to identify and explain the effective factors and contexts.Materials and methodsThe present study can be considered as applied in terms of purpose, although it has also been developed and theoretically explained. Also, the approach is descriptive-analytical, which based on the data obtained from documentary studies, as well as conducting interviews and using a questionnaire, has analyzed the context of rent in Tabriz Municipality.For conducting interviews, open-ended questions have been designed and presented to a number of managers and experts in the field of urban management in the metropolis of Tabriz.The results, after theoretical saturation and combination with the results of documentary studies, are extracted in the form of propositions and form the basis of a questionnaire that is left to the judgment of elites and experts to determine the importance and degree of effectiveness of each criterion in the occurrence of rent and rent-seeking phenomenon. For this purpose, the Mick Mac questionnaire was used. This method is based on the analysis of interaction / structural effects.Results and discussionThe requirement for analyzing variables using Mick Mac software is to determine their interactions in the form of an effect matrix that acts as software input. To do this, a 39 * 39 matrix was set and the relationships between the variables in terms of effectiveness were determined based on the opinions of selected experts in a purposeful sampling way. The number of repetitions considered in the software is twice and the degree of filling is 68.63%. This indicates that they have affected each other in more than 68% of cases. Out of 1269 relationships that can be evaluated in the matrix, 580 cases were unrelated (number zero), 379 cases were weak relationship (number one), 585 cases were moderate relationship (number two) and 305 cases were strong relationship (number three). The pattern of distribution of research variables indicates that the system is unstable.The distribution model shows that macroeconomic factors of political economy generally have high impact and low impressible, and in contrast, the factors that are most impressible are the result of decisions and macro-political and economic environment.Such a situation indicates the power of external and extra-organizational factors to determine the status of the system. impressible factors or results are also factors that are affected by the macro-political environment and political economy and operate mostly at the organizational and local level, in other words, they are the output of the performance of macro-decisions and events.In the structural / interaction analysis matrix, the sum of the row numbers for each variable indicates the effect of the variable and the sum of the columns of each variable indicates its Impressive. According to the matrix results, the variables related to the "political economy factor" have the most impact on the system (the occurrence of the rent phenomenon) and the variables related to the "psychological factor" have the least impact.Also in terms of impressiveness, the variables related to "organizational factor" have the most impressiveness and the variables related to "legal factor" have the least. Based on the results of direct and indirect effects, the variable of power centers has the highest score. Also, all the identified key variables from rank one to 16 are repeated in direct and indirect impact, and the differences are only in their rank.ConclusionThe present study seeks to identify and explain the factors affecting the formation of the phenomenon of rent and rent-seeking in the urban management organization. For this purpose, while conducting interviews with experts and managers related to urban management, first, 39 variables under 7 factors of political, political, economic, legal, organizational, socio-cultural and psychological economics were extracted.In the next step, using a questionnaire, the effectiveness of these variables was determined using the interaction / structural impact analysis method. In the next step, Mick Mac software was used to identify how the variables affect each other and identify key factors. The results of the software output can be summarized as follows;- Based on the pattern of distribution of variables, the system has an unstable state and the types of variables - influential, impressive, independent, regulatory and two-dimensional - can be identified in it.- The most effective is related to the variables of "political economy" and the least effective is related to the variables of "psychological".- In terms of impressiveness, the most impressiveness is related to "organizational" factor variables and the lowest impressiveness is related to "legal" factor variables. The key variables resulting from direct and indirect effects are identified as 16 variables, all of which are fixed and the differences are only related to their rank. These variables include;Centers of power, oil economy, lack of transparency, Clientelism policy, centralism, establishment of rentier state, weakness of popular institutions, government tenure, political influence, electoral assistance, desirability of rent-seeking among social groups, golden signatures, lobbying, the prevailing spirit of rent-seeking, the rule of the technocratic tradition among managers and the legal cases underlying rent.- Variables related to political economy are generally variables that have macro dimensions and in most cases are beyond the control of the local level of urban management. Local level variables are generally related to organizational factors that are generally the result of the performance of macro factors such as political economy. On the other hand, the variables related to political economy can be described as contextual variables that use their micro-organizational variables as tools to make their impact operational.

Urban Planning

Analysis of Key Drivers Affecting the Development of Informal Settlement with a Futures Research Approach, a Case Study of Informal Settlements in Tabriz Metropolis

Mahmood Parvinzad; Reza Valizade; Karim Hoseinzade Dalir; Hasan Ahmadzade

Volume 27, Issue 83 , May 2023, , Pages 13-26

https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2023.14300

Abstract

One of the most important challenges facing urban management is informal housing. This phenomenon is one of the adverse consequences of urbanization in the contemporary world, which is especially formed as a result of rapid industrialization and regional inequalities, and due to the deprivation and lack ... Read More

Volume 27 (2023)

Volume 26 (2022)

Volume 25 (2021)

Volume 24 (2020)

Volume 23 (2019)

Volume 22 (2018)

Volume 21 (2017)

Volume 20 (2016)

Volume 19 (2015)

Volume 18 (2014)

Volume 17 (2013)

Volume 16 (2012)

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